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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Pollution Control Commission'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Vicory, A. H., and A. K. Stevenson. "What's a river worth, anyway? A resource valuation survey of the Ohio river." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0562.

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The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) is a government agency established in 1948 to control and abate pollution of the interstate waters of the Ohio River Valley. ORSANCO, represented by eight states of the Ohio Valley and the federal government, carries out water quality monitoring and assessment programmes, co-ordinates spill response activities, promulgates pollution control standards for the Ohio River, and co-ordinates the individual programmes of state and federal agencies. ORSANCO recognizes that public and political support are as important to effective river basin management as technical knowledge and activities. Because such support is so closely related to economic interests, ORSANCO and the National Park Service commissioned a survey project in May 1993 to compile readily available data to estimate the “value” of the Ohio River from several key standpoints. This information is intended to draw attention to the national significance of the Ohio River in its economic, cultural and natural resource dimensions, and to illustrate the magnitude of positive economic impacts to be realized by achieving water quality improvements. This project brought together for the first time information that will serve to enhance public and political awareness of the Ohio River Valley, and thus enhance support for aggressive environmental management.

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2

Weatherbe, Donald G., and I. Griff Sherbin. "Urban Drainage Control Demonstration Program of Canada's Great Lakes Cleanup Fund." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0694.

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The Great Lakes Cleanup Fund (CuF) is a component of Canada's Great Lakes Action Plan. Since 1990, the Cleanup Fund has been supporting the development and implementation of cleanup technologies to control municipal pollution sources, to clean up contaminated sediments, and to rehabilitate fish and wildlife habitats. These efforts are focused on Canada's 17 Areas of Concern (AOCs) identified by the International Joint Commission for priority cleanup action and development of remedial action plans (RAPs). The urban drainage program of the CuF is demonstrating new and innovative technologies for controlling urban sources of pollution, and is assisting RAP study teams in developing control options. For combined sewer overflow (CSO) control, demonstrations include high-rate treatment using a vortex separator, and real time operation of a CSO control system. Storm water management demonstrations include development of best management practices, evaluation of control ponds for an industrial catchment, and evaluation of a sewer exfiltration system retrofitted into an existing urban area. Estimates of pollutant loadings to the Great Lakes were made, and overall costs for CSO cleanup were developed for various levels of control. Comprehensive pollution control plans are under development at several AOCs.

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3

Parente, Mario, and Kenneth E. Stevens. "Evaluation of a Combined Sewer Overflow Tank Cleaning System in the City of Sarnia." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.014.

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Abstract The International Joint Commission has identified the St. Clair River in Sarnia as an area of concern requiring a remedial action plan in order to restore and protect the water quality. To attain this objective, the City of Sarnia has completed a Pollution Control Plan in March 1993 to develop the approach in resolving the pollution problems along the City of Sarnia waterfront and the St. Clair River. The Pollution Control Plan identified the following three areas for improvement: (1) upgrade the water pollution control plant to provide secondary treatment for three times the average dry weather flow; (2) install four tanks to intercept combined sewer overflows; and (3) intercept storm runoff discharges along the waterfront and provide their treatment through sedimentation and/or flow through a wetland. The City of Sarnia is presently installing the first of the CSO control tanks at Devine Street. During the operation of combined sewage or stormwater detention facilities, settling of solids will occur along the invert of the facility. These sediments have to be removed after every storage event to minimize future problems such as caking and/or odour. This paper presents the evaluation and selection process carried out in developing a cost effective cleaning system for the Devine Street detention tank.

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4

Vicory, Alan H., and Peter A. Tennant. "A STRATEGY FOR MONITORING THE IMPACTS OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS ON THE OHIO RIVER." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0018.

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With the attainment of secondary treatment by virtually all municipal discharges in the United States, control of water pollution from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) has assumed a high priority. Accordingly, a national strategy was issued in 1989 which, in 1993, was expanded into a national policy on CSO control. The national policy establishes as an objective the attainment of receiving water quality standards, rather than a design storm/treatment technology based approach. A significant percentage of the CSOs in the U.S. are located along the Ohio River. The states along the Ohio have decided to coordinate their CSO control efforts through the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO). With the Commission assigned the responsibility of developing a monitoring approach which would allow the definition of CSO impacts on the Ohio, research by the Commission found that very little information existed on the monitoring and assessment of large rivers for the determination of CSO impacts. It was therefore necessary to develop a strategy for coordinated efforts by the states, the CSO dischargers, and ORSANCO to identify and apply appropriate monitoring approaches. A workshop was held in June 1993 to receive input from a variety of experts. Taking into account this input, a strategy has been developed which sets forth certain approaches and concepts to be considered in assessing CSO impacts. In addition, the strategy calls for frequent sharing of findings in order that the data collection efforts by the several agencies can be mutually supportive and lead to technically sound answers regarding CSO impacts and control needs.

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5

Singh, Surjeet, N. C. Ghosh, Gopal Krishan, Ravi Galkate, T. Thomas, and R. K. Jaiswal. "Development of an Overall Water Quality Index (OWQI) for Surface Water in Indian Context." Current World Environment 10, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.3.12.

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A number of water quality indices based on classification criteria, sub-indices and aggregation function have been developed by the researchers for categorizing the water quality for different uses. In the present study, a general Overall Water Quality Index (OWQI) is developed to classify the surface water into five categories, viz. excellent, good, fair, poor and polluted. For this purpose, the concentration ranges have been defined on the basis of the Indian Standards (IS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards also taking into account other International standards of World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (EC). Sixteen parameters are selected based on social and environmental impact and weights are assigned on their relative importance to impact the quality of water. The proposed index improves understanding of water quality issues by integrating complex data and generates a score which describes the status of water quality. The proposed index will be very useful for the water management authorities to maintain good health of surface water resources.

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6

Gu, Xiao Wei, Wen Li Yang, Guo Tao Dong, and Su Zhen Dang. "Application of One-Dimensional Hydraulic Model for Flood Simulation in Yellow River Delta." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2969.

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Yellow River Delta had been extensively engineered to control flooding and to protect coastal development which leaded to wetlands destruction and severe water pollution. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission decided the water supplement to the wetland during the water and sediment regulation period in 2010. In order to study the water quantity and distribution simulation, one-dimensional SOBEK model was used to flood simulation in the Yellow River Delta. The Re of the daily water level at four stations for the calibration period were 0.6%, 2.3%, 2.9%, 7.0%,.which indicated that the simulated values matched very well with the observed values. The SOBEK model had predicted the water level volume in 2003 within the range of acceptable accuracy. It indicated that the one-dimensional method SOBEK model was suitable for the flood simulation.

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7

Tennant, P. A., C. G. Norman, and A. H. Vicory. "The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission's Toxic Substances Control Program for the Ohio River." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0621.

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The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) is an interstate agency created in 1948 to administer a state compact which calls for the abatement of water pollution in the Ohio Valley. Since 1975, ORSANCO has conducted routine monitoring programs to detect the presence of toxic chemicals in the Ohio River and in fish taken from the river. Such information is particularly important as the Ohio River, a major river in the United States, serves as a water supply to over three million people and is used extensively for recreational purposes. The monitoring results have shown several problems: contamination of fish tissue by PCBs and chlordane, concentrations of certain metals which exceed chronic aquatic life criteria in 10 to 25 percent of the samples analyzed, and levels of certain volatile organic compounds which exceeded criteria established to prevent one additional cancer per one million population in almost half the samples analyzed. In 1986, the Commission initiated a Toxic Substances Control Program which was designed to identify sources of the toxics problems and prescribe corrective actions. Because of the multitude of potential sources of toxics along the Ohio, the river was divided into seven segments for intensive study. To date, studies have been initiated on four segments. In addition, special topic studies have been conducted on the river as a whole to address the suitability of the river as a source of drinking water, trends in parameter levels, and the relationship between surface and ground water quality. Findings to date:Point source discharges to the river do not cause widespread toxics problems.Nonpoint sources, including urban runoff and contaminated ground water, are significant sources of toxics to the river.Levels of certain toxics in tributaries are also an important source.Under “normal ” situations (i.e., excluding spills), the Ohio River provides a suitable source water for public supply after appropriate treatment.Levels of many metals and volatile organic compounds have decreased over the past 10 years.

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Matli, Chandra Sekhar, and Nivedita. "Water Quality Modelling of River Mahanadi using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)." International Journal of Environment 10, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v10i1.38417.

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Surface water quality is one of the critical environmental concerns of the globe and water quality management is top priority worldwide. In India, River water quality has considerably deteriorated over the years and there is an urgent need for improving the surface water quality. The present study aims at use of multivariate statistical approaches for interpretation of water quality data of Mahanadi River in India. Monthly water quality data pertaining to 16 parameters collected from 12 sampling locations on the river by Central Water Commission (CWC) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is used for the study. Cluster analysis (CA), is used to group the sampling locations on the river into homogeneous clusters with similar behaviour. Principal component analysis (PCA) is quite effective in identifying the critical parameters for describing the water quality of the river in dry and monsoon seasons. PCA and Factor Analysis (FA) was effective in explaining 69 and 66% of the total cumulative variance in the water quality if dry and wet seasons respectively. Industrial and domestic wastewaters, soil erosion and weathering, soil leaching organic pollution and natural pollution were identified as critical sources contribution to pollution of river water. However, the quantitative contributions were variable based on the season. Results of multiple linear regression (MLR) are effective in explaining the factor loadings and source contributions for most water quality parameters. The study results indicate suitability of multivariate statistical approaches to design and plan sampling and sampling programs for controlling water quality management programs in river basins.

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9

SCHMIDT, J., P. SETO, and D. Averill. "Pilot-Scale Study of Satellite Treatment Options for the Control of Combined Sewer Overflows." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.012.

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Abstract Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognized for many years as a pollution problem within the Great Lakes ecosystem. CSOs were identified as a source of contamination in 10 of the 17 Canadian “Areas of Concern” designated by the International Joint Commission, and were considered a major problem in Hamilton Harbour and the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront. Satellite treatment systems (located upstream in the sewerage system) were identified as being significantly more cost effective than other CSO control options in a feasibility study conducted for Metropolitan Toronto. Consequently, a multi-agency initiative was established in 1993 to examine the treatment of CSOs at a pilot-scale facility in the City of Scarborough. The technologies evaluated during two experimental seasons in 1994 and 1995 included a vortex separator, a circular clarifier, a horizontal-flow plate clarifier and an inclined rotary drum screen. Performance of the technologies is being assessed against a draft policy proposed by the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. Results to date have indicated that the vortex separator and the plate clarifier under “best conditions” were capable of 50% TSS removal and 30% BOD5 removal and should be capable of satisfying the policy.

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10

Leschber, Reimar. "Sludge characterization and standardization methods: development, status, trends." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0387.

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A short history of sludge characterization is given leading from sewage and sewage sludge treatment in former times to modern water and soil pollution control with resulting needs of sludge investigation and analysis. The progress in this field in the Federal Republic of Germany from the sixties till today is given as an example and the connections with the development in Europe with special regard to the concerted Action COST 68/681 of the Commission of the European Communities between 1972 and 1990 are described. Finally, the present situation is delineated which is determined by the work of the CEN Technical Committee 308 “Sludge characterization”, which was founded in May 1993.

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Crabtree, B., A. J. Seward, and L. Thompson. "A case study of regional catchment water quality modelling to identify pollution control requirements." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.296.

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There are four ecologically important river catchments that contain candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) under the Habitats Directive in the Lake District National Park located in the North of England. These are the rivers Ehen, Kent, Derwent and Eden. For each cSAC, there are defined ecological criteria that include water quality targets to protect the designated species. Stretches of the riverine cSACs in each catchment are failing to meet these and other water quality targets. The Environment Agency commissioned a study of each catchment to provide the underpinning scientific knowledge to allow it to deliver its statutory obligations under the Habitats Directive. SIMCAT river water quality models were produced and used to predict the water quality impacts resulting from a number of water quality planning scenarios aimed at achieving full compliance with the Habitats Directive and other national and EEC water quality targets. The results indicated that further controls on effluent discharges will allow the majority of targets to be met but other sources of pollution will also need to be controlled. The outcome of the study also recognised that water quality improvements alone will not necessarily produce the required improvement to the ecological interest features in each cSAC.

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Gruening, H., H. Hoppe, S. Messmann, and A. Giga. "Cost effectiveness of centralised and decentralised storm water treatment." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.163.

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As part of a research & development project commissioned by the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia's Ministry for the Environment and Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (MUNLV) an examination is being carried out of the general possibilities for centralised and decentralised treatment storm water runoff to be discharged into (canalised) receiving waters and the costs ensuing from this. The examination of the different options is being carried out under real conditions, with the Briller Creek (Wuppertal/Germany) and Müggen Creek (Remscheid/Germany) catchment areas being used as models. The range of investigations deals with a comparison between ‘decentralised, semicentralised, centralised’ storm water treatment, centralised storm water treatment involving a separate sewer and parameter-specific pollution based storm water runoff control. In the framework of the research project each of the variants is to be elaborated and the costs are to be calculated so as to permit a comparison between the different system designs. In particular, the investigations are to take into account the actual requirements to be met by storm water drainage systems involving separate sewage systems.

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Kok, Sandra, J. Shaw, P. Seto, and D. Weatherbe. "The Urban Drainage Program of Canada’s Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund." Water Quality Research Journal 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2000.022.

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Abstract Since 1990, Canada’s Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund, which is administered by Environment Canada, has been supporting the development and implementation of cleanup technologies to control municipal pollution sources, to clean up contaminated sediments, and to rehabilitate fish and wildlife habitats. These efforts are focused on Canada’s 16 Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) identified by the International Joint Commission for priority cleanup action and restoration of beneficial uses. Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) developed by federal/provincial teams and the public provide the strategy for restoring the beneficial uses of the AOCs. Impairments in beneficial uses in the AOCs have been, in part, caused by discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs), Stormwater and sewage treatment plants (STPs). To assist municipalities in addressing the problems posed by urban drainage (CSOs and Stormwater), the Cleanup Fund’s Urban Drainage Program has been supporting the development and demonstration of innovative, cost-effective technologies and approaches. These projects include high-rate treatment of CSOs, real-time control of CSOs, performance assessment of Stormwater treatment technologies, pollution prevention and control plans, and development of Stormwater management planning tools for urban areas. These projects are carried out in collaboration with the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, municipalities, professional groups, universities and conservation authorities and other Environment Canada’s facilities (National Water Research Institute and Wastewater Technology Centre). The Urban Drainage Program has been instrumental in advancing the state of the art in CSO and Stormwater management in Ontario. Projects supported under the program have quantified pollutant loadings from municipal wastewater sources in several Ontario Areas of Concern, provided hard data on the performance of best management practices for Stormwater treatment, identified and evaluated new cost-effective technologies for CSO reduction and Stormwater treatment, and developed strategies and decision-making tools for Stormwater management The work done through the Urban Drainage Program is making it possible for Great Lakes communities to achieve important environmental objectives at significantly lower cost As a result, the communities should be able to achieve many of these objectives much earlier than they would have if their choices had been limited to more conventional and capital-intensive solutions. Although the program has focused on the needs of Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes basin, the lessons learned there can easily be applied to communities in other parts of the country and around the world.

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Wu, C. Y., C. M. Kao, C. E. Lin, C. W. Chen, and Y. C. Lai. "Using a constructed wetland for non-point source pollution control and river water quality purification: a case study in Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (May 1, 2010): 2549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.175.

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The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment.

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Moellenkamp, S. "The "WFD-effect" on upstream-downstream relations in international river basins – insights from the Rhine and the Elbe basins." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 7, 2007): 1407–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1407-2007.

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Abstract. The upstream-downstream relationship in international river basins is a traditional challenge in water management. Water use in upstream countries often has a negative impact on water use in downstream countries. This is most evident in the classical example of industrial pollution in upstream countries hindering drinking water production downstream. The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) gives new impetus to the river basin approach and to international co-operation in European catchments. It aims at transforming a mainly water quality oriented management into a more integrated approach of ecosystem management. After discussing the traditional upstream-downstream relationship, this article shows that the WFD has a balancing effect on upstream-downstream problems and that it enhances river basin solidarity in international basins. While it lifts the downstream countries to the same level as the upstream countries, it also leads to new duties for the downstream states. Following the ecosystem approach, measures taken by downstream countries become increasingly more important. For example, downstream countries need to take measures to allow for migrating fish species to reach upstream stretches of river systems. With the WFD, fish populations receive increased attention, as they are an important indicator for the ecological status. The European Commission acquires a new role of inspection and control in river basin management, which finally also leads to enhanced cooperation and solidarity among the states in a basin. In order to achieve better water quality and to mitigate upstream-downstream problems, also economic instruments can be applied and the WFD does not exclude the possibility of making use of financial compensations, if at the same time the polluter pays principle is taken into account. The results presented in this article originate from a broader study on integrated water resources management conducted at Bonn University and refer to the Rhine and Elbe basins (Moellenkamp, 2006).

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Santiago, Roger, and Jean-Pierre Pelletier. "Contaminated Sediment Management: the Canadian Experience." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.024.

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Abstract Since the beginning of North America's industrialization, the Great Lakes have been negatively impacted by the discharge of industrial, agricultural and municipal pollutants. The governments of Canada and the United States have recognized that the accumulation of pollutants within the bottom sediment and the water column has had a detrimental effect on the Great Lakes ecosystem. In 1972, Canada and the United States signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, which established common water quality objectives and commitments to programs and other measures to achieve these objectives. This included measures for the abatement and control of pollution from dredging activities. By 1985, the International Joint Commission, a body established by the two countries to provide advice on boundary water issues, identified 43 Areas of Concern where impaired water quality prevented full beneficial use of rivers, bays, harbours and ports. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, amended in 1987, committed both countries to concentrate remediation efforts in these 43 Areas of Concern. This led to the development of Remedial Action Plans to assess and remediate contamination problems. Contaminated sediment was identified in all of these Areas of Concern. In 1989, the Canadian government created the 5-year $125-million Great Lakes Action Plan in support of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Of this, $55 million was allocated to the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund for the 17 Canadian Areas of Concern. A portion of the Cleanup Fund was designated for the development and demonstration of technologies for assessment, removal and treatment of contaminated sediment. Since its creation, the Remediation Technologies Program, established under the Cleanup Fund, has successfully performed 3 full-scale remediation projects, 11 pilot-scale technology demonstrations and 29 bench-scale tests. In addition to these projects, the program also evaluated existing sediment management practices and processes.

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Rosenblum, Eric. "Selection and Implementation of Nonpotable Water Recycling in “Silicon Valley” (San Jose Area) California." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0574.

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South Bay Water Recycling, a nonpotable water recycling project in the San Jose, California (USA) area, was commissioned in 1998 to supply up to 60,000 m3/day (15 mgd) of high-quality treated effluent to nearly 200 customers for irrigation and industrial use. The project was selected, along with water conservation, as the most effective approach to protecting salt marsh habitat at the south end of San Francisco Bay from degradation due to low-salinity discharge from the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant. The project was selected over an outfall discharge based in part on its ability to offset demand for potable water by municipal and industrial customers, including computer-related industries in northern California's “Silicon Valley”. Project development began in 1991 with feasibility and conceptual design studies. Preliminary project design and surveying began in 1994, and construction commenced in 1996. The project was completed in July 1998 at a cost of approximately $140 million (US), and consists of a 90 km (60 mile) pipeline with three pump stations and one reservoir. In addition to transmission and distribution facilities, construction included customer retrofits to segregate the nonpotable system from each site's potable supply.

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Xiao, Chan-Chan, Mao-Jian Chen, Fan-Biao Mei, Xiang Fang, Tian-Ren Huang, Ji-Lin Li, Wei Deng, and Yuan-Dong Li. "Influencing factors and health risk assessment of microcystins in the Yongjiang river (China) by Monte Carlo simulation." PeerJ 6 (November 16, 2018): e5955. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5955.

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The Yongjiang river is a large, shallow, hyper-trophic, freshwater river in Guangxi, China. To investigate the presence of microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR, and microcystin-YR (MC-RR, MC-LR, and MC-YR) in the Yongjiang river and describe their correlation with environmental factors, as well as, assess health risk using Monte Carlo simulation, 90 water samples were collected at three sample points from March to December 2017. Results showed that during the monitoring period, total concentrations of MC-RR (TMC-RR), MC-YR (TMC-YR), and MC-LR (TMC-LR) varied from 0.0224 to 0.3783 μg/L, 0.0329 to 0.1433 μg/L, and 0.0341 to 0.2663 μg/L, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) content appeared to be related to TMC-LR and the total concentrations of microcystins (TMCs), while pH and total nitrogen (TN)/TP ratio appeared to be related to TMC-RR and TMC-YR, respectively. Using the professional health risk assessment software @Risk7.5, the risks of dietary intake of microcystins (MCs), including the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk, were evaluated. It was found that the carcinogenic risk of MC-RR from drinking water was higher than MC-LR and MC-YR, and the presence of MCs would lead to high potential health risks, especially in children. The carcinogenic risk of MC-RR to children was >1 × 10−4, the maximum allowance level recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency; as for adults, it was >5 × 10−5, the maximum allowance level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) of MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR increased successively, indicating that MC-LR was more hazardous to human health than MC-YR and MC-RR, but its HI was <1. This suggests that MCs pose less risk to health. However, it is necessary to strengthen the protection and monitoring of drinking water source for effective control of water pollution and safeguarding of human health.

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Allen, Lee, Paul Hipwood, and Barry Houghton. "Fives Solios Experience in Modern Secondary Aluminium Casthouse Construction." Materials Science Forum 630 (October 2009): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.95.

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In early 2006, Fives Solios, namely Solios Thermal, was selected as a key cast house supplier by a major aluminium producer for a new 130,000te/yr re-melting facility. The project scope included not only the supply of modern melting and holding furnaces plus ancillary equipment, but also pre-heating furnaces, an air pollution control system, basic cast house engineering, cooling water schemes and complete turnkey project management. This project presented particular technical and logistical challenges and was required to meet exacting European environmental / efficiency standards for all major contractors involved. The facility was commissioned in March 2008 and the first production was on schedule. This paper will discuss the challenges that the Solios Thermal project team had to overcome, from layout of equipment to conclusion of the project; also how good communication and close collaboration between the customer and all major subcontractors resulted in a successfully implemented plant.

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Beavis, P., and S. Lundie. "Integrated environmental assessment of tertiary and residuals treatment - LCA in the wastewater industry." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0678.

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In the wastewater industry, decision-makers lack access to an environmental tool that can assist in further informing the non-financial analysis of a system. Such a tool should incorporate impacts beyond the effluent quality and look at the supporting processes of a plant as well as plant specific operations. Life Cycle Assessment can provide the means to fill a gap in pertinent information towards more sustainable decision-making. The project “Best Practice LCA in the Wastewater Industry” is commissioned by the CRC for Waste Management and Pollution Control at UNSW with representatives from Sydney Water Corporation(SWC), NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation and the NSW Department of Public Works. Two case studies were researched to provide a post-implementation review of changes in wastewater treatment. Case study 1: The conversion from chlorine gas to hypochlorite and UV disinfection has been completed for several inland wastewater plants at SWC. A review of operational data for each of the options has been incorporated into an LCA of each technology. Under efficient dosing conditions, disinfection with the hypochlorite system has the minimum environmental impact. Case study 2 deals with the conversion from anaerobic to aerobic digestion. Aerobic digestion minimises release of nutrients into a sidestream to be further treated in the plant. However conversion results in more biosolids production and higher electricity requirements. This study includes a consideration of the environmental impacts of biosolids production and application. On the basis of the extended system boundary including consideration of reflux composition, energy requirements and biosolids quality to potentially offset fertiliser production, anaerobic digestion performs best in 6 out of 9 impact categories. These results suggest that environmental LCA has a role in informing decision-making on unit process and treatment train selection by quantifying aspects on non-financial criteria. Also, improvement potentials are foreshadowed but not detailed.

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Idaas, Kathrine. "NORWEGIAN POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY WORK ON SHIPWRECKS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-733.

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ABSTRACT Work on shipwrecks is one of the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority's (NPCA) priority areas. The basis for the “Wreck Program” was the desire to have a complete compilation of shipwrecks lying along the Norwegian coast. The project was defined in three phases: registration, priority ranking, and required action stages. A database consisting of 2,100 entries was built up from the study of archives in Norway and abroad. The search was limited to ships of over 100 tons gross weight that had gone down in Norwegian territorial waters after 1914. Wrecks were considered to be one of three types: of high pollution, possible pollution, or no pollution potential. In 1993, the NPCA commissioned the physical inspection of 15 wrecks using divers and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Findings were compiled in reports that indicate the condition of the wrecks varies greatly. Corrosion has set in, and the quantity of oil involved is greater than anticipated. This paper covers the registration work, cooperation in planning activities, 1993 inspection reports, and further NPCA plans for Norwegian work on shipwrecks. Experiences relating to emptying wrecks are also noted.

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22

Kawarazaki, Kai. "Water Pollution Control Act." Japanese Journal of Pesticide Science 40, no. 2 (2015): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.w15-23.

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BEST, GERALD A. "Water Pollution and Control." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 90, no. 11 (October 22, 2008): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1974.tb03175.x.

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24

Stierman, DonaldJ. "Ground water pollution control." Journal of Hazardous Materials 14, no. 3 (October 1987): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)85008-2.

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Biswas, Asit K., and Aaron T. Wolf. "Middle East Water Commission." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 1 (1994): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024140.

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Utama, I. Made Arya, and I. Nengah Suharta. "The Challenges of Water Pollution: Enforcement of Water Pollution Control." Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 14, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i1.1414.

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Water demand continues to increase, while its availability was increasingly limited due to pollution. Therefore, the issue of legal sanction in the management of water resources was interesting to be examined because of the void of norm related to the sanction of administrative, civil and criminal sanction in Article 87-120 of Act Number 32 of 2009. So, this research was qualified into normative legal research with legal material from result of library research. The type of administrative legal sanctions were more effectively applied to protect water resources from pollution. Administrative Legal Sanction was not implemented through the judges, more easily and quickly implemented in providing protection against water resources, compared with sanctions of Criminal Law and Civil Law.

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Murphy, Michael. "Air and water pollution control." Metal Finishing 94, no. 2 (February 1996): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(96)93870-2.

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Murphy, Michael. "Air and water pollution control." Metal Finishing 95, no. 2 (February 1997): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(97)94262-8.

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29

Kobayashi, Yasuhiko. "Water quality and pollution control." International Journal of Water Resources Development 4, no. 1 (March 1988): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900628808722369.

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30

MIZUGUCHI, Tamotsu. "Technology of Water Pollution Control." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 92, no. 845 (1989): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.92.845_310.

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Murphy, Michael. "Air and water pollution control." Metal Finishing 93, no. 2 (February 1995): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0576(95)96047-3.

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32

Boyle, John W. C., and Harlan G. Kelly. "FRENCH CREEK WATER POLLUTION CONTROL CENTRE ODOR CONTROL." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 3 (January 1, 2000): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700785303268.

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33

Ozawa, Mitsuyoshi. "Water Pollution Control Administration in Japan." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0183.

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In the 1960's environmental pollution began to pose a serious problem in Japan. To cope with the situation, the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and other related laws and regulations were legislated. In 1970 in particular, a Central Headquarters for Environmental Pollution Control (headed by the Prime Minister) was established as the center of environmental pollution control administration, and 14 Pollution related laws including an amendment to the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control were enacted by the so-called environmental pollution control session of the Diet at the end of that year. Along with the legislation of the related laws and regulations, the Environment Agency was inaugurated on July 1, 1971 in order to obtain comprehensiveness and unity in environmental administration. The agency took over and coordinated the administrative measures on the prevention of environmental pollution and the conservation of nature, which had previously been handled by various related ministries and agencies, and has been furthering these measures comprehensively.

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34

Holmes, Paul R. "Measuring success in water pollution control." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0326.

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Ambient water quality is much used to show progress in water pollution control. The state of the environment is not easy to measure reliably and may be subject to very many factors other than the impact of polluting discharges and those who seek to control them. Even measured trends in water quality do not prove that the pollution control activity is being managed to the best standards of efficiency and effectiveness. So managers may have great difficulty in measuring their success or in correctly attributing change in the environment to their action. On the other hand, owners of pollution control systems, both public and private, make little allowance for scientific scruples in their demands for objective measures of effectiveness. The paper examines the theory behind these contradictions and uses the recent development of performance indicators for environmental management in Hong Kong to consider how theory and practice differ. It concludes that effectiveness is relative, but pollution control managers can help themselves if they integrate into their organizations a constant alertness to fundamental goals.

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Iqbal, ZAHEER, and CUI Guangbai. "Integrated Approach Towards Water Pollution Control." Journal of Lake Sciences 14, no. 2 (2002): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/2002.0205.

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36

Kurihara, Hideto. "Sewage Works for Water Pollution Control." Japan journal of water pollution research 12, no. 4 (1989): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.12.216.

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Tabe, Kazuhiro. "Water Pollution Control in National Park." Japan journal of water pollution research 12, no. 8 (1989): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.12.490.

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Fukumoto, Kozo. "Water pollution control program in Osaka." Japan journal of water pollution research 12, no. 1 (1989): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.12.7.

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39

Kaneko, Mitsumi. "Microbiological Indicators for Water Pollution Control." Japan journal of water pollution research 13, no. 8 (1990): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.13.470.

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40

Lao, Robert G., and Youn Y. Shu. "Water Pollution Control Measures in Taiwan." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.018.

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Abstract Environmental degradation in Taiwan is widespread, serious and steadily increasing. Taiwan’s small land mass has been overburdened with a large number of pollutants and ecological imbalance. The situation is not limited to Taiwan alone; it is also all over South-East Asia. The region comprises nations which are becoming industrialized and facing environmental problems similar to those of Taiwan. In order to fight pollution, Taiwan has initiated a tough battle, combining enforcement, education and incentives, to achieve, maintain and restore environmental quality. In 1988, Taiwan produced 7.6 million cubic meters per day of wastewater, and the corresponding BOD totalled 3,600 metric tons. Twenty-one major rivers are heavily polluted, and harbour and ground water pollution has become a serious problem. Several control programs have been designed, including both short-term and major-source control projects. In the six-year National Development Plan (1991 to 1997), US$10 billion will be spent on these projects out of a total pollution control budget of $40 billion.

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41

Monken, Alan. "Water pollution control for paint booths." Metal Finishing 98, no. 6 (January 2000): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)80445-6.

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Monken, Alan. "Water pollution control for paint booths." Metal Finishing 108, no. 11-12 (December 2010): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(10)80245-4.

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43

Imperial, Mark T. "Environmental Justice and Water Pollution Control." Public Works Management & Policy 4, no. 2 (October 1999): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9942003.

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Monken, Alan. "Water pollution control for paint booths." Metal Finishing 97, no. 5 (January 1999): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(99)80810-1.

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45

SUZUKI, Tomio. "Global Water Pollution and Its Control." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 94, no. 869 (1991): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.94.869_353.

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46

Howarth, William. "Economics, Ethics and Water Pollution Control." Environmental Law Review 2, no. 3 (August 2000): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146145290000200302.

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47

Deletic, Ana, and Huanting Wang. "Water Pollution Control for Sustainable Development." Engineering 5, no. 5 (October 2019): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.013.

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48

Sava, Nina, and Galina Marusic. "DIGITAL TECHNIQUES FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL." Journal of Engineering Science XXVIII, no. 2 (June 2021): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2021.28(2).12.

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This paper is a detailed description and analysis of the most popular techniques digital for water quality control nowadays. It is illustrated how these techniques can be applied to solve problems that have arisen as a result of water pollution of aquatic ecosystems in different countries of the world. The advantages and disadvantages of using dynamic simulation software tools are presented and are based on an analysis of their operation. For each software product are highlighted the water quality parameters that can be simulated. It also presents the analysis of software products regarding the type of simulated aquatic ecosystem, as well as spatiotemporal modelling. The realization of these techniques is based on mathematical models. The development of digital techniques at the regional level may take into account certain characteristics specific to a particular aquatic ecosystem. The models can only cover a limited number of pollutants. In the process of selecting the parameters for the model, pollutants must be chosen which are a concern in themselves and which would also represent a wider set of substances that cannot be modelled in detail. Although the digital techniques examined to provide a particularly accurate estimate of water quality, the behaviour of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems remains an area of active and current research.

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Hsu, Shu-Hsiang, and Stephen P. Mumme. "Water Resource Protection in Taiwan: An Evaluation of the Taipei Water Management Commission." Environmental Management 21, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900071.

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Hassan, Daud, and Biplob Kumar Saha. "An Evaluation of Inland Water Pollution Control." Environmental Policy and Law 48, no. 3-4 (October 5, 2018): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-180078.

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