Journal articles: 'Water management – South Africa'

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Taljaard, Susan, and Willem A. M. Botes. "Marine water quality management in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0118.

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In South Africa the ultimate goal in water quality management is to keep the water resources suitable for all “beneficial uses”. Beneficial uses provides a basis for the derivation of water quality guidelines, which, for South Africa, are defined in Water quality guidelines for the South African coastal zone (DWAF, 1991). The CSIR has developed a practical approach to marine water quality management, taking into account international trends and local experience, which can be applied to any coastal development with potential influence on water quality. The management plan is divided into three logical components, i.e. • site-specific statutory requirements and environmental objectives; • system design with specific reference to influences on water quality; and • monitoring programmes. Within this management approach water quality issues are addressed in a holistic manner, through focused procedures and clear identification of information requirements. This paper describes the procedures and information requirements within each component of the water quality management plan, with specific reference to marine disposal systems. Ideally, the management plan should be implemented from the feasibility and conceptual design phase of a development and the timing of the different procedures within the development process are therefore also highlighted. However, the logical lay-out of procedures allows for easy initiation (even to existing disposal system) at any stage of development.

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Muller, Mike. "Polycentric governance: water management in South Africa." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law 165, no. 3 (August 2012): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/mpal.11.00018.

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Claassen, Marius. "Integrated Water Resource Management in South Africa." International Journal of Water Governance 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7564/13-ijwg12.

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Olayemi, Bakre, and Dorasamy Nirmala. "Creating economic viability in rural South Africa through water resource management in subsistence farming." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.07.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role water resources management can play in improving subsistence farming in rural South Africa, as well as reducing poverty. The study followed a mixed research approach where attributes of qualitative and quantitative methods were used. This paper indicates that due to water scarcity experienced amongst subsistence farmers in case study area, several farmers have opted out of farming. This has a negative consequence on food security and poverty among many subsistence farmers. The paper suggests the pathways for sustainable subsistence farming aimed at creating an economically viable rural community while addressing poverty through the implementation of an efficient water resources management practice. As highlighted in this paper, development is a gradual process, and water resources management can possibly be the first step in creating an economically viable community while alleviating poverty among subsistence farmers in water scarce rural areas of South Africa. Revamping the subsistence farming, as well as improving the standard of living amongst rural subsistence farmers requires a purposeful co-ordination and exchange of ideas between experienced agricultural extension workers, researchers in the field of context, policy makers, as well as other stakeholders. Such purposeful co-ordination should have an agenda of transforming the subsistence farming to a commercialized form of farming in the long term. The resultant effect will possibly result in an economically viable community; increase in household income, as well as food security, thereby reducing poverty. Keywords: subsistence farming, rural development, water resource management, economic viability, poverty eradication, agricultural extension. JEL Classification: Q12, N5

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van Koppen, Barbara, and Barbara Schreiner. "Moving beyond integrated water resource management: developmental water management in South Africa." International Journal of Water Resources Development 30, no. 3 (May 15, 2014): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2014.912111.

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(Kobus) du Plessis, J. A. "Integrated water management for municipalities in South Africa." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 167, no. 2 (June 2014): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.13.00001.

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Backeberg, Gerhard R. "Water institutional reforms in South Africa." Water Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0007.

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A comprehensive program of water institutional reforms has been implemented in South Africa since 1994. These reforms followed some major reform on the political and economic fronts. The institutional changes that occurred in the water sector covered the policy legal, and organizational dimensions of water allocation and management and affected all water sub-sectors including environmental allocations. The reform process has culminated in a new national water policy, a national water act and a national water resources strategy. Substantial organizational changes have also occurred with a focus on management decentralization, user participation and license-based allocation of water. This paper aims to provide an overview of these and other changes, especially from the perspective of irrigation and agriculture. It also attempts to explain the emergence and implementation of the water institutional reforms process in the light of the results reported in recent literature on water institutional reforms. The paper provides evidence for the role of transaction cost and political economy considerations as well as the use of reform design and implementation principles such as institutional sequencing and reform timing.

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Viljoen, MF, and GR Backeberg. "Management of water extremes: A South African perspective on guidelines for policy and strategy development." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i4.1300.

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This presentation endeavours to present some guidelines for policy and strategy development with regard to the effective management of floods and droughts. Insights are gained from a literature study about the social, economic and political impacts of irrigation droughts, research done on the impacts and management of floods and water restrictions in South Africa as well as analysing the disaster management policy process in South Africa since 1994. The South African experience in terms of the management of water extremes, serves as basis for policy and strategy development and should benefit all involved – including other regions.

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Maphela, Bulewa. "The evaluation of the heritage of the 1956 South African water policy." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4-1).2016.03.

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Purpose: Water management issues in poor communities in South Africa were never addressed directly by apartheid policies. The 1956 water policy was found not to be holistic in the management of the resource within the country. The growing economy of South Africa resulted in explosive urbanization, which gave rise to an increasing number of townships. The purpose of the paper is, therefore, threefold, namely: it outlines the water management challenges resulting from the 1956 water policy, it outlines the progression of implementing the apartheid ideologies in water management and, lastly, it relates the old policy of water management to today’s environment. The 1956 water policy had a colonial perspective, thus, this has created an observable challenge in the current endeavors of the water management regime. These challenges are presented in the paper in an effort to illustrate that the failures of today’s policies are largely historically embedded. Design/methodology/approach: A comprehensive framework of the evolution of the water management regime from the DWA’s library was used. Databases that contained historical policies of South Africa were also used to do a rigorous literature review. Because of the nature of the research, the study, therefore, uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of investigation. Findings: The old apartheid policies created a challenging ideological environment in the townships. This has resulted in the difficulty of implementing the current water policy in water management. The unintended consequences are difficult to factor into the current policies. Over time, communities collaborated and became defiant. The defiance of the water policy by the communities resulted in non-payment for the use of the resource. Implications: The challenges surfacing in the paper seem to imply that the current policy implementation in water management has an observable challenge that has a potential of hindering policy discourse in water management. Originality/value: New democracies have a tendency of being overly ambitious about the inclusive nature of the policy discourse. Ideologically, this means that implementation of the new policies cannot be done without challenges. This paper attempts to highlight that the 1956 water policy systematically created certain social norms and ideologies that have the potential to hinder new policy ideals in the townships. Keywords: water policy, black townships, apartheid ideologies, social dilemmas and water management practices. JEL Classification: Q25, J71

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Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.

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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problematic in the KwaZulu-Natal coastal area, especially in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS). Of these, colour is perceived to be the most problematic as it is visual pollution and gives rise to public complaints. The Department has been actively involved, through negotiations with management and local authorities, in encouraging the textile industries to reduce the colour load discharged from the factories. Four case studies will be presented describing the approach taken by the Department to solve the problem of textile effluent discharge.

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De Coning, Christo. "Overview of the water policy process in South Africa." Water Policy 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.039.

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This research article provides an overview of the policy process followed by the South African Government in developing and implementing the White Paper on a National Water Policy for South Africa between 1994 and 2003. The research is based on a report published by the South African Water Research Commission (WRC), which formed part of a project entitled: Consolidation and Transfer of Knowledge and Experience Gained in the Development and Implementation of Water and Related Policy in South Africa (WRC Project number K5/1295). An attempt was made in the research project to solicit lessons of experience from the last ten years and to suggest findings regarding future options. It was found that valuable experience exists that is relevant not only to present and future policy and strategy initiatives in South Africa but also to policy process development in a regional and global context. The review of the water policy process has included a deliberate attempt to apply a selected policy process model to the South African water policy process in order to attempt a systematic analysis of the process. Specific findings were made regarding policy and strategy processes, institutional capacity and policy research in the water sector. The findings of the study included a confirmation of the technical quality of the policy and identification of several opportunities and priorities in the implementation of water policy.

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Johnson, E., and J. Bhagwan. "A methodology to determine the effectiveness of water demand management measures in South Africa." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0030.

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The aim of this project was to develop a methodology to determine the effectiveness of Water Demand Management (WDM) and Water Conservation (WC) measures in developing regions and countries. The project, which was sponsored by South Africa's Water Research Commission, involved a critical examination of those applicable local (South African) conditions that guide the development of the methodology. Some of the specific challenges identified included the practical definition of linkage between the principle of increasing the supply of water through the implementation of WDM/WC measures and the unlimited needs of users, a strong culture of non-payment for water which limits the impact of economic measures, the overall lack of programmes for the repair and maintenance of water infrastructure as well as the increasing shortage of skilled human resources. Several existing related methodologies were examined in order to provide a historic and conceptual framework for the research. Selected WDM/WC case studies, both locally in South Africa and internationally, have provided useful insight during the development of the methodology. A pragmatic and easy to understand consolidated methodology has been developed that takes cognisance of the objectives of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). The methodology is a consultative and consensus based approach assisted by numerous graphic based techniques, tools and examples.

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Bhagwan, J., W. Wegelin, R. Mckenzie, and A. Wensley. "Counting the lost drops: South Africa's study into non-revenue water." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.056.

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The Draft Second National Water Resources Strategy of South Africa, which has been published for comment, has identified the implementation of water use efficiency, conservation and water demand management as a core strategy to ensure sufficient water to meet South Africa's needs going into the future. This, ‘non-negotiable performance area’, it says, must be implemented immediately in all water use sectors, specifically municipalities. ‘In view of water scarcity, it is essential that such water losses must be curtailed, especially in terms of the need to provide for the growing water demands of new socioeconomic development’, the strategy points out. While South Africa's non-revenue water levels compare well internationally, as a water scarce country it needs to do all it can to prevent the unnecessary loss of water. This is one of the main recommendations of a recent study into the state of non-revenue water in South Africa commissioned by the Water Research Commission (WRC). To improve the current situation, the water sector must have a clear indication of the current status of non-revenue water in South African municipalities, more specifically what the actual water losses are and how they are split between physical leakage (real losses) and commercial losses (apparent losses). It is for this reason that the WRC, in collaboration with the Department of Water Affairs, launched the latest investigation into the state of non-revenue water in South Africa, which has now been published. In the most comprehensive and detailed study of its kind, to date, data were gathered from 132 municipalities throughout South Africa representing over 75% of the total volume of municipal water supply. The study follows on from similar WRC assessments undertaken in 2001, 2005 and 2007. This is the first time the country has a single, representative estimate of non-revenue water as opposed to various estimates in previous years. The paper shares in more detail findings from this study which have highlighted on average 38% non-revenue water and provide a deeper insight into the problems and challenges faced in tackling water losses in South Africa.

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Jansen van Rensburg, W. S., W. Van Averbeke, R. Slabbert, M. Faber, P. Van Jaarsveld, I. Van Heerden, F. Wenhold, and A. Oelofse. "African leafy vegetables in South Africa." Water SA 33, no. 3 (December 6, 2018): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v33i3.180589.

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Fisher-Jeffes, L. N., K. Carden, and N. P. Armitage. "The future of urban water management in South Africa: achieving water sensitivity." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (June 4, 2014): 1026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.060.

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South Africa (RSA) is a water scarce country challenged with transforming its unsustainably resource-intensive economy whilst also addressing the legacy of Apartheid. The adequate provision of water to RSA's citizens is one of the most significant challenges facing the country – and if a water crisis is to be averted, existing systems will need to be managed effectively. This will include ensuring that the plans and strategies within each sector related to water management – e.g. the National Development Plan (NDP) and the National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS-2) – are aimed towards a common goal. This paper introduces a framework for achieving water sensitive settlements in RSA; defines what ‘water sensitivity’ means within the SA context; and discusses the relevance of this framework in relation to the NWRS-2 and the NDP, both of which could be seen as providing a complementary vision for the management of specific aspects of water resources management in RSA. The paper concludes by motivating for the adoption of the framework as a means of meeting the challenges facing the urban water management sector in SA and the goals embedded in the NDP and NWRS-2.

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Waalewijn, Pieter, Philippus Wester, and Kees van Straaten. "Transforming River Basin Management in South Africa." Water International 30, no. 2 (June 2005): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060508691859.

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QUA-ENOO, ALISON BODURTHA, KATE SCHENDEL, and NEVIL QUINN. "SOUTH AFRICA'S RESERVE: CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 08, no. 01 (March 2006): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333206002311.

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South Africa introduced a visionary policy for water resource management in 1998. The South African National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) contains several innovative mechanisms with the potential to transform water resource management within the country and abroad. The Reserve is one of these innovations, guaranteeing a basic water requirement for both human needs and ecosystem health. This article discusses the process of Reserve determination and implementation in South Africa and identifies challenges and opportunities for successful implementation. Based on the perceptions of 28 water managers, consultants, and researchers, the key issues and recommendations for improving implementation are presented. The major findings indicate that political support, the capacity of the implementing organization, supporting policies, strong linkages between policy actors and effective monitoring programs are key issues in the successful implementation of sustainable development policy mechanisms.

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Smedley, D. A., and K. M. Rowntree. "Rivers as borders, uniting or dividing? The effect of topography and implications for catchment management." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.186.

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South Africa's water resources are unequally distributed over space and time and an already stressed water resource situation will only be exacerbated by climate change if current predictions are correct. The potential for conflict over increasingly strained water resources in South Africa is thus very real. In order to deal with these complex problems, national legislation is demanding that water resource management be decentralized to the local level where active participation can take place in an integrated manner in accordance with the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). However, administrative and political boundaries rarely match those of catchments as, throughout South Africa, rivers have been employed extensively to delineate administrative and political boundaries at a number of spatial scales. The aim of this research is to determine if rivers act as dividing or uniting features in a socio-political landscape and whether topography will influence their role in this context. The Orange-Senqu River is used as a case study. This paper goes on to consider the implications of this for catchment management in South Africa. No study known to the authors has explored the effect of the river itself, and its topographic setting, on the drivers that foster either conflict or cooperation, and allow for participatory management. This study presents evidence that the topography of a catchment has the ability to aggravate or reduce the impact of the variables considered by water managers and thereby influence the role of a river as a dividing or uniting feature. South Africa's proposed form of decentralized water management will have to contend with the effects of different topographies on the way in which rivers are perceived and utilized.

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Smakhtin, Vladimir, Peter Ashton, Allan Batchelor, Reinhard Meyer, Eric Murray, Bohuslav Barta, Norbert Bauer, Dhesigen Naidoo, Jana Olivier, and Deon Terblanche. "Unconventional Water Supply Options in South Africa." Water International 26, no. 3 (September 2001): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060108686924.

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Nkosi, Mary, Fhumulani I. Mathivha, and John O. Odiyo. "Impact of Land Management on Water Resources, a South African Context." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020701.

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Globally, the changes exerted on the land cover have shown greater impacts on the quality and quantity of water resources and thus affecting catchment’s hydrological response (i.e., runoff, evapotranspiration, infiltration, amongst others). South Africa is a water-scarce country faced with domestic water supply challenges. A systematic review was conducted on the overview impacts of land use/land cover changes on water resources. Despite the country’s best efforts in ensuring the protection and sustainable use of water resources, the review indicated that water quality has been compromised in most parts of the country thus affecting water availability. The increase in water demand with development presents the need for better integrated strategic approaches and a change in behaviour towards water resource and land management. Thus, the review suggested a few possible solutions that will promote sustainable development, while protecting and preserving the integrity of South African water resources.

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Nel, P. C. "Water utilization under dryland conditions in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 4, no. 4 (March 18, 1985): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v4i4.1051.

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Water utilization is discussed in relation to the adverse climatic and soil conditions in South Africa and the special role of water in growth and yield. The role of sound management practices in the efficient utilization of water is emphasized. A plea is made for urgent measures from the government to arrest veld deterioration and for the stabilization of agronomic crop yields, as well as for clearly directed research efforts.

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de la Harpe, Jean. "Community management in Alfred Nzo District Municipality, South Africa." Waterlines 23, no. 2 (October 2004): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2004.052.

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Mckenzie, R. S., and P. G. van Rooyen. "Management of large water resource systems." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0039.

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South Africa has one of the most complicated and integrated water resource systems in the world involving numerous interlinked river systems and major interbasin transfer schemes. The management of the various schemes has become a key issue over the past 15 years resulting in the development of sophisticated systems models which are now used to analyse and operate all of the country's major schemes. The models have been developed through a partnership between the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in association with several of the country's consultants specialising in this area of expertise. The models have now reached a stage where they are considered to be both practical and sufficiently robust to use in other parts of the world. Australia and South Africa are quite similar in many respects with regards to the water resources and climate. Both countries share the same problem of large arid or semi-arid areas together with areas where the local water resources are insufficient to meet the existing or predicted future demands. Environmental considerations are also of major importance in both countries which in turn necessitates the effective use of the available resources before any new resources can be developed. In order to use the available water effectively much effort has been placed on various aspects of Water Demand Management in order to reduce leakage and excessive consumer use. It is also necessary, however, to ensure that the raw water resources are managed in an efficient and practical manner - something that is often easier said than done. This paper provides general details of the system analysis techniques that have been pioneered in South Africa and discusses the most recent developments that can be used to assist water resource managers in the analysis and planning of their water resource systems.

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Marjanovic, P., and M. Miloradov. "Systems view of integrated water quality monitoring within the requirements of the new national water policy in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0455.

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The new National water policy will change the way water quality is managed in South Africa. The paper considers the water policy and the repercussions it will have for water quality monitoring in South Africa. Using the systems approach the paper discusses an integrated water quality monitoring system for ambient water quality and point and non point sources of aquatic pollution. The proposed methodology makes possible continuos assessment of water quality in an efficient manner so as to support water quality management in South Africa.

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Ncube, Mthokozisi, and Maxwell N. Pawandiwa. "Water safety planning and implementation: lessons from South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.209.

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Water Safety Planning is an innovative way of attaining high quality of water service provision through embracing a risk-based approach to service provision. This paper describes the water safety planning journey of Ugu District Municipality, which manages 19 formal water supply systems. The municipality adopted the Pareto 20/80 rule of targeting 20% of the areas with 80% impact in the first iteration of the WSP by targeting the systems with the greatest impact while incorporating system knowledge from all other systems and the use of an extensive hazards database. The efforts received national recognition and built teams with improved understanding of the business resulting in improved water quality management. Operationalization of the plan was the most difficult task as it requires institutionalizing best practice amidst challenges that include limited funding, lack of support from critical stakeholders, staff shortages and attrition. A dedicated champion who will be an advocate for change management, proactive stakeholder engagement and senior management commitment with corresponding financial resources, are seen as prerequisites for success. Undeniable, progressive regulations and policies set the tone and foundation and are, in most instances, the drivers for water safety.

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Pahlow, M., J. Snowball, and G. Fraser. "Water footprint assessment to inform water management and policy making in South Africa." Water SA 41, no. 3 (April 23, 2015): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i3.02.

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Slaughter, Andrew R., and Sukhmani K. Mantel. "Water quality modelling of an impacted semi-arid catchment using flow data from the WEAP model." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 377 (April 16, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-377-25-2018.

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Abstract. The continuous decline in water quality in many regions is forcing a shift from quantity-based water resources management to a greater emphasis on water quality management. Water quality models can act as invaluable tools as they facilitate a conceptual understanding of processes affecting water quality and can be used to investigate the water quality consequences of management scenarios. In South Africa, the Water Quality Systems Assessment Model (WQSAM) was developed as a management-focussed water quality model that is relatively simple to be able to utilise the small amount of available observed data. Importantly, WQSAM explicitly links to systems (yield) models routinely used in water resources management in South Africa by using their flow output to drive water quality simulations. Although WQSAM has been shown to be able to represent the variability of water quality in South African rivers, its focus on management from a South African perspective limits its use to within southern African regions for which specific systems model setups exist. Facilitating the use of WQSAM within catchments outside of southern Africa and within catchments for which these systems model setups to not exist would require WQSAM to be able to link to a simple-to-use and internationally-applied systems model. One such systems model is the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model, which incorporates a rainfall-runoff component (natural hydrology), and reservoir storage, return flows and abstractions (systems modelling), but within which water quality modelling facilities are rudimentary. The aims of the current study were therefore to: (1) adapt the WQSAM model to be able to use as input the flow outputs of the WEAP model and; (2) provide an initial assessment of how successful this linkage was by application of the WEAP and WQSAM models to the Buffalo River for historical conditions; a small, semi-arid and impacted catchment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The simulations of the two models were compared to the available observed data, with the initial focus within WQSAM on a simulation of instream total dissolved solids (TDS) and nutrient concentrations. The WEAP model was able to adequately simulate flow in the Buffalo River catchment, with consideration of human inputs and outputs. WQSAM was adapted to successfully take as input the flow output of the WEAP model, and the simulations of nutrients by WQSAM provided a good representation of the variability of observed nutrient concentrations in the catchment. This study showed that the WQSAM model is able to accept flow inputs from the WEAP model, and that this approach is able to provide satisfactory estimates of both flow and water quality for a small, semi-arid and impacted catchment. It is hoped that this research will encourage the application of WQSAM to an increased number of catchments within southern Africa and beyond.

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Makaya, Eugine, Melanie Rohse, Rosie Day, Coleen Vogel, Lyla Mehta, Lindsey McEwen, Sally Rangecroft, and Anne F. Van Loon. "Water governance challenges in rural South Africa: exploring institutional coordination in drought management." Water Policy 22, no. 4 (May 16, 2020): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.234.

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Abstract Droughts have severe direct impacts on the livelihoods of rural populations. Thus, the management of water for communal agriculture and water supply should be well coordinated to enhance drought resilience. Notwithstanding the interrelations among water management institutions in South Africa, there are complexities in the way these institutions work together, both in preparation for, and during drought times. In this article, we examine the governance of water resources in South Africa with a view to understanding institutional coordination in drought management at different operational scales. Using a qualitative approach, the roles and relationships between water actors at the local and regional level were analyzed for their adequacy in building local level drought resilience in a village in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Key informant interviews conducted revealed operational drought management challenges that emanate from communication barriers, coordination inconsistences, and undefined, unclear actor roles and responsibilities during disasters. The top-down approach to disaster management, while of some value, currently constrains the effectiveness of the local-level institutions implementing local drought risk reduction efforts. Achieving more successful water and drought governance endeavors could be enhanced by greater and wider engagement with community-based actors and water management institutions.

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Viljoen, F. C. "The World Health Organization's water safety plan is much more than just an integrated drinking water quality management plan." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.792.

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South Africa is a country of contrasts with far ranging variations in climate, precipitation rates, cultures, demographics, housing levels, education, wealth and skills levels. These differences have an impact on water services delivery as do expectations, affordability and available resources. Although South Africa has made much progress in supplying drinking water, the same cannot be said regarding water quality throughout the country. A concerted effort is currently underway to correct this situation and as part of this drive, water safety plans (WSP) are promoted. Rand Water, the largest water services provider in South Africa, used the World Health Organization (WHO) WSP framework as a guide for the development of its own WSP which was implemented in 2003. Through the process of implementation, Rand Water found the WHO WSP to be much more than just another integrated quality system.

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Boyd, L., and R. Tompkins. "A New Mindset for Integrated Water Quality Management for South Africa." International Journal of Water Resources Development 27, no. 1 (February 6, 2011): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.537243.

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Sánchez-Hernández, M., Rafael Robina-Ramírez, and Willem De Clercq. "Water Management Reporting in the Agro-Food Sector in South Africa." Water 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2017): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9110830.

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van Tonder, Gerrit. "Groundwater management under the new National Water Act in South Africa." Hydrogeology Journal 7, no. 5 (October 1999): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050214.

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Ashton, P. J., F. C. van Zyl, and R. G. Heath. "Water quality management in the Crocodile River catchment, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0603.

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The Crocodile River catchment lies in an area which currently has one of the highest rates of sustained economic growth in South Africa and supports a diverse array of land uses. Water quality management is vital to resource management strategies for the catchment. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to display specific catchment characteristics and land uses, supplemented with integrative overlays depicting land-use impacts on surface water resources and the consequences of management actions on downstream water quality. The water quality requirements of each water user group were integrated to optimise the selection of rational management solutions for particular water quality problems. Time-series water quality data and cause-effect relationships were used to evaluate different water supply scenarios. The GIS facilitated the collation, processing and interpretation of the enormous quantity of spatially orientated information required for integrated catchment management.

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Mgquba, S. K., and S. Majozi. "Climate change and its impacts on hydro-politics in transboundary basins: a case study of the Orange-Senqu River basin." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.166.

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Abstract In any basin or basin country, water security is of critical importance. The increase in populations and water demand are placing stress on the available water resources. This is likely to become more complicated within shared water-courses. Issues of equitable water allocation and distribution are important for all countries involved. Fostering cooperation and managing conflict hence become fundamental in transboundary water management. Climate change is likely to add new challenges to pre-existing dynamics in transboundary systems. According to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Climate Change Strategy and the SADC Shared Watercourses Protocol, there is a need to integrate climate change impacts and associated adaptation measures into water management plans to ensure water security for all countries involved in the future. The Orange-Senqu basin, which spans over Lesotho, South Africa, Namibia and Botswana, will be used as a case study to closely examine and reflect on some hydro-political challenges that may be brought about by climate change-associated impacts within the basin states. Although uncertain, climate projections largely indicate decline in rainfall and increase in temperature, especially within the South Africa part of the basin. This inherently is bound to affect water quantity and, therefore, availability within the riparian states below South Africa.

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Stephenson, David, and Bruce Randell. "Water Demand Theory and Projections in South Africa." Water International 28, no. 4 (December 2003): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060308691728.

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Jankielsohn, Roy, and Rami Zahrawi Haj-Younes. "Ideology based incapacity on hydropolitics in South Africa Sudáfrica: an ontological assessment." Relaciones Internacionales, no. 45 (October 31, 2020): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.45.013.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of hydropolitics in South Africa. The country remains one of the driest countries in the world with a below average rainfall of 450 mm per annum. The country’s economic hub in the Gauteng province is largely dependent on water from the neighbouring Kingdom of Lesotho. On a geopolitical level the country also shares various water sources with neighbouring states. This is especially relevant due to the dependence on South Africa, as the regional hegemon, for access to markets and income. However, large areas of South Africa experience extreme water scarcity due to a combination of factors that include climate change related drought, urbanisation and government-related water management failures. In many local government municipalities across the country the lack of government capacity to supply water resources and manage waste water have reached crisis proportions. Many towns and communities across South Africa have been left with unreliable access to sustainable water resources. This is mainly due to a combination of corruption, poor management and the lack of institutional capacity at local government level. The institutional incapacity of government is a result of the governing party African National Congress’ ideological approach to government, combined with political factionalism, which has stripped the civil service of expertise and led to the exodus of skilled individuals from both government and the country. The government’s implementation of the communist ? based Leninist democratic centralism, commonly known as a cadre deployment strategy, has resulted in large scale state capture and corruption that has had a devastating impact on the delivery of basic services such as water. Hydropolitical civil unrest has increased to an extent that, in instances such as the Majakeng and Maluti-a-Phofung municipalities, unrest became extremely violent and disrupted businesses and well as state education and health facilities. This article is an ontological investigation into the hydropolitical impact of, and ideological reasons for, state incapacity to manage water resources and deliver safe and sustainable supply of water to the population. While reference will be made to the general situation in the country, the Majakeng and Maluti-a-Phofung municipalities will be used as a case studies for the impact of water insecurity on political stability. On the other hand, the City of Cape Town’s ability to manage water scarcity and avert a drought related “day zero” scenario is used as an example of what can be achieved through sound management. The article will combine ideological considerations with theoretical explanations of ideology and state failure within a hydropolitical context in order to explain the current water crisis at local government level in South Africa and the threat that this poses to the political order in the country. Being a regional hegemon, any political disruptions in South Africa also threaten the geopolitical stability of the entire Southern African region. There remains a great deal of scope for future geopolitical co-operation around water within the Southern African Development Community that can secure a sustainable sources of future water supplies for South Africa and generate further income for the country’s neighbours. The article evaluates the current water situation in the country, explains the water related geopolitical considerations that the country has to take into account, investigates the ideological basis for government policy and institutional strategy and the impact that this has on the capacity of the state to deliver sustainable and reliable water access to local communities, and then evaluates some case studies that include both failures and a success story. This assessment includes various sources of literature that supply a theoretical conceptual basis for terms such as hydropolitics and ideology. These academic concepts provide the basis for the practical considerations that are an integral part of the ideologically ? based hydropolitical ontological assessment. The article concludes with some broad recommendations on how the country could mitigate some of the hydropolitical challenges that it faces.

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Razzaque, Jona, and Eloise S. Kleingeld. "Integrated Water Resource Management, Public Participation and the ‘Rainbow Nation’." African Journal of Legal Studies 6, no. 2-3 (March 21, 2014): 213–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12342026.

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Abstract This article provides varied examples of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and public participation interaction in South Africa. It critically examines the inadequate application of IWRM, and shows how the unbalanced interpretations of IWRM as well as a lack of good development practice and participatory rights manifest in negative outcomes for the poorest and most vulnerable. This paper, first, highlights that if decision-makers are primarily fixed on economic concerns, they induce inefficient IWRM framework that fails to balance water as a social, economic and ecological concern. Second: when the state fails to consult people and violate human and environmental rights, court battles ensue between the state and the people. These court cases are generally expensive for both sides and marred with delay. Third: positive outcomes can be attained through multi-stakeholder dialogue platforms which can operate as a sort of conflict resolution mechanism encompassing divergent views, but still offering beneficial outcomes. The frameworks and practical examples set by the Water Dialogues South Africa can facilitate public participation and capacity building if applied at local levels by decision-makers. IWRM with public participation at its heart engenders an ultimate objective for better water sustainability and water security in South Africa.

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Sinanovic, Edina, Sandi Mbatsha, Stephen Gundry, Jim Wright, and Clas Rehnberg. "Water and sanitation policies for improving health in South Africa: overcoming the institutional legacy of apartheid." Water Policy 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0038.

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The burden of water-related disease is closely related to both the socio-economic situation and public health issues like access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services. Poverty eradication, through improved access to water and sanitation, is the South African government's major priority. This is partly achieved through subsidising the cost of water and sanitation provision to the poor in rural areas. Whilst the new policies have made a remarkable impact on improved access to water and sanitation services, a general problem since the new approach in 1994 has been the lack of integration of policies for water and sanitation and health. This paper analyses the policies concerning rural water supply and sanitation in South Africa. It considers the structure of institutions, the division of responsibilities and legislated and financial capacity of the South Africa's water sector. A more integrated approach for the policies aiming at water access, sanitation and health is needed. In addition, as the local government's capacity to implement different programmes is limited, a review of the financing system is necessary.

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Aiyetan, Ayodeji Olatunji, and Dillip Kumar Das. "Evaluation of the Factors and Strategies for Water Infrastructure Project Delivery in South Africa." Infrastructures 6, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6050065.

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Infrastructure project delivery, specifically the delivery of water infrastructure projects, is a serious challenge in South Africa. Therefore, using the study context of water utility agencies in South Africa, the objective of this study was to examine the challenges that emanate from poor delivery and factors that cause poor delivery of water infrastructure projects in South Africa. Furthermore, it evaluated the various strategies that could enable improvement in water infrastructure project delivery. A survey research method constituting data obtained on the perceptions of relevant stakeholders and ordinal regression modeling were used for conducting the study. Findings suggest that delay in project completion, cost overruns, poor quality of work, poor fund utilization, and poor service delivery are the major challenges of the poor delivery of projects. The major factors that cause such challenges are linked to four aspects of the infrastructure projects such as project management, organization and management, construction and construction management, and sociopolitical. Six-pronged strategic measures, which include capacity building, the appointment of competent and skilled professionals, structuring review and monitoring processes, enhancing collaboration and communication among stakeholders, enabling accountability and transparency, and adopting participative leadership, can assist efficient water infrastructure project delivery in South Africa.

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Marjanovic, P., M. Miloradov, and F. van Zyl. "Systems approach to effective water quality management in the Republic of South Africa, existing situation and expected future developments." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0440.

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The new National water policy will change the way water quality is managed in South Africa. The paper considers the water policy and the repercussions it will have for water quality management in South Africa and proposes a system that can be used to come up with optimum solutions for water quality management. The proposed solution integrates policy and institutional arrangements with the Cadastral system for point and non point sources of pollution and optimisation tools to ensure optimal management of water quality at any given time. The water quality management functions catered for by the proposed system are: resource allocation for pollution discharge, water quality protection, water quality monitoring, planning, development and operation.

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Busari, Ola, and Barry Jackson. "Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa." Water Policy 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.038.

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Some ten years ago, South Africa's newly elected government inherited huge services backlogs with respect to access to water supply and sanitation. About 15 million people were without safe water supply and over 20 million without adequate sanitation services. Since then, the country has made remarkable progress with regard to accelerating the pace of services provision and restructuring and refocusing the entire water sector. Having ensured access to an additional population of over 10 million people, South Africa is well on track to wipe out the infrastructure backlog for basic water supply by 2008, exceeding the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) target. But first, with respect to sanitation for which the national target is universal access to a functioning facility by 2010, the picture is somewhat different. Second, substantial challenges remain in addressing historical inequalities in access to both water supply and sanitation, and in sustaining service provision over the long term.

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Anderson, A. J., M. S. Mahlangu, J. Cullis, and S. Swartz. "Integrated monitoring of water allocation reform in South Africa." Water SA 34, no. 6 (February 19, 2019): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i6.183677.

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Haarhoff, J., P. van Heerden, and M. van der Walt. "Sludge and washwater management strategies for the Vaalkop water treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0344.

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The Vaalkop plant, owned and operated by Magalies Water, provides a valuable South African case study of sludge and washwater management at a large water treatment plant. Starting out as a small plant of 18 Ml/day about thirty years ago, it has steadily grown to a plant with treatment capacity of 210 Ml/day; fairly large by South African standards. During the preceding years, it has not only been subject to a vastly larger scale of operation, but it also had to adapt to a tremendous increase in the cost of raw water, an increased environmental awareness amongst water treatment professionals and general public alike, and a much more sophisticated and complicated legislative framework. It is the objective of this paper to track the sludge and washwater management practices adopted over the years at Vaalkop, and to present the current strategies adopted for the medium to long term. The paper will summarize the previous methods of sludge and washwater disposal, with reasons why they were adopted. The multitude of technical analyses and alternatives that were performed over the years will be summarized, and may provide valuable pointers for other applications in South Africa. The current system, which has just been commissioned, will be presented; its technical design parameters, the anticipated mode of operation, its costs and how the current environmental and legislative requirements are being met.

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Bernard, Penelope S. "“Living Water” in Nguni Healing Traditions, South Africa." Worldviews 17, no. 2 (2013): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685357-01702005.

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This paper explores the ideas of “living water” held by Nguni-speaking diviner-healers in South Africa. It considers their beliefs in snake/mermaid water divinities and their claims of being called by them underwater, either physically or in a dream, to obtain knowledge and gifts of healing. Seen as cosmic generators of life, fertility and water/rain, these divinities are believed to reside in certain sites of “living water,” which, while characterized by certain physical features, are dependent on correct human ritual relations to maintain their vitality.

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Korf, A. W., J. W. Wilken, and N. J. Nel. "Strategies and management models for metropolitan wastewater, implementation and evaluation in the East Rand, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0313.

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South Africa is a country where first world wastewater treatment technology and management must take into account third world related problems. In the past, the diversity of a large number of local authorities within the PWV area of South Africa aggravated the problem of proper wastewater management. On the East Rand in the Gauteng province of South Africa, the problem was attended to by means of a strategic analysis and strategic plan. In the evaluation of the options, the various wastewater management models in use in various regions of the world were evaluated. The investigation resulted in the formation of the ERWAT wastewater management model and implementation. The paper also evaluates the success of the wastewater management model utilizing the tariff model and other qualitative parameters.

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Prasad, Krishna C., Kenneth M. Strzepek, and Barbara van Koppen. "An approach to assessing socioeconomic implications of water management alternatives." Water Policy 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.005.

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Socioeconomic development objectives are integral to the integrated river basin management initiatives in several river basins around the world, including the Olifants River Basin of South Africa. All viable strategic water management alternatives are expected to contribute towards such, usually predefined, socioeconomic objectives in addition to other hydrological and ecological objectives. An assessment of the relative merits of different alternatives becomes imperative to trace the respective contributions of the alternatives to such objectives and thus to identify the best-bet and most agreeable alternative from a multi-stakeholders' perspective. This paper reports key findings from application of a methodology for this purpose in the Olifants River Basin of South Africa by (a) establishing a link between water management indicators and socioeconomic objectives, (b) assessing the potential socioeconomic implications of various water management alternatives and (c) rank ordering the identified alternatives against the socioeconomic objectives based on multi-criteria decision analysis techniques.

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Slinger, J. H., and C. M. Breen. "Integrated research into estuarine management." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0566.

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Estuaries are under increasing pressure owing to agricultural, urban and industrial developments in their catchments and their status as favoured sites for coastal development and recreation. Effective research on South Africa estuaries requires the synthesis of available scientific knowledge to efficiently address management concerns and so ensure the sustainable utilisation of estuaries. The approach of the Consortium for Estuarine Research and Management to these problems and the results of a co-ordinated research programme on decision support for the management and conservation of estuarine systems are described in this paper. While the importance and current status of South African estuaries are considered, attention is devoted primarily to the development of an integrated modelling approach to the freshwater requirements of estuaries. In particular, the application of a linked system of five models to a case study, the Great Brak Estuary is described and the role of prediction in promoting wise decision making for estuaries is treated.

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Clifford-Holmes, Jai K., Carolyn G. Palmer, Chris J. de Wet, and Jill H. Slinger. "Operational manifestations of institutional dysfunction in post-apartheid South Africa." Water Policy 18, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 998–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.211.

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At the centre of the water law reform process initiated by the first democratic government of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) lay the challenge of transforming away from apartheid water injustices. Reform culminated in the promulgation of new legislation, regarded internationally as ambitious and forward-thinking legislation reflective of the broad aims of integrated water resource management (IWRM). However, implementation of this legislation has been challenging. This paper analyses institutional dysfunction in water management in the Sundays River Valley Municipality (Eastern Cape Province, RSA). A transdisciplinary approach is taken in addressing the failure of national law and policy to enable the delivery of effective water services in post-apartheid RSA. A case study is used to explore interventions to promote effective water supply, locating these interventions and policies within the legislative structures and frameworks governing the water sector. We suggest that fine-grained institutional analysis together with learning from persistent iterative, adaptive practice, with principled goals intact, offers a pragmatic and achievable alternative to grand-scale policy change.

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Cole, Megan J., Richard M. Bailey, James D. S. Cullis, and Mark G. New. "Spatial inequality in water access and water use in South Africa." Water Policy 20, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.111.

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Abstract The importance of measuring inequalities in sustainable development is reflected in the requirement to disaggregate national data for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this paper, piped water access, water use and water stress are mapped and reported at national, provincial, district, municipal, town and ward levels, and urban and rural areas. The results show that although 45% of the population has water access in their dwelling this ranges from 0.07% to 100% at ward level, with a high level of inequality (Gini index of 0.36). National per capita water use is 208 litres per person per day (l/c/d) but ranges from 8 l/c/d to 2,414 l/c/d at town level, with a Gini index of 0.27. The analysis shows that social factors, such as water access and income, and not natural factors, such as rainfall or runoff, have the greatest influence on per capita water use. The paper provides the first in-depth analysis of per capita water use at the local level across South Africa and suggests new water indicators that could support equitable allocation of water resources and SDG reporting.

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Knüppe, Kathrin, and Richard Meissner. "Drivers and barriers towards sustainable water and land management in the Olifants-Doorn Water Management Area, South Africa." Environmental Development 20 (November 2016): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.09.002.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water management – South Africa'

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