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Journal articles on the topic 'Water purification disinfectant'
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Künili, İbrahim Ender, and Fatma Çolakoğlu. "Characterization of Depuration Process of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Presence of Chloramine-T and Super-Oxidized Water." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, sp1 (December 10, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.73-76.2717.
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Seafood poisoning due to mussels contaminated with pathogens is an important health issue all over the world. Increasing attention and efforts are made to improve the last product quality of mussels and to save consumers from food poisoning. In this study, the depuration process of black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) which have a high consumption rate and located in coastal waters of Turkey was tried to improve using Chloramine-T and superoxide disinfectants. For this purpose, mussels contaminated with Escherichia coli were subjected to depuration for 6 hours in the presence of 20 mg / L of two disinfectants. In the study, It was determined that E. coli numbers in the mussels of disinfectant groups with an initial bacterial load of 4.4 Log cfu / g, decreased to 3.70 and 3.86 Log cfu / g, respectively and the depuration was faster than the control group (4.05 Log cfu / g). As a result, it has been concluded that the use of food-suitable disinfectants in deposition waters can be used for faster and more effective purification. However, considering the possibility of chemicals leaving residues in mussels, detailed studies should be carried out.
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Bashir, Sajid, James Dinn, and Jingbo Liu. "Three Waves of Disinfectants to Inactivate Bacteria." MRS Proceedings 1498 (2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.331.
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ABSTRACTMetallic silver nanoparticles (NPs) have extensively been used in the treatment of disease and purification and heralded the ‘first wave’ of disinfection science, the ‘second wave’ being the nanocomposite of metal-doped TiO2. Recent advances in engineered surfaces have enabled ultrahigh surface area and rapid sterilization via using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as the ‘third wave’ disinfectant. MOFs offer the same advantages as colloids but also have ultra high surface area, long term persistence and ultra low doses, applied for water purification.
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Utsev, Terlumun Joseph, Uungwa Shachia Jude, and Peter Okah. "Suitability of Lemna Trisulca (Duckweed) in Water Purification." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 3 (March 11, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.3.270.
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The research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of duckweed as a coagulant/disinfectant in the treatment of water and wastewater. Water sample was obtained from River Benue and duckweed was harvested near a residential area in Makurdi Town, Nigeria. Laboratory experiments were carried out using dosage, pH, temperature, initial concentration and Flocculating Speed as variables for both disinfection and coagulation. Results obtained revealed that, the optimum conditions with respect to disinfection (bacteria load removal) were; Dosage=0.4ml, pH=9, Temperature=30°C, Initial concentration=300µm and Flocculating speed=90rev/min, with highest percentage removal of 91% and 82% for the filtrate and powder respectively. For coagulation (turbidity and suspended solid removal), the optimum conditions were; Dosage=0.2ml, pH=5, Temperature=30°C, Initial concentration=633FTU and Flocculating Speed=90rev/min with the highest percentage removal at 84.3% and 80.4% for duckweed filtrate and powder respectively. It is recommended that, duckweed filtrate and powder should be used in water purification for drinking and greywater respectively.
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Greene, D. J., C. N. Haas, and B. Farouk. "Numerical simulation of chlorine disinfection processes." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0099.
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The efficacy of disinfection processes in water purification systems is governed by several key factors including reactor hydraulics, disinfectant chemistry and microbial inactivation kinetics. The objective of this work was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict flow structure, mass transport and chlorine decay in a continuous flow pilot scale reactor. These predictions were compared with experimental measurements for model validation. The current research demonstrates that inlet configurations can significantly impact reactor hydrodynamics.
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Edogbanya, OcholiPR, DavidS Abolude, MatthewA Adelanwa, and OdikeJ Ocholi. "The Efficacy of the Seeds of Adansonia digitata L. as a Biocoagulant and Disinfectant in Water Purification." Journal of Earth, Environment and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (2016): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2423-7752.199289.
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Valušová, Eva, Anna Vandžurová, Peter Pristaš, Marián Antalík, and Peter Javorský. "Water treatment using activated carbon supporting silver and magnetite." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.523.
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Recent efforts in water purification have led to the development of novel materials whose unique properties can offer effective biocidal capabilities with greater ease of use and at lower cost. In this study, we introduce a novel procedure for the preparation of activated carbon (charcoal) composite in which magnetite and silver are incorporated (MCAG); we also describe the use of this material for the disinfection of surface water. The formation process of magnetic MCAG composite was studied using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The results demonstrated the high sorption efficiency of AgNO3 to magnetic activated carbon. The antimicrobial capabilities of the prepared MCAG were examined and the results clearly demonstrate their inhibitory effect on total river water bacteria and on Pseudomonas koreensis and Bacillus mycoides cultures isolated from river water. The bacterial counts in river water samples were reduced by five orders of magnitude following 30 min of treatment using 1 g l−1 of MCAG at room temperature. The removal of all bacteria from the surface water samples implies that the MCAG material would be a suitable disinfectant for such waters. In combination with its magnetic character, MCAG would be an excellent candidate for the simple ambulatory disinfection of surface water.
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Levchuk, A. P., and V. I. Maksin. "Using an adaptive approach to the development of water purification system." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202002-258.
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In terms of water consumption from decentralized water supply systems there are a number of problematic aspects that negatively affect water quality, especially drinking water supply, namely: lack of modern control methods and integrated water treatment systems, qualified service personnel, long logistics of components and reagents, long distances to the final water consumer, inability to respond timely to the need of control laboratory equipment calibration and the failure of units and others. Unpredictable natural or man-made factors further complicate these problematic aspects. All this and the constant changes in the requirements to water quality and technological processes, leads to the search of new, modern approaches to solving such problems and issues of uncentralized drinking water supply. Therefore, this paper analyzes the current experience of developing small autonomous water purification systems for drinking water supply, which do not require constant presence of the operator and laboratory quality control of water and can work automatically in difficult conditions. Also a rationale for technological and structural design as well as the description of adaptive water purification systems using an adaptive approach to the structure as a whole, individual units, assemblies and to the power supply of electrolytic processes, giving it adaptive properties for the use in modern drinking water treatment is provided in the paper. The adaptive function of neutralizing the manifestation of dangerous biological agents and the efficiency of the system is designed for man-made and natural emergencies and water disinfection from bacteria and viruses. The pH was chosen as the main control parameter of water quality. The system uses an effective process of synthesis by electrolytic methods of coagulant, disinfectant and destructive effects on hazardous biological agents - pulsed current with changing parameters and shape. In case a working solution changes the pH, the parameters of the pulsed load current are changed by the adaptive power supply to the most efficient one. The proposed approach and model of the system are effective and preventive and is offered as an option to improve existing water treatment systems for drinking water supply.
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Chauret, Christian P., Chris Z. Radziminski, Michael Lepuil, Robin Creason, and Robert C. Andrews. "Chlorine Dioxide Inactivation ofCryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Bacterial Spore Indicators." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 2993–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.2993-3001.2001.
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ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium parvum, which is resistant to chlorine concentrations typically used in water treatment, is recognized as a significant waterborne pathogen. Recent studies have demonstrated that chlorine dioxide is a more efficient disinfectant than free chlorine against Cryptosporidium oocysts. It is not known, however, if oocysts from different suppliers are equally sensitive to chlorine dioxide. This study used both a most-probable-number–cell culture infectivity assay and in vitro excystation to evaluate chlorine dioxide inactivation kinetics in laboratory water at pH 8 and 21�C. The two viability methods produced significantly different results (P < 0.05). Products of disinfectant concentration and contact time (Ct values) of 1,000 mg � min/liter were needed to inactivate approximately 0.5 log10 and 2.0 log10 units (99% inactivation) of C. parvumas measured by in vitro excystation and cell infectivity, respectively, suggesting that excystation is not an adequate viability assay. Purified oocysts originating from three different suppliers were evaluated and showed marked differences with respect to their resistance to inactivation when using chlorine dioxide.Ct values of 75, 550, and 1,000 mg � min/liter were required to achieve approximately 2.0 log10 units of inactivation with oocysts from different sources. Finally, the study compared the relationship between easily measured indicators, includingBacillus subtilis (aerobic) spores andClostridium sporogenes (anaerobic) spores, and C. parvum oocysts. The bacterial spores were found to be more sensitive to chlorine dioxide than C. parvum oocysts and therefore could not be used as direct indicators of C. parvum inactivation for this disinfectant. In conclusion, it is suggested that future studies address issues such as oocyst purification protocols and the genetic diversity of C. parvum, since these factors might affect oocyst disinfection sensitivity.
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Okunlola, Banke Mary, Udeme Joshua Josiah Ijah, Jonathan Yisa, and Olabisi Peter Abioye. "Phytochemicals and phyto-disinfectant properties of citrus species (Citrus limon, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus sinensis) for pond water purification." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.8.2.0139.
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Colindres, Romulo E., Seema Jain, Anna Bowen, Eric Mintz, and Polyana Domond. "After the flood: an evaluation of in-home drinking water treatment with combined flocculent-disinfectant following Tropical Storm Jeanne — Gonaives, Haiti, 2004." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.032.
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Tropical Storm Jeanne struck Haiti in September 2004, causing widespread flooding which contaminated water sources, displaced thousands of families and killed approximately 2,800 people. Local leaders distributed PūR®, a flocculent-disinfectant product for household water treatment, to affected populations. We evaluated knowledge, attitudes, practices, and drinking water quality among a sample of PūR® recipients. We interviewed representatives of 100 households in three rural communities who received PūR® and PūR®-related education. Water sources were tested for fecal contamination and turbidity; stored household water was tested for residual chlorine. All households relied on untreated water sources (springs [66%], wells [15%], community taps [13%], and rivers [6%]). After distribution, PūR® was the most common in-home treatment method (58%) followed by chlorination (30%), plant-based flocculation (6%), boiling (5%), and filtration (1%). Seventy-eight percent of respondents correctly answered five questions about how to use PūR®; 81% reported PūR® easy to use; and 97% reported that PūR®-treated water appears, tastes, and smells better than untreated water. Although water sources tested appeared clear, fecal coliform bacteria were detected in all sources (range 1 – >200 cfu/100 ml). Chlorine was present in 10 (45%) of 22 stored drinking water samples in households using PūR®. PūR® was well-accepted and properly used in remote communities where local leaders helped with distribution and education. This highly effective water purification method can help protect disaster-affected communities from waterborne disease.
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Ibekwe, Abasiofiok Mark, and Shelton E. Murinda. "Linking Microbial Community Composition in Treated Wastewater with Water Quality in Distribution Systems and Subsequent Health Effects." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (December 7, 2019): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120660.
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The increases in per capita water consumption, coupled in part with global climate change have resulted in increased demands on available freshwater resources. Therefore, the availability of safe, pathogen-free drinking water is vital to public health. This need has resulted in global initiatives to develop sustainable urban water infrastructure for the treatment of wastewater for different purposes such as reuse water for irrigation, and advanced waste water purification systems for domestic water supply. In developed countries, most of the water goes through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments combined with disinfectant, microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), etc. to produce potable water. During this process the total bacterial load of the water at different stages of the treatment will decrease significantly from the source water. Microbial diversity and load may decrease by several orders of magnitude after microfiltration and reverse osmosis treatment and falling to almost non-detectable levels in some of the most managed wastewater treatment facilities. However, one thing in common with the different end users is that the water goes through massive distribution systems, and the pipes in the distribution lines may be contaminated with diverse microbes that inhabit these systems. In the main distribution lines, microbes survive within biofilms which may contain opportunistic pathogens. This review highlights the role of microbial community composition in the final effluent treated wastewater, biofilms formation in the distribution systems as the treated water goes through, and the subsequent health effects from potential pathogens associated with poorly treated water. We conclude by pointing out some basic steps that may be taken to reduce the accumulation of biofilms in the water distribution systems.
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Babadzhanova, O., D. Voytovych, and M. Lavrivskiy. "REDUCING THE DANGER OF WASTE DISPOSAL TO FILTERING STATIONS." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety, no. 18 (December 31, 2018): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.18.2018.12.
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Formulation of the problem.
In recent years there has been a decline in the quality of water, both surface and underground sources, involved in the system of centralized water supply. The majority of river basins according to the hygienic classification of water objects according to the degree of pollution can be attributed to contaminated and highly contaminated.This causes the need to increase the role of water treatment facilities and the need to find ways to improve the efficiency of cleaning polluted water. For water purification, mechanical, chemical, physical and biological methods of treatment are used.Among the chemical methods of water treatment, now the most application is the method of chlorination. The main disadvantage of using liquefied chlorine for chlorination is the increased risk of poisoning of the staff of the water treatment plants and in the case of an accident – inhabitants adjacent to these stations of settlements.Presenting main material.Business facilities that use hazardous chemicals (such as chlorine) are potential sources of man-made hazard. Companies that carry out chlorination of water, carry additional costs for object protection, an automated notification system, equipment for the elimination of emissions, special ventilation systems, special systems for storing and neutralizing damaged containers with chlorine.Recently, various modern methods of decontamination have been used to decontaminate drinking water and to reduce the risk. The use of sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant reagent, which is obtained at the site of application by electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions, is one of the most promising methods of decontamination. While retaining all the benefits of chlorination with the use of liquid chlorine, the use of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite avoids the basic complexity associated with the transportation and storage of toxic gas, in addition, to eliminate the constant dependence on the plants supplying liquid chlorine.The analysis of hazards and accidents statistics at water treatment enterprises showed that the greatest percentage of emergency situations occurs during the loading / unloading operations of the substance-cleaner, therefore it is expedient to obtain sodium hypochlorite at the place of use.In order to substantiate the possibility and promise of a more safe method of water purification from the point of view of the technogenic hazard of a method of purification of water, a certain treatment station – «Artemivsk filtering station», located on the outskirts of the city of Bakhmut, was selected.It has been estimated that the depressurization of the chlorine container at the «Artemivsk filtration station» can create a 4.8 km depth zone that will cover part of the city, and if the sodium hypochlorite is applied to the filter station, the depth of the chemical pollution zone decreases to 0.2 km.Conclusions.Safe operation of chemical hazardous objects, which are filtering stations, can be provided under normal and emergency conditions by alternative, safer, disinfection water reagents. While retaining all the benefits of chlorination with the use of liquid chlorine, the use of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite avoids the basic complexity associated with the transport and storage of toxic gas and reduce the danger to the population.
Water purification with sodium hypochlorite instead of chlorine has the following advantages: safe storage and transportation, ease of dispensing, long-term disinfection effect, an absence of a threat of a technogenic accident and the exclusion of negative impact on the health of the city's residents.
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Mohammed, Asmaa N. "Resistance of bacterial pathogens to calcium hypochlorite disinfectant and evaluation of the usability of treated filter paper impregnated with nanosilver composite for drinking water purification." Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 16 (March 2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2018.09.002.
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Zhang, Yue, Xinhua Zhao, Xinbo Zhang, and Sen Peng. "A review of different drinking water treatments for natural organic matter removal." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (January 23, 2015): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.011.
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In the past decades, natural organic matter (NOM), which is a complex heterogeneous mixture of organic materials that are commonly present in all surface, ground and soil waters, has had an adverse effect on drinking water treatment. The existence of NOM results in many problems in drinking water treatment processes, and the properties and amount of NOM can significantly affect the efficiency of these processes. NOM not only influences the water quality with respect to taste, color and odor problems, but it also reacts with disinfectants, increasing the amount of disinfection by-products. NOM can be removed from drinking water via several treatment processes, but different drinking water treatment processes have diverse influences on NOM removal and the safety of the drinking water. Several treatment options, including coagulation, adsorption, oxidation, membrane and biological treatment, have been widely used in drinking water purification processes. Therefore, it is of great importance to be able to study the influence of different treatment processes on NOM in raw waters. The present review focuses on the methods, including coagulation, adsorption, oxidation, membrane, biological treatment processes and the combination of different treatment processes, which are used for removing NOM from drinking water.
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Reshnyak, Valeriy Ivanovich, Alexander Ivanovich Kalyaush, and Dmitry Igorevich Rochev. "Technology of purifying and disinfecting ballast water." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-1-32-38.
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The paper considers the problem of transferring microorganisms with ballast water used in the ship operation. It is noted that the search for a solution to the above problem takes a significant amount of time and requires developing special purifying equipment for disinfecting ballast water. Currently, there are various plants ensuring the decreased number of microorganisms in the process of disinfection. There has been proposed a new technology for ballast water treatment and decontamination that involves depositing microorganisms, removing them from the total volume of ballast water followed by ozone treatment. Actually, the volume of water containing sediment and decontaminated with ozone is significantly less than the total volume of ballast water and makes up about 3-5% of it. Microorganisms depositing takes place due to coagulation and sedimentation. The diagram of the ballast water purification and disinfection technology has been presented. The basic circuit of the ballast water disinfection plant includes a ship's ballast tank, receiving pipeline, reagent tank, metering pump, coagulant, collector, bulkhead, contact column, ozone generator, dehydration device and ultraviolet lamps. The operating conditions of the ship plants have space and time limits. The above technological solutions infer carrying out some operations (coagulation, sedimentation) and disinfection by using the ultraviolet lamps inside the ballast tanks for saving space. The proposed technology can be applied both on board a ship and in the floating or onshore environmental protection equipment, for example, in the port facilities.
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Tiţa, Mihaela, Adrian Dabija, Ovidiu Tiţa, and Daniela Naiaretti. "Research On Water Quality Used In The Milk Industry In Sibiu County (Transylvania, Romania)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0022.
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Abstract Dairy wastewater consists of transport water and raw materials washing, technology water, condensation water or cooling water from the washing and disinfecting rooms, manufacturing and packaging equipment cleaning and water from plumbing. These wastewaters are characterized by a high turnover of physico-chemical and microbiological properties due to their composition and origin variety. Because of the composition of protein, fat, and lactose, wastewater cannot be discharged to the sewerage system before their purification, because the mere disposal would pollute the environment. The main purpose of this research is to monitorize the quality of water in the milk processors industry, in order to ensure food security by framing it within the limits permitted by current rules.
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Abou Hammad, Ali B., Amany M. El Nahwary, Bahaa A. Hemdan, and Akebe Luther King Abia. "Nanoceramics and novel functionalized silicate-based magnetic nanocomposites as substitutional disinfectants for water and wastewater purification." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 21 (May 6, 2020): 26668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09073-9.
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Brezoczki, Valeria Mirela, and Gabriela Maria Filip. "STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN TÂRGU LĂPUS, MARAMURES, ROMANIA." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, no. 2 (2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.2.07.
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This paper presents the analysis of quality indicators for two subterranean water sources, Suciu and Râoaia catchments, in Târgu Lapus, which are meant for domestic use. The period during which water quality was monitored covers two months (January and May 2018); during this period the control analyses of water quality were carried out in the laboratory of the Baia Mare Purification Station. The paper contains certain data regarding the need for water and the system for distributing drinkable water to consumers, the description of catchments and the subterranean water treatment technology required for meeting the sanitary conditions for rendering water drinkable, as well as the analysis of physical, chemical and bacteriological indicators obtained, compared to the legislation in force. The analysis of the results obtained highlighted a series of bacteriological indicators/parameters that were exceeded, as well as turbidity and hardness in the raw water from the subterranean catchments. The existence of colonies developed at 37 °C and 22°C in the raw water requires a chemical treatment of this water with the aim of disinfecting it. The parameters of the thus rendered drinkable water match the values accepted through the legislation in force, the water being distributed to consumers through the Drinkable water distribution system in Târgu Lăpuş.
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Abou Hammad, Ali B., Amany M. El Nahrawy, Bahaa A. Hemdan, and Akebe Luther King Abia. "Correction to: Nanoceramics and novel functionalized silicate-based magnetic nanocomposites as substitutional disinfectants for water and wastewater purification." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 23 (June 10, 2020): 29698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09666-4.
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Boyko, N., and A. Makogon. "Disinfecting water treatment and purification, neutralization and conversion of gas emissions from enterprises using highvoltage pulse discharges." Ecological Sciences 4, no. 27 (2019): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716-2019-4-27-32.
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Петренко, Н. Ф., and А. В. Мокиенко. "THE COMBINED METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND WATER DISINFECTING. THE MESSAGE THE FOURTH: THE COMBINED APPLICATION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORINE." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-9300532011139029.
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Grynevych, N., T. Dyman, M. Kukhtyn, V. Semanyuk, and A. Sliusarenko. "Ідентифікація небезпечних чинників під час вирощування райдужної форелі в умовах замкнутого водопостачання." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 78 (April 8, 2017): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7810.
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Identification of dangerous factors for a conditional industrial farm for rainbow trout growing in conditions of Recurculating aquaculture system (RAS) was carried out. During the analysis of dangerous factors, the degree of significant influence and probability of potential dangers were determined. Significant potential hazards have been identified at such technological stages as insemination and incubation of caviar, larval survival, caviar, larvae, young, commodity fish and pedigree.Biological filter is defined as a key link in the RAS the functioning of which effects on the quality and safety of commercial fish. It carries out aerobic and anaerobic processes to remove contaminations in the form of ammonium producing by fish, and carbon dioxide, which is formed from undigested food and feces. There are such dangerous factors on the stage of biological purification of water: biological – possible exceeding the total microbial number (more than 100 CFU/cm3), the number of nitrifying (more than 106 CFU/cm3) and E. coli groupbacteria, the presence of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa; chemical – exceeding the content of nitrates (more than 50 mg / dm3), nitrites (more than 0.5 mg/dm3), pH – above 8.In addition to purely technological, there are additional dangerous factors – related to the functioning of the biofilter, fish feeding and the use of veterinary preparations and disinfectants. The potential hazards identified in the work are important to be taken into account in the process of implementation of Rainbow Trout HACCP plan.
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Gaska, Ignas, Olga Bilenko, Saulius Smetona, Yuri Bilenko, Remis Gaska, and Michael Shur. "Deep UV LEDs for Public Health Applications." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 23, no. 03n04 (September 2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156414500189.
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In 2011, According to the World Health Organization, roughly 768 million people did not use any improved sources for drinking water while 185 million people relied on only regular surface water in order to meet their drinking water needs. The number of people living in slums with no clean water supply is expected to double by 2030 to 2 billion. Each year in U.S. hospitals there are an estimated 1.7 million healthcare acquired infections (HAI) resulting in approximately 99,000 deaths (2007 data). Deep Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (DUV LEDs) technology can help solve these and a variety of other problems related to public health and wellbeing. In contrast to more conventional UV sources, such as mercury lamps, DUV LEDs do not require any warm up time, are toxic chemical free, and possess the capability to be molded into compact systems. The DUV LED diodes fabricated by SET, Inc. are based on III-Nitride Semiconductors ( AlGaN ). These devices are capable of providing spectral power distribution with the peak emission wavelengths from 227 nm to 340 nm. A novel compact low flow water purification unit using DUV LEDs demonstrated a 4.15 LOG reduction of viral MS2 bacteriophage and > 6 LOG (99.9999%) reduction of E.coli at 100mL/min flow and 40mW of optical output power. At higher optical output powers, the LOG reduction begins to saturate and taper off. The water disinfection unit incorporated 20 TO-39 packages and was controlled by a single custom power supply. Arrangement of the LEDs insured minimal to no shadowing of influent water. The germicidal efficacy of the system was further enhanced by photon recycling using UV-reflecting chamber walls and multiple passes through exposed water stream. The water disinfection units are geared towards affordable and durable Point-of-Use (POU) drinking water systems. Current modifications are being made in order to further increase the efficacy of the water disinfection units at higher flow rates and lower power requirements. DUV LED technology was also used to design efficient hard surface microbial disinfection systems. Many microbes have become more resistant to everyday chemical disinfectants. Higher dose and more concentrated chemical solutions are needed to the point that they themselves become toxic for humans. Initial testing has produced visual evidence of microbial inactivation on hard surfaces contaminated with E.coli. Testing involved a single SETi TO-39 package with a wavelength of approximately 275nm. A higher than the 2 LOG reduction at approximately 1 mW optical output power was achieved. Based on these results, a 2nd generation system was designed for portable DUV LED cell phone disinfection containing few separate LED chips at 270-275 nm. Initial testing revealed an almost 2 LOG (99%) reduction of E.coli after 30 minutes of exposure at low microbial influent levels.
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Omiyale, F. B., and F. O. Ekundayo. "Comparative Effects of Conventional and Non-Conventional Flocculants and Disinfectants on Microbial Contaminants in Water Purification." Journal of Advances in Microbiology, October 12, 2019, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v18i330172.
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This work compares the effect of alum, a conventional flocculant to the bioflocculant isolated from Bacillus subtilis and Moringa oleifera seed powder (non conventional bioflocculants) and chlorine as disinfectant on microbial contaminants in water purification. Bioflocculant was purified from the sand sediments of Onyearugbulem market, jar test method was used in bioflocculating activity and dosage. Bioflocculant purified from Bacillus subtilis isolated from the sediments of Onyearugbulem market stream inhibited the growth of coliform for well, stream and abattoir waste water samples. On the other hand, alum sulfate when compared with bioflocculant at a dosage level of 200 mg for well and stream waters and 800 mg for abattoir waste water yielded flocculating activities of 87.33%, 78.42% and 24.60%. This indicates that purified bioflocculant was more effective than alum sulphate. Bioflocculant produced from Bacillus subtilis should be exploited in water treatment. Moringa oleifera seed powder exhibited both flocculating and disinfecting potentials in water treatment but not effective in the treatment of abattoir waste water.
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Said, Nusa Idaman. "DISINFEKSI UNTUK PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM." Jurnal Air Indonesia 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jai.v3i1.2314.
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Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill. Chemical inactivation of microbiological contamination in natural or untreated water is usually one of the final steps to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Combinations of water purification steps (oxidation, coagulation, settling, disinfection, and filtration) cause (drinking) water to be safe after production. As an extra measure many countries apply a second disinfection step at the end of the water purification process, in order to protect the water from microbiological contamination in the water distribution system. Usually one uses a different kind of disinfectant from the one earlier in the process, during this disinfection process. The secondary disinfection makes sure that bacteria will not multiply in the water during distribution. This paper describes several technique of disinfection process for drinking water treatment. Disinfection can be attained by means of physical or chemical disinfectants. The agents also remove organic contaminants from water, which serve as nutrients or shelters for microorganisms. Disinfectants should not only kill microorganisms. Disinfectants must also have a residual effect, which means that they remain active in the water after disinfection. For chemical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used such as Chlorine (Cl2), Hypo chlorite (OCl-), Chloramines, Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), Ozone (O3), Hydrogen peroxide etch. For physical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used is Ultraviolet light (UV). Every technique has its specific advantages and and disadvantages its own application area sucs as environmentally friendly, disinfection byproducts, effectivity, investment, operational costs etc. Kata Kunci : Disinfeksi, bakteria, virus, air minum, khlor, hip khlorit, khloramine, khlor dioksida, ozon, UV.
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Chooi, Wen-Han, and Shermaine Yee. "COVID 19: The safety profile of common disinfectants used for sanitization." Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science 3, no. 1 (September 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36877/pddbs.a0000112.
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With the recent outbreak of COVID-19, sanitization is a must for the community as daily safety prevention. The common ingredients found in disinfectant including glycol, sodium hypochlorite, silver ion, iodophor iodine and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone iodine. An ideal disinfectant should have a wide anti-microbial spectrum, low dermatologically toxicity profile, and stable storage properties. Glycol is widely used as a personal care product due to its low toxicity profile. Although it has a wide anti-microbial spectrum, it must be co-formulated with other agent due to its lower microbial killing strength. It has been demonstrated that sodium hypochlorite is not only capable of destroying bacteria and viruses but also about inactivating viral antigens by breaking down the high concentration protein resulting in the isolation of necrotic tissue particles. Yet, due to its strong alkaline pH and oxidizing capacity, it can cause corrosive reaction when mucous membranes and skin are in touch with it. Besides, silver ion also plays an effective role in curbing SARS coronavirus. It is used widely in disinfecting medical equipment, wound therapy, and utilized in water purification systems by its bacteriostatic and active ingredient properties. Researches have proven that iodophor iodine is effective in against non-enveloped virus in which 1% of povidone-iodine is effective against coronaviruses. However, it can cause a chemical burn, blistering, and skin sloughing if it used as skin disinfection. This report will discuss the safety of these disinfectants in sanitization.
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"A Review on Adsorption of Escherichia Coli (E. coli) With Different Types of Inorganic Nanomaterial’s from Water." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f9287.059120.
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This review examines the performance of latest highly capable nano materials in water purification. Easy synthesis and valuable nano-particles have plentiful applications in water disinfection. In recent times the existing researches explain an increasing applicability of (Zinc oxide, Copper, Silver, Titanium oxide & Iron oxide) nano-particles in the water disinfection. Environmental (i.e. water/air filter), industries (i.e. textile, animal husbandry, food packaging) and Biomedical (i.e. medical devices, hospitals) are some of different sector uses those nano-particles. Bacteria and protozoa are among the most typical pathogens of aforementioned untreated water, with gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, intra-abdominal infections, and etc. harmful effects on human beings in developing countries. In this review, the aforementioned types of nano-particles as a disinfectant for E-coli removal from water have been included in detail
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Mozafari, M. R., Sarabanou Torkaman, Fatemeh Mahsa Karamouzian, Babak Rasti, and Bikash Baral. "Antimicrobial applications of nanoliposome encapsulated silver nanoparticles: a potential strategy to overcome bacterial resistance." Current Nanoscience 16 (July 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413716999200712184148.
Full textAbstract:
: Bacterial infections result in hundreds of million cases of severe illness annually worldwide. Rapidly increasing drug resistance of pathogens further aggravates this threat to human health and warrants the search for effective broadspectrum antibacterial agents. Silver metal has a long history of application in human medicine and healthcare. In ancient times, silver was employed as a disinfectant for water purification and storage while it is still being used as an antimicrobial ingredient in some nanotechnology-based products. Encapsulation of antimicrobial substances such as silver nanoparticles in nanoliposomes could provide protection and targeting for the encapsulated or entrapped material. Nanoliposomes are biocompatible and biodegradable drug delivery systems with the ability to encapsulate both lipidsoluble and water-soluble compounds, as well as metal ions. Furthermore, nanoliposomes have been shown to be able to deliver encapsulated agents to target bacteria in vitro as well as in vivo. In this review, we present the use of nanoliposome-encapsulated silver nanoparticles as an efficient system for antibacterial applications.
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"Arduino based Dialyser Reprocessing System." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1S5 (December 30, 2019): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1031.1291s52019.
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Hemodialysis is a process of eliminating metabolic wastes from the blood in humans who suffer with renal failure or End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). In the heart of the purifying process lies an exchanging apparatus called the Dialyzer, where it acts as a semipermeable membrane for the blood metabolic constituents to get eliminated from the system and sometimes excess water is also eliminated based on the patient’s condition. These dialyzers are available in commercial market in two variants, one as a disposable and another as a reusable, where the latter can be multiple cycles of purification. In order to be useful for the multiple times or multiple cycles, a dialyzer is put in the dialyzer reprocessing unit (DRU). A DRU will ensure that the biological fluid is cleaned and disinfected with various fluids, filled with bacteria repellent fluid for later usages. DRUs are increasingly expensive in commercial aspects, in this paper a low cost dialyzer reprocessing prototype has been fabricated using an Arduino UNO board for the process control using R.O Water, Hydrogen peroxide and formalin as cleansing and disinfectant agents.
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Anuradha, Novi Alita, AT Diana Nerawati, and Erna Triastuti. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN ZAT PEMUTIH “KLORIN” PADA IKAN ASIN DI PASAR TRADISIONAL (PABEAN) SURABAYA TAHUN 2015." GEMA LINGKUNGAN KESEHATAN 13, no. 2 (August 30, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.36568/kesling.v13i2.86.
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Salted fish which uses Non Food Additives are often found in the community. Chlorine bleachmaterial is feared to be added to the salted fish sold in traditional markets. Chlorine is an importantchemical in water purification, disinfectant, bleach, and mustard gas.This is a descriptive research with the objective of determining the chlorine contained in somekinds of salted fish sold in "Surabaya PabeanMarket" by conducting laboratory tests and physicalquality assessment, as well as sellers level of knowledge about food bleaching agents. The resultindicated that 23 samples contained chlorine and 7 samples of salted fish dis not containchlorine.Quantitative laboratory test on salted fish samples showedthat out of 30 samples, allpositive contained chlorine (100%) with the highest level in medananchovies type of 9.335 ppmand the lowest was on the type of Gulama salted fish at 0.0103 (requirement of 0,00 or negative)that was banned to added to food by Permenkes 033 of 2012 on Food Additives. Measurementontraders’ level of knowledge on the production of salted fish shows that 9 out of 15sellerspossessed a good level of knowledge about the food bleach substance. To prevent salted fish containing chlorine, Department of Healthand other health institutions are suggested to conduct education to traders on the dangers of chlorine used in food by the that theydo not use chlorine as a bleaching agent.
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Vitali, Giuseppe, and Luigi Valdenassi. "Use of ozone in water, agriculture and zootechnics: relationships between dysbiosis and mental disorders." Ozone Therapy 4, no. 1 (April 11, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2019.8182.
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Ozone (O3) is a bluish-coloured gas with a characteristic odour that forms in the layers of the atmosphere, near electric shocks, sparks or lightning; the extremely high voltages reached during thunderstorms produce ozone from oxygen. The particular fresh, clean odour, the smell of spring rain is the result of the ozone reproduced by nature. Ozone comes from the Greek word ozein, which means to sense the odour of. Ozone is an essential gas for life on Earth, allowing the absorption of ultraviolet light emanating from the Sun; in fact, the ozone layer in the stratosphere protects against the harmful action of UV-B ultraviolet rays. The gas, not being stable over the long term, is therefore not produced in cylinders; it can currently be prepared through special, certified and authorised devices, which use small electric discharges to convert the oxygen into ozone. It is a molecule formed by three oxygen atoms (O3), with a negative electric charge. It has a short half-life, and will therefore decay after a certain time back to its original form: oxygen. Essentially ozone is nothing but oxygen (O2) with an extra oxygen atom, which has a high electrical charge. Ozone works according to the principle of oxidation. The oxidation mechanism follows two paths: i) Direct: contact of the molecule with the contaminant; ii) Indirect: the ozone decomposes into hydroxyl radicals, more powerful but short-lived. Both reactions occur simultaneously. When the static charged ozone molecule (O3) comes into contact with something capable of oxidising, the ozone molecule’s charge flows directly over it. This happens because ozone is very unstable and tends to change back into its original form (O2). Ozone can oxidise with all kinds of materials, but also with odours and microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. The supplemental oxygen atom is released from the ozone molecule and binds to the other material. In the end, only the pure and stable oxygen molecule remains. Ozone is one of the strongest oxidation techniques available for oxidising solutes. The supplemental/added oxygen atom will bind (=oxidation) in a second to each component that comes into contact with ozone. It is used for a wide range of purification processes. It can be employed for disinfection in municipal wastewater and in drinking water treatment plants. However, ozone is increasingly used in the industrial sector. In the food industry, for example, it is used for disinfection, and in the textile and paper industry it is used to oxidise wastewater. The main benefit of ozone is its clean nature, because it only oxidises the materials, barely forming any by-products. Since ozone has a strong characteristic distinctive odour, even very low concentrations can be quickly perceived. This generally makes it safe to work with. Since Chlorine is still the best-known oxidising and disinfectant agent, ozone is often compared with chlorine. Unlike chlorine, antibiotics or various chlorine derivatives that have no effect, ozone acts on viruses and spores. In its sterilising action, ozone directly attacks bacteria by inducing a catalytic oxidation process on the mass of bacterial proteins, unlike chlorine which acts only through specific enzymatic poisoning of vital centres, a process which requires a longer time interval and sensitive quantity for its diffusion inside the cytoplasm. Regarding the virucidal action, it is interesting to keep in mind that with a residual ozone rate of 0.6 ppm (parts per million) and with a contact time of 2 minutes, the percentage of inactivation for bacteria and viruses present in the disinfection liquid is total. Ozone’s oxidising power is 120 times greater than that of chlorine.
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Ozoda, Ibragimova, and Khalikov Abdulhak. "BLANKET REPRESENTATION AND EXPEDIENT OF DISINFECTING WATER USING PULSING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD." IIUM Engineering Journal 14, no. 2 (November 19, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v14i2.423.
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ABSTRACT:  The paper deals with comparative analysis of existing expedients and devices of disinfecting water, spots ways of the solution and a new method of water purification using electromagnetic field applied in a cross wise direction. ABSTRAK: Dalam operasi, analisis perbandingan dijalankan bagi menentukan kesesuaian yang sedia ada dan alatan untuk menyahjangkit air. Dengan mengaplikasikan medan magnet lintang, penyelesaian masalah dikenal pasti dengan meningkatkan kemagnetan terhadap medan elektromagnet ke atas air.
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Joshi, Dirgha Raj, Pramod Aryal, Mukesh Kumar Chaudhary, Prawin Kumar BK, Suvendra Prasad Yadav, Pratiksha Rawal, Nisha Adhikari, and Ravin Bhandari. "Study of in-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Cow Urine from Different Altitudinal and Climatic Region of Nepal." Microbiology Research Journal International, October 18, 2019, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2019/v29i230158.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Cow urine has been widely used as therapeutic or additive agents in different parts of Nepal, mainly to treat infections, cuts, burns, etc. Cow urine has been considered as sacred and holy water and used in many rituals and worshipping purposes. Apart from therapeutic and rituals ceremony cow urines are also used in purification and disinfecting the houses.
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of cow urine from different altitudes across Nepal.
Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of cow urines was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as free radicals. The antibacterial activity of cow urines was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive).
Results: The urine sample from Muktinath (Subalpine region) showed the highest 44.8±0.21% inhibition against DPPH free radicals. The urine samples from Jajarkot and Marpha (Temperate zone) showed 39.70±0.43% and 37.30±0.15% inhibition against DPPH free radicals respectively. The urine samples from Palpa and Shyangja (Subtropical region) showed 30.00±0.24 and 34.4±0.01 percent inhibition of DPPH radicals. The samples from Butwal and Dhangadhi (Tropical region) showed the least percentage inhibition of 23.9±0.08 and 21.12±0.1 respectively. Amongst the entire sample, the subalpine region of cow urine (Muktinath 3710m) made known the highest inhibition zone such as 10.56±0.05mm against S. aureus and 7.46±0.15 against E.coli.
Conclusion: Our study has concluded that cow urines have the antibacterial and antioxidant activities and vary in potency according to altitudinal and climatic differences. Hence cow urine from the subalpine zone has better antibacterial and antioxidant activity than that of lower altitudinal climatic zones.