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1
Yuan, Lifeng, Tadesse Sinshaw, and Kenneth J. Forshay. "Review of Watershed-Scale Water Quality and Nonpoint Source Pollution Models." Geosciences 10, no. 1 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010025.
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Watershed-scale nonpoint source (NPS) pollution models have become important tools to understand, evaluate, and predict the negative impacts of NPS pollution on water quality. Today, there are many NPS models available for users. However, different types of models possess different form and structure as well as complexity of computation. It is difficult for users to select an appropriate model for a specific application without a clear understanding of the limitations or strengths for each model or tool. This review evaluates 14 more commonly used watershed-scale NPS pollution models to explain how and when the application of these different models are appropriate for a given effort. The models that are assessed have a wide range of capacities that include simple models used as rapid screening tools (e.g., Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) and Nonpoint Source Pollution and Erosion Comparison Tool (N-SPECT/OpenNSPECT)), medium-complexity models that require detail data input and limited calibration (e.g., Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF), Loading Simulation Program C (LSPC), Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM), and Watershed Analysis Risk Management Frame (WARMF)), complex models that provide sophisticated simulation for NPS pollution processes with intensive data and rigorous calibration (e.g., Agricultural Nonpoint Source pollution model (AGNPS/AnnAGNPS), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), and Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF)), and modeling systems that integrate various sub-models and tools, and contain the highest complexity to solve all phases of hydrologic, hydraulic, and chemical dynamic processes (e.g., Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment Tool (AGWA), Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) and Watershed Modeling System (WMS)). This assessment includes model intended use, components or capabilities, suitable land-use type, input parameter type, spatial and temporal scale, simulated pollutants, strengths and limitations, and software availability. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each watershed-scale NPS model will lead to better model selection for suitability and help to avoid misinterpretation or misapplication in practice. The article further explains the crucial criteria for model selection, including spatial and temporal considerations, calibration and validation, uncertainty analysis, and future research direction of NPS pollution models. The goal of this work is to provide accurate and concise insight for watershed managers and planners to select the best-suited model to reduce the harm of NPS pollution to watershed ecosystems.
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Jiang, Song, Shuang Qiu, Hong Zhou, and Meilan Chen. "Can FinTech Development Curb Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (2019): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224340.
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The green development of FinTech empowerment has become a compelling theme in economic development. In this study, based on the weighted least squares (WLS) and threshold regression methods of cross-sectional data, we empirically examine the impact of FinTech development on agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, a major cause of impaired surface water quality. Our results show that there is an inverted “U” shape relationship between the development of FinTech and agricultural NPS pollution. That is, after crossing a “threshold value”, the level of FinTech development can curb agricultural NPS pollution. At the structural level, the availability of FinTech services, the FinTech infrastructure, and the agricultural NPS pollution also have an inverted “U” shape relationship. At the threshold effect, in the developing stage of an agricultural economy, the overall level of FinTech development, the use of FinTech services, the availability of FinTech services, and the FinTech infrastructure have an inverted “U” shape relationship with agricultural NPS pollution. On the other hand, in the developed stage of an agricultural economy, the impact of FinTech development and its structure on agricultural NPS pollution is insignificant. Hence, we can conclude that FinTech development can help reduce agricultural NPS pollution in under-developed regions. However, due to the fact that a “U” shape relationship always exists between FinTech service quality and agricultural NPS pollution, the quality of FinTech service should be the main focus to reduce agricultural NPS pollution more effectively.
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Yoon, K. S., K. H. Yoo, and J. M. Soileau. "Nonpoint source (NPS) model simulation of tillage effects on water quality." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 32, no. 5 (1997): 1491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529709376623.
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Drevno, Ann. "Policy tools for agricultural nonpoint source water pollution control in the U.S. and E.U." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 27, no. 2 (2016): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-12-2014-0177.
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Purpose – In the USA and Europe, agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution continues to be among the chief impediments to achieving water quality standards. While the implementation of technology-based water pollution control tools has resulted in evident point source pollution abatement, NPSs continue to threaten surface water and groundwater. The purpose of this paper is to draw from environmental policy literature to identify regulatory tools and management approaches that specifically target agricultural NPS pollution and the factors that drive or impede their implementation and enforcement. This paper utilizes the policy tool framework to help characterize the widespread policy problem, distinguishing its unique set of hurdles from other environmental problems. Design/methodology/approach – Discussion of agricultural NPS pollution management approaches is based on a thorough review of relevant environmental policy and environmental economic literature as well as case studies from the USA and Europe. Analysis is based on the policy tool framework. Findings – This study finds that controlling numerous diffuse sources of agricultural pollution requires an integrated approach that utilizes river basin management and a mix of policy instruments. Additionally, findings suggest that transitioning from voluntary mechanisms to more effective instruments based on measurable water quality performance relies predominantly on three factors: first, more robust quality monitoring data and models; second, local participation; and third, political will. Originality/value – This research provides important information for regional and national policymakers in areas where there is increasing pollution and regulatory mandates. Identifying conditions of effective water quality policy is applicable and will be of direct use to agencies charged with pollution control.
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Lei, Ping, Ram Kumar Shrestha, Bing Zhu, et al. "A Bibliometric Analysis on Nonpoint Source Pollution: Current Status, Development, and Future." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (2021): 7723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157723.
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Nonpoint source pollution (NPS) has become the leading factor of global water quality problems, attracting great attention from governments and researchers in various countries. Based on this situation, understanding the current research status of NPS can help guide future research. However, most of the current reviews only describe the research status of some specific aspects but fail to quantify the research hotspots and development trends on the whole, which limits the overall understanding of NPS. In this paper, bibliometrics was used to study the current status, hotspots, and frontiers of NPS research during 1991–2015, and the future research development was predicted. Over the past 15 years, there has been a remarkable growth trend in publication output, and the participation of countries/territories has also increased. Journal of Environmental Quality, Journal of Hydrology, and Total Environmental Science were the top three journals. Sharpley AN and Arnold JG from the USA were the most productive authors with the best quality articles. The major author clusters and research regions are located in North America and Europe, followed by East Asia. The United States dominates this research field, with the largest number of independent and collaborative articles. Chinese authors gained more attention through international cooperation. Keyword analysis confirmed that water quality and nutrients were the main concerns of NPS pollution research, which mainly involved a number of research topics, such as pollutant emission reduction research and the evaluation and simulation of pollutants’ migration and their transformation under different situations, while pesticides were less of a concern, which suggests that the abuse of pesticides has come under control. Meanwhile, SWAT was the dominating model in the last decade partly because it satisfied the growing needs of watershed-scale management.
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Wang, Y., J. M. Bian, S. N. Wang, and S. Y. Nie. "Predicting precipitation on nonpoint source pollutant exports in the source area of the Liao River, China." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 4 (2016): 876–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.268.
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The source area of the Liao River is an important grain growing area in China which experiences serious problems with agricultural nonpoint source pollution (NPS) which is impacting the regional economy and society. In order to address the water quality issues it is necessary to understand the spatial distribution of NPS in the Liao River source area. This issue has been investigated by coupling a wavelet artificial neural network (WA-ANN) precipitation model with a soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to assess the export of nonpoint source pollutants from the Liao River source area. The calibration and validation of these models are outlined. The WA-ANN models and the SWAT model were run to generate the spatial distribution of nonpoint source nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) exports in the source area of the Liao River. It was found that the SWAT model identified the sub-catchments which not only receive high rainfall but are also densely populated with high agricultural production from dry fields and paddy fields, which are large users of pesticides and chemical fertilizer, as the primary source areas for nutrient exports. It is also concluded that the coupled WA-ANN models and the SWAT model provide a tool which will inform the identification of NPS issues and will facilitate the identification of management practices to improve the water environments in the source area of the Liao River.
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Zong, Min, Yuanman Hu, Miao Liu, Chunlin Li, Cong Wang, and Xiaoying Ping. "Effects of Landscape Pattern Change on Water Yield and Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Hun-Taizi River Watershed, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (2020): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093060.
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Understanding the influence of landscape pattern changes on water yield (WYLD) and nutrient yield is a key topic for water resource management and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution reduction. The annual WYLD and NPS pollution were estimated in 2004 and 2015 with the calibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the Hun-Taizi River watershed. The impact of land use and landscape pattern changes on the annual WYLD and NPS loading changes were analyzed with a boosted regression tree (BRT) and redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that WYLD had a positive correlation with dry farmland and built-up area; however, a negative correlation with paddy field and water area, with the relative contribution of 42.03%, 23.79%, 17.06%, and 13.55%, respectively. The change in nutrient yield was positively correlated with changes in dry farmland, built-up area, and water area but negatively with forestland, according to the BRT model. Landscape patterns had an important influence on WYLD and NPS pollution. A large unfragmented forestland may improve water quality, while a large concentrated dry farmland results in water quality deterioration due to NPS pollution. Water quality is more likely degraded when land uses are complex and scattered with many small patches in a forestland dominated watershed.
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MORGAN, ROBERT, and MARTY MATLOCK. "A COLLABORATIVE LEARNING MATRIX FOR COMBINING SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT TO PRIORITIZE WATERSHED IMPLEMENTATION IN ARKANSAS' NONPOINT SOURCE STATE MANAGEMENT PLAN." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 10, no. 03 (2008): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333208003081.
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In 2004, the Ecological Engineering Group at the University of Arkansas received a grant to update Arkansas' nonpoint source pollution (NPS) management program. A stakeholder involvement process was developed that used collaborative learning (CL) and comparative risk assessment (CRA) to prioritise watersheds for NPS implementation. The relative ecological risk posed by nonpoint pollution to each watershed was assessed and values assigned using available water quality, GIS, and demographic data. This risk assessment was the foundation to a CL exercise. Through the CL process, the knowledge and experience of scientists, administrators and laypersons were used. Watersheds prioritised through the CRA became eligible for section 319(h) funding from EPA. This study evaluated the substantive legitimacy of the stakeholder process. Overall, stakeholders were found to be satisfied. The repeatability of the process made it a valuable improvement to Arkansas' NPS program.
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Aron, Joan L., Robert K. Hall, Michael J. Philbin, and Robin J. Schafer. "Using watershed function as the leading indicator for water quality." Water Policy 15, no. 5 (2013): 850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.111.
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Diffuse nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants, such as sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogens, have become the primary cause of water quality impairments in the United States of America. Resource management agencies in the USA are expanding the use of tools for the assessment of ecosystem function in water quality programs to control NPS pollution to meet US Clean Water Act objectives. Assessing the ecosystem function of upland and riparian areas provides the context for monitoring data that can improve the targeting of best management practices for NPS pollution, and be a leading (early) indicator for more timely decisions about aquatic habitat and water quality. Assessment of watershed function can be applied to prioritizing resources, developing indicators, monitoring aquatic habitat and water quality, and implementing adaptive management plans to restore degraded ecosystems that are producing NPS pollution. This paper presents three examples of progress in the institutionalization of this approach to water quality programs for sustainable and healthy watersheds that affect federal, state, tribal, and private landowners. Future work should refine the approach by evaluating the benefits, costs, and effectiveness of the use of watershed function in water quality programs.
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Irland, Lloyd C., and James F. Connors. "State Nonpoint Source Programs Affecting Forestry: The 12 Northeastern States." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 1 (1994): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/11.1.5.
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Abstract Programs addressing nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution impacts in forestry cover a wide range of activities in the Northeast. While state water program managers rate forestry-related sedimentation as a low priority problem, monitoring data to verify this are scanty. Most states have cooperative arrangements between environmental agencies which handle enforcement and forestry agencies which deliver NPS programs. Field assessments show that properly installed BMPs are effective in minimizing sedimentation from forestry activities. Only a few field reviews of compliance have been done. These show that while noncompliance is significant, and erosion does occur, the water quality impacts appear to be minimal. While significant progress has been made, it will be difficult to maintain program momentum in the extremely difficult fiscal climate faced by the northeastern states. Also, the research base for defining more cost-effective practices and administrative programs has important gaps. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):5-11.
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Spooner, Jean, and Daniel E. Line. "Effective Monitoring Strategies for Demonstrating Water Quality Changes from Nonpoint Source Controls on a Watershed Scale." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (1993): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0413.
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Demonstrating water quality improvements from nonpoint source (NPS) controls by monitoring both land treatment and water quality in at least a subset of watershed projects is necessary to provide feedback to project coordinators Feedback to regional and national policy makers is also essential to achieve political and economic support for NPS control programs. To meet this objective, two challenges must be met in designing the monitoring network and analyzing the data: (1) Detecting significant (or real) trends in both water quality and land treatment implementation and (2) Associating water quality trends with land treatment trends. Land treatment and water quality monitoring requirements for meeting these challenges are discussed based on lessons learned from the Rural Clean Water Program, a 10-15 year experimental program designed to control agricultural NPS pollution in rural watersheds. At minimum, monitoring of land treatment and water quality should be multi-year before and after best management practice (BMP) implementation. The paired watershed design is the best for documenting BMP effectiveness in the shortest number of years (a minimum of 3-5 years). The water quality and land treatment data bases should be temporally related. All significant sources of variability in the land treatment and water quality data should be taken into account to increase the chances of isolating true water quality changes due to BMPs.
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Seo, Mijin, Joonghyeok Heo, and Yongseok Kim. "Present and potential future critical source areas of nonpoint source pollution: a case of the Nakdong River watershed, South Korea." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 33 (2021): 45676–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12976-w.
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AbstractIdentifying critical source areas (CSAs) is the first step to effectively managing nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. Increasing variability in climate can affect identification of CSAs. In this study, we identified present and future CSAs of NPS pollution in the Nakdong River watershed and examined how climate change will influence the identification of CSAs. Nine NPS pollution-related factors affecting the watershed environment and water quality were considered. These factors were rescaled through a min-max normalization to propose an index system that ranks basins based on the sensitivity of basins to climate change on identifying CSAs. For analyses, past rainfall was replaced with future rainfall under two RCP scenarios, RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. Results showed insignificant differences in the spatial distribution of CSAs between the present and the future and between the future scenarios. Basins that are on or adjacent to the Nakdong River mainstream were mainly identified as CSAs, in addition to many basins of the Geumho and Nam rivers. Highly ranked CSAs including the level 1 CSAs, were mainly distributed in the mid- and downstream areas of the Nakdong River, indicating high need of NPS pollution management. This study can provide a foundation for the effective management of NPS pollution in the present and the future.
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Husak, Amanda L., Stephen C. Grado, Steven H. Bullard, and Steverson O. Moffat. "Silvicultural Best Management Practice Compliance Monitoring Programs in the Southern United States." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 29, no. 1 (2005): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/29.1.48.
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Abstract Passage of the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 prompted states to invest significant resources to develop programs to control nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from forestry and other activities. Forestry-related agencies and organizations have since developed silvicultural best managementpractice (BMP) guidelines to reduce NPS pollution, maintain stream integrity, and meet state water quality standards. To determine the effectiveness and implementation level of best management practices (BMP) on public and private forestland, states further developed and implemented theirBMP compliance monitoring programs. This study documents the similarities and differences in efforts, methods, resources, and expenditures among BMP compliance monitoring programs across the 13 southern states. 29(1):48–52.
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Angello, Zelalem, Beshah Behailu, and Jens Tränckner. "Selection of Optimum Pollution Load Reduction and Water Quality Improvement Approaches Using Scenario Based Water Quality Modeling in Little Akaki River, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 5 (2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050584.
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The collective impacts of rapid urbanization, poor pollution management practices and insufficient sanitation infrastructure have driven the water quality deterioration in Little Akaki River (LAR), Ethiopia. Water quality modeling using QUAL2Kw was conducted in the LAR aimed at selecting the optimal water quality improvement and pollution load reduction approaches based on the evaluation of five scenarios: modification of point sources (PS) load (S1), modification of nonpoint sources (NPS) load (S2), simultaneous modification of PS and NPS load (S3), application of local oxygenators and fish passages using cascaded rock ramps (S4), and an integrated scenario (S5). Despite the evaluation of S1 resulting in an average load reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (17.72%), PO4-P (37.47%), NO3-N (19.63%), the water quality objective (WQO) in LAR could not be attained. Similarly, though significant improvement of pollution load was found by S2 and S3 evaluation, it did not secure the permissible BOD and PO4-P pollution load in the LAR. Besides, as part of an instream measure, a scenario evaluated using the application of rock ramps (S4) resulted in significant reduction of BOD load. All the individual scenarios were not successful and hence an integration of scenarios (S5) was evaluated in LAR that gave a relatively higher pollutant load reduction rate and ultimately was found a better approach to improve pollution loads in the river. In conclusion, pollution load management and control strategy integrally incorporating the use of source-based wastewater treatment, control of diffuse pollution sources through the application of best management practices and the application of instream measures such as the use of cascaded rock ramps could be a feasible approach for better river water quality management, pollution reduction, aquatic life protection and secure sustainable development in the LAR catchment.
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Dong, Guo Tao, Juan Bai, Yang Lu, and Sheng Tian Yang. "A Simulation of Non-Point Source Pollution Loads Using a RS&GIS Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.173.
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A water quality model large-scale Non-Point Source pollution model was widely applied to deal with nonpoint source pollution in China. In this paper, the model was improved by adjusting the time step. The time scale of the solution module was modified to one day and half a month for the adhesion module. The Non-Point Source pollution loads in Haikou in 2008 were calculated by using the new model. The results show that the major pollutants of Haikou were the COD from large and small livestock, and the soluble pollution loads were much larger than the adsorbed pollution loads. Pollution loads of all types showed evident temporal and spatial trends. Moreover, the NPS pollution loads were dramatically larger in the flood season than in dry season. The distribution of average load of Non-Point Source pollution in Haikou originated from different areas showed significant spatial differences.
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McCarty, James A., Marty D. Matlock, J. Thad Scott, and Brian E. Haggard. "Risk Indicators for Identifying Critical Source Areas in Five Arkansas Watersheds." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 3 (2018): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12699.
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Abstract. Change point analysis was used to explore the interactions between watershed characteristics and concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen, total nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus in streams within the Ozark Highlands, Arkansas Valley, and Ouachita Mountains ecoregions of Arkansas. Thresholds were identified for multiple watershed metrics used to predict water quality, including percent forest in the catchment, agricultural and forested land use in the riparian buffer, stream density, and poultry house density. Based on the observed relationships from the sampled watersheds, we propose four risk indicators to improve the identification of critical source areas for NPS pollution mitigation: subwatersheds that have less than 50% forested area within the drainage area, less than 50% forested area in the riparian buffer zone, more than 0.9 poultry houses km-2, and a stream density that exceeds 50 m ha-1. Keywords: Nonpoint-source pollution, Source water protection, Watershed management.
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Jung, Kwang-Wook, Choon-G. Yoon, Jae-Ho Jang, and Dong-Soo Kong. "Estimation of pollutant loads considering dam operation in Han River Basin by BASINS/Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (2008): 2329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.832.
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Effective watershed management often demands qualitative and quantitative predictions of the effect of future management activities as arguments for policy makers and administration. The BASINS geographic information system was developed to compute total maximum daily loads, which are helpful to establish hydrological process and water quality modeling system. In this paper the BASINS toolkit HSPF model is applied in 20,271 km2 large watershed of the Han River Basin is used for applicability of HSPF and BMPs scenarios. For proper evaluation of watershed and stream water quality, comprehensive estimation methods are necessary to assess large amounts of point source and nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution based on the total watershed area. In this study, The Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) was estimated to simulate watershed pollutant loads containing dam operation and applied BMPs scenarios for control NPS pollution. The 8-day monitoring data (about three years) were used in the calibration and verification processes. Model performance was in the range of “very good” and “good” based on percent difference. The water-quality simulation results were encouraging for this large sizable watershed with dam operation practice and mixed land uses; HSPF proved adequate, and its application is recommended to simulate watershed processes and BMPs evaluation.
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Ding, Xiaowen, and Lin Liu. "Long-Term Effects of Anthropogenic Factors on Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082246.
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With the continuous enhancement of point source pollution control, non-point source (NPS) pollution has become an important factor in the deterioration of surface water quality. Meanwhile, due to the soaring global population, long-term effects of anthropogenic factors on non-point source pollution in large river basins have increasingly attracted worldwide attention. The Yangtze river is the largest river basin of China, and protecting its ecological environment has great significance on protecting the lifeline of the entire Yangtze river. In this study, the improved output coefficient and nutrient losses empirical model were used to conduct space–time simulations of non-point source pollution in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river (URYR) based on GIS during 1960–2003. This method reveals the anthropogenic effects of non-point source pollution in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river. The results indicate that the impacts of anthropogenic factors on dissolved pollutants increased significantly, while those on sediment and adsorbed pollutants increased first and then decreased during the simulation year. Agricultural land use and atmospheric deposition, as well as rural life, were the main sources of dissolved pollutants. In addition, dry land and paddy fields were the major sources of sediment and adsorbed pollutants. For the load intensities, the long-term effects of anthropogenic factors on dissolved pollutants increased rapidly, and those on the load intensity of sediment and adsorbed pollutants increased first and then decreased. Therefore, the study would propose some corresponding environmental management measures to strengthen environmental protection and non-point source pollution control in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river.
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Ahmed, Syed I., Amanjot Singh, Ramesh Rudra, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "Comparison of CANWET and HSPF for water budget and water quality modeling in rural Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 1 (2013): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.044.
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This study comparatively evaluates the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model and the Canadian ArcView Nutrient and Water Evaluation Tool (CANWET) for non-point source pollution (NPS) management in rural Ontario watersheds. Both models were calibrated, validated, and applied to a 52 km2 headwater rural watershed known as the Canagagigue Creek near Elmira in the Grand River basin, Ontario, Canada. A comparison of the simulated and observed values for stream flow, surface runoff, subsurface runoff, evapotranspiration, and sediment yield showed that (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources) BASINS/HSPF and CANWET models have similar capabilities to simulate various hydrological processes at the watershed scale. The seasonal stream flow comparison between observed and simulated values from HSPF and CANWET showed Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Nash-E) coefficients of 0.80 and 0.72, respectively. The monthly comparison between the simulated and observed stream flow yielded Nash-E coefficients of 0.88 and 0.94 for HSPF and CANWET, respectively. Overall, both models predicted the components of the annual, seasonal, and monthly water budget accurately. There was a considerable difference in the monthly simulated sediment yield by both models. This difference is consistent with the surface runoff variation predicted by both models. Both models predicted sediment yield with early winter and spring storms which is typical for southern Ontario.
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Zhao, Zhonghe, Gaohuan Liu, Qingsheng Liu, Chong Huang, and He Li. "Studies on the Spatiotemporal Variability of River Water Quality and Its Relationships with Soil and Precipitation: A Case Study of the Mun River Basin in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (2018): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112466.
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Human activities can affect soil nutrients, thereby influencing river water quality. The spatial pattern of precipitation also impacts distributions of water quality. In this paper, we employed a method that combines point survey, soil, and water quality data to analyze the spatial relationships between precipitation, soil nutrient and water quality in the basin on the basis of field surveys and laboratory analysis. The ordinary kriging method was applied to interpolate the precipitation and soil data, and the spatial pattern was analyzed. The water samples on the main stream and soil samples in the field were collected during both the dry and rainy seasons to analyze the water quality and soil nutrients. The results indicate: (1) The water quality in the dry season is better than that in the rainy season, the water quality in the upper reaches is better than that in the lower reaches, and agricultural activity is the direct source of water pollution. (2) The precipitation in the rainy and dry seasons is differente and the dilution effect of precipitation on pollutant concentrations and transport of water flow affect the spatial distribution of water quality. (3) There is a significant difference in the spatial pattern of soil nutrients between the dry and rainy seasons, and the soil nutrient content and the surface runoff directly affect the water quality. Soil nutrients are affected by human activities, and they potentially act as nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in this river basin. To improve the water quality, suitable agriculture measures need to be implemented.
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Liu, Xing, Donglong Li, Hongbo Zhang, Shixiang Cai, Xiaodong Li, and Tianqi Ao. "Research on Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment Method in Data Sparse Regions: A Case Study of Xichong River Basin, China." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/519671.
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The NPS pollution is difficult to manage and control due to its complicated generation and formation mechanism, especially in the data sparse area. Thus the ECM and BTOPMC were, respectively, adopted to develop an easy and practical assessment method, and a comparison between the outputs of them is then conducted in this paper. The literature survey and field data were acquired to confirm the export coefficients of the ECM, and the loads of TN and TP were statistically analyzed in the study area. Based on hydrological similarity, runoff data from nearby gauged sites were pooled to compensate for the lack of at-site data and the water quality submodel of BTOPMC was then applied to simulate the monthly pollutant fluxes in the two sections from 2010 to 2012. The results showed agricultural fertilizer, rural sewage, and livestock and poultry sewage were the main pollution sources, and under the consideration of self-purification capacity of river, the outputs of the two models were almost identical. The proposed method with a main thought of combining and comparing an empirical model and a mechanistic model can assess the water quality conditions in the study area scientifically, which indicated it has a good potential for popularization in other regions.
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Chen, Chi-Feng, Yi-Ru Wu, and Jen-Yang Lin. "Applying a Watershed and Reservoir Model in an Off-Site Reservoir to Establish an Effective Watershed Management Plan." Processes 7, no. 8 (2019): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7080484.
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Off-site reservoirs use water from other watersheds to supplement their water quantity. Water quality is usually better in off-site reservoirs than in onsite reservoirs, because in comparison to onsite reservoirs, watershed areas are smaller and fewer pollutants are collected; moreover, cleaner water is introduced. However, in Taiwan, the water quality of some off-site reservoirs can gradually worsen, and this factor needs to be addressed. In this study, the Liyutan reservoir in central Taiwan was used as an example to demonstrate the process of evaluating pollution in an off-site reservoir. Pollution loads from point sources (PSs) and nonpoint sources (NPSs) were carefully estimated. Domestic sewage and tourist wastewater were considered the major PS loads in this study. The NPS load evaluation was dependent on the results of a verified watershed model, the stormwater management model (SWMM). The observed data in 2015 and 2016 and supplementary total phosphorous (TP) samplings in upstream rivers in 2018 were used to validate the model results. Model calibration and verification were implemented during dry weather and wet weather to ensure the accuracy of the PS and NPS simulations. The results of this study showed that the average total phosphorous (TP) load generated from within the watershed was 9013 kg/y, and that the TP load from outside the watershed was 4545 kg/y. The percentages of TP loads from NPSs and PSs in the watershed were 83% and 17%, respectively. Finally, we used a verified Vollenweider model to convert the TP loads to the TP concentration in the reservoir. The pollution reduction measures and the associated predicted water quality values were assessed using the verified models.
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Xu, Ye, and Guohe Huang. "A Risk-Based Interval Two-Stage Programming Model for Agricultural System Management under Uncertainty." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7438913.
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Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution caused by agricultural activities is main reason that water quality in watershed becomes worse, even leading to deterioration. Moreover, pollution control is accompanied with revenue’s fall for agricultural system. How to design and generate a cost-effective and environmentally friendly agricultural production pattern is a critical issue for local managers. In this study, a risk-based interval two-stage programming model (RBITSP) was developed. Compared to general ITSP model, significant contribution made by RBITSP model was that it emphasized importance of financial risk under various probabilistic levels, rather than only being concentrated on expected economic benefit, where risk is expressed as the probability of not meeting target profit under each individual scenario realization. This way effectively avoided solutions’ inaccuracy caused by traditional expected objective function and generated a variety of solutions through adjusting weight coefficients, which reflected trade-off between system economy and reliability. A case study of agricultural production management with the Tai Lake watershed was used to demonstrate superiority of proposed model. Obtained results could be a base for designing land-structure adjustment patterns and farmland retirement schemes and realizing balance of system benefit, system-failure risk, and water-body protection.
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Webber, David F., Manveen Bansal, Steven K. Mickelson, et al. "Assessing Surface Flowpath Interception by Vegetative Buffers Using ArcGIS Hydrologic Modeling and Geospatial Analysis for Rock Creek Watershed in Central Iowa." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12350.
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Abstract. Nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution is a major cause of surface water quality degradation due to the transport of chemicals, nutrients, and sediments into lakes and streams. Vegetative buffers comprise several effective landscape best management practices (BMPs) that include vegetative filter strips (VFS) and grassed waterways. However, some BMPs are less effective due to concentrated surface flow, improper cropland-to-VFS area ratios, and surface flowpaths that partially or completely bypass vegetative buffers. The overall objective of this study was to quantify the accuracy of simulated flowpaths relative to observed and global positioning system (GPS)-assisted ground-truthed surface flowpaths for improved placement of VFS and other vegetative buffers to effectively intercept surface runoff. This study was conducted on three research sites in Rock Creek watershed in central Iowa. Geographic information system (GIS) software was used for flowpath hydrologic modeling and geospatial map comparison analysis. Digital elevation model (DEM) datasets were used for flowpath simulation and included internet-available USGS 30 m × 30 m grid (typically used to design and site VFS buffers) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) 5 m × 5 m grid DEMs. Results from this study indicate that the LiDAR 5 m × 5 m DEM generated significantly more accurate simulated flowpaths than the USGS 30 m × 30 m DEM. These results quantitatively underscore the efficacy of using high-resolution LiDAR DEM data to more accurately determine how well surface flowpaths are intercepted by VFS and other vegetative buffers. These results also demonstrate the benefits of coupling high-resolution aerial imagery with quantitative geospatial map comparison data to improve visualization and comparison of field-scale and watershed-scale hydrologic and terrestrial attributes. Ultimately, the results and procedures from this study will be applied to the development of a novel cloud-based, user-interactive, virtual-reality decision support (DS) tool that can be used to remotely assess hydrologic landscape conditions, prescribe improvements to existing BMPs, and determine new sites for enhanced BMP placement and functionality within a high-resolution 3-D imagery environment. Keywords: ArcGIS, Best management practices (BMPs), Decision support (DS) tool, Digital elevation model (DEM), Geospatial analysis, Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), Nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution, Surface runoff, Vegetative filter strip (VFS), Watershed hydrol
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Turner, G. W., and R. M. C. Ruffio. "Environmental Auditing for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control in a Region of New South Wales (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (1993): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0431.
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The concept of environmental auditing of point source pollution has been adapted to nonpoint source pollution in rural lands. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other information technologies provide an effective environmental management tool for characterising nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in a regional context and thereby can assist the environmental auditing process. Nonpoint source pollution problems of rural watersheds in Australia, particularly those in the state of New South Wales, and the role of the state's environment protection agency are outlined. A case study that applies an auditing methodology using GIS in a study area within the Lachlan River catchment is presented. The suitability of the approach for land condition evaluation and the review of land use controls for nonpoint source pollution is discussed.
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Han, Cheng-Wei, Shi-Guo Xu, Jian-Wei Liu, and Jian-Jun Lian. "Nonpoint-source nitrogen and phosphorus behavior and modeling in cold climate: a review." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (2010): 2277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.464.
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Pollution from nonpoint-source (NPS) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the main causes of eutrophication in lotic, lentic and coastal systems. The climate of cold regions might play an important role in disturbing environmental behavior of NPS N and P, influencing simulation of watershed scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models. The losses of NPS N and P increase in regions of cold climate. In cold seasons, accumulations of N and P are accelerated in soil with increasing fine root and aboveground biomass mortality, decreasing plant nutrient uptake, as well as freezing soil. N and P transformation is disturbed by soil frost and snow. Moreover, factors such as physical disruption of soil aggregates, pollutant accumulation in snowpack, and snow melting can all increase the NPS N and P losses to the waterbody. Therefore, NPS N and P in first flush are more serious in cold climate. All these effects, especially frozen soil and snowpack, make great challenges to watershed scale hydrologic and nonpoint-source pollution models simulation in cold climate. Model improvements of snowmelt runoff, nutrient losses in frozen soil, as well as N and P behavior have been initiated and will be continued to evaluate in terms of their performances and suitability with different scale, hydrologic and geologic conditions in the future.
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Engel, B. A., R. Srinivasan, J. Arnold, C. Rewerts, and S. J. Brown. "Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution Modeling Using Models Integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS)." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (1993): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0474.
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Models play an important role in the estimation of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution severity and in the identification of NPS problem areas. The use of these models has been severely limited because of the data and expertise required to operate these models. The integration of NPS pollution models with geographic information systems (GIS) can likely overcome these problems. Three NPS pollution models that were integrated with a GIS were used to simulate a watershed response to a series of rainfall events. The simulated responses were compared with observed runoff and sediment data. The simulated results matched the observed results reasonably well considering model inputs were estimated from base GIS data.
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Frederick, R. E., and S. A. Dressing. "Technical Guidance for Implementing BMPs in the Coastal Zone." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (1993): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0411.
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released the Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters on January 14, 1993. This document is EPA's technical guidance on the best affordable ways to reduce or prevent nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in the coastal zone. The authors believe that it is currently the most comprehensive summary of best management practices (BMPs) available. The guidance contains BMPs for the control of NPS pollution from agriculture, forestry, urban areas, marinas, and hydromodification (channels, dams, and stream and shoreline erosion). Wetlands, riparian areas, and vegetated treatment systems are addressed in the guidance as additional options to control nonpoint pollution. The guidance also includes monitoring and compliance tracking techniques to accompany the management measures. EPA and NOAA are developing approaches to help states, local governments, and affected parties understand and use the technical guidance in their coastal nonpoint source programs. Although final decisions have not yet been made, this paper summarizes the current thinking regarding this technical assistance.
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León, L. "Nonpoint source pollution: a distributed water quality modeling approach." Water Research 35, no. 4 (2001): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00336-5.
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Zhang, Xiao Hui, Qi Guang Cao, and Guo Li Xie. "Approaches for Chinese Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4843.
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Nonpoint sources of pollution, primarily from agricultural sources, are a major cause of water quality impairment in China. Yet approaches for addressing this issue remain underexplored. This article first introduces the current status of China’s agricultural nonpoint sources pollution.The article then discusses some practical approaches for agricultural nonpoint sources pollution control in terms of China’s current economic development levels and conditions.The article concludes that voluntary programs, command and control programs and economic incentive instruments are feasiable for addressing agricultural nonpoint sources pollution, if such approaches are designed and implemented well.
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Wang, Xiaoyan. "Management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China: current status and challenges." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (2006): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.033.
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Water quality in China shows an overall trend of deterioration in recent years. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural and rural regions is the leading source of water pollution. The agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are mainly from fertilization of cropland, excessive livestock and poultry breeding and undefined disposal of daily living wastes in rural areas. Agricultural nonpoint sources contribute the main source of pollution to most watersheds in China, but they are ignored in management strategy and policy. Due to the lack of full understanding of water pollution control and management and the lack of perfect water quality standard systems and practical legislative regulations, agricultural nonpoint source pollution will become one of the biggest challenges to the sustainable development of rural areas and to society as a whole. The system for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control in China should include an appropriate legislation and policy framework, financing mechanisms, monitoring system, and technical guidelines and standards. The management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires multidisciplinary approaches that will involve a range of government departments, institutions and the public.
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Ichiki, Atsushi, Toshiyuki Ohnishi, and Kiyoshi Yamada. "Estimation of urban nonpoint source pollution in Lake Biwa Basin." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (1998): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0397.
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This study aims to simulate pollutant runoff into Lake Biwa using the Macro Model and examine the runoff characteristics of pollutants from urban nonpoint sources. As a result of the simulations of all rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, the characteristics of urban nonpoint source pollution and the basic units of urban nonpoint pollutants in the Lake Biwa basin became clear. It was shown that the control of pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources during storm events was significant in order to protect the water quality of Lake Biwa. From these results, valuable data concerning the environmental management of the Lake Biwa basin was obtained.
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Hwang, D. H., and J. Y. Choi. "Optimum management scheme to control nonpoint pollution in Korea." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (2007): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.449.
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Comprehensive measures to control nonpoint source were developed by the Office of the Prime Minister, Korea in March 2004. These management measures present the government's policies and directions relating to nonpoint source management by 2020. However, the government has encountered difficulties since the government implemented such policies without preparing legal and institutional arrangements associated with nonpoint source management practices. Particularly, there was no legal system to manage the workplaces and construction sites that discharge the polluted runoff. To provide legal arrangements to achieve efficient implementation of the government's nonpoint source management policies, amendments to the “Water Quality Preservation Act” were proposed in the congress in March 2005 and took effect from April 2006. Subsequently, the nationally mandated nonpoint source control system was to be applied to such industries and construction sites. This paper attempts to propose the scope of the nonpoint source control system and effective strategies applied to the construction sites and industrial workplaces in Korea.
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Wu, Li, Xin Yuan Wang, Cheng Zhu, Feng Li, and Su Yuan Li. "Estimation on Emission of Nonpoint Source Pollution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Different Catchments of the Chaohu Lake Basin, China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1530.
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In order to estimate nonpoint source pollution loading of the Chaohu Lake Basin, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus of sediment, soil and water samples in five typical sub-catchments have been measured. Combining with routine monitoring data of the five sub-catchments of the Chaohu Lake, emission of nonpoint source pollution from these catchments were described and estimated with the reformative practical-mean concentration method. The results indicated that nonpoint source pollution contributed 79 % total phosphorus and 58 % total nitrogen to total loading. Thus, nonpoint source pollution was the primary cause of degrading water quality of the Chaohu Lake. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus were mainly from Hangbu-fengle River and Nanfei-dianbu River. Therefore, among five effluents of the Chaohu Lake, Hangbu-fengle River and Nanfei-dianbu River were the dominant sources for degrading water quality of the Chaohu Lake.
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Shortle, James S. "Allocative Implications of Comparisons Between the Marginal Costs of Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 1 (1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000325.
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This paper examines the possible use of information on the relative marginal costs of point and nonpoint source water pollution abatement to assess the efficiency implications of shifting a greater portion of the burden for water quality protection to nonpoint sources. The inherent uncertainty about the effects of changes in resource allocation for nonpoint pollution abatement on nonpoint pollution loads is recognized in the analysis. This uncertainty is shown to result in significant limitations on the use of marginal cost comparisons even when point and nonpoint pollutants are perfect substitutes.
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Yan, Zhongyue, Jing Xu, and Xiaohong Ruan. "An improved source apportionment mixing model combined with a Bayesian approach for nonpoint source pollution load estimation." Hydrology Research 50, no. 3 (2019): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.076.
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Abstract A nonpoint source (NPS) loads evaluation method based on the Bayesian source apportionment mixing model was established in this research. The model assumed that (1) the pollutant concentration from each source mixed with the others in the monitoring section during transport, (2) transport only considered first-order attenuation, (3) point source pollution had relatively stable emissions, and (4) the measurement error was random, unrelated, and consistent with a normal distribution (mean of 0). All unknown parameters in the model were taken as random variables, and their posterior distributions were derived by Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures based on historical data, literature, and empirical information. The outflow system of the Huaihe River was adopted as a case study to verify the feasibility of the model. Gelman–Rubin, automatic frequency control statistics, and the determination coefficient (R2) verified the reliability. The results showed that the total loads of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+), chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus from NPSs accounted for 16.35–27.58%, 18.78–25.69%, 21.68–29.71%, and 42.11–52.09%, respectively. The parameter sensitivity analysis showed that prior distribution of NPS concentration was the most sensitive one, which should be determined reasonably based on the empirical or historical information.
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Wu, Lei, Xiaodan Tang, and Xiaoyi Ma. "Optimal allocation of nonpoint source pollution control measures using two modern comprehensive evaluation methods." Water Policy 20, no. 4 (2018): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.058.
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Abstract Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution has been studied for many years but it exhibits random, widespread, complex uncertainties which make it difficult to manage and control. We employ group decision-making utilizing the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCE) and the analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) and comparatively evaluate the optimal allocation of NPS pollution control measures. Here, we present the top-three evaluation results ranked as follows: combination of contour tillage and vegetative filter strips (CT & VFS), vegetative filter strips (VFS), and combination of contour tillage and fertilizer reduction and vegetative filter strips (CT & FR & VFS). The fourth, fifth and sixth results by FCE method are chemical fertilizer reduction (FR), returning farmland to forest or pasture (RF), and combination of contour tillage and fertilizer reduction (CT & FR), while the corresponding results by AHP method are returning farmland to forest or pasture (RF), combination of contour tillage and fertilizer reduction (CT & FR), and fertilizer reduction (FR). The seventh results for each of the two methods are contour tillage (CT), which has a positive but limited effect on nutrient loss reduction. Our results provide new underlying insights needed to guide the resonable allocation of NPS pollution control measures.
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Ma, Jian, Xin Chen, and Yi Shi. "Distinguishing the Main Pollution Source an Efficient Way in Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2195.
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Agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution is a growing environmental problem, contributing much to water eutrophication in China as well as in other parts of the world. NPS pollutants are heterogeneously distributed and discharged from agricultural lands and other sources, and extremely hard to control by technical measures. Hence, control of the water quality problems caused by agricultural NPS pollution becomes difficult if recommended best management practices (BMPs) can’t be well implemented. In this paper, current research progress related to distinguishing agricultural NPS pollution sources was reviewed. Three pivotal methods for identifying agricultural NPS pollution sources were introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach were discussed. Finally suggestions were presented on better identifying agricultural NPS pollution sources in China.
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Holt, Thomas C., Brian K. Maynard, and William A. Johnson. "159 Ornamental Treatment-production Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 469D—469. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.469d.
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Degraded water quality is a growing concern across the northeast and in many cases may be linked back to agricultural operations as nonpoint sources of nitrate and phosphorous pollution. Constructed wetlands have emerged as effective, low-cost methods of water treatment that have the potential to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution and contribute to agricultural sustainability. However, the costs of implementing treatment wetlands as a BMP are high, with little opportunity for cost recovery. We have initiated, at a wholesale plant nursery in Rhode Island, an economical solution to treating nursery runoff that incorporates into a treatment wetland the wholesale production of native and ornamental wetland plants. Our goal is to demonstrate how nursery growers may produce a high-demand crop while addressing nonpoint source pollution on their land. Over the next few years, we will evaluate the economic impact of converting nursery production space into treatment wetland production space. We also will research the feasibility of enclosing treatment wetlands in passively heated polyhouses to facilitate the year around treatment of agricultural runoff. Information gathered from both the on-farm demonstration and research sites will be extended to farmers and other agricultural businesses or professionals through outreach programming. The theory, objectives, and construction of the demonstration treatment-production wetland will be presented.
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Li, Wenzan, Xuyong Li, Xinzhong Du, and Xiaoxue Wang. "Estimation of the nonpoint source nitrogen load in a strongly disturbed watershed of the North China Plain." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 6 (2014): 1304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.023.
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Identification of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is a great challenge in the North China Plain, which has modified rivers and insufficient data. In this study, a simple and reasonable method was developed to estimate the total nitrogen (TN) load in rural areas of the North China Plain. The method was found to work well and produce results consistent with monitoring data when considering various TN sources and transfer mechanisms. The annual TN loads from rural living, livestock and the farmlands were 121.9 × 103, 45.6 × 103 and 78.5 × 103 kg/yr, respectively. The TN load in the region along the river contributed much more to the NPS pollution than that in areas far from the river, with average TN loads of approximately 3394 and 602 kg km−2 yr−1, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that this method is suitable for NPS load estimates in severely disturbed watersheds with insufficient data.
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Chang, Chun, Dongmei Sun, Ping Feng, Miao Zhang, and Ning Ge. "Impacts of Nonpoint Source Pollution on Water Quality in the Yuqiao Reservoir." Environmental Engineering Science 34, no. 6 (2017): 418–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2016.0124.
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Hatfield, J. L. "Sustainable Agriculture: Impacts on Nonpoint Pollution." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (1993): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0444.
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Current agricultural practices are thought to contribute to nonpoint source pollution because of large inputs of pesticides and fertilizers and intensive cultivation and crop production. Trends towards sustainable practices which involve crop rotations, alternative weed and pest control measures, use of manure as fertilizers, and crop residues can lead to improved resource management. Sustainable agricultural systems should be viewed not as a reversion to past systems but as adoption of systems which promote efficient resource management and improved efficiency in the use of natural resources. Many of the aspects currently considered to be sustainable agricultural practices will lead to decreased nonpoint source pollution on both the field and landscape scale. There are large changes in the physical, chemical, and biological factors which promote these reductions. The net result of adoption of these practices will be improved environmental quality; however, to realize this benefit will require both educational efforts and improved decision making tools to aid in the management decisions required in agriculture.
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Lickwar, Peter M., Frederick W. Cubbage, and Clifford A. Hickman. "Current Southern State Programs for Control of Forestry Nonpoint Source Pollution." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 2 (1990): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.2.64.
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Abstract Southern state forestry and lead environmental agencies were surveyed regarding their 1987 silvicultural nonpoint pollution control programs. Most states had voluntary control systems and employed educational programs to meet pollution control objectives. North Carolina and Virginia provided modest cost-share funds for water quality protection on forested lands, and Florida had an extensive quasiregulatory approach to water quality protection. In total, southern state agencies employed 24 full-year equivalent personnel and spent about $935,000 to administer forestry-related water quality protection programs. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):64-69.
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Pantone, Dan J., and Robert A. Young. "AGNPS: A Software Program for Assessing Nonpoint Source Pesticide Pollution." HortTechnology 6, no. 4 (1996): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.4.344.
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Nonpoint-source pesticide pollution from horticultural and other agricultural activities is a primary factor determining the quality of surface water. A menu-driven, interactive pesticide transport submodel has been developed for the agricultural nonpoint-source (AGNPS) pollution model. AGNPS simulates the surface transport of pesticides, sediment, and water from the headwaters to the outlet in a stepwise manner so that an assessment can be made at any point within a watershed boundary. The model can be used by farmers, agricultural extension agents, agrichemical industry workers, or researchers to develop agricultural activities that minimize the surface transport of pesticides. This user-friendly pesticide transport model is available at no cost to users through the Internet.
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Poudel, D. D. "Surface water quality monitoring of an agricultural watershed for nonpoint source pollution control." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 71, no. 4 (2016): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.4.310.
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Robb, Doreen M. "The role of wetland water quality standards in nonpoint source pollution control strategies." Ecological Engineering 1, no. 1-2 (1992): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8574(92)90030-6.
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Yang, Huicai, Guoqiang Wang, Yan Yang, Baolin Xue, and Binbin Wu. "Assessment of the Impacts of Land Use Changes on Nonpoint Source Pollution Inputs Upstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/526240.
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In recent years, land use upstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has changed significantly because of the TGR project. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was examined for its ability to assess relationships between land use changes and nonpoint pollutant indexes upstream of the TGR. Results indicated that the SWAT model, calibrated with the adjusted parameters, could successfully reproduce the nonpoint indexes at the water quality monitoring sites in the two rivers. The different land use change types were shown to be sensitive to nonpoint pollutants in the study area. The land use change type from upland to water was the strongest influence on changes in total nitrogen and total phosphorus. An empirical regression equation between nonpoint indexes and different land use change types was developed for the study area by partial least squares regression (PLSR) as follows:Y=b0+∑i=1mbiXi. This regression equation was useful for evaluating the influence of land use change types on changes in nonpoint pollutants over a long time period. The results from this study may be useful for the TGR management and may help to reduce nonpoint pollutant loads into downstream water bodies.
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Fu, Qiang, Yunqiang Zhu, and Shengli Huang. "Regionalization of Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution over China with a Combination of Qualitative and Quantitative Method." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2020): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010405.
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Agricultural nonpoint source pollution has been a serious problem in China; however, currently a lack of basic data and quantitative analysis hinders control and reduction of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a regionalization method in the study of nationwide agricultural nonpoint source pollution over China. This paper proposes a method of combining both quantitative calculation and qualitative analysis. Based on agricultural nonpoint source pollution mechanism, we first proposed the natural environment index, which was calculated from relief degree of land surface, thermal humidity index, water resources quantity and precipitation index, and land cover index. Second, we proposed basic agricultural environment index, which was calculated based on the area of cultivated land use and the quality of integrated soil fertility. Third, we simplified the spatial distribution of natural environment and basic agricultural environment with the method of choropleth map classification, thematic map series, and gravity centers curve. Fourth, we conducted a qualitative analysis for both the natural environment and basic agricultural environment by overlaying the classification and existing regionalization maps to reveal the intra-region homogeneity and inter-region heterogeneity with a high reliability. The regionalization method used in this study resulted in a nationwide regional zoning of agricultural nonpoint source pollution over China, and China can be divided into 10 regions, which can be a trustworthy reference for agricultural nonpoint source pollution study and management.
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Yuan, Xiaodie, and Zhang Jun. "Water Resource Risk Assessment Based on Non-Point Source Pollution." Water 13, no. 14 (2021): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141907.
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As one of the most important causes of water quality deterioration, NPS (non-point source) pollution has become an urgent environmental and livelihood issue. To date, there have been only a few studies focusing on NPS pollution conforming to the estimation, and the pollution sources are mainly concentrated in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Unlike studies that only consider the intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus loads, the NPS pollution risk for the China’s Fuxian Lake Basin was evaluated in this study by using IECM (Improve Export Coefficient Model) and RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) models to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus loads and soil loss and by using a multi-factor NPS pollution risk assessment index established on the basis of the data mentioned above. First, the results showed that the load intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is low, so agricultural production and life are important sources of pollution. Second, the soil loss degree of erosion in the Fuxian Lake is mild, so topography is one of the most important factors affecting soil erosion. Third, the risk of NPS pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is at a medium level and its spatial distribution characteristics are similar to the intensity characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and mean concentrations are important factors affecting NPS pollution. These factors involve both natural and man-made environments. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the factors affecting NPS in order to assess the NPS risk more accurately, as well as to better solve the problem of ecological pollution of water resources and to allow environmental restoration.
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Contant, C. K., M. D. Duffy, and M. A. Holub. "Determining Tradeoffs Between Water Quality and Profitability in Agricultural Production: Implications for Nonpoint Source Pollution Policy." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (1993): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0400.
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Agricultural nonpoint sources of water pollution have received increased attention over the past decade as routine monitoring has indicated the presence of contamination in both surface and ground waters. In Iowa (as well as other states), policy makers have debated the effectiveness of alternative policy mechanisms to control these agricultural pollution sources. In this study, we investigate both the water quality and farm profitability impacts of four policy options: regulation, taxation, intensive technical assistance including cost sharing, and research and education. Simulations of water quality and profitability impacts are run for a sample of farm fields in Iowa. Summarized results identify both the range of impacts from a particular policy and the tradeoffs between improvements in water quality and declines in farm profitability within and between policies. Results indicate that impacts differ across policy options and by location; however, improvements to both water quality and profitability can be achieved with some of these policies. These findings suggest that agricultural nonpoint source pollution policies can improve water quality without significant cost to farmers or statewide residents.