Dissertations / Theses: 'Water - Pollution - Health aspects'

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Wei, Xi. "Environmental screening of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and biological characterization of their effects on reproductive health." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1225.

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Barnes, J. M. (Johanna Maria). "The impact of water pollution from formal and informal urban developments along the Plankenbrug River on water quality and health risk / J.M. Barnes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53646.

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Abstract:

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Plankenbrug River runs past the dense settlement of Kayamandi, on the outskirts of Stellenbosch. This site was chosen to study the impact of water pollution from formal and informal urban developments on water quality and associated health factors. Aims of the study: (1) To determine some basic epidemiological characteristics of the exposed population of Kayamandi, their sanitation problems and reasons for poor hygiene; (2) To determine the microbiological and chemical pollution load patterns in the Plankenbrug River over time; (3) To investigate the spectrum of organisms present in the river (other than the indicator E. coli) and their epidemiological implications for health; (4) To establish the possible presence of organisms resistant to chlorine or to antibiotics in the river below Kayamandi as indicators of environmental hazard. Methods: During the period 5 May 1998 to 10 February 2003 microbiological and chemical analyses have been carried out every 6 weeks on water samples obtained at various points along the Plankenbrug River. Two large surveys (n=2196 persons and n=3568 persons) of the community of Kayamandi have been undertaken and door-to-door education campaigns were carried out with the aid of trained community health workers. Results: Below Kayamandi the river contains dangerously high levels of faecal contamination and it constitutes a health hazard to all persons coming into contact with the water. Up to 13 million Escherichia coli per 100 ml water was recorded (cut-off level as indicator of human safety is 1000 organisms per 100 ml water). Not all the faecal contamination originated from Kayamandi. Substantial amounts of faecal contamination sporadically entered the river at different points below Kayamandi. The pollution load resulting from these intrusions were sometimes larger than that contributed by the whole of Kayamandi. Water samples below Kayamandi were screened to ascertain what other pathogens were present. Amongst the organisms were 0 haemolytic Streptococcus Group A and B, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and many others. The list of pathogens found had such serious implications that a confidential health warning was sent out to health care centres and other affected organisations in the area. |3 haemolytic Streptococcus Group A has never before been reported as isolated in viable form from free-flowing natural waters. Signs of increased resistance to chorine were found in organisms isolated from the river water. There were also organisms showing signs of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The E. coli organisms that survived various levels of chlorine treatment also showed increased resistance to amoxycillin when compared to untreated E. coli organisms sampled from the Plankenbrug River. During the community phase of the project in Kayamandi a reduction in the pollution levels occurred over the summers of 2000 and 2001 (note that "improved" does not yet mean "safe" by any means). This can be ascribed to the multi-pronged approach of the project. Attention was given to service and repair of sanitation facilities, a strong accent on door-todoor community education about better sanitation behaviour, creation of a central reporting point for blockages and breakages, and training of artisans (plumbers, bricklayers, etc) from the community to help with upkeep. The community showed encouraging signs of wanting better sanitation education. The improvement in pollution levels is however in danger of reverting back to the previous dangerous situation if better support and co-operation cannot be obtained from the relevant authorities. There were 16.9% of households who reported one or more cases of diarrhoea during the survey period (5 weeks) - a very high prevalence seeing that the survey was carried out during a wet and cold winter period. Conclusions: Active planning and other steps to cope with the sewage intrusions into the river should be instituted without delay. The water quality of the Plankenbrug River downstream from Kayamandi is extremely poor. The water constitutes a serious health hazard and a threat to downstream economic activities. The settlement of Kayamandi demonstrated that education, when coupled with maintenance and repairs of existing toilet facilities, can bring about a reduction in pollution loads, but that this should be an ongoing process and not be reduced to sporadic attempts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Plankenbrug Rivier vloei verby die digbewoonde nedersetting van Kayamandi aan die buitewyke van Stellenbosch. Hierdie plek is gekies as studie-area om die impak te bestudeer van waterbesoedeling wat van formele en informele dorpsontwikkeling afkomstig is, asook die geassosieerde gesondheidsfaktore. Doel van die studie: (1) Om sommige basiese epidemiologiese eienskappe van die blootgestelde populasie, hulle sanitasieprobleme en redes vir die swak higiene te bepaal; (2) Om die mikrobiologiese en chemiese besoedelingspatrone in die Plankenbrug Rivier oor tyd te bepaal; (3) Om die spektrum van organismes teenwoordig in die rivier (anders as E. coli) te bepaal asook hulle epidemiologiese implikasies op gesondheid; (4) Om vas te stel, as indikatore van omgewingsgevaar, of daar moontlik organismes teenwoordig is wat weerstandig is teen chloriene en antibiotika in die rivier onder Kayamandi. Metodes: Gedurende die afgelope vier jaar is mikrobiologiese en chemiese ontledings elke 6 weke uitgevoer van watermonsters wat van verskeie punte op die Palnkenbrug Rivier verkry is. Twee groot opnames is in die gemeenskap van Kayamandi ondemeem (n=2196 persone en n=3568 persone) en deur-tot-deur opvoedingsveldtogte is uitgevoer met die hulp van plaaslik opgeleide gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers. Resultate: Onder Kayamandi bevat die rivier gevaarlike vlakke van fekale besoedeling en dit hou gesondheidsgevare in vir alle persone war daarmee in aanraking kom. Op tot 13 miljoen Escherichia coli per 100 ml water is genoteer (boonste grens van veiligheid vir die mens is 1000 organismes per 100 ml water). Nie al die fekale kontaminasie is afkomstig van Kayamandi nie. Substansiele hoeveelhede kontaminasie dring die rivier binne op verskillende punte ver onder Kayamandi. Hierdie besoedelingslading is soms groter as wat van die hele Kayamandi afkomstig is. Watermonsters geneem onder Kayamandi is ondersoek om vas te stel watter ander siekteveroorsakende organismes ook teenwoordig was. Onder die organismes gevind was (3 hemolitiese Streptococcus Groep A en B, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. en baie ander. Die lys van patogene wat gevind is, het sulke emstige implikasies dat 'n vertroulike gesondheidswaarskuwing uitgestuur is na gesondheidsdienspunte en ander geaffekteerde organisasies in die gebied. (3 hemolitiese Streptococcus Groep B is nog nie vantevore aangemeld as lewensvatbaar geisoleer uit vryvloeiende natuurlike waters nie. Tekens is gevind dat daar organismes in die rivier voorkom wat weerstandig is teen chloorbehandeling en ook teen algemeen gebruikte antibiotika. Die E. coli organisme wat verskillende konsentrasies van chloorbehandeling oorleeef het, het ook verhoogde weerstand teen amoksisilien getoon wanneer hulle vergelyk was met onbehandelde E. coli organisme wat van die Plankenbrug Rivier gemonster was. Gedurende die gemeenskapsfase van die projek is daar 'n verlaging van besoedelingsvlakke in die rivier gevind gedurende die somers van 2000 en 2001 (let op dat "verbetering" hier nog glad nie "veilig" beteken nie). Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die veelvlakkige benadering wat die projek gevolg het. Aandag is geskenk aan diens en herstel van sanitasiegeriewe met 'n sterk klem op deur-tot-deur opvoedingsveldtogte met die oog op beter sanitasiegedrag, skepping van 'n sentrale aanmeldpunt vir blokkasies en brekasies, en opleiding van ambagslui (loodgieters, messelaars, ens) uit die gemeenskap om te help met onderhoud. Die gemeenskap het bemoedigende tekens getoon dat hulle beter sanitasie opvoeding verlang. Die verbetering in die besoedelingsvlakke in die rivier loop egter gevaar om terug te val na die vorige gevaarlike vlakke as daar nie beter ondersteuning en samewerking van die onderhawige owerhede verkry kan word nie. Daar was 16.9% van huishoudings wat een of meer gevalle van diarree aangemeld het gedurende die 5 weke van die opnameperiode - 'n baie hoe prevalensie siende dat die opname uitgevoer was gedurende 'n nat en koue winterperiode. Gevolgtrekkings: Aktiewe beplanning en ander stappe om die riool-indringing in die rivier die hoof te bied is gebiedend noodsaaklik en behoort sonder versuim ingestel te word. Die waterkwaliteit van die Plankenbrug Rivier stroomaf van Kayamandi is baie swak. Die water hou emstige gesondheidsgevare in en is ook 'n bedreiging vir die ekonomiese aktiwiteite stroomaf. Die nedersetting van Kayamandi demonstreer ook dat opvoeding, wanneer gekoppel aan onderhoud en herstel van bestaande toiletgeriewe in verlaging teweeg kan bring van besoedelingsvlakke, maar dat dit 'n voortgesette program moet wees en nie net sporadiese pogings nie.

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Norris, Mary Jo. "A Study of Radon in Air and Water in Maine Schools." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/NorrisMJ2002.pdf.

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Uddin, G. M. Saleh. "Groundwater contamination by arsenic in Bangladesh : causes, consequences and solutions." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envu18.pdf.

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Degbey, Cyriaque. "Factors associated with the problematical of quality drinking water and public health in the municipality of Abomey-calavi in Benin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209937.

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Abstract:

The objective of this research is double:

1) to study the factors associated with the problems of quality with drinking water on the physicochemical and biological level in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Benin ;

2)to study its relationships with public health.

The goal is to bring on one hand, the tools of improvement to the quality of water and public health in this commune. In addition, to contribute to the reduction of the rate of morbidity and mortality generated by the diseases related to drinking water contamination in this locality

Methods:

For the purpase of this study, we made a preliminary investigation in the municipality (households 55898 and almost all the households have the traditional wells). In the same way the information provided by the National Society of Water in Benin gave the indications on the level koverage of drinkable water conveyance of the commune. This study carried out within a general logical framework of the durable development based on an DPSIR analysis in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi of the Atlantic district in Benin made it possible to provide information on the main sources of contamination of the drinking water. We also carried out a random sampling of 110 wells and 110 households by taking account into the geographical distribution of the households in the commune. We selected 60 taps and 60 households by random sampling for those using water drink distributed by the national Society of Water in Benin. In each zone or district, three households consuming either well water or tap water were drawn randomly. A retrospective study on the number of cases of the hydrous diseases and other symptoms of hydrous diseases was carried out by consultation of medical registers of the commune from 2007 to 2009. Cases of diarrhoeas used as basic variable of health were compared with the other cases of hydrous diseases available in the files.

Results:

The results show that: the most al the well water taken in the households has temperatures beyond the recommendation of the World Health Organization (25 °C) and 98.2 % have a pH below the normal which is 6.5 to 8.5. We note a strong mercury and cadmium, complete iron, aluminum, nitrate nitrite pollution of the sampled wells (n=110) which is respectively 32.73%, 11.82%,10%, 43.64%, 6.36% and 14.55%. The results of the bacteriological analysis of water revealed that the totality of the wells is contaminated. The germs identified during the analysis of the well water are: Escherichia coli, fecal streptococcus species, bacterial salmonella ,Shigella ,Clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus species,

Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Most frequent among these germs are: Escherichia coli (100%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (97.27%), bacterial salmonella and Shigella (96,36%) with regard to the coliformes and enterobacteries. As for the cocci with Gram (+) they are staphylococcus species (97.27%) and the fecal streptococcus (88.18%). It is useful to stress that all the wells are strongly contaminated by Clostridium perfringens (95.45%).

The differences between the respective prevalence of parasitic coprology, uroculture, diarrhoeas, pains abdominal and saddles bloody for exposed (45.4%, 71.8%, 76.4% and 59.1%) :those who consume the water of wells not exposed (8.3%, 1.7%,13.3%, 16.7): those who consume tap water, are statistically significant (p<0.001). For diarrhoeas according to the characteristics of the people reached of hydrous diseases and other symptoms of hydrous diseases we have:

•\
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Stephenson, Jaynie M. "Macroinvertebrate Community Structure as an Indicator of Watershed Health in the Upper Trinity River Basin, North Central Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2445/.

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This study describes macroinvertebrate community structure and assesses its potential in detecting point and non-point sources of disturbance associated with rural and urban areas in the Upper Trinity River Basin. Geospatial techniques were used to quantify landuse within the watershed in a GIS. At rural sites near the headwaters of the Trinity River, collector-gathering burrowers that are adapted to minimal flow comprised the majority of taxa. Destinies of taxa compositions at downstream sites increased and shifted toward psammophilic and rheophilic invertebrates, including primarily collector-filtering clingers, that are characteristic of shifting sand habitats in large prairie rivers. Benthic community structure generally benefited from point source impacts including wastewater treatment plant effluents that maintained higher flow. Community indices were negatively associated with forest landuse and positively associated with urban landuse. Partial CCA determined that flow and landuse contributed equally to species dispersions. Comparisons with historical biomonitoring studies in upper Trinity River Basin indicate improved watershed health.

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Hayes, Johan Barnard. "Assessment of fish as bio-indicators of river health in rivers of the southwestern Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52704.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, the Fish Assemblage Integrity Index (FAll) was applied on three rivers within the southwestern Cape. This index uses fish as indicators of biological aquatic integrity and is based on indigenous species expected to be present in biological fish habitats. Fish integrity classes were calculated for each of the sites in the three rivers studied. Sites 2 and 4 within the Lourens River were rated as Class C, whereas sites 1 and 3 were rated as Class F and Class D respectively. Sites 1, 2 and 4 within the Palmiet River were rated Class F, whereas sites 3 and 5 were rated as Class E and Class D respectively. Site 1 within the Hout Bay River was rated as a Class F site, in addition to sites 2 and 3 been rated as Class A. It is however, suggested that the FAll needs to be adjusted to accommodate the general low species richness experienced in the southwestern Cape. In addition to the FAll been applied, the effects of long-term exposure to subtle water quality changes associated with human activities, specifically potential estrogenic compounds in fish from the Lourens River were also investigated. The production of the yolk precursor lipoprotein complex, vitellogenin (Vtg) produced in the liver under estrogen control was employed as biomarker for environmental estrogen exposure. Male fish from the Lourens River were studied using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Results indicated that 60% of male fish showed the presence of Vtg in their plasma. Abnormal gonad morphology in male and female fish were also assessed using standard histological procedures. Results from this study indicated no observed abnormalities in either male or female gonads. The immediate presence of endocrine disrupters with estrogen activity was investigated by screening water samples from the Lourens, Palmiet and Hout Bay Rivers for estrogen activity. Results indicated that none of the samples appeared to be cytotoxic. In addition, estrogen activity of water samples was also investigated by in vitro culturing of water samples with frog, Xenopus laevis, liver slices. Results indicated that none of the water samples from the three rivers studied indicated estrogenic activity. Although cytotoxicity and estrogen activity results were negative, the production of Vtg in male fish suggests further research regarding the presence of estrogenic substances in these rivers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die huidige studie is die 'Fish Assemblage Integrity Index' (FAIl) toegepas op drie rivere in die suidwes Kaap. Hierdie indeks gebruik visse as bioindikatore van biologies akwatiese integriteit en is gebasseer op die inheemse visspesies wat verwag word in biologiese vishabitatte. Integriteitsklasse is bepaal vir elke studieterrein in die drie rivere wat ondersoek is. 'n Klas C is bepaal vir studieterreine 2 en 4 in die Lourensrivier. Klas F en Klas D is bepaal vir studieterreine 1 en 3 in die rivier onderskeidelik. 'n Klas F is bepaal vir studieterreine 1, 2 en 4 en Klas E en Klas D bepaal vir studieterreine 3 en 5 in die Palmietrivier onderskeidelik. 'n Klas F is bepaal vir studieterrein 1 in die Houtbaairivier waar 'n Klas A bepaal is vir studieterreine 2 en 3. Dit word egter voorgestel dat die FAII aangepas moet word om die algemene lae spesierykheid wat ervaar word in die suidwes Kaap te akkomodeer. Die reaksie van visse, afkomstig van die Lourensrivier, op die langtermyn blootstelling aan estrogeniese stowwe is ook bestudeer. Spesifieke reaksies van endokriene versteuring, soos vitellogeen (Vtg) produksie in manlike visse is ondersoek deur middel van SDS-PAGE gel elektroforese. Resultate toon dat in 60% van die manlike visse Vtg in die plasma teenwoordig was. 'n Ondersoek na abnormale gonade morfologie in manlike en vroulike visse van die Lourensrivier is deur standard histologiese prosedures gedoen. Resultate hiervan dui op geen sigbare abnormaliteite in die gonades nie. Die onmiddelike teenwoordigheid van endokriene versteurders is bestudeer deur die sitotoksisiteit van watermonsters afkomstig van die Lourens, Palmiet en Houtbaai riviere te bepaal. Resultate dui aan dat geen monsters sitotoksies was nie. Die estrogeenaktiwiteit van die watermonsters is ook ondersoek deur van in vitro kulture van watermonsters saam met padda, Xenopus leavis, lewersnitte gebruik te maak. Geen estrogeniese aktiwiteit is in die watermonsters gevind nie. Al is die sitotoksisiteit en estrogeenaktiwiteit resultate negatief, dui die produksie van Vtg in manlike visse op die noodsaaklikheid van verdere navorsing ten opsigte van die teenwoordigheid van estrogeniese stowwe in drie riviere.

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Sonnenberg, Rob. "Development of aquatic communities in high-altitude mine pit lake systems of west-central Alberta." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, 2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3106.

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Reclamation on the Cardinal River and Gregg River coal mines includes the construction of mine pit lakes connected to stream environments. Key physical, chemical and biological parameters of these “truck and shovel” lakes and their streams were investigated, and hypotheses regarding ecosystems and populations were tested. Findings include: Sphinx Lake and Pit Lake CD exhibit meromictic (partial-mixing) tendencies, but still function in a similar fashion to shallower, natural sub-alpine lakes. Elevated selenium concentrations as high as 16 ug/g (dry weight) were recorded in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs taken from gravid Sphinx Lake and Pit Lake CD fish. Potential detrimental effects associated with the bioaccumulation of selenium on fish reproduction were not observed. Stream water temperatures downstream of Sphinx Lake and Pit Lake CD were significantly warmer than in inlet streams and streams without pit lakes. Streambed concretions caused by calcite precipitation were documented and found to affect portions of the upper Gregg River basin. Remediation of this concretion is important for sustainability of trout populations. Aquatic communities including fish, invertebrates, zooplankton and aquatic plants are present in these pit lake systems. Athabasca Rainbow trout populations are self-propagating (spawning at the outlets) with higher densities downstream than there were prior to lake reclamation. The development of sub-alpine mine-pit lakes connected to the stream environment appears to be an appropriate and beneficial reclamation technique in this area.
xvi, 224 leaves : col. ill., map ; 28 cm

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Mustapha, Maizatun. "Legal aspects of inland water pollution control in West Malaysia." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396289.

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The thesis is a study of the effectiveness of legal instruments in controlling inland water pollution in West Malaysia. The significance of inland water in Malaysia, especially rivers, is immense. Presently, rivers are relied upon as the main source of wäter supply for domestic, agricultural and industrial consumption besides being used for transportation, hydro-power and recreation. However, the problem of water pollution in West Malaysia is serious and widespread with an increasing number of rivers being polluted, particularly due to activities such as the discharge of effluent from industries, untreated waste from animal farms, and siltation caused by land clearance. This situation is of great concern to the public and the government as when water is polluted, its quality deteriorates, causing problems such as health hazard and water shortage besides limiting its uses for various purposes. The thesis recognises legal instruments as important and effective tools in combatting water pollution, and in the light of such concerns, it is the aim of the thesis to examine how far the present legal structure has been successful in dealing with these issues. Malaysia's main effort in applying legal strategies to control pollution is through the enactment of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (the EQA) and the establishment of the Department of Environment (the DOE) to enforce the Act. This study analyses the scope, objectives and strategies of the EQA and other relevant laws in dealing with water pollution, and examines the enforcement function of the DOE and related agencies. Factors considered to be major obstacles undermining the efficacy of the law, namely statutory and institutional limitations and weaknesses, are examined for the purpose of providing suggestions for improvement. As a whole, the thesis seeks to prove that, if these obstacles were overcome and new measures introduced, the present legal instruments can be applied more successfully in dealing with inland water pollution, and can contribute significantly towards the betterment of water resources for present and future benefit.

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Baker, Christopher John. "Aspects of nitrogen dynamics and the functioning of river marginal wetlands." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262493.

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11

Au, Ka-lun Adrian, and 區嘉麟. "Light pollution." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45170253.

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Campbell, Andrew Thomas. "Some aspects of the aquatic and analytical chemistry of antimony and arsenic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357182.

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Ferris, Marie M. "Aspects of the use of ternary complexes for the absorptiometric determination of fluoride." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336030.

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Wong, Wang-wah, and 黃宏華. "Trace organics pollution in the aquatic environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252758.

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Ma, Yik, and 馬奕. "Water pollution from metal-finishing industry in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253490.

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Huang, Kai Katie, and 黄恺. "The effects of walkability on air pollution and public health." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46937213.

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17

Renew, Jay Earl. "Novel analytical method development and fate assessment for fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide and trimethoprim antibiotics in engineered water treatment systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19910.

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18

Jackson, Vanessa A. (Vanessa Angela). "Microbial response to oxidising biocides." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53499.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biofouling of water systems is a problem extensively experienced in industry. Although this subject is the focus of many studies, the ability of microorganisms to survive exposure to biocides is still poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the biocidal effect of ozone on planktonic cells and biofilm communities, to evaluate different ozone generation techniques, and to follow population shifts within the biofilm community. Specific objectives included determining the effect of different ozone concentrations, the effect of different exposure times, and an assessment of microbial responses after exposure to sub-lethal ozone concentrations. Typically, 300 ml of an ovemight bacterial culture was exposed to ozone that was generated by anodic oxidation (0.3% wt or 18- 20% wt, respectively) or silent electric discharge (3.5% wt 03). The ozone was purged into the culture for 5-, 7-, 10- and 15 min., respectively. Enumeration of cells following ~10 min. exposure to 18-20% wt ozone showed a significant reduction in viable cell numbers. In contrast, when exposed to the two lower 03 concentrations, there was little change in the viable cell numbers even after prolonged exposure (30- and 60 min.). To evaluate biofilms, ozone was bubbled into the irrigation that was pumped through replicate flow cell channels. Response to ozone exposure was evaluated after staining the biofilms with the Baclight Viability probe, observation with fluorescence microscopy, and image analysis. The higher ozone concentration (18-20% wt 03) more effectively disrupted the biofilm structure of denser biofilms than the lower concentration, especially after 90 min. exposure. When compared to the controls, the 90 min. exposure resulted in a notable reduction in viable cells from 69% to 38% and a corresponding increase in nonviable cells from 29% to 62%. The lower concentration ozone (3.5% wt 03) was effective against the less dense, thinner biofilms evaluated, but not effective against the thicker biofilm. An analysis of the differences between continuous culture biofilms and batch culture biofilms showed that the biofilms in the batch system were less rigid. To evaluate microbial response to biocides, techniques such as Biolog whole-community metabolic profiles and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) were used. Biolog analysis of planktonic cells revealed changes following exposure to sub-lethal biocide concentrations, however carbon utilisation profiles resembled that of the controls after 24-48 hours. For biofilm communities, no carbon utilization differences could be detected under these conditions. There was, however differences in T-RFLP patterns between treated and untreated biofilm communities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Biobevuiling van watersisteme is 'n probleem wat algemeen in industriëe ervaar word. Alhoewel hierdie onderwerp die fokus van vele studies is, word die vermoëns van mikroorganismes om blootstelling aan biosiede te weerstaan steeds swak verstaan. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die biosidiese effek van osoon op planktoniese selle en biofilm gemeenskappe waar te neem, om die verskillende osoon generasie tegnieke te evalueer, asook om verskuiwings in die samestelling van die biofilm gemeenskap waar te neem. Spesifieke doelwitte sluit in die bepaling van die effek van verskillende osoon konsentrasies, die blootstellingtye, en 'n waarneming van mikrobiese reaksies na blootstelling aan sub-dodings osoon konsentrasies. Drie honderd ml van 'n oornag bakteriese kultuur was aan osoon, wat deur anodiese oksidasie (0.3% wt of 18% - 20% wt) of geluidlose elektriese ontlading (3.5% wt), gegenereer is, blootgestel. Tye van blootstelling was 5-, 7-, 10-, of 15 min., onderskeidelik. Bepaling van selgetalle na :2:10 min. blootstelling aan 18 - 20% wt osoon, het 'n betekenisvolle verlaging in die getal lewensvatbare mikrobeselle getoon. In teenstelling hiermee, het blootstelling aan twee laer osoon konsentrasies min verskil in die lewensvatbare selgetalle, selfs na verlengde blootstellingstye (30- en 60 min.), getoon. Om biofilms te evalueer is osoon in die medium geborrel wat deur replikaat vloeisel kanale gepomp is. Na osoon blootstelling, was die vloeisel onderwerp aan beeld analise deur gebruik te maak van die Baclight lewensvatbare peiler en fluoressensie mikroskopie. Die hoër osoon konsentrasie (18 - 20% wt 03) het die struktuur van dikker biofilms meer effektiefuiteengeskeur as die laer konsentrasie, veral na 90 min. blootstelling. In vergelyking met die onderskeie kontroles, het die getalle van lewensvatbare selle na 90 min. blootstelling drasties verlaag vanaf 69% tot 38% en 'n ooreenstemmende toename in die nie-lewensvatbare selgetalle vanaf 29% tot 62%. Die laer osoon konsentrasie (3.5% wt 03) was meer effektief teenoor die minder digte en dunner biofilms wat ge-evalueer was, maar nie so effektief teenoor die dikker biofilms nie. 'n Analise van die verskille tussen kontinue-kultuur biofilms en lotkultuur biofilms het getoon dat die lot-kultuur biofilms minder rigied is. Vir die evaluering van mikrobiese reaksies na biosied blootstelling, is tegnieke soos Biolog gemeenskap metaboliese profiele en eind-restriksie-fragment-lengte polimorfisme (TRFLP) gebruik. Biolog analise van planktoniese selle het verskille getoon na blootstelling aan sub-dodelike biosied konsentrasies. Koolstof benutting het wel na 24 - 48 ure met dit van die kontrole ooreengestem. Vir biofilm gemeenskappe was daar geen noemenswaardige verskille in koolstof benutting nie. Daar was wel verskille in T-RFLP patrone tussen die onbehandelde en biosied-behandelde biofilm gemeenskappe.

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Maphuhla, N. G. "Determination of physiochemical properties and metal levels in soil, water, and plant from Alice landfill site." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6224.

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The state of soil is of great significance because it is a common medium for plant growth, which provides important nutrients to plants. Water pollution is the build-up of harmful substances in water bodies to the level that results in health problems for people and animals. Heavy metal pollution (of soil, water, and plants) and their health effects on people is a persistent social issue, and several types of research have recognized health risks of residents living close to open dumpsites. Dump sites are sources of heavy metal impurity and toxicity to the surrounding environment. Analyses were done on water and soil samples for temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, organic matter, organic carbon and total hardness. The pH results range from slightly acidic (6.79) to neutral soil pH (7.09), and have been recorded within the normal range from WHO. All the determined physicochemical properties in soil and water have been recorded within the normal range, except for EC in water which was found to be above the permissible limits by WHO. The heavy metals concentration was determined using the AAS technique. The results obtained shows that the dumpsite‘s soil consists of high metal concentration when compared to control site. The concentration in dumpsites ranges between 1.2783 ± 0.83 mg/kg to 26.3213 ± 6.37 mg/kg. The descending order for selected metal concentrations were in this following order Mn> Cu>Hg>Pb. The Pb and Hg mean concentration was recorded above permissible limits, while the Mn and Cu were within the normal range suggested by WHO. In both water and Acacia karroo samples the Cu was not detected. The trend of metal concentration in water sample was found to be in this order Hg> Mn > Pb> Cu, while in Acacia karroo metal concentration is Hg> Mn> Pb> Cu. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean concentration of selected metals in each sampling site. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean concentrations of selected metals; this is supported by the value of F-static and p-value (p <0.05)

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Liaghat, Abdolmajid. "Use of soil and vegetative filter strips for reducing pesticide and nitrate pollution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36998.pdf.

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Chitongo, Rumbidzai. "Antibiotics in the Diep River and potential abatement using grape slurry waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2575.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Pharmaceuticals have found extensive application in human health management. They are released into the environment through urine, excreta and inappropriate disposal methods. Residues of pharmaceutical products have been reported to show toxic consequences in some freshwater and marine organisms. Antibiotics are one of the most important groups of common human pharmaceuticals widely in use as prescribed and non-prescribed drugs. Antibiotics and their metabolites have been quantitated in water and found in trace levels. But even at such low concentrations they can maintain high biological activities with potential adverse effects on humans and animals. Unfortunately, many pharmaceutical compounds are resistant to breakdown in the environment, hence they have tendency for environmental magnification, since they are designed to be biologically active. Therefore, there is need to evaluate their environmental levels and their possible abatement methods using simple, cheap and low cost techniques, in order to avert their potential toxic consequences. In this research, a cost effective, robust, selective and rugged method for the analysis of antibiotics in water samples using liquid chromatography was developed, and used for monitoring levels of the selected antibiotics in Diep River. Also, an effective remediation procedure for these contaminants in water was developed using activated carbon produced from grape slurry waste.

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Shaddick, Gavin. "Statistical methodological aspects of modelling relationships between air pollution, temperature and health." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11388.

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Spann, Nicole. "Freshwater bivalves as biomonitors of metal pollution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610276.

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Ayres, Rachel M. "On the removal of nematode eggs in waste stabilisation ponds and consequent potential health risks from effluent reuse." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305847.

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Wasike, Wilson S. K. "Contingent valuation of river pollution control and domestic water supply in Kenya." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2169.

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The basic theme of this study is that determination of the economic value of water resources is a necessary condition for rational decision-making and management of these environmental assets, and their associated public goods, in developing countries. The research particularly evaluates the contingent valuation (CV) method as a technique for evaluating increments and decrements in environmental and natural resource service flows, and estimates households' evaluations for improvements in river water quality and connections to piped water supply for domestic uses. The study objectives were to (a) estimate the economic value of piped water supply and improved water quality in the Nzoia River Basin, Kenya, (b) evaluate the feasibility of using the CV technique to value an environmental amenity and its related quasi-public service in rural settings where respondents have limited education and monetary resources, (c) examine the role of temporal dimensions of bid payments (i e, frequency of payments) in contingent values for environmental commodities, (d) empirically investigate embedding effect bias in contingent valuation of improvements in river water quality improvement in a less developed economy, and (e) evaluate the role of water connection charges in households' willingness to hook onto piped water supply in Webuye Division, Kenya. Empirical analysis and estimates of the non-market value which local people assign to water quality in the Nzoia River and a private household water connection is based on a detailed survey of a representative sample of 311 households in Webuye Division of Bungoma District, Kenya. In an on-site survey carried out in May through September 1995, contingent markets were developed for the two goods, (1) improved river water quality, and, (2) provision of a private connection to water supply. The corresponding willingness to pay (WTP) values are explained using Ordinary Least Square regression models. Whatever the good, the WTP is seen to increase with income. However, the effects of other factors are more specific to the contingent good. In order of strength, the other determinants of WTP "quality" are sex, age, household ranking of status of domestic water source, distance from river to household residence, the other factors affecting WTP "connections" are existing source of water supply, household size, ranking of river water quality, and age of household head. On the whole, residents accepted the exercise of contingent valuation and were willing to pay important amounts (Ksh 459 and Ksh 386 on average per household per year, respectively, for goods 1 and 2). Discussion issues include policy significance of the resulting WTPs in terms of the demand for river pollution control and individual household water connections, the effect of the goods upon the CV evaluation process, the "Third World" impacts of frequency of payments in contingent valuation, including perceived-frequency and income-smoothing routes, the embedding effect in WTP values for water pollution abatement in the Nzoia River basin, the importance of pricing influences, specially payment profiles for initial connection charges, on household decisions to connect to piped water systems, and limitations of the study.

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Wong, Tiow P. "Polyacrylamide (PAM) Effects on Viruses and Bacteria Transport in an Unsaturated Oxisol." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22251.

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Experiments were to study the effects of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on viruses and bacteria movement in soil. A water pollution problem which affects all areas with significant rainfall is soil erosion and subsequent transport of soil and all land-based pollutants. In recent year, high molecular weight polymers, such as anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs), have been used for soil erosion control and subsequent environmental problems. PAM is found to enhance infiltration. Land application of manure, sludge, and wastewater is common in many areas of the world, including the United States. Bacteria, viruses and other pathogens can be found in these waste materials. Studies must be conducts to evaluate if the use of polymers will allow water pollution constituents such as chemicals, pesticides, and microbial pathogens to reach groundwater in aquifer.
Water Resources Research Center; Civil Engineering Department of University of Hawaii at Manoa

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Starling, Fernando Luis do Rego Monteiro. "Development of biomanipulation strategies for the remediation of eutrophication problems in an urban reservoir, Lago Paranoa, Brazil." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12556.

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The feasibility of improving water quality by food web manipulation in an urban eutrophic tropical reservoir, Lago Paranoa (Brasilia, Brazil) was investigated. The potential of promising biomanipulation strategies was experimentally tested in limnocorrals: reduction of internal nutrient loading by controlling tilapia overpopulation, and suppression of nuisance cyanobacteria by stocking non reproducing filter-feeding silver carp. A four-month test in two large littoral isolated areas of the reservoir (1,000 m2 each) stocked with high vs. low tilapia biomass revealed that fish over-population promoted blooms of Microcystis and decreased water clarity by supplying phytoplankton with additional nutrients (mainly phosphorus, "P"). Since reduction of tilapia biomass from 150 to 40 g/m3 resulted in significant water quality improvements, the release of commercial fisheries using cast-nets was recommended. Field experiments III floating net-cages (10 m3) were conducted to evaluate silver carp adaptation to Lago Paranoa and to determine fish growth rates when maintained feeding exclusively on the abundant plankton in the reservoir. High growth rates (up to 6 g/day) and survivorship (> 90%) of young-of-the-year (72 g), juveniles (300 g) and adult silver carp (1100 g) during both dry and rainy season were observed. Efficient ingestion of nuisance algae was evidenced by the dominant presence of Microcystis aeruginosa and Botryococcus braunii colonies in the fore-intestine of experimental fishes. Results indicate the great potential for silver carp cage culture as a low-cost and environmentally beneficial economic activity. Following indications from literature and previous studies in Lago Paranoa, the optimum range of silver carp biomass which maximize phytoplankton control was determined in ten large replicated limnocorrals (50 m3 ). Although a significant decrease in Microcystis abundance was achieved by stocking silver carp at all biomass levels, net-phytoplankton biomass was only significantly suppressed at moderate fish stocking densities of 40 and 60 g/m3 . Two additional limnocorral experiments during dry and rainy seasons were performed to test the effectiveness of both biomanipulation strategies when adopted separately or simultaneously. Water quality improvements through control of tilapia abundance (from 100 to 40 g/m3) and stocking with silver carp (at moderate stocking rates of 40-50 g/m3) induced significant decreases in total phosphorus (21- 31 %), cyanobacteria density (40-44%) and phytoplankton biomass (22-38%). As those strategies were found to act independently, the combination of both enhanced water quality benefits by reducing total phosphorus by 38%, cyanobacteria density by 75% and phytoplankton biomass by 60%. To predict the internal P-loading reduction that could be achieved by implementing both biomanipulation strategies on a whole-reservoir scale, P excretion rates were quantified in indoor tanks for 16 and 40 g tilapia (0.527-1.576 ug SRP/g ww/h) and silver carp (0.391-0.737 ug SRP/g ww/h). It was estimated that the tilapia contribution to internal P-Ioading (5.4 mg TP/m2/day for 1,300 kg/ha) is equivalent to external P input to the Bananal Branch (6.0 mg TP/m2/day). A 60% reduction in tilapia biomass plus stocking of silver carp at densities of up to 60 g/m3 after three years would not change internal P-Ioading (5.6 mg TP/m2/day) but would (1) reduce by 60% the input of "new" phosphorus to the water column from tilapia bottom feeding, and (2) increase grazing on phytoplankton following silver carp introduction.

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Hughes, Mary Siobhan. "A study of the aquatic environment in Northern Ireland for the presence of human enteroviruses in relation to public health." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335411.

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Shrestha, Suman Lal. "Fate and Transformation of a Conjugated Natural Hormone 17?-Estradiol-3-Glucuronide in Soil-Water Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29317.

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The objectives of the study were to investigate the sorption and degradation of a glucuronide conjugated natural hormone, 17?-estradio1-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), and its estrogenic metabolites in soil-water systems. Radiolabeled E2-3G was first synthesized in the laboratory. Soil-water batch experiments were then conducted using natural and sterilized topsoil (0-6 cm) and subsoil (18-24 cm) with the radiolabeled E2-3G to investigate the effects of soil organic matter content and microbial activity. The aqueous dissipation of 14C in the batch experiments followed a biphasic pattern with an initial rapid dissipation phase followed by a second slower phase. Significant differences in total aqueous 14C dissipation were observed for the different initial concentrations for both soils, with greater persistence of intact E2-3G at higher initial concentrations.
National Science Foundation [Grant No. 0730492]

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Shrestha, Suman Lal. "Fate and Transformation of a Conjugated Natural Hormone 17β-Estradiol-3-Glucuronide in Soil-Water Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29317.

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The objectives of the study were to investigate the sorption and degradation of a glucuronide conjugated natural hormone, 17β-estradio1-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), and its estrogenic metabolites in soil-water systems. Radiolabeled E2-3G was first synthesized in the laboratory. Soil-water batch experiments were then conducted using natural and sterilized topsoil (0-6 cm) and subsoil (18-24 cm) with the radiolabeled E2-3G to investigate the effects of soil organic matter content and microbial activity. The aqueous dissipation of 14C in the batch experiments followed a biphasic pattern with an initial rapid dissipation phase followed by a second slower phase. Significant differences in total aqueous 14C dissipation were observed for the different initial concentrations for both soils, with greater persistence of intact E2-3G at higher initial concentrations.
National Science Foundation [Grant No. 0730492]

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31

Chan, Yiu-wing, and 陳耀榮. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252576.

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32

Dywili, Velile S. "Critical analysis of water-related practice and behaviour influencing water resource pollution in Poding Tse Rolo." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/31.

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Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009
Providing adequate sanitation facilities to the poor is a major challenge facing developing nations such as South Africa. Increasing population pressure adds to the problem of providing sanitation in many of these countries, especially in urban areas. As a result of increased pressure on infrastructure there has been a disturbing increase in the number of poorly designed and poorly operated waterborne sewerage systems, especially in densely populated settlements in South Africa. When sanitation fails or is inadequate the impact on the health of the community and on the receiving water environment can be extremely serious. The population issue and urbanisation have placed pressure on local authorities to provide adequate sanitation facilities, and just as importantly, educating people using these facilities regarding proper maintenance and use of these facilities. The study is aimed to determine how and why the sanitation and water related practices or behaviour of Poding Tse Rolo community contributes to the sewer and manhole blockages. This community was chosen because the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Free State region received several complaints of sanitation problems from the community members such as farmers, and individual members who are directly affected by the wastewater overflows in this area. Through discussions with some of the community members and municipal officials an interest was expressed in finding possible solutions to the above problem. The majority of people in Poding Tse Rolo are using waterborne systems that are situated in-yard (not in-house) with only a small portion of the township, still using bucket systems. The samples collected indicated that 42 percent of the breadwinners in Poding Tse Rolo are domestic workers with only 25 percent working as general workers or in government departments. Manhole blockages are due to foreign objects such as spoons, cloths and plastics. Although the findings indicated that households remove all solid materials before disposing of grey water into the drains, the drains seemed to have defective sieves and solid objects could pass through into the sewers. The community is mostly using toilet paper for anal cleaning and were aware that other types of material such as newspapers could block the toilet especially if used in large quantities. However, during the observations newspapers were found in the toilets and about 22 percent of the toilets were without any anal cleaning paper. Children between one and three years of age normally do not use the toilet because they are afraid of falling in and using too much paper. The study found that the sustainability of the waterborne system is on the borderline due to the low socio economic status of the people, the insufficient community participation at ward meetings and the lack of employment opportunities in Poding Tse Rolo.

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吳茵茵 and Yan-yan Ng. "The significance of runoff pollution to coastal water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225019.

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34

Mahmood, Marliyyah Abdullahi. "The interaction of pollution, meteorology and bioaerosols : implications on human health." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8101/.

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The global incidence of allergic reaction has been rising for years, especially within westernised urban areas. There is evidence that the interaction between pollen grains, environmental pollution and meteorological change is increasing the allergenicity of the pollen grain and consequently, increasing the misery of hay fever sufferers. Laboratory experiments have shown that the interaction of pollen with atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide NO₂ can alter protein molecules that are present within the pollen grains via post-translational modification of the protein. Within the laboratory, birch pollen was exposed to atmospherically relevant exposures of gas phase NO₂ and ozone under a range of environmentally relevant conditions (temperature and relative humidity RH). The effects of the exposures on the biochemistry of the pollen grains were probed using proteomic approach. The morphological changes of unexposed and exposed pollen samples to RH, rainwater and NO₂, where observed under fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The discoveries suggest that interaction between gas pollutants and pollen do exist and cause protein specific modifications; nitration. Detailed analysis of London Ambulance data compared to London temperature data is presented. The relationships established will allow for prediction of likely changes in ambulance demand (and illness types) that will be caused by seasonal temperature changes, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, due to climate change, in the future. The study applied statistical analyses to examine short-term associations between birch pollen count with allergic related illnesses recorded in the London Ambulance data, temperature and NO₂.

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Cho, Tat-wing Asam, and 曹達榮. "Environmental impact assessment (water pollution) of a floating dock in Yam O." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253714.

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36

Montague, David Joel. "Managing agricultural contamination of ground water: the institutional framework." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43408.

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37

Pérez, Grau Laura. "The urban health effects and impact of anthropogenic and natural air pollution." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7195.

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The differential role that airborne particulate matter (PM) size fractions, sources, and components play in producing adverse health effects is not fully understood. Specific gaps include the role of PM generated by traffic and the effects of PMs generated by natural sources. Source specific air pollution epidemiological research still lacks integration in the risk assessment process, a fundamental tool to inform policy makers and the public about the current situation or the impact of future or past air pollution policies. This thesis addresses both these gaps. To explore the effects of PM from different sources, we investigated the association between different PM size fractions and mortality in Barcelona, Spain and used PM chemical composition data to help determine the different sources and components linked to toxicity. To illustrate that local air pollution risk assessments are useful tools in evidence-based public health, we estimated the health and economic benefits that would result from different scenario of improved air quality in the Barcelona metropolitan area and in two communities of Southern California. These case studies include new methods to integrate into the risk assessment process the recent epidemiological evidence related to the effects of traffic exposure.This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the link between particulate matter size fraction, sources, and components and health effects, and to improve air pollution health impact assessment methods. Both contributions have important implications for public health and air pollution public policy.
El papel diferencial en que las diferentes fracciones de partículas en suspensión en el aire (PMs), sus fuentes y componentes producen efectos adversos para la salud no está completamente entendido. Las lagunas actuales incluyen el papel de las PMs generadas por el tráfico y los efectos de las PMs generadas por fuentes naturales. La investigación epidemiológica relacionada con fuentes todavía falta ser integrada en el proceso de evaluación de impacto, una herramienta fundamental para informar a los tomadores de decisiones y el público sobre la situación actual o el impacto de futuras o pasadas políticas de contaminación atmosférica. Esta tesis trata estas áreas. Para explorar el papel de las PMs generadas por diferentes fuentes, se ha investigado la asociación entre diferentes fracciones de PMs y mortalidad en Barcelona (España) y se ha usado datos de composición química de PMs para identificar las fuentes y los componentes relacionados con la toxicidad. Para ilustrar que las evaluaciones de impacto a nivel local son herramientas útiles en salud pública, se ha estimado el beneficio en salud y económico que resultaría de diferentes escenarios de mejora de la calidad del aire en el área metropolitana de Barcelona y en dos comunidades de California del Sur. Estos estudios de casos incluyen nuevos métodos para integrar en las evaluaciones de impacto las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas que relacionan la exposición al tráfico con los efectos en salud. Esta tesis contribuye a un mayor entendimiento del vínculo entre las fracciones de PM, sus fuentes y componentes y los efectos en salud así como a la mejora de los métodos de las evaluaciones de impacto. Estas contribuciones tienen importantes implicaciones para la salud pública y las políticas públicas de contaminación atmosférica.

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Li, Weiping. "A subsurface water quality evaluation system for assessing NPS pollution potential by pesticides." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40028.

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A watershed scale water quality evaluation system was developed for assessing spatial variation of subsurface pesticide movement. The system consists of a linked-transport model component for performing simulation and a GIS component for processing spatially-related data. The surface heterogeneity caused by agricultural activities, topographic, hydrologic, and soil type variations in a watershed was handled by partitioning the watershed into homogeneous subfields. The subsurface soil profile and aquifer heterogeneities were considered by dividing the subsurface domain into root zone, intermediate vadose zone, and saturated zone, respectively. On each of the homogeneous subfields, the physically-based models, PRZM and VADOFT, were linked to simulate pesticide transport in the root and intermediated vadose zones. Pesticide movement in groundwater underneath the watershed was simulated by linking the other two models with SUTRA. An irregular shape finite element mesh generator was developed for fitting the irregular shape watershed boundary and reducing the number of nodes of the finite element mesh. Either transient or steady state flow and transport simulation could be performed with the system. The system is able quantitatively to produce detailed spatial variation maps of pesticide concentrations at any desired depth in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. The system requires spatially-distributed information as inputs. Management of large volumes of spatially-referenced data which represent the heterogeneous properties of the watershed were facilitated by a developed GIS component. The GIS data processing component was composed of spatial data manipulation and display, attribute database management, and model input information extraction subcomponents. The spatial data processing component consists of data format conversion, map registering, map editing, new information generation, and map display subcomponents.
Ph. D.

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39

Mohan, C. V. "Modulatory effects of cadmium and copper on the susceptibility and immune response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L) to selected pathogens." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280056.

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40

Wells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.

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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's). Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program). The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations.
M.S.

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41

Williams, Chavon R. "A National survey of Mercury levels in South Africa's water management areas." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8674_1298356510.

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This study forms part of a broader project co-funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC), and CSIR Parliamentary Grant (PG) and Strategic Research Panel (SRP) research grants, aimed at surveying selected water resources within the 19 Water Management Areas in South Africa. Furthermore, it aims at determining the concentrations of Hg and MeHg in various environmental compartments collected from priority water resources, to identify the potential Hg hotspots, and to assess the degree of compliance with national and international guidelines. Mercury concentrations in the environment have increased globally and this has caused much anxiety in terms of the adverse effects it has on aquatic ecosystems, their organisms, and the communities they sustain. Human health risks associated with the consumption of fish elevated containing Hg concentrations have received minimal attention particularly in South Africa. It is imperative that any potential adverse impacts of Hg on aquatic ecosystems, and the subsequent impacts on human health, be investigated.

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42

White, Jessica C. "Comparative Bioavailability of Dietary and Dissolved Cadmium to Freshwater Aquatic Snails." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4351/.

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Heavy metal bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms may occur through direct or indirect uptake routes. Research indicates that the significance of uptake route varies with contaminant and organism exposed. The relative importance of different metal sources in aquatic systems was investigated by exposing freshwater snails to dietary or dissolved sources of cadmium. Snails were exposed to control, contaminated food only, contaminated water only, and contaminated food and water treatments. During the 15-day exposure, samples were taken to determine Cd concentration in snail soft tissue, snail shell, algal food, and overlying water. Analyses of snail soft tissue and shells indicate that exposure route significantly affects Cd concentrations in the tissues. In both cases, dissolved Cd is the primary contributor to metal body burden.

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43

陳卓然 and Cheuk-yin Shaun Chan. "A public health perspective on air pollution: planning for zero emissions public transport in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4167943X.

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44

Hyde, Michael L. "Urban runoff quality in the River Sowe catchment." Thesis, Coventry University, 2006. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/9c34fa51-7611-4362-844d-30d87ba84205/1.

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There have been no previous studies carried out on the impact of urban runoff in the Coventry City centre area. The culverted nature of the River Sherbourne, and many of its tributaries, makes the investigation of intermittent pollution and rainfall events expensive and impractical, when using traditional spot sample methods. Storm events have been monitored over a period of over 60 months upstream and downstream of the City, using continuous water quality monitors and auto-spot sample methods. The receiving waters of the River Avon had previously suffered annual fish mortalities as a result of summer storm events causing oxygen depletion. Previous studies (Clifforde and Williams 1997) on the impact of Coventry Sewage Treatment Works effluent on the watercourse, have suggested a major component of the intermittent pollutant load arising from the City (upstream of the Sewage Treatment Works), which requires evaluation and remediation. This research identifies the contaminants found during a series of storm events impacting on the River Sherbourne culvert, and discusses the relationship between them and the increased flow measured. The methodology was divided into 3 Phases; Phase 1 examined all of the watercourses in the River Sowe catchment, and identified the culverted streams and drainage system giving an indication of the presence of pollutant sources. Continuous monitors were deployed within the four identified drainage systems to pinpoint intermittent and illegal contaminated discharges, and these discharges were subsequently redirected to the foul sewer or stopped. Phase 2 examined the quality of the River Sherbourne culvert upstream and downstream of the city centre, and demonstrated (using continuous monitors and automated sampling), that six combined sewer overflows discharging to the watercourse upstream of the culvert were opening unsatisfactorily. The dissolved oxygen levels were significantly reduced during rainfall events (with a loss of diurnal variation), and total ammonium levels exceeded current water quality standards. The results were used to instigate a remediation scheme to replace the overflows with additional foul sewage capacity, and a single high-level storm relief. Phase 3 examined the impact of urban runoff during rainfall events after the improvements made following Phases 1 and 2. The results suggest a marked improvement in the water quality, with little impact from organic pollutants. Dissolved oxygen concentrations remained high during many of the post-remedial rainfall events, and ammonia levels remained largely insignificant. The results indicated a fall in pH levels during the rainfall events and increases in all of the heavy metals analysed, though not beyond current water quality guidelines. The efficiency of using continuous monitoring in Coventry was assessed and likely sources of the contaminants in urban runoff were considered. The statistics of compliance with percentile standards do not allow for short-term pollution or storm events, which may kill all aquatic life whilst not breaching water quality standards. Using continuous monitors to identify intermittent and illegal discharges in underground drainage systems was an efficient and cost-effective method of reducing the impact of urban runoff in a failing watercourse. The methodology can be applied to other urban areas to identify unidentified illegal and intermittent point sources. Routine monthly monitoring of an urban watercourse may not identify the peaks and troughs associated with rainfall events that may breach toxicological guidelines, and will not identify intermittent and unknown pollutant sources; particularly when discharging outside of normal working hours. This research was a unique and comprehensive investigation into the nature and composition of urban runoff in the City of Coventry, and local data gathered will be invaluable in promoting further research, improving local knowledge of the urban environment in preparation for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), and in planning for environmental improvements in the future.

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45

Ma, Yiu-wa, and 馬耀華. "The impact of water pollution control ordinance on small and medium sized manufactures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252692.

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46

Csekitz, Jill Diane. "Monitoring Watershed Health in the Upper Trinity River Basin, North Central Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935823/.

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This study conducts watershed analysis using biological and geo-spatial techniques. Incorporating landscape features with biological attributes has been shown to be an effective method of monitoring environmental quality within watersheds. In situ biomonitoring using the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea, habitat suitability, and water quality data were evaluated for their potential to describe ecological conditions in agricultural and urban areas within the Upper Trinity River watershed. These data were analyzed with GIS to identify effects of land use on ecological conditions. C. fluminea downstream of point source effluents was effective detecting in-stream toxicity. Ambient toxicity appears to have improved in the Trinity, although urban influences limit aspects of aquatic life. No association between habitat quality and land use was identified.

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47

Naigaga, Irene. "Bioaccumulation and histopathology of copper in Oreochromis mossambicus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005077.

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Cu is one of the most toxic elements that affect fish populations when the fish are exposed to concentrations exceeding their tolerance. To investigate the effects of elementary Cu on aspects of bioconcentration, histology and behaviour, O. mossambicus were exposed to 0 and 0.75 ± 0.20 mg/l of Cu for 96 hours (short-term study), and 0, 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l of Cu for 64 days (longterm study) under controlled conditions in the laboratory. For the long-term study fish were sampled for gills, liver, and kidney Cu accumulation analysis after 1, 32 and 64 days of exposure and after 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, and 64 days for gills, liver and spleen histology analysis. Cu accumulation was concentration-duration dependent with the highest accumulation capacity in the liver. A multifactor linear model was developed for the relationship between exposure dose, exposure duration and Cu accumulation in the organs with the liver model: Log L = 3.35 + 0.85W + 0.31T (r² = 0.892) giving a better fit than the gills: G = −35.09 + 10.58W + 17.58T (r² = 0.632). Where L = Cu accumulation values in the liver, G = Cu accumulation values in the gills (both in μg/g dry mass); W = exposure dose in water (mg/l); and T = exposure time (days). Using this model Cu accumulation in organs can be estimated when exposure concentration and duration is known. This model should be tested under different conditions to determine the potential of the model in monitoring Cu toxicity in the environment. Lesions were observed in the liver, gills and spleen in all Cu treatments at all exposure concentration and exposure durations. However, the incidence and the degree of alteration was related to the concentration of Cu and duration of exposure. The sequential appearance of lesions in the order of, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration and necrosis indicated a gradual increase in liver damage with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The initial lesions in the gills were manifested as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium causing increase in the thickness of the secondary lamellae, mucous cell hypertrophy and proliferation, mucous hypersecretion, proliferation of eosinophilic granule cells and hyperplasia of interlamellar cells. With increase in exposure time, necrosis of the eosinophilic granule cells, lamellar oedema, epithelial desquamation and increase in severity of lamellar hyperplasia were observed. These lesions indicated an initial defence mechanism of the fish against Cu toxicity followed by advanced histological changes that were related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure. Changes in the spleen were haemosiderosis, increase in the white pulp and macrophage centres, reduction in the red pulp, and necrosis suggesting that fish exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Cu may be histopathologically altered leading to anaemia and immunosuppression. Regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total activity of the fish, and duration of exposure. There was a gradual decline in fish activity related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure before introducing food into the tanks. There was a constant activity after introducing food in the tanks at the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu exposure levels irrespective of exposure time. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for the difference in slopes between treatments. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between slopes of the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu, and between 0.29 ± 0.02 and 47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu before and after introducing food in the tanks. The slopes of both the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu were significantly different from those of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean opercular movements per minute between treatments (p < 0.05). There was hyperventilation at 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu i.e. 87 ± 18 opercular movements per minute (mean ± standard deviation) and hypoventilation at 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu i.e. 37 ± 34 and 13 ± 6 opercular movements per minute compared to the control. Hypo- and hyperventilation were related to the lesser and greater gill damage, respectively. In conclusion Cu accumulation and effects on histology of the liver, gills and were related to the concentration of Cu in the water and duration of exposure showing a gradual increase in incidence and intensity with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The fish were initially able to homeostatically regulate and detoxify Cu. However, as the exposure continued, the homeostatic mechanism appears to have failed to cope with the increasing metal burden causing advanced histological changes.

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48

Lam, Chi-chung, and 林志宗. "Monitoring of beach water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254275.

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49

Sauer, Robert Eugene Jr. "Development and use of saltmarsh mesocosms in studies of sedimentary mercury transformation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19608.

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50

Budak, Aydin David. "Study of chemical migration from fertilizer in soil water and runoff at the Windward Community College Landscape Training Facility." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21917.

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Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-98).
UHM: Has both book and microform.
U.S. Geological Survey; project no.03; 14-08-0001-G2015

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water - Pollution - Health aspects'

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