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Ward, Kristen B. "Evaluating producer response to water policies in agriculture : the role of input substitution, spatial heterogeneity and input quality /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Taffarello, Denise. "Water security and ecosystem-based adaptation in the headwaters of Cantareira Water Supply System, Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-05042017-091421/.
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Water quantity, availability and, particularly, quality of Brazilian freshwater is under progessive degradation due to Anthropocene\'s environmental changing conditions. Strategies of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) are essential to mitigate these impacts. This Ph.D. thesis proposes a new model of water resources management, thereby integrating selfpurification and ecohydrologic processes to evaluate ecosystem services from watershed under change. In Chapter 2, this thesis examinates the payment for hydrologic cosystem services (Water-PES) in Brazilian Atlantic Forest and points ecohydrologic variables useful for assessing and further valuing hydrologic services. In Chapter 3, this thesis discusses proposals for freshwater monitoring plan which integrate quali-quantitative aspects for EbA and Water-PES projects. Therefore, in Chapter 4 experimental quali-quantative freshwater data from in-situ field observations are investigated according land-use/land-cover (LULC) in headwaters of water supply systems. In Chapter 5, through simulated impacts on freshwater yield from scenarios of LULC change, the grey water footprint (greyWF) is assessed, as well as environmental sustainability of sub-basins is depicted from a new ecohydrologic index for assessing hydrologic services. The methodology is performed using through field sampling and lab-analysing of physico-chemical, biologic and hydraulic variables in nested sub-basins draining to the Cantareira Water Supply System, in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. These areas participate in the Water-PES projects Water Producer/PCJ and Water Conservator at headwaters of Piracicaba watershed, during recent severe drought conditions between years 2013-15. The greyWF is estimated from outputs of time series simulated through ecohydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Under assumption of continuity of Water-PES projects, and using the same series of hydrometorological records for a common period (2008-2014), freshwater quali-quantitative impacts are performed through three LULC scenarios: past situation \"S1\" (year 1990), current situation \"S2\" (year 2010) and future situation \"S2+EbA\" (year 2035). From these scenarios, flow and load duration curves, mean water yields, greyWF and seasonal variabilities, were simulated. Through this research, continuous-monitoring Data Collecting Stations were installed in public-private partnership encompassing EESC/USP, ANA, CPRM, CEMADEN, SMA, TNC, WWF and local mayors. This continuous monitoring is addressed to increase the system resilience, based on better decision-making for water security, in strategic headwaters not only for water supply, but also for environmental conservation. This doctoral thesis brings contributions to a better comprehension of anthropic impacts on water resources and for strategies of EbA in front of progressive rates of losses of ecosystem services. This PhD. thesis was part of three research initiatives which partly granted activities: (1) Thematic Project FAPESP 2008/58161-1 \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and Strategies for Adaptation Options\"; (2) \"INCLINE - INterdisciplinary CLimate INvEstigation Center\" (NapMC/USP Núcleo de Apoio às Pesquisas em Mudanças Climáticas) and (3) \"Água Brasil\" Project, Banco do Brasil Foundation, WWF Brazil, ANA & FIPAI/EESC-USP.<br>A quantidade, a disponibilidade e, em particular, a qualidade da água doce está em degradação progressiva devido às mudanças ambientais no Antropoceno. Estratégias de adaptação baseadas em ecossistemas (EbA) são essenciais para reduzir estes impactos. Propõe-se um novo modelo de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos que integre a pegada hídrica cinza e processos ecohidrológicos para avaliação dos serviços hidrológicos em bacias hidrográficas sob mudanças. As etapas da pesquisa são: Capítulo 2 – análise dos projetos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais de proteção às bacias hidrográficas na Mata Atlântica brasileira e, no contexto de EbA, indicação de variáveis ecohidrológicas úteis na quantificação e futura valoração dos serviços hidrológicos; Capítulo 3 – desenvolvimento de plano de monitoramento ecohidrológico que integra aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos dos recursos hídricos para projetos de EbA; Capítulo 4 – provisão de dados experimentais de qualidade e quantidade da água, além de observações in-situ, para investigação das influências das mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo nas cabeceiras de mananciais, estratégicos para o abastecimento público e a conservação ambiental; Capítulo 5 – estimativas da pegada hídrica cinza para nitrato, fósforo total e sedimentos a partir do monitoramento de variáveis quali-quantitativas em bacias com diferentes condições de uso e ocupação de solo. Foi realizada a instalação de três Plataformas de Coleta de Dados, por meio de parceria entre EESC, ANA, CPRM, CEMADEN, SMA, TNC e WWF, visando aumentar a resiliência do sistema, decorrente de futuro aprimoramento da gestão, para a segurança hídrica. A metodologia incluiu coletas em seis diferentes períodos, durante dois anos, e análises das variáveis condutividade elétrica, cor, DQO, DBO5,20, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, fosfato, pH, turbidez, sólidos totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, medidas de vazões e velocidades médias em seções transversais. O método foi aplicado em microbacias participantes dos projetos Produtor de Água/PCJ e Conservador das Águas, dentre outras, com áreas de drenagem entre 7 e 1.000 km2, que contribuem para a bacia do rio Piracicaba (12.530 km2). Dados primários, medidos em recente período de severa estiagem no Sistema Cantareira (2013-14), foram integrados aos bancos de dados de órgãos gestores federais e estaduais. A produção de água foi maior em sub-bacias menos florestadas. Foi possível aprimorar a regionalização de cargas poluidoras por área de drenagem na região do Cantareira. A pegada hídrica cinza (WF) foi estimada a partir de simulações no modelo ecohidrológico Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Curvas de permanência de vazões e carga poluidora por área de drenagem foram elaboradas. Supondo-se a continuidade dos projetos \"Produtor de Água/PCJ\" e \"Conservador das Águas\", foram investigados os impactos de cenário futuro de uso do solo. Finalmente, foi desenvolvido novo índice ecohidrológico para quantificação dos serviços hidrológicos e avaliação a sustentabilidade das sub-bacias, a partir da pegada hídrica cinza composta. Assim, usando ferramentas de vanguarda tecnológica (SWAT e WF), a tese fornece subsídios para uma melhor compreensão dos impactos antropogênicos sobre os recursos hídricos e novas estratégias de adaptação baseada em ecossistemas, frente às progressivas taxas de perda de serviços ambientais. Esta tese esteve vinculada a três projetos de pesquisa, dos quais obteve apoio financeiro: (1) Projeto Temático FAPESP 2008/58161-1 \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil & Strategies for Adaptation Options\"; (2) \"INCLINE - INterdisciplinary CLimate INvEstigation Center\" (NapMC/USP) e (3) Projeto \"Água Brasil\", Fundação Banco do Brasil, WWF Brasil, ANA e FIPAI/EESC-USP.
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Schneider, Cristina. "RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁREAS EM INCOMPATIBILIDADE LEGAL DE USO DA TERRA: O CASO DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ARROIO MANOEL ALVES, ITAARA, RS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9327.
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This research was developed with the purpose of analyzing areas of land use legal incompatibility in watershed from Manoel Alves Stream, aiming to increase water production,
according to what is prescribed in Municipal Director Plan, which among others determinations, seeks the implantation of public politics for sustainability. To reach this purpose, firstly, it was elaborated the land use map through images from LANDSAT 5 satellite, 3, 4 and 5 bands, of October 20th, 2009, where were identified five categories: water; mining area; building area; cultures; vegetation. After, from the established in Environmental
Law, it was elaborated the map of permanent preservation areas, from the images of LANDSAT 5 satellite and from the topographies of Camobi NW and SW and Santa Maria
NE and SE, of scale 1:25.000. In the identification of areas of land use legal incompatibility, it was carried out a combination between information plans map of used land and the permanent preservation areas, where it was ascertained that 28,82% from the total of permanent preservation areas of the watershed has being occupied by dwellings, by cultures and by mining exploitation. Through the analyses of the map of land use legal incompatibility, it was perceived that part of them is located in rural areas. Therefore, it was pointed out policies for recuperation of areas in incompatibility of use, based on what ANA establishes, that considers the farmer as a water producer. In Water Producer Program, the watershed is seen as water producer, and the ones that maintain it are the producers, for depends on the use that be made in the surroundings of the springs, it can collaborate to the
availability of water resources with quality or without. In order to improve the water production, ANA proposes the adoption of preservation practices supported by three pillars: riparian vegetation conservation and recuperation, soil conservation practices and implementation of environmental sanitation in the property. This research is justified by the need pointed in Municipal Director Plan that deals with Environmental Municipal Politics, and that, among other points, predicts the organization of Special Areas of Environmental
Interest (AEIA) and incentives the organization of Private Reserves of Natural Heritage (RPNN), besides the elaboration of a Municipal Environmental Plan. This Plan will embrace the protected areas mapping, according to the law, and incentive ways offered by the local authority for environmental preserve and recuperation actions.<br>Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo principal de analisar as áreas de incompatibilidade legal de uso da terra na Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Manoel Alves, visando o aumento da produção de água, atendendo o que está previsto no Plano Diretor Municipal, que dentre outras determinações, busca a implantação de políticas públicas para a sustentabilidade. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, primeiramente, elaborou-se o mapa de uso da terra a partir das imagens de satélite LANDSAT 5, bandas 3, 4 e 5, de 20 de outubro de 2009, onde houve a identificação de cinco classes: água; área de mineração; áreas construídas; culturas; e vegetação. Após, a partir do estabelecido na Legislação Ambiental, elaborou-se o
mapa das áreas de preservação permanente, a partir das imagens de satélite LANDSAT 5 e das cartas topográficas de Camobi NO e SO e Santa Maria NE e SE, de escala 1:25.000. Na identificação das áreas de incompatibilidade legal de uso da terra, foi realizada uma combinação dos planos de informação do mapa de uso da terra e das áreas de preservação permanente, onde se pode verificar que 28,82% do total das áreas de preservação permanente da bacia hidrográfica estão sendo ocupadas por moradias, por culturas e pela exploração mineral. A partir da análise do mapa de incompatibilidade legal de uso da terra, observou-se
que grande parte delas se localiza em áreas rurais. Em virtude disso, foram apontadas diretrizes para a recuperação das áreas em incompatibilidade de uso, baseado no que
estabelece a ANA que considera o produtor rural com um produtor de água. No Programa Produtor de Água, a bacia hidrográfica é vista como produtora de água, e os que a mantêm conservada são produtores, pois dependendo do uso que for feito no entorno dos mananciais, pode colaborar para que haja disponibilidade de recursos hídricos e de qualidade ou não. Para aumentar a produção de água, a ANA propõe a adoção de práticas preservacionistas sustentadas sobre três pilares: a conservação e recuperação da vegetação ciliar, práticas conservacionistas do solo e a implantação do saneamento ambiental na propriedade. Essa pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade apontada no Plano Diretor Municipal, que trata da Política Municipal de Meio Ambiente, e que, em dentre outros pontos prevê a instituição de Áreas Especiais de Interesse Ambiental (AEIA) e incentivo à instituição de Reservas Particulares de Patrimônio Natural (RPNN), além da elaboração de um Plano Ambiental do Município. Este plano contemplará o mapeamento das áreas protegidas, conforme a
legislação, e formas de incentivo oferecidas pelo Município para ações de preservação e recuperação ambiental.
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Oliveira, Silvia Mayumi Shinkai de. "Manual operativo para implementação do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Lajeado - UGRHI-19 - São Paulo - Brasil /." Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181543.
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Orientador: Milton Dall´Aglio Sobrinho<br>Resumo: A gestão dos recursos hídricos é crucial para garantir a disponibilidade e qualidade das águas e a adoção do pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) pode ser considerada uma das alternativas viáveis para melhoria da política pública de recursos hídricos. Este projeto aborda o PSA como instrumento de melhoria a ser introduzido na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Lajeado, UGRHI- 19, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O objetivo foi contribuir com a introdução de medidas eficazes para garantia da disponibilidade hídrica da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Lajeado e melhorar a qualidade de suas águas. A metodologia incluiu a realização de pesquisa da literatura existente sobre o tema, levantamento e análise de diversos casos exemplares de PSA existentes no Brasil e no mundo para auxiliar na definição das ações a serem implementadas na referida bacia hidrográfica. Também utilizou-se o estudo de caso da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Lajeado o qual é gerenciado por meio de um consórcio intermunicipal delimitado pela sua bacia hidrográfica composta pelos municípios de Alto Alegre, Barbosa e Penápolis sendo contemplado no chamamento público 01/2017 da Agência Nacional das Águas com recursos financeiros para implementar o Programa Produtor de Água na referida bacia. Como resultado deste trabalho obteve-se um Manual Operativo elaborado com especificações técnicas detalhadas para a devida implementação do PSA na área de estudo e assim contribuir com a melhoria da qualidade dos recursos hídricos d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The management of water resources is crucial to ensure water availability and quality, and the adoption of payment for environmental services (PES) can be considered one of the viable alternatives for improving public water policy. This project addresses the PSA as an improvement instrument to be introduced in the Ribeirão Lajeado Basin, UGRHI-19, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The objective is to contribute with the introduction of effective measures to guarantee the water availability of the Ribeirão Lajeado River Basin and to improve the quality of its waters. The methodology included the research of the existing literature on the subject, survey and analysis of several case studies of PES existing in Brazil and in the world to define the actions to be implemented in the Ribeirão Lajeado River Basin and also the case study of this Basin which is managed by an intermunicipal consortium delimited by its hydrographic basin composed of the municipalities of Alto Alegre, Barbosa and Penápolis. The Ribeirão Lajeado River Basin was contemplated in the public call 01/2017 of the National Agency of the Waters with financial resources to implement the Program Producer of water. As a result of this work, the Operational Manual prepared with technical specifications for the proper implementation of the PES in the area of study and, thus, contribute to the improvement of the quality of the water resources of this hydrographic basin.<br>Mestre
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Merida, Carolina. "O PAGAMENTO POR SERVIÇOS AMBIENTAIS COMO INSTRUMENTO DE EFETIVIDADE DO DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL EM RIO VERDE, GOIÁS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2014. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2686.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-28<br>This research deals with the issue of economic valuation of ecosystem services
based on positive incentive mechanisms as a strategy to stimulate the recovery and
preservation of the environment, given the inefficiency of environmental protection
currently used, primarily guided by command and control instruments. Taking as
starting point the analysis of the interrelationship between the environment and
sustainable development, the work also holds the examination of the legal issues
underlying the use of payments for environmental services in Brazil. The chosen
approach to face the issue concerns the study of the program Producer of Water",
established under the Municipality of Rio Verde, Goias State, in order to verify the
results obtained with respect to the recovery and preservation of riparian forests in
around the headwaters of the Watershed of Abobora Stream, responsible for
supplying approximately 70% of the population of that municipality. In summary, the
question that this study seeks to answer relates to the effectiveness of payments for
ecosystem services as a tool to promote sustainable development and social and
environmental justice. The methodology has privileged the bibliographic research, in
foreign and domestic literature, also drawing on the application of questionnaires to
participants of "Producer of Water" program, Rio Verde, as well as the analysis of
official data and documents obtained from the Department of Sustainable Economic
Development of the Municipality of Rio Verde, Goias, and authoritative legal theory,
focused on Machado (2012), Nusdeo (2012) and Altmann (2009).<br>A presente pesquisa versa sobre a temática da valoração econômica dos serviços
ambientais, baseada em mecanismos positivos de incentivo, como estratégia para
estimular a recuperação e a preservação do meio ambiente, ante a ineficácia dos
mecanismos de proteção ambiental, atualmente utilizados, pautados
preponderantemente em instrumentos de comando e controle. Tendo como ponto de
partida a análise da inter-relação entre o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento
sustentável, o trabalho se detém, ainda, no exame dos aspectos jurídicos que
fundamentam a utilização do pagamento por serviços ambientais no Brasil. A
abordagem escolhida para enfrentamento do tema diz respeito ao estudo do
Programa Produtor de Águas , instituído no âmbito do Município de Rio Verde,
Estado de Goiás, com o propósito de verificar os resultados obtidos com relação à
recuperação e preservação das áreas de matas ciliares no entorno das nascentes
da Microbacia do Ribeirão Abóbora, responsável pelo abastecimento de
aproximadamente 70% da população do citado município. Em suma, a questão que
o presente estudo busca responder refere-se à efetividade do pagamento por
serviços ambientais enquanto instrumento para a promoção do desenvolvimento
sustentável e da justiça socioambiental. A metodologia utilizada privilegiou a
pesquisa bibliográfica, na literatura estrangeira e nacional, valendo-se, ainda, da
aplicação de questionários aos participantes do Programa Produtor de Águas , de
Rio Verde, bem como, da análise de dados e documentos oficiais obtidos junto à
Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Econômico Sustentável do Município de Rio Verde,
Goiás, além de teoria jurídica abalizada, centrada em Machado (2012), Nusdeo
(2012) e Altmann (2009).
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Hatsumura, Paula Mariko. "Subsídios para elaboração de projeto de pagamento por serviços ambientais na bacia hidrográfica do manancial do alto curso do Rio Santo Anastácio - UGRHI Pontal do Paranapanema - Estado de São Paulo - Brasil." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157494.
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Orientador: Antonio Cezar Leal<br>Resumo: Neste projeto técnico tem-se como objetivo a elaboração de uma proposta que subsidie o projeto básico de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais do Programa Produtor de Água na bacia hidrográfica do manancial do alto curso do Rio Santo Anastácio. Esta bacia hidrográfica está localizada no extremo oeste do Estado de São Paulo, na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Pontal do Paranapanema - UGRHI 22 e possui uma área de, aproximadamente, 198 km², englobando partes dos municípios de Álvares Machado, Anhumas, Pirapozinho, Presidente Prudente e Regente Feijó. A proposta foi realizada com base no Manual Operativo do Programa Produtor de Água – 2ª Edição, que compõe as orientações às pessoas e instituições que pretendam participar deste programa. O conteúdo principal dessa pesquisa consiste na elaboração do Roteiro Mínimo de Apresentação do Projeto, a qual contou com a participação de diversas entidades, definidas como instituições parceiras, cada qual com suas especialidades. Foi elaborada a caracterização da bacia hidrográfica, com base em estudos já realizados; as metodologias que serão utilizadas como estratégias de PSA, de educação ambiental, estratégias para as ações de restauração ecológica, conservação de água e solo, bem como para o monitoramento da bacia hidrográfica do manancial do alto curso do Rio Santo Anastácio. Dessa forma, espera-se que este estudo gere subsídios para que, futuramente, na área em estudo possa se implantar efetivamente o Programa Produtor de Á... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In this technical project the objective is the preparation of a proposal that subsidizes the basic project of Payment for Environmental Services of the Water Producer Program in the watershed of the wellspring of the high current of Santo Anastácio River. This watershed is located in the extreme west of the State of São Paulo, in the Water Resources Management Unit of Pontal do Paranapanema - UGRHI 22 and has an area of approximately 198 km², encompassing parts of the cities of Álvares Machado, Anhumas, Pirapozinho, Presidente Prudente and Regente Feijó. The proposal was based on the Operational Manual of the Water Producer Program – 2nd Edition, which makes up the guidelines persons and institutions wishing to participate in this program. The main content of this research is the elaboration of the Minimal Presentation of the Project, which was attended by several entities, defined as partner institutions each with its own specialties. It was elaborated the characterization of watershed based on studies already made; the methodologies that will be used as PSA strategies, environmental education, strategies for ecological restoration actions, water and soil conservation, as well as for the monitoring of watershed of the wellspring of the high current of Santo Anastácio River. Thus, it is expected that this study will generate subsidies so that, in the future, in the study área the Water Producer Program, thus benefiting the environment, with the protection and production of wa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Ribeiro, Aristela Resende. "Percepção dos integrantes do programa produtor de água sobre os desafios do processo de implantação." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5163.
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Previous issue date: 2015-09-30<br>The Payment Programs for Environmental Services (PES) have been widely researched.
However, there is a need to invest in studies that discuss the influence of perception on different
members of the program in relation to the success of it. Along this, the objective of the
research was to present the perception of the members involved in the process of implementation
of Brook Joao Leite in the Water Producer Program (RJLWPP). For that, we interviewed
10 farmers and 15 members of the Project Management Unit (PMU), in addition to the identification
and analysis of the aspects of implementation and operation of the Program. Analyzing
the perception of the members in relation to the program, we understand that farmers possess
adequate knowledge about environmental problems. Regarding the proposed amount to
be paid to the owner, 60% considered insufficient or regular, as opposed to 20% who felt the
same offer as good or sufficient. On the other hand, 90% of respondents expressed interest in
participating effectively in the program. The required paperwork was the main reason for disinterest
in the program for 10% of the owners. As the main negative points of the Program,
the PMU members pointed out: conflicts between institutions, the length of referrals and the
bureaucracy of the Program implementation process. The survey also points out that the institutions
have shown uncertainty about the degree of commitment and responsibilities to one
another. The program is expected to face difficulties in the process of implementation and
consolidation mainly due to the complexity of the legal framework and lack of institutional
commitment among members. What means the need to strengthen the institutions involved
(resources, technical training, autonomy) for added assurance of maintenance and operation of
the Program, regardless of political changes.<br>Os Programas de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) vêm sendo amplamente pesquisados.
Entretanto, existe a necessidade de investimentos em estudos que discutam a influência
da percepção dos diferentes integrantes do Programa em relação ao êxito do mesmo. Nessa
linha, o objetivo da pesquisa foi apresentar a percepção dos integrantes envolvidos no processo
de implantação do Programa Produtor de Água do Ribeirão João Leite (PPARJL). Para
tanto, foram entrevistados 10 produtores rurais e 15 integrantes da Unidade de Gestão do Projeto
(UGP), além da identificação e análise dos aspectos de implantação e operação do Programa.
Analisando a percepção dos integrantes em relação ao Programa, entendemos que os
produtores rurais, possuem conhecimento adequado sobre os problemas ambientais. Em relação
a proposta do valor a ser pago ao produtor, 60% consideraram insuficiente ou regular, em
oposição a 20%, que consideraram a mesma oferta como boa ou suficiente. Por outro lado,
90% dos entrevistados manifestaram interesse em participar efetivamente do Programa. A
burocracia exigida foi o principal motivo de desinteresse pelo Programa para 10% dos produtores.
Como principais pontos negativos do Programa, os integrantes da UGP destacaram: os
conflitos entre instituições, a morosidade dos encaminhamentos e a burocracia do processo de
implantação do Programa. A pesquisa também aponta que as instituições demonstraram incertezas
quanto ao grau de comprometimento e responsabilidades umas das outras. O Programa
deverá enfrentar dificuldades no processo de implantação e principalmente de consolidação,
devido a complexidade do arcabouço jurídico e a falta de comprometimento institucional entre
os integrantes. O que significa a necessidade de fortalecimento das instituições envolvidas
(recursos, capacitação técnica, autonomia), para uma maior garantia da manutenção e operação
do PPARJL, independente das mudanças políticas.
8
Patel, Chirag V. "Management of produced water in oil and gas operations." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1544.
Full textAbstract:
Produced water handling has been an issue of concern for oil and gas producers as it is one of the major factors that cause abandonment of the producing well. The development of effective produced water management strategies poses a big challenge to the oil and gas industry today. The conversion of produced water into irrigation or fresh water provides a cost effective tool to handle excessive amounts of the produced water. In this research we proposed on-site produced water treatment units configured to achieve maximum processing throughput. We studied various advanced separation techniques to remove oil and dissolved solids from the produced water. We selected adsorption as the oil removing technique and Reverse Osmosis (RO) as the dissolved solids removing technique as being the best for our purpose. We performed experiments to evaluate operating parameters for both adsorption and RO units to accomplish maximum removal of oil and dissolved solids from the produced water. We compared the best models fitting the experimental data for both the processes, then analyzed and simulated the performance of integrated produced water treatment which involves adsorption columns and RO units. The experimental results show that the adsorption columns remove more than 90% of the oil and RO units remove more than 95% of total dissolved solids from the produced water. The simulation results show that the proper integration and configuration of adsorption and RO units can provide up to 80% efficiency for a processing throughput of 6-8 gallons per minute of produced water. From an oil and gas producers viewpoint output from the produced water treatment system is a revenue generating source. The system is flexible and can be modified for the applications such as rangeland restoration, reservoir recharge and agricultural use.
9
Foslie, Sverre Stefanussen. "Design of Centrifugal Pump for Produced Water." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24348.
Full textAbstract:
During the spring of 2008, Jón Bergmann Heimisson developed a pump design program in Matlab. The program has been further developed during the work with this thesis, as well as in the author's preceding project thesis, giving key information for an existing pump design. The aim of this Master's thesis has been to verify the calculation of pump characteristics and velocity profiles at the impeller outlet through testing.A detailed description of the relevant theory regarding pump design has been presented, and different calculation models for the pump characteristics have been examined. The analytical approaches for calculating the performance data have been implemented into Matlab, and a comparison of the different calculation models has been performed. A multistage centrifugal pump has been used for verifying the velocity profiles, and the pump characteristics have been compared to the different calculation models presented in Matlab. Measurements of the velocity profiles were carried out in Typhonix' laboratories at Varhaug using a pitot-static probe.The results achieved from the comparison of the characteristic curves calculated in Matlab showed that the models provide quite different results. Some of the methods widely used in the literature proved to deviate significantly from the measured results, while other and more advanced methods provided better results.The results achieved from testing the velocity profiles with the pitot-static probe were not as good as desired. The measured velocities and flow angles did not correlate well with the analytical solutions, and the results are partly unreliable. Some of the trends regarding changes due to increased volume flow or rotational speed were found, but the exact values could not be trusted. The pitot-static probe is an intrusive method, and it probably disturbed the flow in a way making good results difficult to achieve.
10
Brookes, Adam. "Immersed membrane bioreactors for produced water treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4508.
Full textAbstract:
The performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for the duty of gas field produced water treatment was appraised. The system was operated under steady state conditions at a range of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations and treatment and membrane performance examined. Organics removal (COD and TOC) display removal rates between 90 and 97%. Removal of specific target compounds Benzene, Toulene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene were removed to above 99% in liquid phase with loss to atmosphere between 0.3 and 1%. Comparison of fouling rates at a number of imposed fluxes has been made between long term filtration trials and short term tests using the flux step method. Produced water fed biomass displays a greater fouling propensity than municipal wastewater fed biomass from previous studies. Results indicate an exponential relationship between fouling rate and flux for both long and short term trials, although the value was an order of magnitude lower during long term tests. Moreover, operation during long term trials is characterised by a period of pseudo stable operation followed by a catastrophic rise in TMP at a given critical filtration time (tfi, ) during trials at 6 g. L"1. This time of stable operation, tfit, is characterised by a linear relationship between fouling rate and flux. Results have been compared with the literature. Data for membrane fouling prior to the end of t fit yielded a poor fit with a recently proposed model. Trends recorded at t> trlt revealed the fouling rate to follow no definable trend with flux. The system showed resilience to free oil shocking up to an oil concentration of 200ppmv. Following an increase in oil concentration to 500 ppmv, rapid and exponential fouling ensued.
11
Sprague, Nicolle Marie. "Copper in the Urban Water Cycle: Sources and Sinks, Benefits and Detriments, and Corrosion in Soft Waters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42724.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, stringent world-wide regulation of copper in drinking water, wastewater discharge and sludge has prompted utilities to carefully evaluate copper sources and sinks, benefits and detriments, and mitigation. This work compiled the individual efforts of researchers and utilities to provide a basis for holistic decision-making. Mass balances suggest that between 14-61% of copper in wastewater originates from home plumbing. Dosing of pure copper sulfate "root killer" by consumers, which is of unlikely value, accounted for up to 27% of copper inputs. Removal of copper in wastewater treatment ranged from 24-90%, suggesting a potential for optimization of these processes if desired. Finally, though utilities are pressured to reduce copper inputs at all stages of the urban water cycle, substantial benefits including human and wastewater bacteria micro-nutrition, water disinfection and algae control should not be overshadowed.
To better understand copper inputs from corrosion in soft waters, a 12 month study was executed. Free chlorine (0.7 mg/L) was determined to have minimally adverse effects on copper release at pH 9.5 but no significant effect at pH 7.0, and higher temperatures usually increased copper release. Organic matter including soluble and particulate NOM, sodium alginate, and gum xanthan, tended to worsen copper release. Their direct effects included complexation and mobilization of pre-existing copper scale as particulates. Indirect effects were also discovered, including a propensity of gum xanthan and alginate to decrease pH, increasing copper release, and also to produce a microbiologically unstable water, decreasing the dissolved oxygen necessary for fueling corrosion reactions. The range of organic matter effects could be placed within a unified conceptual framework.<br>Master of Science
12
Shrawage, Abhijeet J. "CFD Analysis of Supercritical Water Reactor for Flow Back and Produced Water Treatment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1407229655.
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Shpiner, R. A. M. "Treatment of produced water by waste stabilsation pond." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498655.
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Alanezi, Yousef H. "Crossflow microfiltration of oil from synthetic produced water." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8815.
Full textAbstract:
Produced water is formed in underground formations and brought up to the surface along with crude oil during production. It is by far the largest volume byproduct or waste stream. The most popular preference to deal with produced water is to re-inject it back into the formation. Produced water re-injection (PWRI) needs a treatment before injection to prevent formation blockage. Due to the increase of produced water during oil production in the west of Kuwait, an effluent treatment and water injection plants were established and commissioned in 2004 so that produced water could be used for re-injection purposes. It is estimated that oil wells in the west of Kuwait produce 15 to 40 % of produced water. The main aim of this treatment train is to reduce not only the oil-in-water amount to less than 10 ppm, but also total suspended solids to 5 ppm which is the maximum allowable concentration for re-injection and disposal. Furthermore, with respect to the upper limit for injection, the maximum number of particles between 5 and 8 microns is 200 in 0.1 ml. In practice the number is found to exceed this limit by 10 times...
15
Wang, Yuxin. "Source Water Quality Assessment and Source Water Characterization for Drinking Water Protection." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/416.
Full textAbstract:
Source water quality plays a critical role in maintaining the quality and supply of drinking water, yet it can be negatively affected by human activities. In Pennsylvania, coal mining and treatment of conventional oil and gas drilling produced wastewaters have affected source water quality for over 100 years. The recent unconventional natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale formation produces significant volumes of wastewater containing bromide and has the potential to affect source water quality and downstream drinking water quality. Wastewater from coal-fired power plants also contains bromide that may be released into source water. Increasing source water bromide presents a challenge as even small amounts of bromide in source water can lead to carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlorinated finished drinking water. However, bromide is not regulated in source water and is not removed by conventional drinking water treatment processes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the safe bromide concentration in source water to minimize the cancer risk of trihalomethanes - a group of DBPs - in treated drinking water. By evaluating three years of water sampling data from the Monongahela River in Southwestern Pennsylvania, the present analysis reached three conclusions. First, bromide monitoring for source water quality should be taken at drinking water intake points. Water sample types (river water samples vs drinking water intake samples) can lead to different water quality conclusions and thus affect regulatory compliance decision-making. Second, bromide monitoring at drinking water intake points can serve as a predictor for changes in heavily brominated trihalomethanes concentrations in finished water. Increasing bromide in source water can serve as an early warning sign of increasing formation of heavily brominated trihalomethanes and their associated cancer risks in drinking water. Finally, this work developed a statistical simulation model to evaluate the effect of source water bromide on trihalomethane formation and speciation and to analyze the changing cancer risks in water associated with these changing bromide concentrations in the Monongahela River. The statistical simulation method proposed in this work leads to the conclusion that the bromide concentration in source water must be very low to prevent the adverse health effects associated with brominated trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water. This method can be used by water utilities to determine the bromide concentration in their source water that might indicate a need for process changes or by regulatory agencies to evaluate source water bromide issues.
16
Multon, Lance Michael. "Removal of oil from produced waters." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60239.pdf.
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Veum, Kristen Sloan. "Disinfection by-product precursors and formation potentials of Missouri reservoirs." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4534.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 29, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
18
Mbonimpa, Eric Gentil. "Characterization of disinfection by-product precursors from Missouri streams." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4908.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 10, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
19
Hong, Soklida. "Glutaraldehyde Removal from Produced Water Using Photolysis and Photocatalysis." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28665.
Full textAbstract:
Glutaraldehyde (GA) has been used extensively as a biocide in hydraulic fracturing fluids leading to the contamination of the compound in produced water. In this study, the performances of photolysis and photocatalysis for removal of GA in synthetic produced water were investigated. The photolytic degradation rate of GA increased with increasing incident ultraviolet light intensity and decreasing pH. Increasing initial GA concentration resulted in a reduced rate of GA degradation. At high salt concentrations, similar to the levels found in produced water, the photodegradation rate of GA was better than those at zero/low salt concentrations. In photocatalytic experiments, GA could be degraded efficiently under both simulated visible light and natural sunlight. Photolysis and photocatalysis are promising technologies for removing GA in produced water due to their small footprint, ease of operation, and efficiency. This study helps in addressing an obstacle associated with produced water treatment and disposal.<br>North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute Fellowship Program
20
Diehl, Alicia Catherine. "Factors affecting disinfection by-product formation during chloramination of drinking water /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008314.
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Ferreira, Francisco Cardoso. "Chlorine dioxide and by-products in water distribution systems." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11242009-020052/.
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Lee, Yang Bong. "Effect of water activity on headspace volatile compounds produced in whey protein concentrate and other spray dried dairy products during accelerated storage /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487843688959376.
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Farrell-Poe, Kitt. "Antibacterial Products in Septic Systems." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146423.
Full textAbstract:
2 pp.<br>Originally published: 2001<br>An onsite sewage treatment system or "septic system" is effective way to safely recycle household wastewater back into the natural environment. The key to effective treatment is proper design, system installation, responsible operation, and periodic maintenance. This article provides information about how to improve septic system performance by taking simple steps at home.
24
Wolosin, Robert Tyrell. "El milagro de Almería, España a political ecology of landscape change and greenhouse agriculture /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05202008-114939/.
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Buchanan, Margaret MacNeill. "Soil Water Flow and Irrigated Soil Water Balance in Response to Powder River Basin Coalbed Methane Product Water." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/buchanan/BuchananM0505.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A repacked soil columns experiment and a series of computer soil water balance simulations were conducted to examine potential impacts of coalbed methane (CBM) water from Montana's Powder River Basin (PRB) on soil water flow and water balance in PRB soils. CBM water is often high in sodium, which may separate soil clay particles, particularly after soil exposure to low-salinity rainfall or snowmelt, and when soils contain expansible smectite clay minerals. Aggregates in soils exposed to sodic water may swell and slake, and clays and other fine particles may disperse, clogging soil pores and slowing or preventing soil water flow. In the soil columns experiment, A and B horizon materials from sandy loam, silt loam, and clay loam soils were pre-treated with water having salinity and sodicity typical of PRB CBM water or of Powder River (PR) water currently used for irrigation in the basin. Tension infiltrometer measurements were used to determine infiltration flux, first using pre-treatment water, and subsequently deionized (DI) water, simulating rainwater. Measurements were compared by pre-treatment water, horizon, and soil type. Under pre-treatment water testing, the sandy loam and clay loam soils pre-treated with CBM water exhibited smaller infiltration flux values than when pre-treated with PR water. Only the sandy loam soil showed a greater decrease in infiltration flux with DI water on soils pre-treated with CBM relative to PR water pre-treated soils. There was no difference in infiltration flux decrease with DI water between A and B horizon soils, or between smectite and non-smectite soils. The soil water balance numerical simulations modeled potential effects of sodic irrigation waters on sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam and silty clay PRB soils under sprinkler or flood irrigation, during one growing season. Baseline soil water retention functions were constructed for the five soils, and adjusted via trends identified in the literature to create five additional functions for each soil, simulating exposure to five increasingly sodic irrigation waters. Simulation results showed greater impact of sodic irrigation under flood than sprinkler irrigation. The fine sandy loam and silty clay loam soils exhibited the fewest changes in water balance partitioning, while the silt loam and silty clay soils showed the greatest changes, especially in increased runoff and reduced transpiration.
26
Pole, Jason. "Quantifying misclassification in water disinfection by-product analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ53021.pdf.
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Pole, Jason. "Quantifying misclassification in water disinfection by-product analysis." Ottawa : National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD%5F0021/MQ53021.pdf.
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Palsson, Bjarni. "A study on the parameters controlling (matrix) injectivity of produced water." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2021.
Full textAbstract:
There is a lack of general design methods for water injection schemes. This is reflected in the fact that there exists no handbook for water injection and no commercial reservoir simulators include modules for injectivity damage; even though waterflood simulation is one of their main tasks. This thesis aims at critically evaluating the current approach and suggesting better practises. The objective is to analyse the parameters affecting the performance of matrix water injection wells and critically evaluate their importance in the light of available field history. This includes a review of the injectivity damage mechanisms involved and evaluation of the prediction methods available to quantifY their reliability for real field cases. The following steps are presented: » Review of current understanding of water injection performance. ? » Review of published coreflood experiments with the aim of identifYing both main trends and the key differences. Other potential damage mechanisms are also discussed briefly. » Available injectivity prediction models are evaluated for sensitivities in the input parameters and compared against both core experiments and field performance. » Field information from more than I00 wells, operated by 15 international oil companies was acquired. The information is critically analysed in consistent manner and the main trends identified and compared to the key findings ofthe laboratory and model approaches. The field data proved generally insufficient to provide a firm correlation relating water quality and formation characteristics to injectivity decline. This comparative investigation does however, indicate the uncertainty range in the key parameters involved and does, therefore, result in an improved understanding of the injectivity mechanisms. The key findings are summarised in brief guidelines for best operational practices for water injection. Furthermore, areas of significant inconsistencies, requiring further investigation, are identified and recommendations made as a basis of research activity to fill some of the many gaps in understanding in this important topic.
29
Donnelly, Alan Paul. "On-line concentration measurement and separation of oil from produced water." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/506.
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FALLER, MARIA CLARA KREMER. "ASPECTS OF THE UTILIZATION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCE IN PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9241@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Água de produção consiste de uma das principais
preocupações ambientais
relacionadas à produção de petróleo. Substâncias húmicas
(SH) são
naturalmente formadas durante a humificação de matéria
orgânica por
microorganismos, apresentando uma série de propriedades,
dentre essas, a de
captura de grande parte dos íons metálicos. O presente
trabalho teve com o
objetivo principal avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de
SH no tratamento da
água de produção, considerando a utilização de três
diferentes compostos
húmicos (HMC). Em relação ao tempo para a completa
coagulação/floculação,
observou-se uma variação em função da concentração
utilizada, para todos os
três casos de HMC. HMC-3 apresentou os menores intervalos
de tempo, além de
interface bem definida e sobrenadante final de aspecto
límpido. Os resultados do
teor de bário, após adição das HMC, mostram a redução do
valor inicial em
todos os casos, sendo que a maior redução para 4mL do HMC-
1. Ensaios
realizados com as algas detectaram tanto um aumento da
clorofila quanto das
áreas médias das algas na presença de água de produção,
sendo este mais
acentuado quando também da presença de HMC-3. Os resultados
mostraram ser
factível o uso de substâncias húmicas em tratamentos que
envolvam uma etapa
de cogulação/floculação e confirmam a capacidade das SH de
reter espécies
metálicas como o bário. Nos ensaios com algas, teve-se
forte indicativo da
contribuição positiva da presença da água de produção para
seu crescimento,
especialmente da água de produção com SH. Estes resultados
reafirmam o
grande potencial do uso das SH em tratamentos ambientais.<br>Produced water consists in one of the biggest environmental
concerns
related to oil production activities. Humic Substances (HS)
are naturally formed
during the humification organic residues by microorganisms
and present several
properties, amongst them, the ability to bind great part of
the metal ions. The
present work objectifies the avaluation the viability of
the use of HS in the
treatment of produced water, consideraing three different
humic compounds
(HMC-1, 2 e 3). In relation to the time for complete
coagulation/floculation, a
variation of the times as a function of the concentration
of HS was observed, in
all three cases. HMC-3 presented the shortest times, well
defined interface and
supernatant of clear aspect. The results of barium content,
after HMC addition,
clearly present the reduction of the initial values. The
biggest reduction being
obtained by 4 mL HMC-1. Tests algae detected an increase in
the chlorophyll, as
well as in the algae average areas, being this effect was
even more accentuated
in the presence of HMC-3. The results of the test show the
possibility of HS use
in treatments which involve a coagulation/floculation step
nad confirm the HS
capacity to bind metal species such as barium. The tests
with algae strongly
indicates the positive contribution of the presence of
produced water to its
growth, especially in the case of the produced water with
HS. These results
reaffirm the great potential of the use of HS in
environmental treatments.
31
Omar, Salem A. S. "Characterisation and bioremediation of soil impacted by Libyan oilfield produced water." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2013. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20145/.
Full textAbstract:
A large quantity of produced water (PW) is currently produced during crude oil and natural gas exploration and production. The result and effect of discharging PW on the environment has become a significant issue of environmental concern. PW impacted soil is a common environmental problem associated with oil and gas production. This causes the death of plants and contaminates soil. In addition, impacted soil leads to wide spread contamination of surface waters and shallow aquifers. This work describes an investigation of PW and full characterization of contaminated soils by the disposal of PW at the study site, it includes analysis of both PW and impacted soil using different analytical techniques in order to identify and assay the main constituents that cause the pollution of the soil at the site. The Nasser oilfield, Libya has been chosen as the study site because has a long history of crude oil production since 1956. For this study, six PW samples were collected from the disposal pit bank and through the production stages, eighteen samples of contaminated soil from the disposal pit bank at the study oilfield along with uncontaminated soil samples (taken far from the polluted area) to used as reference. Measurable impacts from PW discharges observed in the soils that have been identified include elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and salts in the soil. The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in PW and soil can vary between 25407 mg/l to 126065 mg/1, for PW and 20716 mg/kg to 105240 mg/kg for impacted soil. The most common organic contaminants found in-PW are total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes). The average concentrations of TPH for PW and polluted soil samples ranged from 1.2 mg/1 to 2.9 mg/l for PW and 10550 mg/kg to 90750 mg/kg for soil samples, BTEX were found in PW at the processes stage and the disposal pit. The average BTEX concentration in PW ranged from 0.11 mg/l to 1.86 mg/l. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oilfield chemicals (OFCs) (i.e. corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, biocides and demulsifiers) were also detected in soil and PW at the study site. Understanding the composition of PW and the impacted soil are necessary for assessing the possibility of beneficial reuse and to selecting suitable treatment process for PW and soil. The results showed that the main constituents that impact the soil are hydrocarbons and salts.
32
Niu, Jing. "Desalination of Produced Water via Gas Hydrate Formation and Post Treatment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76822.
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This study presents a two-step desalination process, in which produced water is cleaned by forming gas hydrate in it and subsequently dewatering the hydrate to remove the residual produced water trapped in between the hydrate crystals. All experiments were performed with pressure in the range of 450 to 800psi and temperature in the range of -1 to 1°C using CO? as guest molecule for the hydrate crystals. The experiments were conducted using artificial produced waters containing different amounts of NaCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ at varying temperature (T) and pressure (P). The results are presented as functions of %Reduction of difference chemical elements, CO? requirements and applied T and P conditions.
The impact of dewatering techniques, including centrifuge and filtration process, on gas hydrate solid product is studied. The results showed that over 99% of dissolved NaCl and MgCl2 can be removed from artificial saline water in laboratory experiments. This was achieved in a process involving a single-stage hydrate formation step, followed by a single-step solid-liquid separation (or dewatering). The results also show that the %Reduction (percentage of the concentration decrease) of artificial produced water increases with centrifugation time and rotational speed (rpm). The %Reduction was increased considerably after hydrate crystals were crushed and filtered, indicating that the artificial process water was entrapped in between the hydrate crystals. It was found also that the finer the particle size, the higher the extent of salt removal. In general, filtration was a better than centrifugation for the removal of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids).<br>Master of Science
33
Ali, Ayman W. "Performance Evaluation of Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Produced by Water Injection." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1374518551.
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Vaziri, Mojgan. "Water Resistance of Scots Pine Joints Produced by Linear Friction Welding." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10059/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le soudage du bois est une technique d'assemblage sans adhésif de deux pièces de bois, leur soudure étant produite par friction mécanique sous pression des deux pièces. Ce procédé, applicable à des pièces de bois plates, d'essences identiques ou différentes, se prête à la fabrication de meubles et à la menuiserie. Cependant, le joint obtenu n'est pas de classe "extérieur", ce qui le réserve à un usage "intérieur". En effet, un joint destiné à une utilisation extérieure ou en milieu à humidité variable doit présenter une résistance élevée à l'eau. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier la résistance à l'eau du bois soudé. A cet effet, des méthodes d'essais complémentaires et non-destructrices ont été utilisées, comme le scanner ou l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). L'influence des paramètres de soudage et des propriétés du bois sur, d'une part, la formation et la propagation des fissures dans la ligne de soudure, et sur, d'autre part, la densité et l'absorption d'eau de la soudure a été ainsi étudiée. Les expériences de cette thèse seront menées sur des échantillons de pin (Pinus sylvestris) de dimensions 200 mm x20 mm x 40 mm, coupés dans la direction longitudinale du fil du bois. La Norme Européenne EN 205 a servi de cadre pour déterminer la résistance des échantillons de pin en traction-cisaillement. Les méthodes d'essais (non-destructrices) ont été utilisées selon leur pertinence: le scanner a servi à étudier la formation et la propagation des fissures; l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) a permis quant à elle de caractériser la pénétration et l'infiltration d'eau dans le bois soudé.Le mécanisme d'adhérence du pin a été étudié grâce à la RMN MAS (spectrométrie à résonance magnétique nucléaire avec polarisation croisée et rotation à l?angle magique) du carbone13 et à la micro-densitométrie par rayons X. Ces différentes méthodes, non destructrices, offrent l'avantage d'une analyse non invasive et l'élimination de facteurs parasites liés à la préparation et à la coupe du bois. Voici en résumé les résultats obtenus les plus marquants: (1) Le scanner et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des méthodes de recherche particulièrement polyvalentes et adaptées à l'étude des bois soudés. (2) L'utilisation de bois de coeur, une pression de soudage de 1.3 Mpa et un temps de soudage de 1.5 s permettent d'augmenter la résistance à l'eau du pin soudé. (3) Des tests d'optimisation ont montré que la résistance du pin en traction-cisaillement est plus sensible aux variations de temps de soudage qu'au temps de refroidissement et qu'elle peut être optimisée à plus de 9.7 MPa en respectant une pression de 1.3 Mpa, un temps de soudage > 3.5 s et un temps de refroidissement < 60 s. (4) La résistance à l'eau du bois soudé peut être améliorée dans une certaine mesure en faisant varier paramètres de soudage et propriétés des essences, mais dans tous les cas, le recours à un imperméabilisant naturel et écologique reste nécessaire. (5) Le pin soudé possède une résistance à l'eau et en traction-cisaillement inhabituellement élevée, cela pouvant s'expliquer par une teneur en composés extractifs augmentée. (6) Des essais sous IRM ont montré que les causes de rupture du joint varient suivant l'essence: faible résistance à l'eau de la ligne de soudure dans le cas du hêtre soudé, retrait et expansion du bois dans le cas du pin soudé. (7) Les extractifs du pin améliorent nettement la résistance à l'eau du joint soudé, mais à un niveau qui ne lui permet cependant pas la certification "extérieur" sans protection. En revanche, il peut être certifié "semi-extérieur" avec protection<br>Wood welding is a mechanical friction process allowing the assembly of timber without any adhesives. The process consists of applying mechanical friction, under pressure, alternately to the two wood surfaces to be welded. This process can be applied to weld two flat pieces of timber, originating from the same or different tree species, and can be used in the manufacture of furniture and wood joinery. The only limitation is that the joint is not exterior-grade, but only suitable for interior joints. Exterior use, or use in an environment with varying humidity demands water resistance of the welded joints. The main objective of this thesis is to study the water resistance of the welded wood. This is complemented with special attention to non-destructive test methods such as X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning and Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI). The influence of welding parameters and wood properties on crack formation and crack propagation in the weldline was investigated. The influence of these parameters on weldline density and water absorption in the weldline were also studied. Investigations in this thesis are based on welded samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) of the dimensions 200 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm which were cut in the longitudinal direction of the wood grain. The tensile-shear strength of the welded Scots pine samples were determined using European standard EN 205. Different non-destructive methods such as X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning to study crack formation and propagation, and magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) to characterize water penetration and the distribution mechanism in welded wood were used. Solid state CPMAS 13C NMR spectrometry and X-ray microdensitometry investigations were carried out to study the mechanism of adhesion in Scots pine. These various non-destructive methods offer the advantage of non-invasive analysis and the elimination of any artifacts present due to preparation and sectioning. The most important results are summarized as follows: (1) X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning and Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) are versatile research methods applicable to investigations of welded woods. (2) Water resistance of welded Scots pine can be increased using heartwood, a welding pressure of 1.3 MPa, and a welding time of 1.5 s. (3) Optimization tests showed that the tensile-shear strength of Scots pine was more sensitive to welding time changes than holding time and could be optimized to more than 9.7 MPa using 1.3 MPa welding pressure, > 3.5 s welding time, and < 60 s holding time. (4) Changing welding parameters and wood properties can increase water resistance of welded wood to some extent, but treating the weldline with certain natural and environmentally-friendly water repellents is still necessary. (5) Welded Scots pine shows unusually high water resistance and tensile-shear strength. This may be explained by there being more extractives compounds in Scots pine. (6) MRI experiments showed that the origin of the joint failure in welded beech is poor water resistance of the weldline, while swelling and shrinkage of wood are the main reasons for joint failure of welded Scots pine. (7) Extractives in Scots pine dramatically improve water resistance of the welded joint, but not to a level to classify the joint as an unprotected exterior grade. However, it can qualify as a joint for protected semi-exterior application
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Xie, Mingyu. "Model predictive control of water quality in drinking water distribution systems considering disinfection by-products." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7207/.
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The shortage in water resources have been observed all over the world. However, the safety of drinking water has been given much attention by scientists because the disinfection will react with organic matters in drinking water to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs) which are considered as the cancerigenic matters. Although much research has been carried out on the water quality control problem in DWDS, the water quality model considered is linear with only chlorine dynamics. Compared to the linear water quality model, the nonlinear water quality model considers the interaction between chlorine and DBPs dynamics. The thesis proposes a nonlinear model predictive controller which utilises the newly derived nonlinear water quality model as a control alternative for controlling water quality. EPANET and EPANET-MSN are simulators utilised for modelling in the developed nonlinear MPC controller. Uncertainty is not considered in these simulators. This thesis proposes the bounded PPM in a form of multi-input multi-output to robustly bound parameters of chlorine and DBPs jointly and to robustly predict water quality control outputs for quality control purpose. The methodologies and algorithms developed in this thesis are verified by applying extended case studies to the example DWDS. The simulation results are presented and critically analysed.
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Rawcliffe, Heather Joanne. "Lava-water-sediment interaction : processes, products and petroleum systems." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7204/.
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Lava-water-sediment interaction encompasses the processes and products created as lava is emplaced over, or into sediment (and/or water). The lithologies preserved at the lava-sediment interface include pillow lavas, hyaloclastite and peperite, which are well documented within the literature. However, little work captures the full scope of the interaction between sub-aerially emplaced, invasive lava and (clastic) sediment (+/-water). Furthermore, the scales and geometries of interaction at the lava-water-sediment interface are yet to be fully understood. This research uses four field localities from a variety of environmental and tectonic settings to assess the remarkably variable, complex and intricate fragmental textures and geometries preserved at the lava-sediment interface, many of which are documented for the first time. The processes and lava/sediment properties that influence interaction are then interpreted. This research identifies a continuum of lava-water-sediment interaction, from minimal and passive interactions, to dynamic and complex interactions, predominantly between basalt lavas and siliciclastic and volcaniclastic sediments. The contiuum recognises that the variability of sedimentary properties (e.g. saturation, grain size, cohesion, compaction), rather than lava properties (e.g. effusion rates/flux, composition, temperature, viscosity, shear strength etc.), is the dominant influence on interaction products. The variability of sedimentary properties can occur on the micro- to macro- scale, producing a range of scale-invariant lava-sediment products. When sediment is partially consolidated and compacted, with relatively little to no water content, loading and passive interaction, including the formation of passive peperite, occurs. Sediment that is very fine grained, compacted, semi-saturated and only slightly consolidated, is typically more cohesive and produces coherent sedimentary inclusions. Sediment inclusions within lava and peperite domains are abundant, and interpreted as the product of lava invading and entraining fragments of more cohesive, consolidated sediment. When sediment is saturated (with pore water), unconsolidated, and uncompacted, dynamic peperite forms and sediment fluidisation occurs. Sediment fluidisation is also the main product at the interface between pillow lavas and sediment. Measurement analysis of pillow-sediment contacts establishes that pillow invasion is scale invariant. An understanding of the lateral variability of the processes and products of lava-water-sediment interaction is developed, along with the concept of individual sedimentary ‘barrier’ layers that may impede lava-invasion, and influence the geometries of the system. The geometries of lava-water-sediment domains, particularly where dynamic interaction occurs, may be further influenced by palaeoenvironment (e.g. fluvial drainage systems may focus aggressive interaction and peperite formation in channels). The products and processes of lava-water-sediment interaction, and the geometries of the lava-sedimentary systems, are presented in a series of models, all of which highlight the variable sediment properties at the time of lava invasion. The results of this research are directly applicable to the petroleum industry in aiding exploration within volcanic-rifted margins. Application of these findings is of particular importance during the development of regional and basin-scale depositional environment models. The field data is applied to wireline and borehole image log interpretations, which provides greater understanding of how potential reservoir units may be disrupted by lavas, both physically and by “compartmentalization” of the reservoir. Together, these results demonstrate how lavas have the potential to considerably fragment on interaction with sediment and/or water, informing our understanding of the interplay of volcanic and sedimentary systems.
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Beech, Scott Jay. "Oil removal for produced water treatment and micellar cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4249.
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Produced water is a major waste produced from oil and natural gas wells in the state of Texas. This water could be a possible source of new fresh water to meet the growing demands of the state after treatment and purification. This thesis describes a research project that evaluated the treatment of brine generated in oil fields (produced water) with ultrafiltration membranes. The characteristics of various ultrafiltration membranes for oil and suspended solids removal from produced water were studied to test whether they could be used in a pretreatment method. The research measured the effect of pressure and flow rate on performance of three commercially available membranes for treatment of oily produced water. Oil and suspended solids removal were measured by using turbidity and oil in water measurements taken periodically. The study also analyzed the flux through the membrane and any effect it had on membrane performance. The research showed that an ultrafiltration membrane provided turbidity removal of over 99% and oil removal of 78% for the produced water samples. The results indicated that the ultrafiltration membranes would be useful as one of the first steps in purifying the water. Membrane cleaning of produced water-fouled membranes by micellar solutions was investigated. A neutral pH and ambient temperature micelle solution for effective cleaning of oily water-fouled membranes was developed and studied. The performance of cleaning solutions on ultrafiltration membranes was investigated on laboratory size membrane testing equipment. Different micro emulsion solutions were studied to evaluate the effect of solution properties on cleaning performance. Three types of multiple membranes were studied, each having the same polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) material but with different nominal separation or flux characteristics. The data showed that the use of a micelle solution to clean the produced water-fouled membranes was a feasible and effective method. The study showed with further adjustment of the micelle solution the cleaning effectiveness could be optimized to provide double the effectiveness of current industry methods for membranes fouled by produced water.
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Yang, Xin. "The role of dissolved organic nitrogen in by-product formation during drinking water chloramination /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202007%20YANGX.
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Al, Aufi Mohammed. "Treating oil-field co-produced water by forward osmosis for low-salinity water injection and enhanced oil recovery." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842050/.
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Co-produced water re-injection is a mature recovery technique for oil fields. Co-produced water that is not re-injected is the largest wastage stream in the oil industry. Handling, treatment and management (especially re-injection back into the reservoir) is an expensive operation. PWRI is a secondary oil recovery method with a small recovery factor in the range of 15-25% and contributes to many surface and subsurface issues, e.g., scaling and reservoir plugging, resulting in the decline of water injectivity, and thus lower oil recovery. This reduction, of course, impinges significantly on the revenue stream of major oil corporations. However, low-salinity (LowSal) water injection is an emerging method that boosts oil recovery by reducing the downsides of produced water re-injection. Using forward osmosis to produce low-salinity water for injection is a novel idea, in which the co-produced water will be the draw solution. In this concept, low-salinity water from water wells (brackish water) is used as the feed to dilute the co-produced water. The diluted co-produced water will then be re-injected as LowSal water. The obviously cheaper alternative of direct dilution of the co-produced water with the brackish water might not produce a water compatible with the oil reservoir in both ionic composition and strength. Data have been collected from different oil fields with various co-produced water and formation characteristics. Different co-produced water treatments were observed in each oil field due to differences in co-produced water chemistry. The water sample for analysis was taken at the skim tanks prior to the water injection stage. A theoretical resistance-in-series model for the forward osmosis stage is presented, which has been adapted from the literature, which incorporates the mass transfer equations, in which the boundary layer and thin-film theory for the membrane intrinsic layers are integrated. An improved shell mass transfer correlation is introduced in addition to the incorporation of a modified reflection coefficient into the resistance-in-series model. The collected data were then incorporated into the theoretical model to calculate and evaluate the forward osmosis performance and, in turn, the water chemistry before re-injection. A forward osmosis rig has been erected to use the latest hollow fibre membrane supplied by the Toyobo Company (Japan). Water and solute flux were measured to validate the model estimations. The model estimated results were at 95% confidence to the measured values. Analytical investigations (ion analysis) for the membrane filtrate at various flowrates and applied pressures were performed to determine the forward osmosis filtrate ion composition. The FO filtrate compositions were then simulated using ScaleChem studio software from OLI for scaling tendency. The software predicted a remarkable reduction in the scaling tendency in the injection water infrastructure (including the oil reservoir) and by more than 50% compared to conventional co-produced water re-injection. Parallel to the ScaleChem predictions, the FO filtrate water was experimentally investigated for scaling using the Differential Scaling Loop rig, in a third-party lab. The DSL results are in good agreement with the ScaleChem predictions. The experimental scaling tendency results show that the injection of forward osmosis filtrate has the minimum occurrence of scaling both in the surface and subsurface. This new concept to produce LowSal produced water re-injection has the potential to improve oil recovery by minimizing the oil reservoir plugging due to scaling.
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Piovani, Laura. "Study of low environmental coating products: bio-based water products and solvent based products deriving from PET recycling." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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In this study three different projects are presented.The first consist in the analysis of two different bio resins with which a white and a transparent water-based base coat, a transparent water-based top coat and a water-based hydro-oil are formulated, applied and characterized, replacing the fossil based resins. First, the two bio resins are analyzed in terms of compatibility with other resins, additives and solvents and then the products formulated are characterized in terms of viscosity and chemical resistances. After the application, the products are analyzed in terms of filming capacity. The second project consists in formulating a coating system using the bio resin, suitable for use on bamboo toothbrushes in order to avoid the formation of mold. In particular two different formulations with two different viscosities are tested after having subjected the toothbrush to different pre-treatments based on H2O2 30 volumes, saturated solution of AgNO3. The third project consists in the formulation of two solvent-based clear coating systems: a base coat with a matte top coat and a base coat with a glossy top coat. For both systems an alkyd resin is used, whose fatty acid part consists of olive fatty acids, containing 12-14% recycled PET. The two system are formulated, applied and characterized in terms of viscosity, specific weight, transparency, elasticity, sand ability and chemical resistances. A comparison is made with the same products produced using the fossil based resins.The results show that the products formulated using the bio resins have similar characteristics of the standard resins therefore the bio products can replace the fossil based one. The toothbrushes coated with the coating system using the two new formulations are more resistant to the formation of mold. Finally, the two solvent-based coating system formulated using a resin containing PET can replace a coating system formulated with fossil based resin as they present similar characteristics.
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Brassill, Natalie A. "The Assessment of Escherichia coli as an Indicator of Microbial Quality of Irrigation Waters used for Produce." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293596.
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Escherichia coli is a bacterial species that lives in the gut of all warm-blooded animals, fish, birds as well as reptiles and is commonly used as an indicator of fecal contamination in water. This project assessed currently used culture based media for the detection of E. coli in irrigation waters used in Arizona and California, and will present recommendations towards the most reliable media for the evaluation of irrigation waters used for produce. Currently, no microbial indicator standards exist for irrigation waters used for produce production in the United States. The produce industry suggests that the recreational water standard guideline (126 E. coli/100 ml) established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) be used. There is concern that the false positive rate of E. coli detection may be high in these waters giving false indications of the level of risk from enteric pathogens. This project evaluated three commercially available media for E. coli detection to test irrigation waters from three agricultural areas (Yuma and Maricopa, AZ and Imperial Valley, CA) and then assessed false positive rates by utilizing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing of the bacterial isolates. The media that were chosen for evaluation were (1) MI Agar, (2) IDEXX Colilert Quanti-Tray® and (3) m-ColiBlue24® broth, all evaluation media accepted by the USEPA and widely used in the monitoring of irrigation water quality by the produce industry. Four hundred and fifty 1-L irrigation water grab samples were collected between March 2012 and November 2012. The samples were analyzed for both cultural counts and water quality parameters including temperature, salinity and pH. Isolates positive and negative for E. coli were then selected and assessed utilizing PCR and DNA sequencing. The false positive rate of each method was found to be high, with MI Agar, m-ColiBlue24® broth and the IDEXX Colilert Quanti-Tray® at an accuracy of 67%, 72%, and 51% respectively. A false positive result is reported when presumptive E. coli sub cultured from the media is found to be non-E. coli through molecular analysis. Overall the IDEXX Colilert Quanti-Tray® performed at a greater rate of accuracy than the other two media evaluated, however, high false positive rates may lead to inaccurate assessment of water quality.
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Michalec, Jiri, and Sylvie Niklasova. "Water uptake of hardwoods." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-960.
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<p>This study investigate water uptake in six different species of hardwood in tangential and radial section. Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and beech (Fagus sylvatika) represent semi-diffuse-porous hardwoods. Aspen (Popolus tremula) and birch (Betula pubescens) represent diffuse-porous group; oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) the ring-porous hardwoods. Spruce (Picea abies) was used as a reference sample.</p><p>Significantly higher water uptake was observed in the diffuse-porous and the semi-diffuse-porous group. Water uptake varied among the species, nevertheless tangential section was more permeable in general. Any impact of density or annual rings width on water uptake was observed. Correlation between ratio of earlywood and latewood and water uptake in dependence on hardwood group was found out. Ring-porous species had low rate of earlywood and low water uptake, whereas diffuse-porous and semi-diffuse-porous hardwoods had high rate of earlywood and high water uptake. Relation between water uptake and microstructure of wood was observed.</p>
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Laurenson, Chevonne Hazel. "Aspects of the biology and fishery for monkfish Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus 1758 in waters around the Shetland Isles, Northeastern Atlantic." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://www.ices.dk/products/CMdocs/2001/J/J2701.pdf.
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Okaiyeto, Kunle. "Evaluation of flocculating potentials and charecterization of bioflocculants produced by three bacterial isolates from Algoa Bay, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2633.
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Flocculation has been widely adopted as one of the most effective methods to remove colloidal particles in water or wastewater treatment. Synthetic flocculants are conventionally used because of their high flocculating efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, they have been reported to have hazardous properties and implicated in some serious health problems including senile dementia and neuro-toxicity, as well as being recalcitrant in the environment. Consequently, efforts are being geared away from the use of synthetic flocculants in water and wastewater treatment. Hence, the need for safe and eco-friendly flocculants has become imperative. Compared with synthetic flocculants, bioflocculants have special advantages such as safety, biodegradability and harmlessness to the environment and humans; attributes which make them potential alternatives in water treatment, downstream as well as fermentation processes. In the current study, the potentials of bacterial isolates recovered from Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for bioflocculant production were investigated. The bacterial isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as belonging to the Bacillus genus. The analysis of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) nucleotide sequence of isolate M72 showed 99 percent similarity to Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112 and was deposited in the GenBank as Bacillus toyonensis strain AEMREG6 with accession number KP406731. Likewise, the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences of isolates M69 and M67 showed 98 percent sequence similarity to Bacillus licheniformis strain W7 and Bacillus algicola strain QD43 respectively; and M67 isolate was subsequently deposited in the GenBank as Bacillus sp. AEMREG7 with accession number KF933697.1. The results of the nutritional requirements and fermentation conditions revealed that optimum inoculum size for REG-6 production was 4 percent (v/v), while 5 percent (v/v) and 3 percent (v/v) were most favourable for MBF-W7 and MBF-UFH production respectively. Glucose was the best carbon source for the production of bioflocculants (REG-6 and MBF-UFH) by Bacillus toyonensis AEMREG6 and Bacillus sp. AEMREG7 respectively, while maltose supported optimum bioflocculant (MBF-W7) production by Bacillus specie. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4NO3) was the favoured nitrogen source for both REG-6 and MBF-W7 production, while mixed nitrogen sources [yeast extract + urea + (NH4)2SO4] supported the maximum production of MBF-UFH. The initial medium pH for REG-6 was 5, while MBF-W7 and MBF-UFH were both maximally produced at the initial pH of 6. After a 96 h cultivation period under optimal culture conditions, 3.2 g of purified REG-6 with a maximum flocculating activity of 77 percent was recovered from 1 L fermented broth of Bacillus toyonensis AEMREG6. Yields of 3.8 g and 1.6 g pure bioflocculants with the respective highest flocculating activities of 94.9 percent and 83.2 percent were also obtained from 1 L, 72 h-fermented broths of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus sp. AEMREG7 respectively. Furthermore, all the three bioflocculants (REG-6, MBF-W7 and MBF-UFH), displayed thermal stability within the temperature range of 50 to 100 oC, with strong flocculating activities of over 80 percent against kaolin suspension over a wide range of pH range (3–11) and relatively low dosage requirements of 0.1-03 mg/ml in the presence of divalent cations in the treatment of kaolin clay suspension and Thyme River waters. Chemical composition analyses of the bioflocculants showed them to be glycoproteins with a predominantly polysaccharide backbones as shown by the following carbohydrate/protein (w/w) ratios: 77.8 percent:11.5 percent (REG-6); 73.7 percent:6.2 percent (MBF-W7) and 76 percent:14 percent (MBF-UFH).
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Landu, Landu. "Environmental life cycle assessment of water use in South Africa the Rosslyn industrial area as a case study /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04242006-153804.
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Black, S. H. "Disinfection by-product formation from swimming pool water disinfection." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284924.
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Furrow, Brendan Eugene. "Analysis of hydrocarbon removal methods for the management of oilfield brines and produced waters." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2611.
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According to the Texas Railroad Commission (TRC), ????over 250 billion gallons
of produced water is taken out of Texas Soil every year, and more than 35% of this
water is not currently fit to use.?? Therefore, it can be assumed that domestically and
globally, the petroleum industries challenge has been to develop a high-tech and cost
effective method to purify the large volumes of oilfield brines and produced water.
Currently, most of the produced water requires several pre- and post- treatment methods
to aide in reducing fouling of membranes, separation of components, increasing influent
and effluent quality, and preventing unwanted work stoppage during the desalination
process. As a result, the pre- and post- treatment conditioning of the produced water
affects the economics and scale-up (i.e. residence times, absorption capacity, etc??) of
the varying processes parameters. Therefore, this research focuses on developing an
economic analysis and determining the adsorption capacity of an organoclay system to
remove oil.
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Wilson, Reese Nathaniel. "Clarification of Recreational Pool Water using Biological Additives Produced by BiOWiSH(TM)." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1477.
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Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments.
Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOGTM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid v substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface.
Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.
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Ullah, Asmat. "Separation of oil drops from produced water using a slotted pore membrane." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15687.
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Microfiltration is one of the most important processes in membrane sciences that can be used for separating drops/particles above 1 ??m. Depth microfiltration membranes retain drops/particles inside the surface of the membrane, the process is expensive and membranes quickly become fouled. On the other hand, surface microfiltration membranes stop drops/particles on the surface of the membrane and the process is less fouling. Higher permeate flux and lower trans-membrane pressure is obtained with a shear enhanced microfiltration technique. Production of specific size of drops and stability of the drops are very important in testing the microfiltration of crude oil drops/water emulsions. Oil drops from 1-15 ??m were produced with a food blender, operated at its highest speed for the duration of 12 mins. In addition, vegetable oil drops were stabilised with 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Tween 20 and gum Arabic, stability was assessed on the basis of consistency in the size distribution and number of drops in each sample analysed at 30 mins interval. A slotted pore Nickel membrane with the slot width and slot length of 4 and 400 ??m respectively has been used in the filtration experiments. The slot width to the slot length ratio (aspect ratio) of the used membrane is 100. Vibrating the membrane at various frequencies created shear rates of different intensities on the surface of the membrane. Membrane with a tubular configuration is preferred over the flat sheet because it is easy to control in-case of membrane oscillations both at lab and industrial scale. Besides this, a tubular membrane configuration provides a smaller footprint as compared to the flat sheet. The influence of applied shear rate on slots/pore blocking has been studied. Applying shear rate to the membrane reduced the blocking of the slots of the membrane; and reduction of slots blocking is a function of the applied shear rate. At higher shear rate, lower blocking of the slots of the membrane was verified by obtaining lower trans-membrane pressure for constant rate filtration. The experiments are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical blocking model. Divergence of the experimental data from the theory may be due to involvement of deforming drops in the process. During microfiltration of oil drops, the drops deform when passing through the slots or pores of the membrane. Different surfactants provided different interfacial tensions between the oil and water interface. The influence of interfacial tension on deformation of drops through the slots was studied. The higher the interfacial tension then the lower would be the deformation of drops through the slots. A mathematical model was developed based on static and drag forces acting on the drops while passing the membrane. The model predicts 100% cut-off of drops through the membrane. Satisfactory agreement of the model with the experiments shows that the concept of static and drag force can be successfully applied to the filtration of deformable drops through the slotted pore membranes. Due to the applied shear rate, inertial lift migration velocities of the drops away from the surface of the membrane were created. Inertial lift velocities are linear functions of the applied shear rate. A mathematical model was modified based on inertial lift migration velocities. The critical radius of the drops is the one above which drops cannot pass through the surface of the membrane into the permeate due to the applied shear rate and back transport. The model is used as a starting point and is an acceptable agreement with the experiment. The model can be used to predict the 100% cut-off value for oil drops filtration and a linear fit between this value and the origin on a graph of grade (or rejection) efficiency and drop size to slot width ratio was used to predict the total concentration of dispersed oil left after filtration. Hence, it is shown how it is possible to predict oil discharge concentrations when using slotted filters.
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Johnson, Thomas G. "Heat Transfer in Brine Solutions at Supercritical Pressure." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1439504843.
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