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Fonseca, A. L., J. Da Silva, E. A. Nunes, S. M. F. O. Azevedo, and R. M. Soares. "In vivo genotoxicity of treated water containing the cylindrospermopsin-producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 3 (2014): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.087.
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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid commonly produced by some cyanobacteria that has been implicated in outbreaks of human illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cellular content (including CYN) and its byproducts resulting from chlorination during water treatment. DNA damage in blood and liver cells was analysed by the comet assay and micronucleus test (MN). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with the following treatments: (a) physiological saline, (b) treated water, (c) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (d) C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (e) C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain), and (f) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain) extract. After 48 h, samples were taken to perform tests (blood and liver cells to the comet assay and bone marrow to MN test). The CYPO-011 K had a genotoxic and mutagenic effects on liver and bone marrow cells. The group that received chlorine-treated water plus CYPO-011 K also exhibited genotoxic effects in the liver, as well as in the blood, and a mutagenic effect in blood marrow cells. The results emphasise the need of improving CYN monitoring in waters bodies in order to reduce the risk of human exposure.
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Prica, Nadežda, M. Baltić, V. Teodorović, Jelena Petrović, and Olga Rackov. "QUALITY OF HOT DOG SAUSAGES." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 2, no. 1 (2009): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v2i1.209.
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The volume of hot dog sausages plays an important role in meat production. Due to their desirable eating properties (softness, juicy, mild taste and smell) they form a group of sausages acceptable for all consumer categories. They are produced according to producer’s specification, which are not the same. Therefore, the differences in quality may be expected. The objective of this paper was to make a comparative analyses of three parameters in five different products present on Novi Sad market: the content of water, fat and protein, and to determine the average content of these parameters in hot dogs produced by different producers. The average content of water ranged from 56.29±3.30% to 61.44±4.08%. The differences between the average content of water in the product of producer A and C were with no statistic significance (p=0.05), and there was no difference between the average water content in other products. The average total fat in hot dogs ranged from 17.60±3.07% to 20.66±4.65%. The average fat content in the products of D and B producer, as well as Cand B, was without statistically significant difference (p=0.05). The average fat content in the products of producer E and D differed p=0.01. In all other comparisons the difference between the average fat content was p=0.001. The average meat protein content ranged from 11.77±1.08% to 15.41±1.82%. Between the products from producer A and C there was no statistical significant difference (p=0.05). The average meat protein content in the products of D and E producers showed statistic difference of p=0.01, but the average content in other producers was p=0.001. The content of meat protein in all hot dogs were within limits of regulations (10%). Statistically significant difference of the average water content in five different producers was discovered in one case (out of ten), the average fat content in two, and the average protein content in one of the examined products.
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Vazquez, Oscar, Ross A. McCartney, and Eric Mackay. "Produced-Water-Chemistry History Matching Using a 1D Reactive Injector/Producer Reservoir Model." SPE Production & Operations 28, no. 04 (2013): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/164113-pa.
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Tung, S. C., T. F. Lin, I. C. Tseng, and H. M. Lin. "Identification of 2-MIB and geosmin producers in Feng-Shen reservoir in south Taiwan." Water Supply 6, no. 2 (2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.050.
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Musty and earthy odor are present in the source water of Feng-Shen waterworks (FSW) in south Taiwan all year round. Although 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin are responsible for the musty and earthy odor, respectively, the possible odor producers remained unknown. In this study, actinomycetes that produce 2-MIB and geosmin were studied. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, three species were identified after comparison with the GenBank database at the NCBI. The three species are Streptomyces malaysiensis as a 2-MIB and geosmin producer, Streptomyces caelestis as a 2-MIB producer, and Streptomyces roseoflavus as a geosmin producer. For S. malaysiensis and S. caelestis, the production of MIB and/or geosmin was increased with incubation temperature (20–30 °C) in starch–glutamate broth medium. The optimal MIB, geosmin and biomass occurred at 30 °C. The maximal geosmin/biomass (G/B) and/or MIB/biomass (M/B) also occurred at 30 °C, and sporulating cultures contained more geosmin and/or MIB than nonsporulatig cultures.
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Gusman, Vera, Deana Medic, Zora Jelesic, and Mira Mihajlovic-Ukropina. "Sphingomonas paucimobilis as a biofilm producer." Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 4 (2012): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1204327g.
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The aim of this study was, for the first time in our country, to identify the capability of isolates of Sphingomonas paucimobilis to form a biofilm. In the 3-month period from January 1st to March 31st 2010, a total of 2630 samples of drinking water were microbiologically examined in the Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Serbia. From all examined samples of drinking water, non-fermentative Gram-negative oxidase positive bacilli were identified in 113 samples (4.30%). The bacteria isolates were identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis (4 isolates), based on analysis by the automated VITEK 2 Compact system; biofilm formation was examined according to the modified method of Stepanovic et al. (2000). All 4 Sphingomonas paucimobilis strains tested showed a strong biofilm-producing ability. Considering the potential pathogenic features of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, the presence of these strains in drinking water distribution systems is not desirable. Therefore, adequate biofilm degradation and management of drinking-water distribution networks that will guarantee microbiologically safe drinking water is recommended.
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Abdul Rahim, Ainihayati, Wan Nurul Hakimah Wan Azmi, Noor Azlina Ibrahim, Wan Nurul Iffan Sofea Wan Mohamad Safari, and Khomaizon Abdul Kadir Pahirul Zaman. "Isolation of Potential Biosurfactant Producer from Oil Contaminated Soil and Water." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 5, no. 3 (2017): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v5i3.659.
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Biosurfactants are extracellular macromolecules produced by bacteria, yeast, and fungi when grown on different carbon sources. It has the ability to reduce the surface tension of a liquid, interfacial tensions between two liquids and between a liquid and a solid. This study was conducted to isolate potential biosurfactant producers from oil-contaminated soil and water. Soil and water samples were obtained from the food court area in front of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus. Isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria was carried out on minimal salt medium (MSM) supplemented with palm oil as the sole carbon source. Five potential biosurfactant producers; WS2, WS4, WS5, SS2 and SS5 were successfully isolated and identified by 16S rRNA analysis. Isolate WS4, SS2 and SS5 showed the highest similarity to Klebsiella sp and the other two isolates, WS2 and SS5 showed the highest similarity to Pseudomonas sp. and Nanobacterium sp. respectively. While Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were reported as prevalent biosurfactant producer, no report is available on the production of biosurfactants by Nanobacterium sp. All isolates showed variation in biosurfactant characterization assays which are emulsification test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test, blood haemolysis and blue agar plate assay.
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Widyaningsih, Ratna, Muhamad Zamzam Istimaqom, Hizballah Nidaulhaq, and Atma Budi Arta. "The Application of Diagnostic Plots to Evaluate Water Flooding." Journal of Petroleum and Geothermal Technology 1, no. 1 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/jpgt.v1i1.3323.
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To analyze production optimization using waterflood, several types of diagnostic plots are needed to determine the response to using waterflood. If you have analyzed 1 plot, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis to evaluate its success rate by combining it using another plot analysis. The X-Min Field is a field that produces light oil and is managed by the Asset Optimization SLO North PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia. This field was discovered in 1959 and started to be produced in 1966. Currently, 100 wells have been drilled with 37 active wells from 43 production wells, active injector wells are 18 out of 19, inactive wells 30, 4 wells have been plugged in, and there are 4 active wells that produce gas. The number of OOIPs in this field is 593 MMBO with cumulative production reaching 283.7 MMBO and Recovery Factor reaching 47.7%. In 2017 it was noted that the current production in December 2017 amounted to 5,374 BOPD / 121,264 BFPD or in other words the water cut reached 96.6%. Meanwhile, the amount of injection used to optimize this field is 144,103 BWIPD. Reservoirs in this field have 4 reservoirs namely Res-1, Res-2, Res-3, and Res-4 wherein each reservoir there are several grains of sand optimized using waterflood. There was 8 sand analyzed, including Sand Asyique, Sand Bajubaru, Sand Cemangad, Sand Emakpintar, Sand Fantamantap, Sand Gulungulung, Sand Harikita, and Special Sand. Closes the producer indicated premature water breakthrough. General recommendations given to various sands include adding or subtracting, both injectors and producers based on the response of each sand to water flooding.
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Scott, G., and C. Ammundsen. "WATER AND THE COAL SEAM GAS INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06027.
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Access to water is a significant issue in Queensland as much of the State continues to be affected by a prolonged drought. Coal seam gas production involves extracting water from coal seams to reduce the groundwater pressure that keeps the methane trapped in the coal. This process produces large volumes of water. Local councils, primary producers and industrial developers are potential end users of this water; however, if the water is of poor quality, it may be unsuitable for release in the environment and for other direct beneficial uses.This paper examines the complex legislative and regulatory hurdles that need to be overcome before any mutually beneficial agreement between the coal seam gas producer and end user may be completed. It also examines an operational policy recently released by the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency that proposes a framework for the regulation and management of water extracted from coal seams.
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Adewole, E. Steve, and O. A. Olafuyi. "Comparison between Pressure Drop Profile of a Horizontal Well as a Water Injector and as an Oil Producer in a Five-Spot Waterflood Pattern." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.265.
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This paper compares the pressure drop profiles of both horizontal well producer and injector in a 5spot waterflood pattern. Dimensionless pressure distributions for each pattern were utilised. All computations were limited to conditions of unit mobility ratio; i.e., before water breakthrough condition. Results show that a normal 5-spot flood pattern, with a horizontal well producer, offers higher pressure drops, but early water breakthrough tendencies, than as an injector for the same reservoir and wellbore conditions. An inverted pattern, under the same conditions, produces clean oil for a longer time, before water breakthrough possibilities.
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Dring, Colin, John F. Devlin, Gemma Boag, et al. "Incentives and disincentives identified by producers and drainage contractors/experts on the adoption of controlled tile drainage in eastern Ontario, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 51, no. 1 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2015.047.
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This study investigates incentives and disincentives regarding adoption of controlled tile drainage (CTD) in a region of eastern Ontario, Canada, where CTD could be used prolifically from a biophysical standpoint, but is not. Irrespective of documented environmental and agronomic benefits of CTD, adoption remains low. Surveys and semi-structured interviews with producers and drainage contractors/experts were used to evaluate awareness of CTD and identify producer adoption impediments. Surveys indicated nearly 70% of producer respondents had heard about CTD. Top ranked incentives identified by producers (who adopted) and drainage contractors/experts combined were: soil water retention benefits, increased crop yields, and gratification improving the environment. Top ranked disincentives combined by target groups were: increased farm labor, perceived lack of extension services, and costs. Many producer adopters emphasized motivators grounded in personal or community bearing, such as peer interaction and doing the right thing for the environment. Drainage contractors emphasized adoption impediments tied to a perceived lack of extension support for CTD. Drainage contractors themselves desired more extension support and firm data/research foundations with respect to advocating CTD to clients. With respect to motivation for producers to adopt CTD, this latter point may be critical given that producers highly valued drainage contractors as an information source on drainage practices.
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Buciak, J., G. Fondevila Sancet, and L. Del Pozo. "Polymer-Flooding-Pilot Learning Curve: Five-Plus Years' Experience To Reduce Cost per Incremental Barrel of Oil." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 18, no. 01 (2014): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/166255-pa.
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Summary This paper deals with the learning curve of a five-plus-year polymer-flooding pilot conducted in a mature waterflood that includes, for example, several works related to injector and producer wells and reservoir management. The scope of this paper is to describe the learning curve during the last 5 years rather than the reservoir response of the polymer-flooding technique; focus is on the aspects related to reduce cost per incremental barrel of oil for a possible extension to other waterflooded areas of the field. Diadema oil field is in the San Jorge Gulf basin in the southern portion of Argentina. The field is operated by CAPSA, an Argentinean oil-producer company; it has 480 producer and 270 injector wells (interwell spacing is 250 m on average). The company has developed waterflooding over more than 18 years (today, this technique represents 82% of oil production in the field) and produces approximately 1600 m3/d of oil and 40 000 m3/d of gross production (96% water cut) with 38 400 m3/d of water injection. The reservoir that is polymer-flooded is characterized by high permeability (average of 500 md), high heterogeneity (10 to 5,000 md), high porosity (30%), very stratified sandstone layers (4 to 12 m of net thickness) with poor lateral continuity (fluvial origin), and 20 °API oil (100 cp at reservoir conditions). Diadema's polymer-flooding pilot started in October 2007 on five water injectors (it includes 13 injectors today) with an injected rate of 1000 m3/d (today, 2000 m3/d). Polymer solution is made with produced water (15,000 ppm brine) and 1,500 ppm of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer reaching 15- to 20-cp fluid-injection viscosity. Oil-production rate from the original “central” producers (wells that are aided with 100% of polymer injection) has increased 100% at the same time as average reduction in water cut is approximately 15%. The main aspects presented in this work are depth profile modification with crosslinked gel injected along with polymer, use of “curlers” to regulate injection in multiple wells with one injection pump without shearing the polymer, and an improved technology on producer wells with progressing-cavity pumps to decrease shut-in time and number of pump failures. The plan for the future is to extend this project to other areas with the acquired knowledge and to improve different aspects, such as water quality and optimization of polymer plant operation. These improvements will allow the company to reduce operating costs per incremental barrel of oil.
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Parsons, Lawrence R., Bahman Sheikh, Robert Holden, and David W. York. "Reclaimed Water as an Alternative Water Source for Crop Irrigation." HortScience 45, no. 11 (2010): 1626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1626.
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Reclaimed water has been safely and successfully used for more than 40 years in Florida and California. Reclaimed water in these states is regulated with restrictions more stringent than World Health Organization guidelines. In the United States, Florida is currently the largest producer and California is the second largest producer of reclaimed water. Reclaimed water is more highly tested than other sources of irrigation water, and the safety of this water has been demonstrated in these and other states. Very high application rates of reclaimed water to citrus on well-drained Florida sands increased tree growth and fruit production. Although reclaimed water contains some nutrient elements, there is usually insufficient macronutrient content to meet plant nutritional requirements. Most reclaimed waters do not have high salinity levels although they are slightly more salty than the potable waters from which they originated. With an adequate leaching fraction, salts in reclaimed water can be handled with appropriate irrigation management. Use of reclaimed water has steadily increased in Florida since 1992, but other entities besides agricultural irrigation are now competing for its use. Public acceptance of reclaimed water has also increased, and crops grown with reclaimed water in Florida and California have been marketed without a negative public reaction. Recent issues of food safety have caused some to question reclaimed water, but there is no evidence of food safety problems with its use. Although reclaimed water in Florida was initially promoted as a way to improve surface water quality, it has now become an important alternate source of water to help meet water shortages and urban demand. In California, reclaimed water has become a necessary part of statewide water management.
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JPT staff, _. "Successful Water Shutoff in a High-Temperature, High-Volume Producer." Journal of Petroleum Technology 50, no. 06 (1998): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0698-0079-jpt.
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Taffarello, Denise, João Guimarães, Regiane Kock de Sousa Lombardi, Maria do Carmo Calijuri, and Eduardo Mario Mendiondo. "Hydrologic Monitoring Plan of the Brazilian Water Producer/PCJ Project." Journal of Environmental Protection 07, no. 12 (2016): 1956–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.712152.
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Suarez, Donald L., Nydia Celis, Ray G. Anderson, and Devinder Sandhu. "Grape Rootstock Response to Salinity, Water and Combined Salinity and Water Stresses." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060321.
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Diminishing availability of non-saline water in arid and semiarid regions is of concern to all irrigated agricultural producers, including wine and grape producers. Grapes are not a salt tolerant crop and producers often face the choice of either limiting fresh water application, using alternative saline waters or a combination of both. We examined the salt tolerance and effect of restricted water application on three purported salt tolerant rootstocks grafted to Cabernet Sauvignon scion in a 4-year replicated field experiment. ANOVA indicated significant effects of salinity water stress and rootstock on fruit yields. The 140 Ruggeri scion was the top producer across all treatments including control, followed by Salt Creek, with St. George significantly less productive than 140 Ruggeri across all treatments. In terms of salt tolerance, Salt Creek and 140 Ruggeri were not statistically different but St. George was significantly less tolerant than Salt Creek. In terms of drought tolerance (relative yield), there were no statistical differences among rootstocks. Soil salinity profiles and soil moisture sensors indicated reduced water consumption under high salinity, thus no matric stress under 60% of optimal water application when high salt stress was present. The multiplicative stress model where salt and water stress are individually evaluated did not satisfactorily predict yield under combined salinity and reduced water application, likely due to decreased water consumption under saline conditions. Short term (one year) experiments underestimate salt damage to grape vines as salt tolerance decreased over the 4-year experiment.
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Curtis, Kynda R., Carol D. Bishop, and Thomas R. Harris. "Economic Feasibility of Wine Grape Production in the Arid US: A Northwest Nevada Example." Journal of Wine Economics 5, no. 2 (2010): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000948.
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AbstractAs competition for water resources increases and water availability in arid regions declines, agricultural producers are encouraged to adopt water-conserving strategies. This study examines the economic feasibility of implementing wine grapes in northwest Nevada as a diversification and water conservation strategy. Results show profit potential when vitis interspecific wine grape varieties are produced in the region. Net returns based upon point estimates from two separate analyses show per-acre net returns at $1,065 and $3,022, respectively. However, the large variation in potential net returns shown in the risk analysis, combined with a high capital investment cost of more than $17,000 per acre, may preclude producers from exercising their option to adopt wine grape production. Also, including wine grapes in the on-farm crop portfolio will affect its risk and return characteristics, likely impacting producer preferred level of wine grape adoption. (JEL Classification: Q11, Q15, Q25, Q54)
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HUANG, QIUQIONG, SCOTT ROZELLE, RICHARD HOWITT, JINXIA WANG, and JIKUN HUANG. "Irrigation water demand and implications for water pricing policy in rural China." Environment and Development Economics 15, no. 3 (2010): 293–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x10000070.
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ABSTRACTThe goal of this paper is to analyze whether reforming groundwater pricing has the potential to encourage water conservation and assess its impacts on crop production and producer income in rural China. Household-level water demands are estimated so that adjustments at both the intensive and extensive margins are captured. The results show that a large gap exists between the cost of water and the value of water to producers. Simulation analysis shows that reforming water pricing can induce water savings. However, the price of water needs to be raised to a relatively high level. We also find that the value-based policy is more effective than the cost-based policy since it generates larger water savings, given the same increase in the average price of water. While raising the price of water negatively affects crop production and crop income, higher water prices do not adversely affect the distribution of household income.
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Editor, Negash Geleta Etana. "Pricing Strategies of Ambo Mineral Water from Producer and Sellers Perspectives’." International Journal of Marketing Research Innovation 4, no. 1 (2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijmri.v4i1.592.
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The study was conducted on “Pricing strategies of Ambo Mineral Water from producers and sellers’ perspectives’’ and a data was collected from sellers of Ambo Town West Shoa Zone Oromia Regional State. The main objective of the study is to see the pricing strategies of Ambo Mineral Water and the scope is delimited to sellers of Ambo Mineral Water found in Ambo Town. The sample size was determined based on the maturity strategies which more used when the responses of the respondents are redundant. Accordingly, the study is used sample size up to 54 to see the facts. To analyze the collected data the study used descriptive statistics for all parties of the study. The last section presents the conclusions and recommendations directed to the respondents. In conclusion, all the respondents have one or two pricing strategies and this implies that the respondents have more knowledge on the pricing strategies. Therefore, it is more essential to recommend all the respondents must have the right pricing strategies according to their offerings based on the customers’ sensitivity.
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Lambert, Dayton M., Christopher D. Clark, Laura J. Medwid, Shawn A. Hawkins, and Hannah A. McClellan. "Best pasture management practice adoption and sediment abatement." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 2 (2020): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.42.
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AbstractResearch on producer willingness to adopt individual best pasture management practices (BMPs) is extensive, but less attention has been paid to producers simultaneously adopting multiple, complementary BMPs. Applications linking primary survey data on BMP adoption to water quality biophysical models are also limited. A choice-experiment survey of livestock producers is analyzed to determine willingness to adopt pasture BMPs. Sediment abatement curves are derived by linking estimates of producer responsiveness to incentives to adopt rotational grazing with a biophysical simulation model. Current cost share rates of $24/acre should yield a 12% decrease in sediment loading from pastures.
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Laakso, Tuija, Saijariina Toivikko, and Riku Vahala. "Centralized water and wastewater treatment as a greenhouse gas producer in Finland." Journal of Water and Climate Change 3, no. 1 (2012): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2012.049.
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Centralized water and wastewater treatment are key components of modern society but, at the same time, sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we carried out an assessment of the role of centralized water and wastewater treatment as a greenhouse gas producer in Finland, based on the existing literature and a questionnaire study. The aim of the study was to outline the significance of the emissions, as well as to discover what the main sources of the emissions are. The possibility of improving energy efficiency and lowering the emissions were also assessed. Indirect emissions from, for example, the use of chemicals or the manufacture of assets could not be considered when making this preliminary survey. The results of the research indicate that water and wastewater utilities do not produce as much greenhouse gas in Finland as, for instance, the heating of water in private households. We estimated the annual emissions from the centralized water and wastewater sector to be approximately 320,000 t carbon dioxide equivalents. Emissions could be reduced through, for example, shifting to energy-efficient sludge treatment, such as anaerobic methods. We estimated that gaseous emissions resulting from wastewater treatment, wastewater sludge treatment, the discharge of treated effluent and sludge disposal in landfills form approximately 50% of total emissions.
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Dinu, Cristina, Roxana Elena Scutariu, Gabriela Geanina Vasile, Anda Gabriela Tenea, Jana Petre, and Liliana Valeria Cruceru. "Evaluation of wastewater quality using water quality index." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 2 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2020.213.
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A study for evaluating the quality of wastewater discharged into the sewerage network of Bucharest, for several economic agents with various activity profiles: a car wash, a sweet producer, and a provider of automatic access systems were presented in this paper. The study was conducted over five years (2013- 2017). The results obtained for the analyzed parameters were compared with the maximum allowed values (MAV) by the legislation in force. The results showed that for the car wash there was only one exceeding of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter during the whole study period. The sweet producer and the provider of the automatic access systems evacuated wastewater with exceedances of MAV for the parameters: COD, BOD5, zinc, suspended solids, extractable substances in organic solvents, and total phosphorus. To evaluate the quality of the wastewater discharged by these two agents, the quality indices of wastewater (WWQI) were calculated. For the sweet producer, the calculated water quality indices had values between 62.4 - 92.7%, with a classification of wastewater, discharged in the quality class: marginal to good quality. For the provider of automatic access systems, the value of the quality index was between 74.2 and 85.5, the discharged wastewater being considered fair or good.
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Lamm, Freddie R., Danny H. Rogers, Alan J. Schlegel, et al. "Trends in Plant Available Soil Water on Producer Fields of Western Kansas." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12452.
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Abstract. Residual soil water after harvest and prior to planting was measured to a depth of 2.4 m with neutron attenuation techniques for approximately 45 irrigated corn and 45 dryland wheat fields annually from 2010 through 2012 in the western one-third of Kansas. The sampling locations were in three-county transects in northwest, west central and southwest Kansas with generally five fields for each crop type for each county. Residual plant available soil water (PASW) in corn fields was generally much greater than in wheat fields (150%-160% greater) for any given sampling period illustrating the residual influence of irrigation. Although weather conditions varied between regions and years there was not a strong effect on PASW in irrigated corn fields but there was an effect in dryland wheat fields. Annual differences in fall irrigated corn PASW for the 21 individual fields that were available for sampling in all three years varied less than 50 mm/2.4 m soil profile implying considerable stability in an individual producer’s response (irrigation management and irrigation system capacity) to changing weather conditions as evidenced by the similar year-to-year PASW values. Drought conditions existed for much of the total period (fall 2010 through fall 2012) in southwest Kansas, yet the irrigated corn PASW was still relatively high (PASW value at approximately 62% of water stored at field capacity in a 2.4 m profile). So, the presence of drought may not be a good indicator of the amounts of residual soil water producers are leaving after irrigated corn harvest. Although differences in irrigated corn PASW varied greatly among producers (183% to 722% within a region), there were much smaller differences between regions and years with a variation from 8% to 22%. Irrigation system capacity (flowrate/area) had very little effect on residual fall PASW in the corn fields possibly indicating that producers with deficit capacity are pumping earlier and later into the season to help mitigate their lower irrigation capacity. Irrigated corn grain yields began to plateau when PASW reached a value of approximately 200 mm/2.4 m profile which would represent a water storage of approximately 56% of field capacity. The residual PASW in irrigated corn fields decreased about 1 mm for each 2 mm decrease in irrigation and cropping season precipitation illustrating the difficulties that can arise in managing for a target residual PASW. These results suggest that producers should be scheduling irrigation with science-based methods, rather than habits and previous experiences. Keywords: Corn, Field capacity, Soil moisture content, Soil water, Volumetric water content, Wheat.
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Viani, Ricardo A. G., Henrique Bracale, and Denise Taffarello. "Lessons Learned from the Water Producer Project in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil." Forests 10, no. 11 (2019): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111031.
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Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is a powerful strategy for large-scale tropical forest recovery, and payment for ecosystem services (PES) is used to support FLR programs and projects on privately-owned land. In this article, we discuss the lessons learned from the Water Producer Project, a pioneer, multiple-stakeholder, and PES-supported FLR project in the Atlantic Forest, south-eastern Brazil. The project was implemented in four landscapes located in two municipalities. Altogether, 41 PES contracts with landowners were signed, resulting in various FLR practices being implemented in a total of 342.4 ha (64.2 ha for riparian forest restoration, 90.8 ha for soil conservation, and 187.4 for forest conservation) of land, which represents 39% of the project goal. As of the end of the project, only 50% (USD 49,250) of the available PES funds had been spent. However, funds spent on project planning, implementation, communication, and monitoring were 12 times greater than those spent on PES. Several challenges restricted the progress and monitoring of the project. The main issue was landowner participation and/or engagement. In terms of lessons learned, we highlight that PES schemes are more complex than initially thought, and that sufficient funding does not guarantee the success of FLR projects. It is essential to promote landowner participation and engagement by considering them key players in FLR projects. Finally, acceptance from landowners was higher and implementation was easier for forest conservation practices that required no land-use changes. Thus, we suggest that similar future projects should focus on targeting private properties in marginal agricultural lands with a high probability of natural regeneration. Alternatively, future projects could focus on lands with remnant forest cover of high conservation value.
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Ibragimov, X., F. Kazimov, R. Zh Isaev, and T. Shafiyev. "Experimental results on water influx restriction in producer wells using hydrophobe composition." "Proceedings" of "OilGasScientificResearchProjects" Institute, SOCAR, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20150100230.
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Manning, Dale T., Christopher Goemans, and Alexander Maas. "Producer Responses to Surface Water Availability and Implications for Climate Change Adaptation." Land Economics 93, no. 4 (2017): 631–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.93.4.631.
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Williams, Sonja D. "Wade in the Water." Resonance 1, no. 1 (2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/res.2020.1.1.15.
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In January 1994, Wade in the Water: African American Sacred Music, a first-time radio series collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution and National Public Radio, began airing on hundreds of NPR affiliate stations throughout America. An ambitious and influential series of 26 hour-long documentary programs, Wade explored 200 years of black sacred music, including spirituals, ring shouts, lined hymns, jazz, and gospel. The series also featured the insights of music creators, performers, listeners, and historians who could place African American sacred music traditions within the social, political, and cultural context of their times. Wade eventually won a Peabody Award and other awards of distinction. Conceived and hosted by Smithsonian Institution curator, artist, and MacArthur Foundation “Genius” Fellow Bernice Johnson Reagon, Wade required an intensive, five-year-long fundraising, research, and production journey of commitment. As the series’ associate producer, this article’s author worked with a host of dedicated radio producers, researchers, engineers, scholars, and music collectors who helped to make Wade a reality. Therefore, this article describes the series’ production journey from the vantage point of an insider, and it serves as a personal reflection on the making of a series that would set the standard for future long-form, NPR-based music documentary productions.
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Hrázský, Jaroslav, and Pavel Král. "Analysis of the shape stability of water-resistant plywoods." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 1 (2010): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058010061.
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The paper analyses causes of disorders of the shape stability of water-resistant plywoods produced by an important producer in the CR. Deformations of plywoods are caused by many reasons, such as wood structure (the course of wood fibres), plywood construction (the construction balance as for size and material regularity), the moisture of processed veneers and boards, glue spread, actual pressing process, the storage and climatization of finished plywoods. Basic technological parameters affecting the shape stability of plywoods were analysed, such as parameters of the hydrothermic preparation of raw material, parameters of veneer drying and the moisture of peeled veneers after drying as well as pressing parameters. At the conclusion, recommendations to improve the shape stability of plywood sheets are presented.
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Qtaishat, Tala H., Mohammad S. El-Habbab, and Dan P. Bumblauskas. "Welfare Economic Analysis of Lifting Water Subsidies for Banana Farms in Jordan." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (2019): 5118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185118.
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Jordan is one of the four driest countries in the world. Due to rapid population growth, water demand distinctly exceeds supply. The tariff to cover operations and maintenance (OM) and depreciation costs will be JD 0.066 per cubic meter (1 JD = 1.41 US$) if billing and collection efficiencies were able to reach 100 percent. The current charges of irrigation water in the Jordan Valley are JD 0.011/M3.This study aims at evaluating the effect of lifting the irrigation water subsidy for bananas in the Jordan Valley on the producers’ income, the consumers’ expenditure, the government’s budget, and Jordanian society. The total area planted with banana trees in 2017 was 1533 ha producing about 73.9 thousand tons of bananas. Previous studies have focused on evaluating the effect of input subsidies on prices and quantities, while in this study we evaluate the monetary effect on lifting these subsidies. A partial market equilibrium model, which evaluates the consumer surplus and producer surplus, was used to analyze the welfare effect of lifting the subsidies for irrigation water for the banana farms in Jordan. All the relevant players in the irrigated banana sector in Jordan were analyzed in this study including: producers, consumers, taxpayers, and society. Welfare economic instruments such as consumer surplus, producer surplus, and economic efficiency have been applied in the analysis. The government revenue will increase during the selected years by JD 3.1 million, JD 4.5 million and JD 3.8 million respectively. The dead weight loss during the three years will be JD 23.2 thousand, JD 44.3 thousand and JD 38.6 thousand respectively.
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Rantala-Ylinen, Anne, Suvi Känä, Hao Wang, et al. "Anatoxin-a Synthetase Gene Cluster of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain 37 and Molecular Methods To Detect Potential Producers." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 20 (2011): 7271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06022-11.
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ABSTRACTCyanobacterial mass occurrences are common in fresh and brackish waters. They pose a threat to water users due to toxins frequently produced by the cyanobacterial species present. Anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a are neurotoxins synthesized by various cyanobacteria, e.g.,Anabaena,Oscillatoria, andAphanizomenon. The biosynthesis of these toxins and the genes involved in anatoxin production were recently described forOscillatoriasp. strain PCC 6506 (A. Méjean et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.131:7512-7513, 2009). In this study, we identified the anatoxin synthetase gene cluster (anaAtoanaGandorf1; 29 kb) inAnabaenasp. strain 37. The gene (81.6% to 89.2%) and amino acid (78.8% to 86.9%) sequences were highly similar to those ofOscillatoriasp. PCC 6506, while the organization of the genes differed. Molecular detection methods for potential anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a producers of the generaAnabaena,Aphanizomenon, andOscillatoriawere developed by designing primers to recognize theanaCgene.AnabaenaandOscillatoria anaCgenes were specifically identified in several cyanobacterial strains by PCR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of theanaCamplicons enabled simultaneous identification of three producer genera:Anabaena,Oscillatoria, andAphanizomenon. The molecular methods developed in this study revealed the presence of bothAnabaenaandOscillatoriaas potential anatoxin producers in Finnish fresh waters and the Baltic Sea; they could be applied for surveys of these neurotoxin producers in other aquatic environments.
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Ferreira, William T., Huynh A. Hong, Mateusz Hess, et al. "Micellar Antibiotics of Bacillus." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (2021): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081296.
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Members of the Bacillus genus, particularly the “Bacillus subtilis group”, are known to produce amphipathic lipopeptides with biosurfactant activity. This includes the surfactins, fengycins and iturins that have been associated with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-viral properties. We have screened a large collection of Bacillus, isolated from human, animal, estuarine water and soil samples and found that the most potent lipopeptide producers are members of the species Bacillus velezensis. B. velezensis lipopeptides exhibited anti-bacterial activity which was localised on the surface of both vegetative cells and spores. Interestingly, lipopeptide micelles (6–10 nm diameter) were detectable in strains exhibiting the highest levels of activity. Micelles were stable (heat and gastric stable) and shown to entrap other antimicrobials produced by the host bacterium (exampled here was the dipeptide antibiotic chlorotetaine). Commercially acquired lipopeptides did not exhibit similar levels of inhibitory activity and we suspect that micelle formation may relate to the particular isomeric forms produced by individual bacteria. Using naturally produced micelle formulations we demonstrated that they could entrap antimicrobial compounds (e.g., clindamycin, vancomycin and resveratrol). Micellar incorporation of antibiotics increased activity. Bacillus is a prolific producer of antimicrobials, and this phenomenon could be exploited naturally to augment antimicrobial activity. From an applied perspective, the ability to readily produce Bacillus micelles and formulate with drugs enables a possible strategy for enhanced drug delivery.
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Rocha, Dayane C. da, Benedito M. Gomes, Simone D.Gomes, Luciane Sene, and Dilcemara C. Zenatti. "Selection of microorganisms producer of lipase for fat removal from biodiesel purification water." Engenharia Agrícola 33, no. 2 (2013): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162013000200012.
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The objective this study has been the selection of lipase productor microorganism, for removal of oils and grease, in the pre-treatment of biodiesel wastewater washing. For this, analyses of the physicist-chemistries characteristics had been made with the wastewater of the biodiesel washing, and then it had been isolated and chosen, by means of determinations of the lipase activity. Following, it was made a test of fat biodegradation, in the conditions: pH (5.95), temperature (35 ºC), rotation (180 rpm) and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source (3 g L-1) and establishing as variable the two microorganism preselected and the time (24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 h). The biodiesel purification wastewater had presented high potential of environmental impact, presenting a concentration of O of 6.76 g L-1. From the six isolated microbiological cultures, two microorganisms (A and B) had been selected, with enzymatic index of 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. The treatment of the wastewater using the isolated microorganism (Klebsiella oxytoca) had 80% of the fatty removal in 48 h.
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Amacher, Gregory S., and Peter M. Feather. "Testing producer perceptions of jointly beneficial best management practices for improved water quality." Applied Economics 29, no. 2 (1997): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368497327236.
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Cao, Huaixiang, Mingda Song, and Xingqi Qiu. "Failure analysis on the inner cylinder explosion of a gas producer water jacket." Engineering Failure Analysis 32 (September 2013): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.001.
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Gibson, Katherine E. B., Justin P. Gibson, and Patricio Grassini. "Benchmarking irrigation water use in producer fields in the US central Great Plains." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 5 (2019): 054009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab17eb.
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Smith, Greg C., Jai Louis, Roy White, Ritu Gupta, and Roger Collinson. "The Hermes oil field: a small field takes wings." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08014.
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The Lambert field was discovered in 1973 with oil reservoired in Tithonian turbidites. It was viewed as uneconomic until 1996 when re-evaluation led to discovery of the adjacent Hermes oil accumulation by Lambert–2. The Lambert–3 producer was drilled nearby to Lambert–2 in 1997 and tied back to the Cossack-Pioneer floating production storage offloader (FPSO). Lambert–3 was expected to drain about 25 MMBBLs of oil, coming off plateau after one year and declining substantially thereafter; however, it had produced more than 52 MMBBLs of oil by late 2008 without any water cut and may produce much more in the next 15–20 years. In contrast, several appraisal and production wells drilled since in the adjacent Lambert accumulation have only produced modest recoveries. Why were the original deterministic views of the Lambert-Hermes field so far from present estimates? This paper describes the approach taken to re-assess the Lambert and Hermes oil accumulations. First, the traps were reviewed by framing the main uncertain variables followed by a rigorous scenario analysis of the field. The work was expedited by using a statistical design to substantially reduce the number of scenarios required for modelling and simulation. The results included a statistical analysis and produced a better view of the probable reserves ranges. Remarkably, after 11 years’ production the field potential warranted re-appraisal. The scenario analysis indicated which uncertain variables needed attention and helped to select well locations. The results of appraisal should decide between several re-development options. The main possibilities for new field development include: drilling of additional oil producers; water shut-off in some producers; an additional flow-line to de-bottleneck oil production from Lambert and Hermes; re-instatement of a gas-injection line for gas-lift of wells at high water-cut; and installation of a new manifold further north in the Hermes accumulation to optimise field recovery.
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Chenel, J. P., R. D. Tyagi, and R. Y. Surampalli. "Production of thermostable protease enzyme in wastewater sludge using thermophilic bacterial strains isolated from sludge." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (2008): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.004.
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The volume of sludge produced annually is very high and poses serious disposal problems. The traditional methods of sludge disposal produce secondary pollutants. Therefore, the alternate or suitable solution is reuse of sludge in an ecofriendly approach. Biotechnology is an interesting tool to add value to the processes involved in wastewater and wastewater sludge disposal/reuse. In this context, a study was carried out on thermophilic bacterial strains that produce thermostable proteases. The bacterial strains were first isolated from municipal wastewater sludge. In contrast to the conventional strains used in industries, like Bacillus sp., the new strains were Gram-Negative type. In semi-synthetic medium, a maximal protease activity of 5.25 IU/ml (International Unit per ml) was obtained at a pH of 8.2 and at a temperature of 60 °C, which is higher than the stability temperature of 37 °C for a similar protease obtained from the conventional producer Bacillus licheniformis. Moreover, growth and protease activity of the strains were tested in wastewater sludge. It is expected that the complexity of sludge could stimulate/enhance the protease production and their characteristics. In conclusion, reuse of wastewater sludge will help to reduce their quantity as well as the value-added products produced will replace chemical products used in industries.
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Ballot, Andreas, Jutta Fastner, and Claudia Wiedner. "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin-Producing Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in Northeast Germany." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 4 (2010): 1173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02285-09.
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ABSTRACT Neurotoxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxin-a (ATX), and hepatotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been detected in several lakes in northeast Germany during the last 2 decades. They are produced worldwide by members of the nostocalean genera Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon. Although no additional sources of PSP toxins and ATX have been identified in German water bodies to date, the observed CYN concentrations cannot be produced solely by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the only known CYN producer in Germany. Therefore, we attempted to identify PSP toxin, ATX, and CYN producers by isolating and characterizing 92 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Anabaenopsis strains from five lakes in northeast Germany. In a polyphasic approach, all strains were morphologically and phylogenetically classified and then tested for PSP toxins, ATX, and CYN by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and screened for the presence of PSP toxin- and CYN-encoding gene fragments. As demonstrated by ELISA and LC-MS, 14 Aphanizomenon gracile strains from Lakes Melang and Scharmützel produced four PSP toxin variants (gonyautoxin 5 [GTX5], decarbamoylsaxitoxin [dcSTX], saxitoxin [STX], and neosaxitoxin [NEO]). GTX5 was the most prevalent PSP toxin variant among the seven strains from Lake Scharmützel, and NEO was the most prevalent among the seven strains from Lake Melang. The sxtA gene, which is part of the saxitoxin gene cluster, was found in the 14 PSP toxin-producing A. gracile strains and in 11 non-PSP toxin-producing Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, A. flos-aquae, Anabaena planktonica, and Anabaenopsis elenkinii strains. ATX and CYN were not detected in any of the isolated strains. This study is the first confirming the role of A. gracile as a PSP toxin producer in German water bodies.
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Tingey-Holyoak, Joanne L., John Pisaniello, Peter Buss, and Ben Wiersma. "Water productivity accounting in Australian agriculture: The need for cost-informed decision-making." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 2 (2019): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019879938.
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Primary producers need strategies and tools to assist in monitoring water use with a view to improving physical and financial productivity. The purpose of this research is to integrate farmer financial accounting data with soil moisture and climate data to better account for water use on farm. Farm-accounting systems, if present, lack the sophistication to allow growers to analyze use, loss, and productivity of water. Water-accounting technologies, if present, do not readily link to business systems to provide the optimal real-time financial decision-making data, nor the necessary context for new technologies to support a broader integrated approach to water management. Findings of desk-based technology benchmarking suggest elements required include real-time sensory data integration that allows for strategic allocation to the full suite of direct and indirect water costs. Key actor interview and producer surveys highlight demand for a farm business integrated water productivity tool and findings from field data collected in a potato case study provide demonstration of how irrigation decision-making can be supported by the crucial link between producers’ business systems and sensing technology.
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Al-Furaiji, M. H. O., U. F. A. Karim, D. C. M. Augustijn, B. I. H. Waisi, and S. J. M. H. Hulscher. "Evaluation of water demand and supply in the south of Iraq." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 1 (2015): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.043.
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This paper presents results from the first study that focuses on water resources availability and demand for different purposes in the four oil-rich provinces of southern Iraq. The region accounts for 23% of the surface area and 18% of the country's population, but holds 88% of its oil. A water shortage of 430 Mm3/year for 2010 is estimated for this region where irrigation accounts for 81% of the total water demand. Dhi Qar is the largest agricultural producer and water consumer while Al Basrah and Al Muthanna have the largest water shortages among the four provinces. The interrelationship of energy–water production and utilization is discussed and the annual water balance for irrigation, industrial, domestic and livestock usage in the different provinces determined. On this basis recommendations are made for treating and utilizing the steadily increasing amounts of water produced from the oilfields to supplement the other sustainable water resources in that region.
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Dong, Yinhong, Fengjun Zhang, and Lili Fu. "Ecological Design: The Role of Extended Producer Responsibility System." Journal of Coastal Research 93, sp1 (2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si93-047.1.
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McSweeny, William T., and James S. Shortle. "Reducing Nutrient Application Rates for Water Quality Protection in Intensive Livestock Areas: Policy Implications of Alternative Producer Behavior." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 18, no. 1 (1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000209.
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High rates of commercial fertilizer and animal manure application on cropland have been identified as an important cause of ground and surface water degradation in many areas of the country. Suggested remedies are often based on the idea that fertilization levels are economically irrational for the individual farmer. The received wisdom is that farmers could simultaneously improve their own economic well being and reduce the degradation of the ground and surface waters by fertilizing only to meet crop nutrient needs. Rather than assuming that farmers act irrationally, this study examines the fertilization problem on a mixed crop-livestock farm from the perspective of a risk-averse farmer coping with two key uncertainties: crop yield response to nitrogen applications and the nitrogen content of manure. The effects on fertilization decisions by such a farmer of various policy prescriptions for reducing surface and ground water pollution are examined. The results underscore the importance of understanding producer behavior for the design of economically sound policy.
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Ceyhan, N. "Evaluation of Enzymatic Removal of Cooling Water System Biofilm Using its Own Producer Bacteria." Asian Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 1 (2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.12924.
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Widayat, John Philia, and Jessica Wibisono. "Cultivation of Microalgae Chlorella sp on Fresh Water and Waste Water of Tofu Industry." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183104009.
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Chlorella sp. is a microalgae that potential for food supplement, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, aqua culture and cosmetics. Chlorella sp. commonly growth in sea water. Indonesia as a producer of tofu generated more liquid waste. Nutrient that contained in the tofu wastewater are very useful for the production of microalgae. Cultivation carried out for 7 days at different percent volume of tofu liquid waste showed that the more volume of tofu liquid waste make them longer process decipherment of polymer compounds in the waste, that’s make the growth rate of Chlorella sp. are slowness. Variable of10%V has the fastest growth rate. While, 90% v/v variable has the highest concentration of algae. It shows that Chlorella sp. better to grows in tofu wastewater than seawater.
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Kharbush, Jenan J., Juan A. Ugalde, Shane L. Hogle, Eric E. Allen, and Lihini I. Aluwihare. "Composite Bacterial Hopanoids and Their Microbial Producers across Oxygen Gradients in the Water Column of the California Current." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 23 (2013): 7491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02367-13.
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ABSTRACTHopanoids are pentacyclic triterpenoid lipids produced by many prokaryotes as cell membrane components. The structural variations of composite hopanoids, or bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), produced by various bacterial genera make them potentially useful molecular biomarkers of bacterial communities and metabolic processes in both modern and ancient environments. Building on previous work suggesting that organisms in low-oxygen environments are important contributors to BHP production in the marine water column and that there may be physiological roles for BHPs specific to these environments, this study investigated the relationship between trends in BHP structural diversity and abundance and the genetic diversity of BHP producers for the first time in a low-oxygen environment of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. Amplification of the hopanoid biosynthesis gene for squalene hopene cyclase (sqhC) indicated far greater genetic diversity than would be predicted by examining BHP structural diversity alone and that greatersqhCgenetic diversity exists in the marine environment than is represented by cultured representatives and most marine metagenomes. In addition, the genetic relationships in this data set suggest microaerophilic environments as potential “hot spots” of BHP production. Finally, structural analysis of BHPs showed that an isomer of the commonly observed BHP bacteriohopanetetrol may be linked to a producer that is more abundant in low-oxygen environments. Results of this study increase the known diversity of BHP producers and provide a detailed phylogeny with implications for the role of hopanoids in modern bacteria, as well as the evolutionary history of hopanoid biosynthesis, both of which are important considerations for future interpretations of the marine sedimentary record.
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du Preez, L. A., and J. P. Maree. "Pilot-scale biological sulphate and nitrate removal utilizing producer gas as energy source." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 12 (1994): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0625.
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The discharge of effluents rich in sulphate and nitrate is of increasing concern, as the former leads to mineralisation of surface water, and the latter is a plant nutrient. A process is described whereby sulphate is reduced to sulphide under anaerobic conditions with producer gas as substrate. Sulphide stripped off is then converted to elemental sulphur by reacting it with biologically produced iron(III). The study consisted of laboratory batch and continuous experiments, as well as pilot scale studies. Sulphate was reduced to sulphide at a rate of 1.2 g SO4 1−1 d−1 with H2/CO as substrate, and 2.4 g SO4 1−1 d−1 with only CO as substrate. Nitrate was converted to ammonia in the anaerobic reactor. Sulphide was removed from 2 000 mg 1−1 (as SO4) to less than 90 mg 1−1. The iron(II), produced after reduction of iron(III) with H2S, was oxidised biologically to iron(III). The volumetric reaction rate was 5.5 g Fe 1−1 d−1.
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Agusliani, Erma, and Deddy Dharmaji. "KEANEKARAGARAM HAYATI DI RAWA DANAU PANGGANG KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI UTARA." EnviroScienteae 13, no. 3 (2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v13i3.4305.
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The Danau Panggang swamp is one of the potential swamp waters as a producer of swamp fish in South Kalimantan. The objective of the research is to identify the potential of fish resources, macrophytes, and plankton in Danau Panggang swamp. The results showed that fish caught in Swamp Danau Panggang waters are 22 species. The macrophytic water plants found in the Danau Panggang Swamp Waters are 11 species. The results of phytoplankton and zooplankton analyzes are found for phytoplankton dominated by Chrysophyta phyla, while zooplankton is dominated by the Protozoa order. The condition of the Danau Panggang swamp water quality is still relatively in accordance with the Baku Mutu Air Kelas 2 PP No 82 Tahun 2001
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Schepers, James S., Dennis D. Francis, and John F. Shanahan. "Relay Cropping for Improved Air and Water Quality." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 3-4 (2005): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-405.
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Abstract Using plants to extract excess nitrate from soil is important in protecting against eutrophication of standing water, hypoxic conditions in lakes and oceans, or elevated nitrate concentrations in domestic water supplies. Global climate change issues have raised new concerns about nitrogen (N) management as it relates to crop production even though there may not be an immediate threat to water quality. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are frequently considered the primary cause of global climate change, but under anaerobic conditions, animals can contribute by expelling methane (CH4) as do soil microbes. In terms of the potential for global climate change, CH4 is ~ 25 times more harmful than CO2. This differential effect is minuscule compared to when nitrous oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere because it is ~ 300 times more harmful than CO2. N2O losses from soil have been positively correlated with residual N (nitrate, NO3 -) concentrations in soil. It stands to reason that phytoremediation via nitrate scavenger crops is one approach to help protect air quality, as well as soil and water quality. Winter wheat was inserted into a seed corn/soybean rotation to utilize soil nitrate and thereby reduce the potential for nitrate leaching and N2O emissions. The net effect of the 2001- 2003 relay cropping sequence was to produce three crops in two years, scavenge 130 kg N/ha from the root zone, produce an extra 2 Mg residue/ha, and increase producer profitability by ~ $ 250/ha.
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Vik, E. A., R. Storhaug, H. Naes, and H. C. Utkilen. "Pilot Scale Studies of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol Removal." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (1988): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0247.
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Water blooms of O.bornettii, a producer of off-flavour compounds, occasionally occur in Lake Mjoesa. Accordingly a new water works is planned to alleviate the associated taste and odour problems. A pilot plant was constructed in 1985 and a continuous water treatment study was performed over a one year period. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was compared with ozonation-GAC. Filtrasorb-400 was used and the empty-bed contact-time of the GAC-filters was 21 min. The ozone dosage varied from 2 to 5 mg O3/l. To simulate water blooms, commercially produced geosmin and 2-methyliso-borneol (MIB) were added to the water in concentrations from 10 to 190 ng/l. A slightly higher TOC-uptake was seen in the ozonation-GAC combination. This may indicate that the ozonation process is forming organic oxidation products that are competing with the geosmin and MIB for adsorption sites in the GAC-filter.
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Euzen, A. "How do consumers perceive water quality? Example of an anthropological study carried out in Paris." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (2003): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0035.
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Observation of quality standards is the prime concern of water producers, but are the quality criteria used by professionals the same as those of consumers? How do consumers perceive the quality of the water distributed to their homes? The main concern of SAGEP, water producer for the City of Paris, is to respond at all times to users' expectations. To answer that requirement, SAGEP launched a consumer study on the reaction to tap water. Analysis of the perceptions of water quality is presented in this paper. It reveals multiple and singular responses, which themselves depend on personal history and development of the individual concerned. An anthropological approach enables one to gain a grasp of the degree to which the diversity of perception comes into play in the day-to-day practice in the domestic environment of tap water. The example of consumer practice in regard to the type of water drunk demonstrates how custom changes with the context and how each person builds up confidence in tap water. The complexity of what are a priori trivial uses confirms the need for water producers and distributors to make this reality an integral part of their overall management. They should now take in to account, perhaps in a different way, the consumers' expectations.
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Pakavechkul, Sukrit, Prapan Kuchonthara, and Suchada Butnark. "Effect of Steam on Syngas Production in New-Designed Dual-Bed Gasifier." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1125.
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In this research, the effect of steam on synthetic fuel production from sawdust in new-designed dual-bed gasification was studied. The dual-bed gasification reactor composed of bubbling/fast fluidized bed combustor and fixed bed gasifier (pyrolysis included) was designed to produce syngas (CO + H2 + CO2 and CH4). The results showed that syngas produced by the dual-bed gasifier with higher steam/carbon ratio also had higher H2 content. In theory, the various reactions expected to occur in the gasification process were boudouard, water-gas and water-gas shift, methanation and steam reforming. Since the operating temperature was only 500-600°C that the steam reformation of methane was desperately to occur due to its endothermic, then CH4 formation still were found. Producer gas from the new gasifier had relatively high quality in terms of heating value per a unit volume compared to other conventional gasifiers. This can be used directly as good gaseous fuel. However, the product gas was not likely served as precursor in chemical industries due to its still low H2/CO ratio and high CH4 concentration.