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Stobart, Michael David. "The chemistry of a new water-recirculation aquaculture system with emphasis on the influence of ozone on water quality." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005087.
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Water quality changes that occur during establishment and maintenance of nitrification in two identical recirculating aquaculture systems containing rainbow trout are described. The time taken for the nitrification process to become established was 40-45 days. Mortality of fish attributed to elevated nitrite concentrations were recorded during the initial conditioning phase of the systems. Un-ionised ammonia concentrations did not attain lethal levels during this period. Nitrate concentrations accumulated slowly throughout the study, while the pH and alkalinity of the water decreased with progressive nitrification. Levels of carbon dioxide, calcium, dissolved and suspended solids remained relatively stable until the carrying capacity of the systems was increased, upon which they increased rapidly and general water quality deteriorated. Permanently elevated concentrations of ammonia and nitrite served as an indication that the carrying capacity of the systems had been exceeded. The use of ozone as a water enhancement treatment in aquaculture systems during one- and six-hour applications was also considered in this study. Ozonation significantly reduced nitrite levels at · low concentrations (0,1 - 0,15 mg/l), although they returned to pre-treatment levels within a few hours of cessation of the treatment. The formation of an unstable, intermediate product that reforms as nitrite in the absence of ozone, rather than the complete oxidation of nitrite to nitrate, is proposed. Ozonation also resulted in decreased dissolved solids, and improved the clarity and odour of the water. Ozone had no effect on ammonia concentrations (at pH > 7,0), or on nitrate or calcium levels, and did not conclusively increase the redox potential of the water. Residual ozone concentrations up to 0,04 mg/l in a sixhour treatment had no harmful effects on rainbow trout, and there were no signs of gas-bubble disease arising from supersaturation of the water with oxygen. Activated carbon filters were effective at removing residual ozone from the water after treatment. Treatment of the water with oxygen alone had no effect on nitrite concentrations.
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Okioga, Teshamulwa (Teshamulwa Irene). "Water quality and business aspects of sachet-vended water in Tamale, Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39278.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-126).
Microbial water quality analyses were conducted on 15 samples of factory-produced sachet water and 15 samples of hand-tied sachet water, sold in Tamale, Ghana. The tests included the membrane filtration (MF) test using mColiBlue24® medium, 3MTM PetrifilmTM test, and Hydrogen Sulfide Presence Absence (P/A H2S) test. With the MF method, 1 factory-produced and 1 hand-tied sachet-water sample had E.coli counts of 5 CFU/100ml and 49 CFU/100ml respectively. Almost half (47%) of the factory-produced sachet-water samples had some total coliforms (range from 1 CFU/100ml to 115 CFU/100ml). All the 15 hand-tied sachet-water samples had total coliforms (range from 4 CFU/100ml to 2010 CFU/100ml). One sample recorded TNTC at a dilution factor of 10. The MF method showed little correlation with the 3MTM PetrifilmTM method (R=0. 16). With the 3MTM PetrifilmTM test method, none of the factory-produced sachet-water samples had E.coli and only one sample had total coliforms with 100 CFU/100ml. The hand-tied sachet-water sample with 49 E.coli CFU/100ml in the MF test, turned out to have 100 CFU/100ml in the 3MTM PetrifilmTM test. The MF test results were considered more reliable.
(cont.) For the P/A H2S test, 7% of factory-produced sachet-water samples and 27% of the hand-tied sachet-water samples returned positive results. Overall, hand-tied sachet water was found to be two times more microbially contaminated than factory-produced sachet water. Turbidity tests done on the samples showed that 93% of the hand-tied sachet-water samples and 20% of factory-produced sachet-water samples had turbidities greater than 5 NTU - the limit set by the 1998 Ghana Standards for drinking water. Out of 30 random passer-byes in Tamale and neighboring Savelugu that were interviewed, all drank sachet-vended water, signifying its popularity in the areas. For 37%, sachet water formed the sole supply of drinking water, even at home! 70% drank more water when away from home, 20% the same amount at home and away from home, while 10% drank more water at home. Sachet water formed the main source of water away from home. Sachet-water vendors made 100% to 400% profit.
by Teshamulwa Okioga.
M.Eng.
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Beck, Deborah Aileen. "Effects of Biochar-Amended Soil on the Water Quality of Greenroof Runoff." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/47.
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As the numbers of installed greenroofs continue to grow internationally, designing greenroof growing media to reduce the amount of nutrients in the stormwater runoff is becoming essential. Biochar, a carbon-net-negative soil amendment, has been promoted for its ability to retain nutrients in soils and increase soil fertility. This study evaluated the effect on water quality of greenroof runoff after adding biochar to a typical extensive greenroof soil. Prototype greenroof trays with and without 7% biochar (by weight) were planted with sedum or ryegrass, with barren soil trays for controls. The greenroof trays were subjected to two sequential 2.9 in/hr rainfall events using a rainfall simulator. Runoff from the rainfall events was collected and evaluated for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate, phosphate, total organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Greenroof trays containing biochar showed lower quantities of nutrients in the stormwater runoff compared to trays without biochar. Biochar-amended soil with and without plants showed a 3- to 25-fold decrease in release of nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations, as well as a decrease in phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations release into the rainfall runoff. Phosphorus results from trays planted with sedum indicate that sedum interacted with both soils to cause a decrease of phosphorus in the greenroof runoff. In correlation with a visual effect in turbidity, biochar-amended soil showed a reduction of total organic carbon in the runoff by a factor of 3 to 4 for all soil and plant trays. Inorganic carbon was similar for all tests showing that inorganic carbon neither reacted with, nor was retained by, biochar in the soil. The addition of biochar to greenroof soil is an effective way to retain nutrients in a greenroof soil, reduce future fertilizer demands, and improve the water quality of the stormwater runoff by reducing nitrogen, phosphorus, and total organic carbon concentrations in the runoff water.
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Lam, Chi-chung, and 林志宗. "Monitoring of beach water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254275.
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Shah, Amisha D. "Antibiotics in water treatment the role of water quality conditions on their fate and removal during chlorination and nanofiltration /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26658.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Co-Chair: Huang, Ching-Hua; Committee Co-Chair: Kim, Jae-Hong; Committee Member: Li, Qilin; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Wine, Paul; Committee Member: Yiacoumi, Sotira. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Mensah, Paul Kojo. "Environmental water quality management of glyphosate-based herbicides in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001987.
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Although the use of pesticides is necessary to meet the socio-economic needs of many developing countries, especially in Africa, side effects of these bio-active chemicals have contributed to contaminating aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental water quality degradation by pesticides interferes with ecosystem health and poses numerous risks to aquatic life. In South Africa, glyphosate-based herbicides are frequently used to control weeds and invading alien plants, but ultimately end up in freshwater ecosystems. However, there are no South African-based environmental water quality management strategies to regulate these bio-active chemicals. Therefore, this study sought to provide a sound scientific background for the environmental water quality management of glyphosate-based herbicides in South Africa, by conducting both laboratory and field investigations. In the laboratory investigations, aquatic ecotoxicological methods were used to evaluate responses of the freshwater aquatic shrimp Caridina nilotica exposed to Roundup® at different biological system scales, and the responses of multiple South African aquatic species exposed to Roundup® through species sensitivity distribution (SSD). In the field investigations, the effect of Kilo Max WSG on the physicochemical and biological conditions of three selected sites in the Swartkops River before and after a spray episode by Working for Water were evaluated through biomonitoring, using the South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) as a sampling protocol. Both Roundup® and Kilo Max WSG are glyphosate-based herbicides. All the data were subjected to relevant statistical analyses. Findings of this study revealed that Roundup® elicited responses at different biological system scales in C. nilotica, while SSD estimates were used to derive proposed water quality guidelines for glyphosate-based herbicides in South Africa. The biomonitoring revealed that using glyphosate-based herbicides to control water hyacinth within the Swartkops River had a negligible impact on the physicochemical and biological conditions. Based on these findings, a conceptual framework that can be used for the integrated environmental water quality management of glyphosate-based herbicides in South Africa was developed as part of integrated water resource management (IWRM). The combined data sets contribute to a sound scientific basis for the environmental water quality management of glyphosate-based herbicides in South Africa.
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Miller, Carla Joan. "Water quality and macroinvertebrate populations of Finley Creek before and after a hazardous waste cleanup." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546147.
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Water samples and macroinvertebrates were collected from three stations of Finley Creek, Indiana before and after a surface cleanup of an adjacent hazardous waste disposal site. Water quality parameters: iron, total dissolved solids, conductance, hardness, total suspended solids and pH were compared between stations and years. The water quality above the landfill was high but decreased downstream. The water below the disposal site contained high levels of chemicals in both studies. However, the concentrations of chemicals were lower in the water two years after the cleanup.Numbers of macroinvertebrates and the number of taxa were determined and species diversity indicies were established. The results showed a statistically significant increase in macroinvertebrate taxa and mean species diversity indicies below the waste disposal site after the cleanup. These results indicate an improvement of water quality.Department of Natural Resources
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Chuang, Patty. "Comparison of EC-Kit with Quanti-Tray[tm] : testing, verification, and drinking water quality mapping in Capiz Province, Philippines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60761.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70).
This thesis accomplishes three tasks. First, it verifies the EC-Kit under different water source conditions by comparing it to a laboratory standard method, the IDEXX Quanti-Tray[tm]. The EC-Kit is a simple, inexpensive field test kit that contains complementary tests for Escherichia coli and total coliform: the Colilert[tm] 10-milliliter presence/absence test and 3MTMS Petrifilm[tm] test. This work was executed by analyzing 521 water samples collected in Capiz Province, Philippines as well as 40 water samples from the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Second, it determines the risk level for drinking water sources according to E.coli and total coliform levels in Capiz Province for difference locations and source types. Third, this study contributes to an ongoing mapping project, aimed at creating an interactive, searchable map of water quality results from EC-Kit and Quanti-Tray[tm]. The results of the study reveal that each component of EC-Kit and the entire kit itself is correlated to Quanti-Tray[tm] in a statistically significant way. Moreover, from the calculations of error and proportional reduction in error for unimproved/improved water sources, it is possible to make better predictions with just the use of the Colilert[tm] test, but not just the use of the TM T Petrifilm . This is because the detection limits for PetrifilmTM are an order of magnitude higher than Colilert[tm], namely PetrifilmTM colony counts of 1-10/1 mL sample results fall within the High and colony counts of 10-100/1 mL of sample fall within the Very High risk level categories, whereas positive Colilert[tm] results fall within the Intermediate, High, and Very High risk level categories. Most importantly, the EC-Kit allows for the best reduction in error, with a proportional reduction in error of 63% for unimproved water sources and 60% for improved water sources. This finding is significant because it means that a simple, inexpensive field kit can change our understanding of the safety of drinking water compared to simply knowing the United Nations infrastructure designation of improved versus unimproved water sources. Furthermore, the statistical analysis revealed that while the EC-Kit does not exactly match the Quanti-Tray[tm] results, it still provides useful information for assessing at-risk water sources.
by Patty Chuang.
M.Eng.
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Lehmann, Renate. "Forest clearance and lake water quality on the Canadian Shield." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22758.
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Forest clearance can affect the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrient concentrations and algal biomass in streams, but the possible effect of these inputs on downstream lakes is usually surmised rather than demonstrated. To evaluate the effect of forest clearance on DOC and nutrient cycling in lakes, DOC, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll (chl a) concentrations were measured in 47 Canadian Shield lakes in Quebec. Of these lakes, 25 were located in drainage basins that were partially clear-cut one to four years previously. In the disturbed sites, an uncut 20-m bufferstrip was left around the lakes and permanent water courses.To account for differences among the watersheds that are not related to forest harvesting, I also collected a series of catchment and morphometric variables (watershed area, lake area, drainage ratio, forest, wetland, and upstream lake area, watershed slope, water residence time and lake depth). Lake characteristics in undisturbed and disturbed watersheds were compared to determine if forest clearance has a detectable effect on the water quality of downstream lakes. Although comparisons of seasonal and monthly means of the water quality variables between disturbed and reference sites were inconclusive, likely because of high natural variability, the size of the clear-cut was significantly related to means of the water quality characteristics. DOC, TP, TN and chl a increased in lake water with the area of the clear-cuts when large portions of the watershed ($>$50%) were cleared. The results of this study suggest that logging has an effect on water quality and even though a bufferstrip of twenty meters reduces this effect largely, it may not be enough to provide complete protection against the effects of logging activities.
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Yau, Yick-yee Joyce, and 丘奕怡. "Bacterial indicators for beach water quality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254445.
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Olwine, Ashley M. "An internship in environmental education and water quality with Sanitation District No. 1." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1283882439.
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Hyde, Michael L. "Urban runoff quality in the River Sowe catchment." Thesis, Coventry University, 2006. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/9c34fa51-7611-4362-844d-30d87ba84205/1.
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There have been no previous studies carried out on the impact of urban runoff in the Coventry City centre area. The culverted nature of the River Sherbourne, and many of its tributaries, makes the investigation of intermittent pollution and rainfall events expensive and impractical, when using traditional spot sample methods. Storm events have been monitored over a period of over 60 months upstream and downstream of the City, using continuous water quality monitors and auto-spot sample methods. The receiving waters of the River Avon had previously suffered annual fish mortalities as a result of summer storm events causing oxygen depletion. Previous studies (Clifforde and Williams 1997) on the impact of Coventry Sewage Treatment Works effluent on the watercourse, have suggested a major component of the intermittent pollutant load arising from the City (upstream of the Sewage Treatment Works), which requires evaluation and remediation. This research identifies the contaminants found during a series of storm events impacting on the River Sherbourne culvert, and discusses the relationship between them and the increased flow measured. The methodology was divided into 3 Phases; Phase 1 examined all of the watercourses in the River Sowe catchment, and identified the culverted streams and drainage system giving an indication of the presence of pollutant sources. Continuous monitors were deployed within the four identified drainage systems to pinpoint intermittent and illegal contaminated discharges, and these discharges were subsequently redirected to the foul sewer or stopped. Phase 2 examined the quality of the River Sherbourne culvert upstream and downstream of the city centre, and demonstrated (using continuous monitors and automated sampling), that six combined sewer overflows discharging to the watercourse upstream of the culvert were opening unsatisfactorily. The dissolved oxygen levels were significantly reduced during rainfall events (with a loss of diurnal variation), and total ammonium levels exceeded current water quality standards. The results were used to instigate a remediation scheme to replace the overflows with additional foul sewage capacity, and a single high-level storm relief. Phase 3 examined the impact of urban runoff during rainfall events after the improvements made following Phases 1 and 2. The results suggest a marked improvement in the water quality, with little impact from organic pollutants. Dissolved oxygen concentrations remained high during many of the post-remedial rainfall events, and ammonia levels remained largely insignificant. The results indicated a fall in pH levels during the rainfall events and increases in all of the heavy metals analysed, though not beyond current water quality guidelines. The efficiency of using continuous monitoring in Coventry was assessed and likely sources of the contaminants in urban runoff were considered. The statistics of compliance with percentile standards do not allow for short-term pollution or storm events, which may kill all aquatic life whilst not breaching water quality standards. Using continuous monitors to identify intermittent and illegal discharges in underground drainage systems was an efficient and cost-effective method of reducing the impact of urban runoff in a failing watercourse. The methodology can be applied to other urban areas to identify unidentified illegal and intermittent point sources. Routine monthly monitoring of an urban watercourse may not identify the peaks and troughs associated with rainfall events that may breach toxicological guidelines, and will not identify intermittent and unknown pollutant sources; particularly when discharging outside of normal working hours. This research was a unique and comprehensive investigation into the nature and composition of urban runoff in the City of Coventry, and local data gathered will be invaluable in promoting further research, improving local knowledge of the urban environment in preparation for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), and in planning for environmental improvements in the future.
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Kwok, Wing-hin Kevin Patrick, and 郭穎軒. "On the derivation of Water and Sediment Quality Guidelines: some pressing issues and theirresolutions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42181963.
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Shrivastava, Vikram. "Creek water quality impacts : irrigation tailwaters and sewage discharges." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44277.pdf.
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Gollamudi, Apurva. "Hydrological and water quality modeling of agricultural fields in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98710.
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Two tile-drained agricultural fields in the Pike River watershed of Southern Quebec were instrumented in October 2000 to monitor phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in surface runoff and tile drainage. Data collected from these sites were used as the primary input to test a GIS-based hydrological and water quality simulation model (ArcView SWAT2000) at the field scale. Surface runoff, subsurface flow, sediment yield, nitrate loads and phosphorus loads were the principal parameters evaluated by the model. The SWAT model was calibrated using data collected in the year 2002 while 2003 data was used for validating the model. Particulate phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus loads in streamflow were also simulated using SWAT and compared with field measurements.A sensitivity analysis showed that curve number, available soil water content and soil evaporation factors significantly influenced water yield simulations while model performance for water quality parameters was governed mainly by the accuracy of simulating field operations such as fertilization and tillage. The monthly coefficients of performance after calibration ranged from being very good for some parameters (0.27 to 0.66 for total water yield; 0.38 to 0.67 for total phosphorus; and 0.23 to 0.89 for sediments) to being inconsistent for others (0.44 to 2.28 for subsurface flow; 0.63 to 4.36 for surface runoff; and 0.66 to 1.35 for total nitrate loads). Overall, it was found that SWAT results on a seasonal scale were generally more reliable whereas daily or monthly simulations could be improved by using a longer calibration period or incorporating model changes. Short-term impacts of implementing different best management practices for tillage, crop rotation and fertilization were also evaluated using the validated SWAT model. It was found that conservation tillage of corn coupled with pasture or soybean rotations can reduce total phosphorus loads in the range of 25-50% over conventional tillage with corn.
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Williams, Chavon R. "A National survey of Mercury levels in South Africa's water management areas." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8674_1298356510.
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This study forms part of a broader project co-funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC), and CSIR Parliamentary Grant (PG) and Strategic Research Panel (SRP) research grants, aimed at surveying selected water resources within the 19 Water Management Areas in South Africa. Furthermore, it aims at determining the concentrations of Hg and MeHg in various environmental compartments collected from priority water resources, to identify the potential Hg hotspots, and to assess the degree of compliance with national and international guidelines. Mercury concentrations in the environment have increased globally and this has caused much anxiety in terms of the adverse effects it has on aquatic ecosystems, their organisms, and the communities they sustain. Human health risks associated with the consumption of fish elevated containing Hg concentrations have received minimal attention particularly in South Africa. It is imperative that any potential adverse impacts of Hg on aquatic ecosystems, and the subsequent impacts on human health, be investigated.
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Davidson, Gregg Randall 1963. "The applicability of boron isotopes in determining fate and transport of leachate from electric utility solid waste." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276980.
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The boron isotopic ratios of three contaminated ground water samples and of leachate from four fly ash samples are shown to be significantly different than the isotopic ratio of naturally occurring boron in a selected ground water. Analysis is performed using thermal ionization mass spectrometry with a precision of less than 1 per mil. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is shown to be ineffective for this application. Boron is isolated from solution and concentrated using Amberlite IRA-743 resin with no isotopic fractionation observed. Boron desorption from fly ash is shown to be rapid. Boron isotopic analysis is shown to be a superior method to boron concentration analysis for identifying leachate in a ground water, (1) at the outer limits of a leachate plume, and, (2) when the difference between the boron concentration of the leachate and background water is small. The degree of contamination can be determined if both end members are known.
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Habets, Maurice. "Stormwaterbesoedeling in die Lourensrivier-opvanggebied." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1024.
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Thesis (Master Diploma (Civil engineering)--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1993Stormwater pollution is a major problem in many of the areas where it is present. Due to the changing nature in terms of quality and quantity of stormwater, which has its origin in many different places, it is difficult to control and identify the source of pollution. Some of the pollutants present in stormwater run-off include oxygen-demanding substances, suspended solids, trace metals, toxic organic compounds (eg. chlorinated hydrocarbons), nutrients, refuse, plastics and pathogenic bacteria and viruses. This thesis identifies and discusses the problems in the Lourensriver catchment area, and produce practical solutions to decrease the pollution. The report consists of four sections. Part I : Part 2 : Part 3 : Part 4 : Evaluation of the existing area and identification of the problem. Literamre study. Control of Stormwater ie. storing, treatment and disposal. Presencation of steps to be followed to rectify the problem. If the findings and recommendations are followed, it should make a positive contribution to the wellbeing of the catchment area. The findings of this report could also be applied to areas with similar problems. The following recommendations are made for the Lourens River: " Monitor and strict implementation of the Wateract (1936). " In the Lower zone, pollution can be diluted and flushed out by ways of the closure of Melkschloot. " Design of any new development must take place in such a manner so as the stormwater discharge after development will be of the same quality and quantity as before construction. " Creation of permeable surfaces in established areas. " Delay of rainwater flow out of all areas. " Construction of additional sedimentation and detention dams for the storing and treatment of stormWater. " Awareness programmes to inform the public and industry. " Implementation of preventative measurements. " Establishment of controlling body's to ensure co-ordination betvieen various institutions and local government. " Monitor of run-off from industrial and agricultural terrain and identifying of unlawful practices. Strict anti-littering and dumping actions. Placing of waste storage bins in residential and industrial areas. Permits for the usage of poisons and the monitor there off. Encouragement of cleaning up actions and groups. Encouragement and increase of street cleaning operations. Construction of effective catchment basins to remove sol ids before it ends up in the stormwater pipes. Regular cleaning of catchment basins. Regular flushing of stormwater pipes. Construction of marshlands. Construction of reedbeds.
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Ko, Man-yan Fanny, and 高文欣. "A review of the indicators used for monitoring beach water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254573.
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Van, Glubt Sarah. "Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Chehalis River Using CE-QUAL-W2." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3486.
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The Chehalis River Basin is located in the southwest region of Washington State, originating in the Olympic Mountains and flowing to Grays Harbor and the Pacific Ocean. The Chehalis River is over 125 miles, exists within five counties, and flows through agricultural, residential, industrial, and forest land areas. Four major rivers discharge to the Chehalis River, as well as many smaller creeks, five wastewater treatment plants, and groundwater flows.
Flooding is a major problem in the relatively flat areas surrounding the cities of Chehalis and Centralia, with severe consequences for property, safety and transportation. As a result, construction of a flood-control dam in the upper basin has been proposed. One major concern of constructing a dam is the potentially severe impacts to fish health and habitat. The Chehalis River has routinely violated water quality standards for primarily temperature and dissolved oxygen, and has had multiple water quality and Total Maximum Daily Load studies beginning in 1990.
CE-QUAL-W2, a two-dimensional (longitudinal and vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model, was used to simulate the Chehalis River, including free flowing river stretches and stratified (in summer) lake-like stretches. The goals of this research were to assess the flood retention structure's impacts to water quality, as well as river responses to potential climate change scenarios.
In order to use the model to achieve these goals, calibration to field data for flow, temperature, and water quality constituents was performed. This involved developing meteorological data, riparian shading data, and flow, temperature, water quality records for all tributaries during the calibration period of January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014. System cross-sectional geometry data were also required for the model grid. Because of the short travel time in the river, the model was sensitive to boundary condition data, wind speed, bathymetry, nutrient kinetics, and algae, epiphyton, and zooplankton kinetics.
Future conditions showed predictions of warmer water temperatures and slight changes to water quality conditions on the river. As fish in the area prefer cooler water temperatures, this could pose a threat to fish health and habitat. Flood retention structures also showed impacts to river temperature and water quality. Structures with the purpose of flood retention only (only operating during times of flooding) gave model predictions for daily maximum temperature higher than structures that employed flood retention and flow augmentation (operating during all times of the year). This suggested the management of flow passage or retention by the dam is important for water quality on the river.
As this research continues improvements will be made, particularly to temperature and water quality constituents. Additional data for the system would be beneficial to this process. Model predictions of temperature were sensitive to meteorological data, including cloud cover, which were largely estimated based on solar radiation. Additional meteorological data throughout the basin would be useful to temperature results. Temperature results were also sensitive to the model bathymetry, and additional investigations into segments widths and water depths may improve temperature predictions.
Water quality constituent data were largely lacking for the system. Many estimation techniques and approximations were used for input water quality constituents for the model upstream boundary and tributaries when little or no data were available, introducing uncertainty to the model. It was not possible to calibrate pH to field data because alkalinity data were essentially unavailable. However, other constituents had good agreement between model predictions and field data, including dissolved oxygen, nitrates, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids.
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Barnes, J. M. (Johanna Maria). "The impact of water pollution from formal and informal urban developments along the Plankenbrug River on water quality and health risk / J.M. Barnes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53646.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Plankenbrug River runs past the dense settlement of Kayamandi, on the outskirts of Stellenbosch. This site was chosen to study the impact of water pollution from formal and informal urban developments on water quality and associated health factors. Aims of the study: (1) To determine some basic epidemiological characteristics of the exposed population of Kayamandi, their sanitation problems and reasons for poor hygiene; (2) To determine the microbiological and chemical pollution load patterns in the Plankenbrug River over time; (3) To investigate the spectrum of organisms present in the river (other than the indicator E. coli) and their epidemiological implications for health; (4) To establish the possible presence of organisms resistant to chlorine or to antibiotics in the river below Kayamandi as indicators of environmental hazard. Methods: During the period 5 May 1998 to 10 February 2003 microbiological and chemical analyses have been carried out every 6 weeks on water samples obtained at various points along the Plankenbrug River. Two large surveys (n=2196 persons and n=3568 persons) of the community of Kayamandi have been undertaken and door-to-door education campaigns were carried out with the aid of trained community health workers. Results: Below Kayamandi the river contains dangerously high levels of faecal contamination and it constitutes a health hazard to all persons coming into contact with the water. Up to 13 million Escherichia coli per 100 ml water was recorded (cut-off level as indicator of human safety is 1000 organisms per 100 ml water). Not all the faecal contamination originated from Kayamandi. Substantial amounts of faecal contamination sporadically entered the river at different points below Kayamandi. The pollution load resulting from these intrusions were sometimes larger than that contributed by the whole of Kayamandi. Water samples below Kayamandi were screened to ascertain what other pathogens were present. Amongst the organisms were 0 haemolytic Streptococcus Group A and B, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and many others. The list of pathogens found had such serious implications that a confidential health warning was sent out to health care centres and other affected organisations in the area. |3 haemolytic Streptococcus Group A has never before been reported as isolated in viable form from free-flowing natural waters. Signs of increased resistance to chorine were found in organisms isolated from the river water. There were also organisms showing signs of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The E. coli organisms that survived various levels of chlorine treatment also showed increased resistance to amoxycillin when compared to untreated E. coli organisms sampled from the Plankenbrug River. During the community phase of the project in Kayamandi a reduction in the pollution levels occurred over the summers of 2000 and 2001 (note that "improved" does not yet mean "safe" by any means). This can be ascribed to the multi-pronged approach of the project. Attention was given to service and repair of sanitation facilities, a strong accent on door-todoor community education about better sanitation behaviour, creation of a central reporting point for blockages and breakages, and training of artisans (plumbers, bricklayers, etc) from the community to help with upkeep. The community showed encouraging signs of wanting better sanitation education. The improvement in pollution levels is however in danger of reverting back to the previous dangerous situation if better support and co-operation cannot be obtained from the relevant authorities. There were 16.9% of households who reported one or more cases of diarrhoea during the survey period (5 weeks) - a very high prevalence seeing that the survey was carried out during a wet and cold winter period. Conclusions: Active planning and other steps to cope with the sewage intrusions into the river should be instituted without delay. The water quality of the Plankenbrug River downstream from Kayamandi is extremely poor. The water constitutes a serious health hazard and a threat to downstream economic activities. The settlement of Kayamandi demonstrated that education, when coupled with maintenance and repairs of existing toilet facilities, can bring about a reduction in pollution loads, but that this should be an ongoing process and not be reduced to sporadic attempts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Plankenbrug Rivier vloei verby die digbewoonde nedersetting van Kayamandi aan die buitewyke van Stellenbosch. Hierdie plek is gekies as studie-area om die impak te bestudeer van waterbesoedeling wat van formele en informele dorpsontwikkeling afkomstig is, asook die geassosieerde gesondheidsfaktore. Doel van die studie: (1) Om sommige basiese epidemiologiese eienskappe van die blootgestelde populasie, hulle sanitasieprobleme en redes vir die swak higiene te bepaal; (2) Om die mikrobiologiese en chemiese besoedelingspatrone in die Plankenbrug Rivier oor tyd te bepaal; (3) Om die spektrum van organismes teenwoordig in die rivier (anders as E. coli) te bepaal asook hulle epidemiologiese implikasies op gesondheid; (4) Om vas te stel, as indikatore van omgewingsgevaar, of daar moontlik organismes teenwoordig is wat weerstandig is teen chloriene en antibiotika in die rivier onder Kayamandi. Metodes: Gedurende die afgelope vier jaar is mikrobiologiese en chemiese ontledings elke 6 weke uitgevoer van watermonsters wat van verskeie punte op die Palnkenbrug Rivier verkry is. Twee groot opnames is in die gemeenskap van Kayamandi ondemeem (n=2196 persone en n=3568 persone) en deur-tot-deur opvoedingsveldtogte is uitgevoer met die hulp van plaaslik opgeleide gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers. Resultate: Onder Kayamandi bevat die rivier gevaarlike vlakke van fekale besoedeling en dit hou gesondheidsgevare in vir alle persone war daarmee in aanraking kom. Op tot 13 miljoen Escherichia coli per 100 ml water is genoteer (boonste grens van veiligheid vir die mens is 1000 organismes per 100 ml water). Nie al die fekale kontaminasie is afkomstig van Kayamandi nie. Substansiele hoeveelhede kontaminasie dring die rivier binne op verskillende punte ver onder Kayamandi. Hierdie besoedelingslading is soms groter as wat van die hele Kayamandi afkomstig is. Watermonsters geneem onder Kayamandi is ondersoek om vas te stel watter ander siekteveroorsakende organismes ook teenwoordig was. Onder die organismes gevind was (3 hemolitiese Streptococcus Groep A en B, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. en baie ander. Die lys van patogene wat gevind is, het sulke emstige implikasies dat 'n vertroulike gesondheidswaarskuwing uitgestuur is na gesondheidsdienspunte en ander geaffekteerde organisasies in die gebied. (3 hemolitiese Streptococcus Groep B is nog nie vantevore aangemeld as lewensvatbaar geisoleer uit vryvloeiende natuurlike waters nie. Tekens is gevind dat daar organismes in die rivier voorkom wat weerstandig is teen chloorbehandeling en ook teen algemeen gebruikte antibiotika. Die E. coli organisme wat verskillende konsentrasies van chloorbehandeling oorleeef het, het ook verhoogde weerstand teen amoksisilien getoon wanneer hulle vergelyk was met onbehandelde E. coli organisme wat van die Plankenbrug Rivier gemonster was. Gedurende die gemeenskapsfase van die projek is daar 'n verlaging van besoedelingsvlakke in die rivier gevind gedurende die somers van 2000 en 2001 (let op dat "verbetering" hier nog glad nie "veilig" beteken nie). Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die veelvlakkige benadering wat die projek gevolg het. Aandag is geskenk aan diens en herstel van sanitasiegeriewe met 'n sterk klem op deur-tot-deur opvoedingsveldtogte met die oog op beter sanitasiegedrag, skepping van 'n sentrale aanmeldpunt vir blokkasies en brekasies, en opleiding van ambagslui (loodgieters, messelaars, ens) uit die gemeenskap om te help met onderhoud. Die gemeenskap het bemoedigende tekens getoon dat hulle beter sanitasie opvoeding verlang. Die verbetering in die besoedelingsvlakke in die rivier loop egter gevaar om terug te val na die vorige gevaarlike vlakke as daar nie beter ondersteuning en samewerking van die onderhawige owerhede verkry kan word nie. Daar was 16.9% van huishoudings wat een of meer gevalle van diarree aangemeld het gedurende die 5 weke van die opnameperiode - 'n baie hoe prevalensie siende dat die opname uitgevoer was gedurende 'n nat en koue winterperiode. Gevolgtrekkings: Aktiewe beplanning en ander stappe om die riool-indringing in die rivier die hoof te bied is gebiedend noodsaaklik en behoort sonder versuim ingestel te word. Die waterkwaliteit van die Plankenbrug Rivier stroomaf van Kayamandi is baie swak. Die water hou emstige gesondheidsgevare in en is ook 'n bedreiging vir die ekonomiese aktiwiteite stroomaf. Die nedersetting van Kayamandi demonstreer ook dat opvoeding, wanneer gekoppel aan onderhoud en herstel van bestaande toiletgeriewe in verlaging teweeg kan bring van besoedelingsvlakke, maar dat dit 'n voortgesette program moet wees en nie net sporadiese pogings nie.
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吳茵茵 and Yan-yan Ng. "The significance of runoff pollution to coastal water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225019.
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Hernandez-Romo, Adriana. "An analysis of nitrate contaminated water in Cherry Valley." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2726.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of nitrate contamination in the water in Cherry Valley. It examines the theory that human effluent is the source of the nitrate and evaluates the role of politics in the nitrate issue.
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Le, Roux Shirley Theodora Rose. "The application of differential pulse stripping voltammetry in the determination of trace metals in wet precipitation." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/742.
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Thesis (MTech (Physical Sciences))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 1999.Wet deposition of toxic trace metals is the dominant mode of deposition in terrestrial ecosystems and contributes very significantly to their pollution burden. Wet deposited metals are dissolved in rainwater. They reach the vegatation in a form most favourable for uptake. Reliable analysis of toxic trace metals in rainwater is important in order to determine the impact they make on the environment. In this study, trace metals in rainwater and in dry deposition (as a control measure), have been analysed over a period of a year. These metals include cadmium, copper, cobalt, lead, nickel and zinc. The rainwater was filtered, acidified to pH2 and irradiated with UV-light. Dry deposition samples, were digested by heating in nitric acid before analysis. Differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was used to determine cadmium, lead and zinc. Copper was determined by adsorptive cathodic stripping at pH7 after complexation with catechol. Cobalt and nickel were measured at pH9 by adsorptive cathodic stripping after formation of their dimethylglyoximes. Sampling was done on a daily basis from April 1996 to March 1997, on the campus of the Peninsula Technikon. The samples were collected over a 24-hour period. The total average concentration for the metals was 16.11 flg/dm3 for rainwater and 427flg/dm3 for dry deposition. Meteorological factors such as wind speed, humidity and temperature affect the distribution of pollutants and thus the trace metal levels. The levels of the metallic pollutants were thus evaluated against meteorological data. Differential-pulse stripping voltammetry is shown to be applicable for heavy metal analysis of rainwater.
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Li, Weiping. "A subsurface water quality evaluation system for assessing NPS pollution potential by pesticides." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40028.
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A watershed scale water quality evaluation system was developed for assessing spatial variation of subsurface pesticide movement. The system consists of a linked-transport model component for performing simulation and a GIS component for processing spatially-related data. The surface heterogeneity caused by agricultural activities, topographic, hydrologic, and soil type variations in a watershed was handled by partitioning the watershed into homogeneous subfields. The subsurface soil profile and aquifer heterogeneities were considered by dividing the subsurface domain into root zone, intermediate vadose zone, and saturated zone, respectively. On each of the homogeneous subfields, the physically-based models, PRZM and VADOFT, were linked to simulate pesticide transport in the root and intermediated vadose zones. Pesticide movement in groundwater underneath the watershed was simulated by linking the other two models with SUTRA. An irregular shape finite element mesh generator was developed for fitting the irregular shape watershed boundary and reducing the number of nodes of the finite element mesh. Either transient or steady state flow and transport simulation could be performed with the system. The system is able quantitatively to produce detailed spatial variation maps of pesticide concentrations at any desired depth in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater.
The system requires spatially-distributed information as inputs. Management of large volumes of spatially-referenced data which represent the heterogeneous properties of the watershed were facilitated by a developed GIS component. The GIS data processing component was composed of spatial data manipulation and display, attribute database management, and model input information extraction subcomponents. The spatial data processing component consists of data format conversion, map registering, map editing, new information generation, and map display subcomponents.Ph. D.
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Miller, Candace D. "Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for the Detection of Escherichia coli in Drinking Water." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/264.
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INTRODUCTION: More than 1.8 million diarrheal disease deaths can be attributed to the lack of access to water, sanitation and hygiene. These deaths occur mostly in developing countries where water quality testing resources are limited. Several tests are currently used to detect and quantify E. coli and other fecal coliforms in drinking water, however they can be expensive, complex, and technically demanding. There is a need for a simple, reliable, low-cost water quality test that can be used in resource limited settings. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a rigorous evaluation of the recently developed compartment bag test for detection and quantification of E. coli against the standard method, membrane filtration.
METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 270 water samples were collected from forty-five various naturally contaminated water sources around metro-Atlanta from August 2011 through April 2012 and processed using the compartment bag test and membrane filtration with mI agar. Concentrations of E. coli were significantly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.904 (95% CI 0.859 – 0.950). Sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 96.6%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the compartment bag test produces results consistent with those produced by membrane filtration on mI agar. Based upon its performance, the compartment bag test has the potential to be used as a reliable, low-cost drinking water quality test globally where water quality testing resources are not readily available, and can be implemented in monitoring activities for microbial water quality.
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Aull, Malia Elizabeth. "Water Quality Indicators in Watershed Subbasins with Multiple Land Uses." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050305-170523/.
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Wong, Yuen-yee Queenie, and 黃婉儀. "Mariculture practices in relation to water quality and the nearshore marine environment in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30257487.
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Wentzell, Paula Lanette. "Effects of log storage on water quality and microbiology in experimental enclosures in Babine Lake, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26752.
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The environmental impacts of log storage on water quality and microbiology in Babine Lake, B.C. were studied in experimental enclosures. The enclosure work was a two phase study, with data collected during the summers of 1984 and 1985. The experiments performed in the field season of 1984 involved the addition of mixed lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca) bark debris, in different amounts, to the enclosures to examine effects on water quality (dissolved oxygen, lignins-tannins, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, pH, and alkalinity), bacterial activity (heterotrophy), and phytoplanktonic primary production.
The 1985 study attempted to simulate a shallow water log storage facility by adding logs to the enclosures. A comparison was made of differences in water quality (including the above measurements plus chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, volatile fatty acids, and carbohydrates), and sestonic bacterial and phytoplanktonic algal populations (enumeration and biomass calculations) between (i) lodgepole pine and white spruce, and (ii) the number of logs per enclosure.
The bark enclosure study resulted in organic enrichment of the enclosure ecosystem. More than 50% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was attributed to leached lignins and tannins. The leachate was capable of modifying microorganism production. Phytoplanktonic algal biomass, measured by chlorophyll ɑ, was completely eliminated at high concentrations of bark. Short term laboratory studies with bark leachate inhibited microbial activity of natural aquatic bacteria, however, from the enclosure experiments, it was apparent that with time a population of microbes would develop to utilize the chemically complex leachate. The presence of utilizable organic material (i.e. wood sugars) and an active microbial community resulted in a significant decrease in the dissolved oxygen levels. The results of the log study found significant decreases in the amount of organic extractives leached from logs compared to the TOC concentration in the bark experiment. For example, the TOC concentrations in the 5 log enclosures were approximately 20 mg/l by the end of the 25 day test period (≤ 10% was lignin and tannin carbon) ; this value was significantly smaller compared to the bark experiments, where the TOC levels in the heavy bark treatment (20 kg) reached ≃ 400 mg/l after 25 days. A comparison between the bark and log experiments (on an equivalent bark dry weight basis) found water quality degradation by bark leachates more severe than log leachates.
The log leachate stimulated bacterial production and did not adversely affect phytoplankton biomass. The increase in bacterial production, a direct result of (i) an available carbon source, determined by TOC measurements and the very low concentrations of volatile fatty acids and reduced carbohydrates (rapidly utilized), and (ii) an increase in water temperature caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels.
The spruce log enclosures for both June and July had higher heterotrophic uptake rates than the pine log enclosures. This indicated a difference in the chemical composition of the spruce and pine log leachates. This chemical difference was detected in the TOC and COD measurements and the microbial uptake kinetics experiment. These measurements found that the pine log leachate was more readily degraded (high affinity, Vmax/Kt) by a heterotrophic population than the spruce leachate, and that this difference could account for the higher dissolved oxygen demand of the pine log enclosures compared to the spruce logs. Detailed chemical analyses of the leachates in the presence of microbial inhibitors may help to delineate this discrepancy between the spruce heterotrophic uptake rates and the chemical and bacterial measurements of the pine log leachates.
The enclosure studies indicated that log storage in a shallow, poorly flushed, littoral area of a lake would possibly result in an accumulation of organic components leached from the log and bark debris. The organic enrichment of the aquatic ecosystem would contribute to a potential decrease in dissolved oxygen, thus, negatively affecting fish habitat, but could increase microbial production.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Chan, Ka Ming. "The use of the rock shell, thais clavigera, as a biomonitor of tributyltin contamination in Hong Kong and Shenzhen." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/860.
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Choi, King-wah David, and 蔡景華. "Environmental management of mariculture in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29740137.
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Mmualefe, Lesego Cecilia. "Sample preparation for pesticide analysis in water and sediments a case study of the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005006.
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This thesis presents a first ever extensive analysis of pesticides in water and sediments from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, employing green sample preparation techniques that require small volumes of organic solvents hence generating negligible volumes of organic solvent waste. Pesticides were extracted and pre-concentrated from water by solid phase extraction (SPE) and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) while supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) were employed for sediments. Subsequent analysis was carried out on a gas chromatograph with electron capture detection and analytes were unequivocally confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometric detection. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-chlordane, 4,4′-DDD and 4,4′-DDE were detected after optimized HS-SPME in several water samples from the lower Delta at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 61.4 μg L-1 that are much higher than the 0.1 μg L-1 maximum limit of individual organochlorine pesticides in drinking water set by the European Community Directive. The same samples were cleaned with ISOLUTE C18 SPE sorbent with an optimal acetone/n-hexane (1:1 v/v) mixture for the elution of analytes. No pesticides were detected after SPE clean-up and pre-concentration. HCB, aldrin and 4, 4‟-DDT were identified in sediments after SFE at concentration ranges of 1.1 - 30.3, 0.5 – 15.2 and 1.4 – 55.4 μg/g, respectively. There was an increase of pesticides concentrations in the direction of water flow from the Panhandle (point of entry) to the lower delta. DDE, fatty acids and phthalates were detected after PFE with optimized extraction solvent and temperature. The presence of DDT metabolites in the water and sediments from the Okavango Delta confirm historical exposure to the pesticide. However their cumulative concentration increase in the water-flow direction calls for further investigation of point sources for the long-term preservation of the Delta. The green sample preparation techniques and low toxicity solvents employed in this thesis are thus recommended for routine environmental monitoring exercises.
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Reed, Donna K. "Impact zone delineation for biological assessment of power plant effluent effects on snail populations in the Clinch River." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38639.
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Fagbayigbo, Bamidele Oladapo. "Perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the Plankenburg (Stellenbosch) and Diep (Milnerton) Rivers, and potential remediation using vitis vinifera leaf litter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2668.
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Thesis (DTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.This study represents the first monitoring campaign to assess the seasonal trend of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in surface water and sediment from the Plankenburg and Diep Rivers in the Western Cape, South Africa. An analytical protocol was developed and validated for qualitative and quantitative routine determination of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), in water and sediment samples using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time of flight (UPLC-QTOF-MS). This method was applied to determine levels of PFOA and PFOS in environmental samples. Samples were collected along the Diep (Milnerton) and Plankenburg (Stellenbosch) Rivers respectively. Samples were pre-treated, cleaned-up and extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) C-18 cartridges. Seasonal variation and distribution of PFCs in surface water and sediment was also investigated. Levels of PFCs were monitored in four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) to establish their trend in the environment. The removal of PFOA and PFOS from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomass of Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter was also studied. Activated carbons were produced from the biomass and chemical activation achieved with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the modification of the carbons’ (AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH respectively). Activated carbons were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) in order to understand the removal mechanisms of the contaminants by activated carbons. The effects of solution concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and the temperature were optimized for evaluation of the removal efficiency of the activated carbons. Adsorption isotherm models were used to analyze the equilibrium data obtained and kinetic models were applied to study sorption mechanisms. A fixed bed column study was conducted using: AC-H3PO4 adsorbent. Experimental parameters such as initial concentration of the solution, column bed height, flow rate and initial concentrations of the influent were optimized to establish the best adsorption efficiency parameters of the column system. Breakthrough curve and exhaustion time were predicted using Adam-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson, and Thomas models for the fixed bed column under varying experimental conditions.
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Duncan, Phillip Brent. "Modeling of Land Use Change Effects on Storm Water Quantity and Quality in the City of Carrollton and the North Texas Area." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4368/.
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Development and population are rapidly increasing in urbanizing areas of North Texas and so is the need to understand changes in storm water runoff flow and its contamination by nutrients, sediment, pesticides and other toxicants. This study contributes to this understanding and has two primary components: first, development of a graphical user interface for a geographic information system and storm water management database, and second, performing a two-scale hydrological modeling approach (the US Corp of Engineers HEC-HMS model and the US Environmental Protection Agency SWMM model). Both primary components are used together as a toolkit to support the storm water management program of the City of Carrollton, located in North Texas. By focusing limited city resources, the toolkit helps storm water managers in the process of compliance with federal regulations, especially the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit, and provides guidance for reporting, planning and investigation. A planning example was conducted by modeling potential changes in storm water quality due to projections of land use based on the City of Carrollton's Comprehensive Plan. An additional component of this study is the evaluation of future changes in surface water quantity and quality in the North Central Texas area, specifically in a rural but rapidly urbanizing subbasin area of the greater Lake Lewisville watershed. This was accomplished using the US Corp of Engineers HEC-HMS hydrological model. Precipitation scenarios were derived from years of historically high, medium, and low annual precipitation. Development scenarios were derived from current land use in the Lake Lewisville sub basin, current land use in the city of Carrollton, and from Markov projections based on recent land use change calculated from satellite images of 1988 and 1999. This information is useful for future land use planning and management of water resources in North Texas.
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Wilson, Laura R. "Evaluation of a Constructed Dry Swale for Treatment of Stormwater Runoff." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WilsonLR2004.pdf.
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Wente, Stephen P. "Optimizing land acquisition-conversion projects for water quality protection and enhancement using biological integrity endpoints." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1036190.
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Biological monitoring and land use data analysis were performed for a small (79,800 acre) watershed in west-central Indiana. A model was developed between Hilsenhoff biotic index and percentage of water (volume) draining through forestland at each sample site (R2.92, P < .002). This water volume model was found to explain more of the variation in biological integrity than USEPA and Ohio EPA habitat assessment methods, as well as, a land use model based upon percentage watershed surface area. Based on this water volume model, maps were created depicting regions within the watershed that had the greatest potential to damage water quality. Land acquisition/conversion projects based upon these maps should improve biological integrity/water quality more efficiently (requiring less land acquisition/conversion, and therefore lowering project costs, while increasing water quality benefits).Department of Biology
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Kimura, Solenise Pinto Rodrigues 1970. "Caracterização de carga poluente na lagoa da Francesa no município de Parintins/AM." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266904.
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Orientador: Meuris Gurgel Carlos da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Os recursos hídricos são sistemas dinâmicos que fazem parte do ciclo de sobrevivência de todos os seres vivos, sua conservação se faz necessária através do controle de qualidade de suas águas. A lagoa da Francesa, localizada na cidade de Parintins/Am, recebe resíduos domésticos e industriais, cuja composição variada vem modificando as características naturais de suas águas. O local de estudo apresenta naturalmente variação no volume de água em determinados períodos do ano. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e analisar o efeito de fontes antropogênicas e naturais de poluentes, comparando os principais parâmetros de qualidade da água aos limites legais ambientais. Foram realizadas coletas de água em quatro pontos distintos na extensão da lagoa nos meses de fevereiro e junho de 2010, período compreendido entre o nível baixo e alto de água da lagoa respectivamente (período de sazonalidade que é influenciado pelo regime hidrológico do rio Amazonas) e analisados os parâmetros: cor verdadeira, turbidez, pH, alcalinidade, dureza, salinidade, DBO (Demanda Bioquímica do Oxigênio), DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio), OD (Oxigênio dissolvido), metais pesados (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn e Cr), carga orgânica (BTEX) e coliformes fecais. Os valores obtidos nos dois períodos foram comparados com intuito de identificar e avaliar as variáveis que afetam a qualidade da água, considerando a variação na água da lagoa, tendo como padrão de referência os valores legais estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/05 para águas de classe 3. Os parâmetros alcalinidade, turbidez, cor, dureza e salinidade apresentaram redução no mês de junho, o que pode ser atribuído ao maior volume de água nesse período do ano. O pH apresentou tendência a neutralidade em ambos os períodos, demonstrando que os efluentes não interferem nesse parâmetro. Os valores da DBO nos dois períodos analisados mantiveram-se dentro das exigências legais. O OD apresentou valores menores no período de maior volume de água (junho), indicando a presença de possíveis espécies pouco biodegradáveis. Os metais pesados apresentaram variações em suas concentrações entre os períodos. O Cd manteve-se acima dos limites legais nos dois períodos de coleta. O Pb e o Cu apresentaram redução no mês de junho. A maior concentração para o Ni foi no mês de junho. O Zn ficou abaixo dos limites legais e não foi encontrado a presença de Cr em ambas as amostragens . Os valores da DQO apresentaram maiores valores no período de nível elevado da água. Coliformes fecais foi o parâmetro que indicou maior alteração na qualidade da água, devido a presença dos efluentes domésticos e das embarcações que são lançados na lagoa, sem o devido tratamento. Não foram encontradas presença dos compostos BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xileno) nas análises efetuadas em ambos os períodos. O estudo mostrou que, apesar da contribuição antrópica, a lagoa mantém, ainda, sua capacidade de diluir para a maioria dos constituintes poluentes, principalmente no período de maior volume de água (enchente). Porém, pode-se verificar a necessidade de adoção de medidas preventivas em curto prazo, em função do possível crescimento populacional e suas demandas por produtos e serviços associados
Abstract: Water resources are dynamic systems that are part of the cycle of survival of all living beings, their preservation is required by the quality control of its waters. The lake of the Francesa, located in the city of Parintins / Am receives domestic and industrial waste, whose composition is varied by changing the natural characteristics of its waters. The study site has naturally change in volume of water at certain times of year. This study aimed to identify and analyze the effect of natural and anthropogenic sources of pollutants by comparing the main parameters of water quality environmental legal limits. Water samples were collected at four different points in the extension of the pond in February and June 2010, the period between the low and high level of lake water respectively (period of seasonality is influenced by the hydrological regime of the Amazon River) and analyzed parameters: true color, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), DO (dissolved oxygen), heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr), organic load (BTEX) and fecal coliforms. The values obtained in the two periods were compared in order to identify and evaluate the variables that affect water quality, considering the variation in pond water, with the benchmark established by the legal values for water CONAMA Resolution 357/05 class 3. The parameters alkalinity, turbidity, color, hardness and salinity showed a reduction in June, which can be attributed to the greater volume of water this time of year. The pH tended to neutrality in both periods, demonstrating that the effluent does not affect this parameter. The values of BOD in both periods analyzed remained within the legal requirements. The OD values were lower in the period of greatest volume of water (in June), indicating the possible presence of poorly biodegradable. Heavy metals showed variations in their concentrations between the periods. The CD remained above the legal limit in the two collection periods. The Pb and Cu showed a reduction in the month of June. The highest concentration for Ni was in the month of June. Zinc was below the legal limits and not found the presence of Cr in both samples. The values of COD had higher values in the period of high water. Fecal coliform was the parameter that indicated a greater change in water quality due to the presence of domestic sewage and boats that are launched in the pond, without proper treatment. There were no presence of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) in the analysis made in both periods. The study showed that despite the anthropogenic contribution, the lake also maintains its ability to dilute constituents for most pollutants, especially during the higher volume of water (flood). However, we can see the need for adopting preventive measures in the short term, because of the potential population growth and their demand for products and related services
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Hemming, Jon Michael. "Evaluation of the Use of the Bivalves Ischadium recurvum Rafinesque, 1820 and Corbicula fluminea Muller, 1774 as Biological Indicators of Relative Water Quality in Terms of Growth and Upper Temperature Tolerance." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278827/.
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Growth of mussels under laboratory conditions was examined under various food regimes in different water types and temperatures. Growth was less than would be useful as an indicator and comparisons with field exposures were of minimal value. The effects of organophosphates on bivalves were examined via toxicity tests, tissue concentration, and by controlling exposure through the use of physical constraints. Upper temperature tolerance of both bivalve species was examined with respect to different acclimation temperatures and organophosphate exposures. Deviations from control exposures occurred at some temperatures. Copper effectively lowered the mean heat coma temperatures of C. fluminea at some concentrations, however, chlorine exposures did not alter heat coma temperature.
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Mgcoyi, Bulelani William. "Quality assessment of agricultural water used for fertigation in the Boland district." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/174.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Agriculture)) -- Central University of Technology, Free state, 2011Quality assessment of agricultural water used for fertigation in the Boland district. The study was undertaken to determine the influence of seasonal changes on the water quality (chemical and microbial analyses) of five different rivers in the Boland. The data was collected in the five most important water sources that are used for irrigation purposes in the district, i.e. Berg river, Eerste river, Klapmuts River, Klippies river and Krom river. The samples were collected from all sites once every three weeks for a period of six months. The sampling was carried out during specific periods in summer (December, 2006 to February, 2007) and winter (June to August, 2007). The results of the study showed that Klapmuts river recorded the highest levels of chloride and iron, especially in summer. However, chloride levels were far below the levels set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Results obtained from this study show the presence of pathogens in some of the rivers assessed which may have resulted from the leaching of these pathogens from nearby agricultural land, livestock watering or informal settlements in the catchment areas. The bigger rivers recorded low levels of micro-elements and this might have been affected by winter rainfall. In the Berg River, many sources of nitrate pollution seem to be present in the catchment area. The levels of iron in all the rivers assessed were far more than the levels set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in all rivers assessed and these might be due to the pH levels and interaction between the rivers and seasons. Iron and manganese levels should be kept low as this may cause production problems by blocking irrigation drippers. The water samples tested for bacterial and fungal density showed Klapmuts and Eerste rivers were positive for Phytophthora cinnamomi during winter. Phytophthora citricola and Phytophthora cactorum were detected in the Klapmuts and Klippies rivers in summer. The Berg-, Klapmuts-, Krom- and Eerste rivers tested positive for species of the genera Pythium and Fusarium. Similar organisms were detected in the Eerste river mainly during summer on the fourth sampling date, while Krom river only tested positive for Pythium during summer. The total bacterial and algal density differed significantly between the seasons and was highest in winter. This might be due to high rain water influx and efflux and/or moist and aerobic conditions and air temperature. There is an increased need for farmers to sterilize feeding water (chlorination) due to high microbial count.
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Dawson, Emily Kathleen. "A river health assessment of selected South-Western Cape Rivers : index of habitat integrity, water quality and the influence of surrounding land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16297.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The River Health Programme (RHP) is an assessment tool for monitoring the ecological state of rivers to ensure that they remain fit for use by present and future generations. This study, forming part of a RHP assessment conducted on the south-western Cape Hout Bay, Lourens and Palmiet Rivers, has the aim to (1) zone the rivers for representative site selection, (2) assess their habitat integrity (HI), (3) determine the influence of land use on riverine HI and (4) assess the river water quality at the time of the RHP assessments. (1) The desktop geomorphological zonation method used in RHP assessments has not been sufficiently previously tested on short rivers draining the Western Cape Mountains. The Lowland River Zone of the rivers studied, as well as the Hout Bay River’s Upper Foothill Zone, were found to have steeper gradients than expected, probably due to these rivers being shorter and consequently steeper than any on which the method was previously tested. The notion of one gradient river classification system being applicable throughout South Africa, with its diverse geology and climate, is unlikely. Rather a classification system modified for various physiographic features regions or by a factor based on river length is more realistic. (2) Although there is a general longitudinal decrease in HI downstream along the Hout Bay and Lourens Rivers, coinciding with increased anthropogenic activities, HI improves in the Palmiet River’s lower reaches through the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Surrounding land use thus seems to be a major determinant of HI. Although the Index of Habitat Integrity (IHI) used appears to achieve its aim, it was found to be subjective. Categorisation of the IHI scoring is suggested. (3) The amount of natural versus disturbed land use occurring upstream of a site at a regional and local scale, is a good predictor of riverine HI. Regional alien forestry and local urbanisation have significantly strong negative effects on instream (r2 = -0.80, r2 = 0.80, p<0.05) and riparian (r2 = -0.81, r2 = -0.83, p<0.05) HI. Different land use types therefore appear to affect riverine HI at differing scales and thus managers must not only think on a local but also a catchment scale. (4) In the Hout Bay River, a filtering system (e.g. wetland) appears to improve the water quality between the middle and lower reaches. Along the Lourens River, high total dissolved salts, conductivity and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the middle reaches are cause for concern. Along the Palmiet River there appeared to be insufficient oxygen to support most aquatic life forms at Grabouw. Impoundments in the middle reaches act as sinks for nutrients and salts, but the Huis and Krom tributaries downstream then appear to degrade the water quality of the Palmiet River’s lower reaches within the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Together with the results of simultaneous biotic assessments, these results should be used to develop management actions to improve the ecological health of these rivers. The results have been used in a State-of-Rivers Report for the south-western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Riviergesondheidsprogram (RGP) is 'n asseseringsinstrument wat die ekologiese stand van riviere monitor om te verseker dat hulle steeds bruikbaar bly vir huidige en toekomstige geslagte. Hierdie studie maak deel uit van 'n RGP-assessering van die Lourens-, Houtbaai- en Palmietrivier in die Suidwes-Kaap en het ten doel om (1) die riviere te soneer vir verteenwoordigende terreinseleksie, (2) die habitat-integriteit (HI) te assesseer, (3) die invloed van grondgebruik op rivier-HI te bepaal en (4) die kwaliteit van rivierwater tydens die RGP-assesserings te bepaal. (1) Die geomorfologiese-soneringsmetode wat in RGP-assesserings gebruik word, is nog nie voorheen genoegsaam vir die kort riviere wat die Wes-Kaapse berge dreineer, getoets nie. Daar is bevind dat die studiegebied riviere in die laagland-sones skerper gradiënte het as verwag, gehad het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die riviere wat korter en dus steiler is as enige van dié wat voorheen met die metode getoets is. Die moontlikheid dat een gradiëntklassifikasiestelsel vir riviere regdeur Suid-Afrika met sy diverse geologie en klimaat toegepas kan word, is onwaarskynlik. 'n Klassifikasiestelsel aangepas vir verskillende fisiografiese streke of met 'n faktor gebaseer op rivierlengte, is meer realisties. (2) Alhoewel HI stroomaf langs die Lourens- en Houtbaairivier in die algemeen longitudinaal saam met die toename in antropogeniese aktiwiteite afneem, verbeter die Palmietrivier se HI waar dit laer af deur die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat vloei. Die gebruike van aanliggende grond blyk dus 'n belangrike bepaler van HI te wees. Die Indeks van Habitatintegriteit (IHI) bereik klaarblyklik die vereiste doel, maar is te subjektief. Kategorisering van die IHI-waardes word voorgestel. (3) 'n Goeie voorspeller van rivier-HI is die hoeveelheid natuurlike teenoor versteurde grondgebruik stroomop van 'n terrein op 'n streeks- en lokale skaal. Die sterk negatiewe effek van uitheemse plantegroei in die omgewing en lokale verstedeliking op stroom- (r² = -0.80, r² = 0.80, p<0.05 ) en oewer-HI (r² = -0.81, r² = -0.83, p<0.05) is beduidend. Verskille in tipe grondgebruik beïnvloed rivier-HI op verskillende vlakke; bestuurders moet dus plaaslik en aan die opvanggebied dink. (4) In die Houtbaairivier lyk dit asof 'n filtreringstelsel (bv. vleigrond) die waterkwaliteit tussen die middel- en lae gedeeltes verbeter. In die loop van die Lourensrivier is hoë totale opgeloste soute, geleidingsvermoë en anorganiese stikstofkonsentrasies in die middelgedeelte 'n rede tot kommer. In die Palmietrivier by Grabouw was die suurstof te min om die meeste akwatiese lewensvorme te onderhou. Opgedamde water in die middel gedeeltes dien as 'n sink vir voedingstowwe en soute, maar dit lyk asof die Huis- en Kromrivier die waterkwaliteit van die Palmietrivier stroomaf in die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat degradeer. Saam met die resultate van gelyktydige biotiese assesserings, kan hierdie resultate gebruik word vir die ontwikkeling van bestuursaksies om die ekologiese toestand van hierdie riviere te verbeter. Die resultate is gebruik in 'n toestand-van-riviere-verslag vir die Suidwes-Kaap.
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Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.
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Pawlisz, Andrew V. "Internal residues of the narcotic organic chemicals in the Cladoceran, Daphnia magna." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69519.
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The current work determined whether there is a constant tissue residue associated with narcotic compounds. In this investigation, the cladoceran, Daphnia magna was exposed to lethal levels (48h LC50) of ten, $ sp{14}$C-labelled, narcotic organic chemicals in a closed system. Exposure times, ambient concentrations, and body sizes were varied to evaluate their effects. The $ sp{14}$C-method developed in current work can detect chemicals in single D. magna in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 6310 mmol/kg. Moreover, the technique detected phobic and lipophilic chemicals equally well. The technique's sensitivity (nmol/kg) allowed for detection of differences in the internal concentrations of pollutants among the unaffected, immobilized, and dead D. magna. Immobilized D. magna contained between 0.14 mmol/kg and 200 mmol/kg of narcotics. On the average, however, the internal residues were 3.1 mmol/kg (95%CL = 3.1 $ pm$ 2.0). This agreed with literature values. The effects of time of exposure, ambient concentration, and body size on the tissue residues of narcotics varied with the chemical compound.
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Ma, Ying. "Monitoring of heavy metals in the Bottelary River using Typha capensis and Phragmites australis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The aim of this study was to use plants to determine the degree of heavy metal contamination in water and sediments in order to effectively monitor and provide possible recommendation to improve the water quality in the aquatic ecosystem of the Bottelary River.
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Wells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.
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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's).
Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program).
The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations.M.S.
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Silva, Gilmar da. "Aproveitamento de agua de chuva em um predio industrial e numa escola publica : estudo de caso." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258607.
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Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp PaternianiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura Urbanismo
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Resumo: Hoje é de vital importância se criar alternativas que levem ao racionamento ou economia de água potável, e uma dessas medidas é fazer uso da água de chuva disponível na natureza. Para tanto, foi necessário avaliar mediante estudo de caso a possibilidade da economia de água, aproveitando-se da água de chuva de maneira qualitativa e econômica num complexo industrial e escolar. O complexo industrial escolhido foi a Fábrica de mancais de deslizamento Grafimec, localizada no município de Araras/SP e a Escola Estadual Dom Idílio José Soares de Limeira/SP que se caracteriza pela formação educacional de jovens. Realizou-se a coleta de água de chuva na Fábrica Grafimec ao longo de um ano, em 4 pontos distintos (telhado, calha, cisterna e cisterna filtrada) para avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos e bacteriológicas dessa água. Uma vez que não existe uma Portaria ou Resolução que discorra sobre o tema aproveitamento de água de chuva, foram adotadas para efeito de comparação dos resultados qualitativos às Resoluções 274 e 357 mais à Portaria 518 do Ministério da Saúde. Paralelamente foi realizado um estudo econômico da Fábrica Grafimec juntamente com à Escola Estadual, para verificar o que um sistema de aproveitamento de água de chuva pode representar em termos de ganhos ambientais para às futuras gerações. Apesar de existirem contaminações bacteriológicas quando os resultados foram suficientemente comparados com a Portaria 518, a qualidade da água atendeu à exigência de uso da Fábrica Grafimec de Araras/SP. A utilização da cisterna nos dois estudos de caso proporcionou uma economia significativa de água da rede pública, ou seja, água essa que sairia dos nossos rios para atividades que não haveria necessidade, tais como: descarga de vasos sanitários, lavagens de piso, irrigação de jardins e plantas, dentre outras. Esse projeto de pesquisa contribuiu de maneira significativa para que novas pesquisas possam surgir no âmbito do aproveitamento da água de chuva, baseado nas práticas adotadas pela Fábrica e pela Escola
Abstract: Today it is essential to find out new alternatives for rationing or saving drinking water, and one of them is to make use of the rainwater available in nature. To achieve this, it was necessary to evaluate through a case study the possibility of water saving, by recovering rainwater with economy and quality in an industry and in a school. The industrial complex chosen was the sliding bearings factory called Grafimec, located in the town of Araras, SP, and the State Public School Dom Idílio José Soares in the town of Limeira, SP, where the activities aim at young people¿s education. The rainwater collection was done at Grafimec factory at 4 different spots (roof, spout, cistern and filter-cistern) to evaluate the physicalchemical and bacteriological aspects of this water. Since there is no Decree or Resolution on the rainwater recovery theme, for the purpose of comparing quality results, Resolutions 274 and 357, and also Decree no. 518 of the Health Ministry were adopted. At the same time, an economics study of Grafimec Factory and of the public school was carried out to assess how much benefit can be obtained in terms of environment for future generations. Although there was bacteriological contamination, when the results were sufficiently compared with Decree no. 518, the water quality met the use requirements established by Grafimec Factory in Araras, SP. The use of the cistern in both case studies provided a significant economy of the public water, which means that some of the water that would be taken from our rivers to activities where it was not essential, such as: toilet flushing, floor washing, gardens and plants irrigation, among others, was saved. This research project has significantly contributed towards the start of many other research studies in the field of rainwater recovery, based on the actions adopted by the factory and the school
Doutorado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Coogan, Melinda Ann. "Bioaccumulation of Triclocarban, Triclosan, and Methyl-triclosan in a North Texas Wastewater Treatment Plant Receiving Stream and Effects of Triclosan on Algal Lipid Synthesis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3986/.
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Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), widely used antimicrobial agents found in numerous consumer products, are incompletely removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. Methyl-triclosan (M-TCS) is a more lipophilic metabolite of its parent compound, TCS. The focus of this study was to quantify bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCS, M-TCS, and TCC in Pecan creek, the receiving stream for the City of Denton, Texas WWTP by using field samples mostly composed of the alga Cladophora sp. and the caged snail Helisoma trivolvis as test species. Additionally, TCS effects on E. coli and Arabidopsis have been shown to reduce fatty acid biosynthesis and total lipid content by inhibiting the trans-2 enoyl- ACP reductase. The lipid synthesis pathway effects of TCS on field samples of Cladophora spp. were also investigated in this study by using [2-14C]acetate radiolabeling procedures. Preliminary results indicate high TCS concentrations are toxic to lipid biosynthesis and reduce [2-14C]acetate incorporation into total lipids. These results have led to the concern that chronic exposure of algae in receiving streams to environmentally relevant TCS concentrations might affect their nutrient value. If consumer growth is limited, trophic cascade strength may be affected and serve to limit population growth and reproduction of herbivores in these riparian systems.
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Teixeira, Paula de Castro 1983. "Qualidade da água drenada por coberturas verdes para fins de aproveitamento em edifício." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258585.
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Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira IlhaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é avaliar a qualidade da água drenada por coberturas verdes comparativamente à água escoada por uma cobertura convencional e à água coletada diretamente da atmosfera. Para tanto, foram efetuadas sete coletas de amostras da água drenada por oito coberturas verdes e por uma cobertura cerâmica, todas instaladas em células-teste. Para a análise dos dados, foi empregado o método não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, com grau de significância de 0,05. Quando analisadas as diferentes coberturas verdes entre si, verifica-se que não existiram diferenças significativas entre os parâmetros físicos e químicos investigados. Além disso, dentre os parâmetros de qualidade de água constantes na normalização brasileira, apenas os valores do pH e da turbidez resultaram inferiores aos valores limites estabelecidos nessa documentação. No caso da cobertura convencional, apenas a cor aparente e os parâmetros microbiológicos não atenderam aos limites estabelecidos. Assim, a água drenada de coberturas verdes deve sofrer tratamento antes do seu uso, porém, verifica-se que não há necessidades diferenciadas de tratamento em relação à água coletada pela cobertura convencional, considerando-se as exigências para a água não potável dos documentos consultados. Em geral, houve melhoria dos parâmetros de qualidade com a idade das coberturas verdes e, a partir disso, propõe-se que o aproveitamento da água ocorra após um período de tempo desde a sua instalação. Por fim, é feita uma proposta de alteração dos parâmetros de qualidade constantes na normalização, de forma a também contemplar a análise da água drenada por coberturas verdes
Abstract: The main objective of this research is to assess the quality of water drained by green roofs compared to water drained by a conventional roof and also water collected directly from the atmosphere. Thus, seven samples were collected from water drained by eight different green roofs and a ceramic cover, all installed in test cells. For data analysis, the method used was the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, at significance level of 0.05. When the different green roofs were assessed from each other, it seems there were no significant differences among the physical and chemical parameters investigated. Moreover, among the parameters listed in Brazilian standards, only pH and turbidity values resulted lower than the limit values established in this documentation. In the case of conventional roof, only the apparent color and microbiological parameters did not meet the established limits. Thus, water drained from green roofs must undergo treatment before use; however, it does not appear to need different treatment of the water collected from conventional coverage, given the requirements for non-potable water documents consulted. In a general way, there was improvement of water quality parameters as green roofs age, and from this, it is proposed that the use of water occurs after a period of time since its installation. Finally, there is a proposal to amend the quality parameters listed in standardization, in order to also include the analysis of water drained by green roofs
Mestrado
Arquitetura e Construção
Mestra em Engenharia Civil
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Ashwell, Alice Nicola. "Project water (Grahamstown) : a case study of the development of an environmental education project." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003599.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental education is an approach to education which emphasises the interrelatedness of people and their human and non-human environments and seeks to encourage environmental awareness, concern and action. This case study documents the implementation and development of Project WATER, Grahamstown, a practical environmental education project dealing with catchment conservation and water quality monitoring. The Grahamstown project is one of a number of local water quality monitoring initiatives affiliated to GREEN (the Global Rivers Environmental Education Network). Participants in the project included student teachers from the Department of Education at Rhodes University and pupils and teachers from three farm schools in the district and four high schools in the town. Project WATER, Grahamstown developed as an Action Research and Community Problem-Solving project. The study focuses on fragmentalist and holistic approaches to education, people's responses to Project WATER and the choice of action research as the research method.
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Doyle, Micelis Clyde. "Turbidity Dynamics during High-Flow Storm Events in the Clackamas River, Oregon 2006-2012." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3884.
Full textAbstract:
Turbidity is a useful parameter that can be utilized to help understand the water quality in a river and is an expression of the optical properties of a liquid that cause light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines. A total of 41 storm events occurring during water years 2006-2012 were analyzed for this study. A hysteresis index (HI) was used to assess the difference in turbidity on the rising and falling limbs of a storm-hydrograph. The upstream Carter Bridge site exhibited a clockwise (C) hysteresis in 38 of 41 storm events and counter-clockwise (CC) hysteresis in three storm events. The downstream Oregon City site exhibited clockwise hysteresis in 29 of 41 storm events and counter-clockwise hysteresis in 12 storm events. Paired t-test comparisons of calculated HI measured during storm events showed that the upstream forested site Carter Bridge had a statistically significant higher HI than the downstream Oregon City site, suggesting that particles that contribute to increasing turbidity and suspended sediment at the upstream site are delivered to the river earlier in the storm event in comparison to the downstream Oregon City site. In contrast particulate matter and suspended sediment was more likely to be higher on the receding limb of the storm hydrograph at the downstream site in comparison to the upstream monitoring location.
Multiple linear regression analysis determined the major hydrological and meteorological controls influencing turbidity over the period of a storm event. The log value of the change (Log ΔQ) in discharge explained 81% of the log value of change in turbidity (Log ΔTb) at Carter Bridge and 48% of the change in turbidity at Oregon City for all storms. Log ΔQ explained 85% and 50% variations of Log ΔTb at Carter Bridge and at Oregon City, respectively in the wet season. Log ΔQ explained 82% of Log ΔTb at Carter Bridge during the Dry Season and together with 3-day antecedent precipitation, Log ΔQ explained 84% of variation in Log ΔTb at Oregon City during the Dry Season. The findings of this study, which offers information about the dynamics that lead to increased turbidity events, could be helpful to researchers, regulatory agencies and water resource managers in maintaining high water quality in rivers.