Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water Pipeline Monitoring

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Water Pipeline Monitoring'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Pipeline Monitoring"

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Chandru K S, Hema Raja Shri P K, and Brindhavani C. "UNDERGROUNG WATER PIPE LEAKAGE SYSTEM." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 2 (2023): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i02.050.

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Water supply and leak detection are the Water Supply Board's two main issues. the enormous volume of water that is lost owing to leaks when domestic water is supplied through pipelines. The majority of water lost due to pipeline leaks occurs underground, making it difficult to locate leaks in the pipeline system. Around 4000 drops, or one litre, of water were lost in the pipeline during a typical leak.This project's primary goal is to use the Internet of Things to identify water leaks in subterranean pipelines and track the water level in water tanks in smart cities (IOT). The system's purpose
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Bertulessi, Manuel, Daniele Fabrizio Bignami, Ilaria Boschini, Marina Longoni, Giovanni Menduni, and Jacopo Morosi. "Experimental Investigations of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Water Pipeline Monitoring." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136205.

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Water Loss (WL) is a global issue. In Italy, for instance, WL reached 36.2% of the total fresh water conveyed in 2020. The maintenance of a water supply system is a strategic task that requires a huge amount of investment every year. In this work, we focused on the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors (DFOS) based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) technology for monitoring water pipeline networks. We worked on High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, today the most widely used for creating water pipelines. By winding and fixing the optic fiber cable on the pipe's external surface, we v
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S, Dere, Agbolade OA, Oyetunji SA, and Babatola JO. "Development of LoRaWAN-Based IoT Monitoring Device for Pressure Rate Profiling in Water Pipelines." Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology 8, no. 09 (2023): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjet.2023.v08i09.001.

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Water Pipeline systems are critical infrastructure for the delivery of safe and reliable water to communities. However, these systems are vulnerable to leaks, bursts, and other failures that can lead to water loss, property damage, and disruptions in service. One key factor in the health and longevity of water pipeline systems is the maintenance of proper pressure levels. Monitoring pressure in water pipelines is essential for ensuring that the system is functioning properly, and for identifying potential issues before they become major problems. The development of IoT technology has opened ne
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Cheng, Lin, Yongkang Sun, Zhaohan Wang, et al. "Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing Technology for Monitoring Soil Deformation Induced by Leakage in Buried Water Pipelines: A Model Test Study." Sensors 25, no. 2 (2025): 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020320.

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Water pipelines in water diversion projects can leak, leading to soil deformation and ground subsidence, necessitating research into soil deformation monitoring technology. This study conducted model tests to monitor soil deformation around leaking buried water pipelines using distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) technology based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). By arranging strain measurement fibers in a pipe–soil model, we investigated how leak location, leak size, pipe burial depth, and water flow velocity affect soil strain field monitoring results. The results s
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Guo, Chengchao, Kunming Shi, and Xuanxuan Chu. "Experimental study on leakage monitoring of pressurized water pipeline based on fiber optic hydrophone." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (2019): 2347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.116.

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Abstract Leakage of water pipelines will significantly endanger the safety operation and service performance of the pipelines. Based on the vibration of pressurized water pipelines deriving from leakage, the BA-FH3200 fiber optic hydrophone (FOH) leakage detection long-term detection system was adopted in prototype tests. The vibration-based real-time leakage monitoring method of the pressurized water pipeline was studied. During the test, the leakage was simulated by opening a spherical valve in the middle of the pipe, and an FOH was placed right above the pipe wall to detect the vibration si
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Dr., M. Parameswari, Babyshalini S., Bhuvaneshwari S., and Kasthuri M. "PIPELINE WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND CONTROL." International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education (IJERME) 6, no. 1 (2021): 14–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4699146.

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Water Pollution is one of the biggest fears for the green globalization. In order to ensure the safe supply of the drinking water the quality needs to be monitor in real time. In this paper we present a design and development of a low cost system for real time monitoring of the water quality in IOT (Internet of Things).The system consist of several sensors is used to measuring physical and chemical parameters of the water.
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Nerinooru, Dr Sreekanth, E.Sowmya, I.Ashritha, and K.Sarika. "WATER PIPELINE LEAKAGE DETECTION SYSTEM USING GSM." Industrial Engineering Journal 54, no. 01 (2024): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.36893/iej.2024.v54i1.011.

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This paper introduces a smart monitoring system for water pipelines designed to detect and manage leakages. With the growing demand for water and its consequent wastage, effective water management has become increasingly crucial. To tackle this challenge, an IoTbased monitoring system is proposed. The system integrates several sensors to assess water flow and contamination levels. A water flow sensor utilizing the Hall effect principle monitors the flow within the pipeline, while a turbidity sensor identifies water contamination. The Nodemcu microcontroller, widely chosen for IoT projects due
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Wong, Leslie, Wing Kong Chiu, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Using distributed optical fibre sensor to enhance structural health monitoring of a pipeline subjected to hydraulic transient excitation." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 2 (2017): 298–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921717691036.

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Distributed optical fibre sensors have been applied in monitoring the structural health of water pipelines over the past decades. Most of these studies show that distributed optical fibre sensor is quite effective for static and quasi-static measurements and can be used for monitoring the condition of a pipeline. It is well known that pressure transients (water hammer) can occur in any pressurised pipeline system due to changes in the operating conditions. This article shows the ability of distributed optical fibre sensor to exploit these transient hydraulic pressures along the pipeline for as
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Orsini, Jason. "Acoustic Monitoring Efficiently Identifies Pipeline Leaks." Opflow 50, no. 10 (2024): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opfl.2031.

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A Pennsylvania water utility was facing nonrevenue water loss of 20%. By implementing a remote acoustic monitoring system, the utility significantly decreased water loss, reduced costs and employee overtime, and improved customer service.
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Bani Fawwaz, Mohammad Damen, Mohammad Najafi, and Vinayak Kaushal. "Asset Management of Wastewater Interceptors Adjacent to Bodies of Water." Water 15, no. 23 (2023): 4176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15234176.

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Pipeline asset management derives from pipelines’ physical conditions, condition rating, and serviceability through investigating, monitoring, and analyzing the rupture history. The remaining asset life and structural condition of the pipeline network running near and under bodies of water are often hard to predict. In case of a pipeline failure, major damage may occur to the surrounding environment, adding up to disruptions in service and repair costs. This paper develops multinomial logistic regression (MLR) and binary logistic regression models to predict how the bodies of water could affec
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Pipeline Monitoring"

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Agarwal, Manu. "Developing a Framework for Selecting Condition Assessment Technologies for Water and Wastewater Pipes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34771.

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Beneath North America's roads lie 1.6 million miles of pipeline that provides users with potable water and carry away wastewater. These buried infrastructure systems have been functioning for duration longer than their intended design life, often with little or no repair. Asset management of pipeline systems pose a major challenge for most municipalities due to budgetary constraints, demand for quality service, and need to preserve existing pipeline infrastructure. The first step in developing and implementing a comprehensive asset management plan is to perform a condition assessment. There i
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Books on the topic "Water Pipeline Monitoring"

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Office, General Accounting. Water pollution: Improved monitoring and enforcement needed for toxic pollutants entering sewers : report to the chairman and ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives. The Office, 1989.

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V, Ashworth, ed. Surveying, inspection and corrosion monitoring of fixed offshore structures and pipelines: Proceedings of seminar held in London 20th March 1985. Global Corrosion Consultants, 1985.

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Higginbotham, R. Leakage and loss in fluid systems: A bibliography of leak detection, monitoring, control and modelling in pipelines, dams & reservoirs, and associated pumping systems. Scientific and Technical Information, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Estimated benefits and costs of the Navajo Generating Station's emissions limit : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water and Power Resources, Committee on Resources, House of Representatives. The Office, 1998.

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The Use of Coupons for Cathodic Protection Monitoring Applications. AMPP, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/nace_sp0104-2020.

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Scope Cathodic protection (CP) coupons have been used since the 1930s by pioneers of the corrosion control industry, both in North America and in Europe. They have been shown to be a practical tool for determining the level of polarization of a structure and to confirm the IR drop in a potential measurement. The purpose of this standard is to provide a method for evaluating the effectiveness of a CP system using coupons. It is intended for use by people who design and maintain CP systems for buried or submerged pipelines, underground storage tanks (USTs), on-grade storage tank bottoms, reinfor
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McIntyre, Dale, and Mohsen Achour. Preferential Weld Corrosion of Carbon Steels. NACE International, The Worldwide Corrosion Authority15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/37615.

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This book addresses the detection, assessment, and control of preferential weld corrosion (PWC) of carbon steels. Corrosion professionals, asset integrity specialists, and engineers responsible for risk management will find a comprehensive literature survey, detailed description of the PWC problem in its different aspects, and clear guidance on how to manage PWC in both new projects and maturing assets. Detailed case histories describe PWC and its mitigation in seawater pipelines, cooling water systems, wet gas piping, heat exchangers, and related process equipment. Monographs published during
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Book chapters on the topic "Water Pipeline Monitoring"

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Mei, Mingqi, Zizhao Wang, Yunfei Li, Tianyi Tang, and Huicong Liu. "Self-powered Smart Water Meter for Pipeline Flow Monitoring." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1191-1_35.

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Bakar, Noor Iman Fitri bin Abu, Muhammad Afif Asnawi bin Muhammad Azizan, Muhammad Rahimy bin Mohd Radzi, Wan Nur Suhada Wan Mohd Zor, and Ahamad Zaki Mohamed Noor. "Development of a Smart Monitoring Hydro Turbine Installation in a Water Pipeline." In Advanced Structured Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81517-1_28.

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Sun, Yanmei, and Ya Xu. "Online Monitoring Method of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline Based on Machine Vision." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50571-3_6.

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Shi, Jiawei, Da He, Jiajie Deng, Mofan Gao, and Junjie He. "Water Content Monitoring of Two-Phase Flow in Oil Pipeline Based on Electromagnetic Induction." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0877-2_2.

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Dhulavvagol, Praveen M., K. R. Ankita, G. Sohan, and Renuka Ganiger. "An Enhanced Water Pipeline Monitoring System in Remote Areas Using Flow Rate and Vibration Sensors." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9059-2_30.

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Mahesh Kumar, D., BA Anandh, A. Shankar Ganesh, and R. Sakthivel. "A Novel Approach with Hybrid Technique for Monitoring and Leakage Detection of Water Pipeline Using IoT." In Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8338-2_25.

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Nguyen, Duc-Thuan, and Jong-Myon Kim. "A Novel Leak Localization Method for Water Pipeline Systems Based on Acoustic Emission Monitoring and Event Correlation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64608-9_17.

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Dalleli, Manel, Ezzeddine Hadj-Taïeb, Christian Schmitt, and Zitouni Azari. "Effect of Water Hammer in Relatively Long Inclined Pipelines." In Applied Condition Monitoring. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14532-7_9.

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Bettaieb, Noura, and Ezzeddine Haj Taieb. "Simulation of Resonance Phenomenon in Pipelines Caused by Water Hammer." In Applied Condition Monitoring. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41459-1_19.

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Delgado-Aguiñaga, Jorge A., and Ofelia Begovich. "Water Leak Diagnosis in Pressurized Pipelines: A Real Case Study." In Applied Condition Monitoring. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water Pipeline Monitoring"

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Hilleary, Jamey. "Cathodic Protection Monitoring in Water and Wastewater Systems." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17655.

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ABSTRACT Web-based remote monitoring is widely used in the oil and gas pipeline industry to ensure corrosion protection systems are functioning reliably. The water and wastewater industries are not subject to the same regulatory mandates governing the oil and gas industry but are no less a part of the critical infrastructure. As these systems age and fail, the effects go beyond cost and inconvenience into potentially significant public health and safety issues. The water and wastewater industries deal with different challenges than the oil and gas pipeline industry. The budgets available for e
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Hilleary, Jamey, and Jerry DeWitt. "Corrosion Rate Monitoring in Pipeline Casings." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02741.

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Abstract Pipeline casings are widely used at locations where a pipeline crosses beneath railroad tracks, highways, and other areas where external pressure and stress can impact pipeline integrity, or areas where rehabilitation or replacement of the pipeline could significantly disrupt other systems. The casing is intended to protect the pipeline but recent recommendations from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety administration (PHMSA)(1) and NACE International(2) indicate that in many instances casings provide little if any benefit. Conversely the casing can also create an environment
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Smart, John, Tom Pickthall, and Todd G. Wright. "Field Experiences in On-Line Bacteria Monitoring." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96279.

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Abstract The results of field testing for bacteria and related corrosion are presented for three crude oil and one gas pipeline. Large numbers of bacteria were usually found in the crude oil pipelines, but large bacteria populations did not result in accelerated corrosion in these lines. Crude oil pipeline corrosion was found to be most rapid in sediment deposits, which consisted of oil wet corrosion products, paraffins, and water. Both bacteria populations and corrosion rates were low in the gas pipeline studied, due to a high residual di-amine corrosion inhibitor content in the pipeline wate
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Brown, Nathan K., James F. Dante, and Fritz J. Friedersdorf. "Diaphragm-Based Pipeline Corrosivity Monitoring System." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09506.

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Abstract A water corrosivity sensing system is currently under development that combines the strengths of rate measurement techniques such as linear polarization resistance with longer-term cumulative damage measurements typically provided by electrical resistance probes. This sensor technology is applicable not only to water pipeline systems, but a broad range of liquid and gas piping systems used in military facilities as well as electric power, chemical, pulp and paper, and fossil fuel industries. The corrosion sensing system operates on a diaphragm-based principle, where the diaphragm is a
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Reza, Faisal, Svein Bjarte Joramo-Hustvedt, and Helene Sirnes Statoil. "Corrosion Management of a Rich Gas Pipeline." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01532.

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Abstract Our operation unit (Transport Net) operates and provides the technical assistance for the operation and the overall integrity for the rich gas pipelines on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCF) with an approximate total length of 1700 km. It is important to operate and maintain the pipelines in a safe, efficient and reliable way according to the operator’s standard. Rich gas pipelines provide the gas delivery to processing plants before the gas is treated and exported to market. The gas is pre-processed and dehydrated on the platform before the product quality is measured and the gas
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Volk, Michael, Stephen Miska, Masaru Iwata, Matt Logan, John Henshaw, and Franklin Birt. "Small-Scale Technology for Pipeline Monitoring and Inspection." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01313.

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Abstract A small-scale sensing technology can be used inside pipeline maintenance pigs of any size and configuration in order to measure fluid conditions, map pipeline features and identify potential wall buildup or defects. The tool can be used in pipelines where conventional in-line inspection tools cannot traverse, while significantly reducing deployment cost and risk. It can also be used to provide near real-time monitoring of critical pipeline characteristics. The pill-shaped housing containing the sensing elements can collect data on multiple variables, including but not limited to - pre
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Smart, John S., Tom Pickthall, and Allen Carlile. "Using On-line Monitoring to Solve Bacteria Corrosion Problems in the Field." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97212.

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Abstract The development of on-line corrosion and bacteria monitoring techniques suitable for field use in pipelines has permitted direct field solutions of corrosion problems in pipelines without the need for back-up laboratory test programs. A pipeline with active bacterial corrosion was treated with biocide, which was found by on-line field monitoring to be highly effective in reducing corrosion rates in the pipeline system, and establishing the interval between treatments. Severe pitting was found on coupons exposed in sediment in the monitor, and light pitting was found at the oil water i
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Shankar, V., C. Onuoha, E. Pozniak, S. McDonnell, and M. Jawed. "Monitoring and Assessing Pipeline Water Crossings in the Face of Severe Flooding, River Scour, and River Channel Migration." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14962.

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Abstract Pipeline water crossings at rivers continue to be a pressing concern for pipeline owners, operators and regulators. On April 11th, 2019, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) issued an advisory bulletin 1 to pipeline owners and operators urging them to ensure the integrity of their assets in the event of severe flooding, river scour, and river channel migration. PHMSA suggested corrective actions to ensure the safe operation of pipelines, such as, the inspection of pipeline water crossings immediately following a flood event 1. Advancements in technology h
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Marsh, Jonathan. "Corrosion Control in Sea Water Injection Pipelines." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17692.

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Abstract Dubai Petroleum (the Operator) operates five oil fields in the offshore Dubai area of the United Arab Emirates. Within these operated fields there is a network of over 30 unlined carbon steel sea water injection pipelines that are presently in use, with abandoned or mothballed pipelines taking this number to over 50. This publication discusses the experience of the Operator, where the operating life of these pipelines has typically exceeded 20 years, and on occasion has exceeded 40 years. This is compared with the experience of the UK sector, where failures in as little as four years
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Smart, John S. "Jack", and Tom Pickthall. "A New System for On-Line Monitoring of Internal Corrosion and Bacteria in Pipelines." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92015.

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Abstract A new system for on-line monitoring of internal corrosion and bacteria in pipelines has been developed which maintains full pigging capability in the pipeline. Fluids are withdrawn from the pipeline and passed through a test chamber specially designed to provide reliable corrosion rate measurements under pipeline operating conditions. The system duplicates and measures worst case pipeline corrosion conditions, provides evaluation of corrosion and bacteria control programs in an on-line manner, and can function in the absence or intermittent presence of water in the pipeline. Corrosion
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Reports on the topic "Water Pipeline Monitoring"

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Author, Unknown. L51752 Water Crossing Design and Installation Manual. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010323.

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The pipeline industry has recognized the need for a reference guide to assist design personnel in the selection of the most environmentally appropriate and cost-effective construction techniques for pipeline water and wetland crossings. Operating companies have already been developing, implementing, and perfecting water and wetland crossing techniques and associated preventative, mitigative, and monitoring procedures in order to minimize the impacts on water quality and associated habitat. However, these activities, to date have largely been performed on an individual basis with little transfe
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Deininger. PR-443-13605-R01 Sensors for Gas Quality Monitoring. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010127.

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The purpose of this project was to determine the suitability of low cost environmental air quality sensors, for detection of pipeline gas quality. In particular, this project examined options for detection and quantification of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water (H2O), and oxygen (O2). All of the sensors used were based on Synkeras existing anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) platform and detection chemistry. The key challenge of this effort was laboratory based demonstration of the feasibility of detecting these three components in natural gas at pressures exceeding 1 atmosphere
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Budzich, Jeffrey. PR-685-184506-R04 Potential Monitoring Techniques and Technologies for Real Time Rainfall and Flooding. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011663.

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Systems to alert pipeline operators of existing or impending flood events of concern are important tools as operators work to protect infrastructure at crossings of concern. A critical return period flood alert allows operators to take pre-emptive actions that may reduce consequences involved in major flood events. Gages are valuable tools for collecting data and information about discharge. Physical in-waterway gages include reference gages, crest stage gages, and recording stage gages. For recording stage gages, data can be transmitted electronically and limit the need for site visits. Onlin
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Robert, Gillian. PR-420-143719-R01 Commercial Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Technology Applications Program. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011508.

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The work described herein is to show the engineering requirements for long term, continuous monitoring of ground movement with satellite radar over a region with natural growth and large variations in ground water. The project provided monitoring of the British Petroleum America Inc. (BP) Olympic pipeline localized to an area of known ground movement in Washington State. This project was part of several projects (ROW-6G, ROW-6D, ROW-3J) that partnered with California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo (CalPoly SLO) and Electricore to prepare a white paper that was submitted in response to
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Brousseau, R., and Mr Bob Gummow. CR-6352 Research into Methods of Mitigating External Corrosion Underneath Unbonded Dielectric Coating. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011776.

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The main objective of this research program was to determine whether or not cost effective methods could be developed and applied to mitigate corrosion occurring on the external surface of a pipeline beneath unbonded or disbonded coating. Conventional cathodic protection techniques have not been completely successful in preventing underfilm corrosion particularly in fresh water and soils environments. Two new methods were investigated for mitigating corrosion. These involved modifying the traditional cathodic protection approach used in the field. In the laboratory, the measurements were perfo
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Brydie, Dr James, Dr Alireza Jafari, and Stephanie Trottier. PR-487-143727-R01 Modelling and Simulation of Subsurface Fluid Migration from Small Pipeline Leaks. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011025.

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The dispersion and migration behavior of hydrocarbon products leaking at low rates (i.e. 1bbl/day and 10 bbl/day) from a pipeline have been studied using a combination of experimental leakage tests and numerical simulations. The focus of this study was to determine the influence of subsurface engineered boundaries associated with the trench walls, and the presence of a water table, upon the leakage behavior of a range of hydrocarbon products. The project numerically modelled three products including diesel, diluted bitumen (dilbit) and gasoline; which were chosen to span a range of fluid types
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Sridhar, Song, and Nored. L52227 Guidelines-Quality Standards for Transportation of Gas Containing Mixed Corrosive Constituents. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010901.

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Gas quality specifications are set for commercial considerations and are influenced by several engineering factors including preventing corrosion, preventing blockages from freezing and hydrates, and the heating value of the gas. The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) Enforcement Manual for internal corrosion control states that the operator should have a procedure to determine if the gas is corrosive. Violation exists if (1) the corrosive potential of the gas is not determined by appropriate tests, and (2) suitable monitoring methods are not used to determine the effectiveness of steps taken to
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Borenstein, S. W., and M. E. Sauby. PR-228-9312-R01 Internal Corrosion Monitoring of Wet Gas Pipe Lines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011961.

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Describes the results of a literature review to describe the factors that contribute to the internal corrosion of wet gas pipelines and to describe internal corrosion control, inspection, and monitoring techniques. A number of apparently subtle factors can have significant effects on the internal corrosion of wet gas pipelines. The dominant factors are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and microbiological-influences. There are a number of other factors that influence the corrosion rate, including temperature, pressure, inhibitor concentration, inhibitor efficacy, inhibitor distribution, water
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