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1
Taljaard, Susan, and Willem A. M. Botes. "Marine water quality management in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0118.
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In South Africa the ultimate goal in water quality management is to keep the water resources suitable for all “beneficial uses”. Beneficial uses provides a basis for the derivation of water quality guidelines, which, for South Africa, are defined in Water quality guidelines for the South African coastal zone (DWAF, 1991). The CSIR has developed a practical approach to marine water quality management, taking into account international trends and local experience, which can be applied to any coastal development with potential influence on water quality. The management plan is divided into three logical components, i.e. • site-specific statutory requirements and environmental objectives; • system design with specific reference to influences on water quality; and • monitoring programmes. Within this management approach water quality issues are addressed in a holistic manner, through focused procedures and clear identification of information requirements. This paper describes the procedures and information requirements within each component of the water quality management plan, with specific reference to marine disposal systems. Ideally, the management plan should be implemented from the feasibility and conceptual design phase of a development and the timing of the different procedures within the development process are therefore also highlighted. However, the logical lay-out of procedures allows for easy initiation (even to existing disposal system) at any stage of development.
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Marjanovic, P., and M. Miloradov. "Systems view of integrated water quality monitoring within the requirements of the new national water policy in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0455.
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The new National water policy will change the way water quality is managed in South Africa. The paper considers the water policy and the repercussions it will have for water quality monitoring in South Africa. Using the systems approach the paper discusses an integrated water quality monitoring system for ambient water quality and point and non point sources of aquatic pollution. The proposed methodology makes possible continuos assessment of water quality in an efficient manner so as to support water quality management in South Africa.
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Boyd, L., and R. Tompkins. "A New Mindset for Integrated Water Quality Management for South Africa." International Journal of Water Resources Development 27, no. 1 (February 6, 2011): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.537243.
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Slaughter, Andrew R., and Sukhmani K. Mantel. "Water quality modelling of an impacted semi-arid catchment using flow data from the WEAP model." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 377 (April 16, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-377-25-2018.
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Abstract. The continuous decline in water quality in many regions is forcing a shift from quantity-based water resources management to a greater emphasis on water quality management. Water quality models can act as invaluable tools as they facilitate a conceptual understanding of processes affecting water quality and can be used to investigate the water quality consequences of management scenarios. In South Africa, the Water Quality Systems Assessment Model (WQSAM) was developed as a management-focussed water quality model that is relatively simple to be able to utilise the small amount of available observed data. Importantly, WQSAM explicitly links to systems (yield) models routinely used in water resources management in South Africa by using their flow output to drive water quality simulations. Although WQSAM has been shown to be able to represent the variability of water quality in South African rivers, its focus on management from a South African perspective limits its use to within southern African regions for which specific systems model setups exist. Facilitating the use of WQSAM within catchments outside of southern Africa and within catchments for which these systems model setups to not exist would require WQSAM to be able to link to a simple-to-use and internationally-applied systems model. One such systems model is the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model, which incorporates a rainfall-runoff component (natural hydrology), and reservoir storage, return flows and abstractions (systems modelling), but within which water quality modelling facilities are rudimentary. The aims of the current study were therefore to: (1) adapt the WQSAM model to be able to use as input the flow outputs of the WEAP model and; (2) provide an initial assessment of how successful this linkage was by application of the WEAP and WQSAM models to the Buffalo River for historical conditions; a small, semi-arid and impacted catchment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The simulations of the two models were compared to the available observed data, with the initial focus within WQSAM on a simulation of instream total dissolved solids (TDS) and nutrient concentrations. The WEAP model was able to adequately simulate flow in the Buffalo River catchment, with consideration of human inputs and outputs. WQSAM was adapted to successfully take as input the flow output of the WEAP model, and the simulations of nutrients by WQSAM provided a good representation of the variability of observed nutrient concentrations in the catchment. This study showed that the WQSAM model is able to accept flow inputs from the WEAP model, and that this approach is able to provide satisfactory estimates of both flow and water quality for a small, semi-arid and impacted catchment. It is hoped that this research will encourage the application of WQSAM to an increased number of catchments within southern Africa and beyond.
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Ashton, P. J., F. C. van Zyl, and R. G. Heath. "Water quality management in the Crocodile River catchment, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0603.
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The Crocodile River catchment lies in an area which currently has one of the highest rates of sustained economic growth in South Africa and supports a diverse array of land uses. Water quality management is vital to resource management strategies for the catchment. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to display specific catchment characteristics and land uses, supplemented with integrative overlays depicting land-use impacts on surface water resources and the consequences of management actions on downstream water quality. The water quality requirements of each water user group were integrated to optimise the selection of rational management solutions for particular water quality problems. Time-series water quality data and cause-effect relationships were used to evaluate different water supply scenarios. The GIS facilitated the collation, processing and interpretation of the enormous quantity of spatially orientated information required for integrated catchment management.
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Marjanovic, P., M. Miloradov, and F. van Zyl. "Systems approach to effective water quality management in the Republic of South Africa, existing situation and expected future developments." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0440.
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The new National water policy will change the way water quality is managed in South Africa. The paper considers the water policy and the repercussions it will have for water quality management in South Africa and proposes a system that can be used to come up with optimum solutions for water quality management. The proposed solution integrates policy and institutional arrangements with the Cadastral system for point and non point sources of pollution and optimisation tools to ensure optimal management of water quality at any given time. The water quality management functions catered for by the proposed system are: resource allocation for pollution discharge, water quality protection, water quality monitoring, planning, development and operation.
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Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.
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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problematic in the KwaZulu-Natal coastal area, especially in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS). Of these, colour is perceived to be the most problematic as it is visual pollution and gives rise to public complaints. The Department has been actively involved, through negotiations with management and local authorities, in encouraging the textile industries to reduce the colour load discharged from the factories. Four case studies will be presented describing the approach taken by the Department to solve the problem of textile effluent discharge.
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Nkosi, Mary, Fhumulani I. Mathivha, and John O. Odiyo. "Impact of Land Management on Water Resources, a South African Context." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020701.
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Globally, the changes exerted on the land cover have shown greater impacts on the quality and quantity of water resources and thus affecting catchment’s hydrological response (i.e., runoff, evapotranspiration, infiltration, amongst others). South Africa is a water-scarce country faced with domestic water supply challenges. A systematic review was conducted on the overview impacts of land use/land cover changes on water resources. Despite the country’s best efforts in ensuring the protection and sustainable use of water resources, the review indicated that water quality has been compromised in most parts of the country thus affecting water availability. The increase in water demand with development presents the need for better integrated strategic approaches and a change in behaviour towards water resource and land management. Thus, the review suggested a few possible solutions that will promote sustainable development, while protecting and preserving the integrity of South African water resources.
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De Coning, Christo. "Overview of the water policy process in South Africa." Water Policy 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.039.
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This research article provides an overview of the policy process followed by the South African Government in developing and implementing the White Paper on a National Water Policy for South Africa between 1994 and 2003. The research is based on a report published by the South African Water Research Commission (WRC), which formed part of a project entitled: Consolidation and Transfer of Knowledge and Experience Gained in the Development and Implementation of Water and Related Policy in South Africa (WRC Project number K5/1295). An attempt was made in the research project to solicit lessons of experience from the last ten years and to suggest findings regarding future options. It was found that valuable experience exists that is relevant not only to present and future policy and strategy initiatives in South Africa but also to policy process development in a regional and global context. The review of the water policy process has included a deliberate attempt to apply a selected policy process model to the South African water policy process in order to attempt a systematic analysis of the process. Specific findings were made regarding policy and strategy processes, institutional capacity and policy research in the water sector. The findings of the study included a confirmation of the technical quality of the policy and identification of several opportunities and priorities in the implementation of water policy.
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Viljoen, F. C. "The World Health Organization's water safety plan is much more than just an integrated drinking water quality management plan." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.792.
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South Africa is a country of contrasts with far ranging variations in climate, precipitation rates, cultures, demographics, housing levels, education, wealth and skills levels. These differences have an impact on water services delivery as do expectations, affordability and available resources. Although South Africa has made much progress in supplying drinking water, the same cannot be said regarding water quality throughout the country. A concerted effort is currently underway to correct this situation and as part of this drive, water safety plans (WSP) are promoted. Rand Water, the largest water services provider in South Africa, used the World Health Organization (WHO) WSP framework as a guide for the development of its own WSP which was implemented in 2003. Through the process of implementation, Rand Water found the WHO WSP to be much more than just another integrated quality system.
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Ncube, Mthokozisi, and Maxwell N. Pawandiwa. "Water safety planning and implementation: lessons from South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.209.
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Water Safety Planning is an innovative way of attaining high quality of water service provision through embracing a risk-based approach to service provision. This paper describes the water safety planning journey of Ugu District Municipality, which manages 19 formal water supply systems. The municipality adopted the Pareto 20/80 rule of targeting 20% of the areas with 80% impact in the first iteration of the WSP by targeting the systems with the greatest impact while incorporating system knowledge from all other systems and the use of an extensive hazards database. The efforts received national recognition and built teams with improved understanding of the business resulting in improved water quality management. Operationalization of the plan was the most difficult task as it requires institutionalizing best practice amidst challenges that include limited funding, lack of support from critical stakeholders, staff shortages and attrition. A dedicated champion who will be an advocate for change management, proactive stakeholder engagement and senior management commitment with corresponding financial resources, are seen as prerequisites for success. Undeniable, progressive regulations and policies set the tone and foundation and are, in most instances, the drivers for water safety.
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Braune, M. J., and A. Wood. "Best management practices applied to urban runoff quantity and quality control." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0537.
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South Africa currently has one of the highest rates of urbanisation in the world causing a significant increase in surface water runoff. This, in turn, causes increased flooding and a significant decrease in water quality due primarily to the accumulation of pollutants. The need exists to manage urban stormwater runoff on an integrated catchment basis, thereby reducing the negative impact of urbanisation on the environment and quality of life. In this paper, details on how existing problem areas can be identified and ranked, the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to reduce the impacts of urbanisation on the environment and the effectiveness of BMP's are discussed and illustrated, based on expertise gained from studies in South Africa as well as visits to the USA and Australia.
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Hohls, D., G. du Plessis, S. N. Venter, M. C. Steynberg, C. M. E. De Wet, N. Rodda, and R. Kfir. "Estimation of the fate of microbial water quality contaminants in a South African river." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0623.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of assumptions, regarding assimilative capacity for microbial contaminants, implicit in microbial water quality management in South Africa. A one dimensional steady state stream water quality model, assuming first order decay of microbial water quality variables, was employed in an attempt to describe and predict microbial water quality in the chosen catchment. Based on the faecal coliform counts the results indicated that the processes of decay and dilution were inadequate to yield water quality which complied with South African and international guidelines for the domestic and recreational use of water. It was also found that a first order decay model can, with fairly limited data, allow a manager to investigate different microbial water quality scenarios in a cost-effective manner.
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van Vliet, H. R., S. J. Swart, and D. J. Roux. "National and regional surface water quality assessment in the Republic of South Africa." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 10 (November 1, 1994): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0508.
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Concern over the deteriorating quality of South African surface water resources in the past several decades has resulted in a number of fundamental changes in the approach to national water quality management, the most significant being a shift from a point-source control approach to a more complex and information-intensive receiving-water-quality based strategy. These changes highlighted the urgent need for a new focus on the development of a balanced and integrated strategy for the national and regional assessment of water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. An overview of the current developments, direction and strategies for water quality assessment of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, is presented.
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Rossouw, Nico, Daniel Botha, and Enoch Dlamini. "A Review of a Water Quality Information Management System for a Water Management Authority in South Africa and Swaziland." Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 22, no. 1 (August 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2005.tb00144.x.
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Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Minh, and Tonni Kurniawan. "Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa Using Statistical Approach." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091891.
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Despite being a finite resource, both the quality and quantity of groundwater are under tremendous pressure due to rapid global changes, viz. population growth, land-use/land-cover changes (LULC), and climate change. The 6th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. One of the most significant dimensions of the SDG agenda is the emphasis on data and governance. However, the lack of good governance coupled with good observed data cannot ensure the achievement of SDG6. Therefore, this study strives to evaluate water quality status and hydrochemical processes governing it in the data-scarce Mokopane area of South Africa. Groundwater is the main source of fresh water supply for domestic usage, intensive agriculture, and mining activities in Mokopane. In this study, hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater samples was employed to calculate the water quality index (WQI) and evaluate factors governing water quality evolution in the study area. Statistical and spatial analysis techniques were carried out to divide sampling sites into clusters and delineate principal factors responsible for determining water quality of the sampled groundwater. Results suggest that most of the physico-chemical parameters are within permissible limits for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO), except for high fluoride in some samples. Na-HCO3 is the most abundant water type followed by Mg-HCO3, which indicates dominance of Na+, Mg2+, and HCO3±. Rock-water interaction is the prime factor responsible for fluoride enrichment in water. The alkaline nature of groundwater favors the release of exchangeable F− from minerals like muscovite. The WQI suggests that 80% of water samples fall into the good and excellent categories. Poor management of untreated domestic sewage and agricultural runoff is a main factor for the bad/very bad categories of water samples. As the area lacks any credible scientific/government work to report water quality and its management aspects, the findings of this study will definitely help both scientific communities and policy makers to do what is needed for sustainable water resource management in a timely manner.
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Dzwairo, B., and F. A. O. Otieno. "Integrating quality and cost of surface raw water: Upper and Middle Vaal Water Management Areas South Africa." Water Supply 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.153.
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The user-pays principle encourages use of a water tariff structure that incorporates pollution and/or depletion of a water resource because that water represents a capital resource base. Development of a tool that models variability of surface raw water quality in order to predict cost of treatment thus makes economic sense. This paper forms the backbone for an on-going doctoral study in South Africa's Upper and Middle Vaal Water Management Areas (U&MVWMAs) of the Vaal River (VR). Specific objectives of the overall research are; to carry out pollutant tracer hydrochemistry of specific reaches of the U&MVWMAs including producing an integrated ecological functionality for the whole study area, and to develop a tool that models the variability of surface raw water quality using surface raw water tariffs and water quality data for years 2003–2008. This paper concluded that downstream water boards (WBs) paid a higher water resources management charge (WRMC) for more polluted raw water than upstream WBs. It was recommended that a quality-cost model be incorporated at tier1 of the cost chain for water services to ensure fairness of service delivery and spread of burden to consumers.
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Slaughter, A. S., S. K. Mantel, and D. A. Hughes. "Water quality management in the context of future climate and development changes: a South African case study." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 4 (April 25, 2016): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.138.
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Globally, water resources are being over-utilised; a situation exacerbated by degenerating water quality of rivers. To achieve sustainable management of water resources, uncertainty under climate change and development must be considered. A companion study was the first to incorporate uncertainty within water resources development scenario modelling for a catchment in South Africa using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. That study is extended in the current study by considering water quality in the form of nutrients and salinity. The WEAP model was calibrated against available observed data for the period 1999–2005. Using the calibrated WEAP model, driven by flow predicted using downscaled climate change models and projected future development, water quality was simulated for the years 2046–2065. Future simulations indicated marginally increased dilution capacity as well as increased nutrient inputs. It is evident that WEAP suffers major limitations in its water quality simulation capacity. Adaptive management along with continual monitoring as a strategy to cope with uncertainty associated with climate change and development is recommended. The shortcomings identified within WEAP in the current study were the motivation for the development of a new water quality decision support system specific to the requirements of water management in southern Africa.
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Pegram, G. C., G. Quibell, and M. Hinsch. "The nonpoint source impacts of peri-urban settlements in South Africa: implications for their management." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0557.
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South Africa is currently experiencing rapid urbanization, much of which is in under-serviced and informal settlements. This has resulted in significant nonpoint source related water quality problems in these settlements. Although contamination of water resources is a physical process, which is related to the settlement character and service levels, the institutional and socio-economic conditions in the settlements largely govern its manageability. Understanding the settlement characteristics that exacerbate or mitigate water quality problems is therefore necessary for the identification and selection of appropriate management solutions. This paper outlines the key physical, institutional and socio-economic factors that contribute to water quality impacts from peri-urban settlements, and explores the implications of these characteristics for management of the nonpoint source impacts.
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Aiyetan, Ayodeji Olatunji, and Dillip Kumar Das. "Evaluation of the Factors and Strategies for Water Infrastructure Project Delivery in South Africa." Infrastructures 6, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6050065.
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Infrastructure project delivery, specifically the delivery of water infrastructure projects, is a serious challenge in South Africa. Therefore, using the study context of water utility agencies in South Africa, the objective of this study was to examine the challenges that emanate from poor delivery and factors that cause poor delivery of water infrastructure projects in South Africa. Furthermore, it evaluated the various strategies that could enable improvement in water infrastructure project delivery. A survey research method constituting data obtained on the perceptions of relevant stakeholders and ordinal regression modeling were used for conducting the study. Findings suggest that delay in project completion, cost overruns, poor quality of work, poor fund utilization, and poor service delivery are the major challenges of the poor delivery of projects. The major factors that cause such challenges are linked to four aspects of the infrastructure projects such as project management, organization and management, construction and construction management, and sociopolitical. Six-pronged strategic measures, which include capacity building, the appointment of competent and skilled professionals, structuring review and monitoring processes, enhancing collaboration and communication among stakeholders, enabling accountability and transparency, and adopting participative leadership, can assist efficient water infrastructure project delivery in South Africa.
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de Souza, P. F., J. E. Burgess, M. Swart, V. Naidoo, and A. Blanckenberg. "Web enablement of a Water Safety Plan via the municipal-based electronic Water Quality Management System (eWQMS)." Water Supply 11, no. 5 (December 1, 2011): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.089.
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Despite a good legislative framework, South Africa faces significant challenges in the sustainable provision of adequate and safe water services. To improve the situation, South Africa's Department of Water Affairs (DWA) and other water sector partners undertook initiatives to assist municipalities with operation and management of water services. By way of example, in 2006, the municipal engineering oriented electronic Water Quality Management System (eWQMS) was implemented, providing municipalities with a platform for loading drinking water quality data and tracking performance of key water services management functions. Following this in 2008, DWA introduced an incentive-based regulatory programme, Blue Drop Certification (BDC), and the associated regulatory drinking water quality information system, the Blue Drop System (BDS) which is, for example, populated with data loaded by municipalities onto eWQMS. An integral part of BDC is the development of Water Safety Plans (WSPs). Due to the challenges faced by municipalities in developing WSPs, the Water Research Commission (WRC) saw a need to assist municipalities, and subsequently a generic Water Safety Plan for Small Community Water Supplies was developed. The WRC also saw the need to develop an easy-to-use WSP tool for municipalities. The eWQMS was selected as the platform for making the tool available. This paper presents the development of a web-enabled WSP tool on the eWQMS which ultimately will provide the information to the BDS.
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Von Schirnding, Y. E. R., N. Strauss, P. Robertson, R. Kfir, B. Fattal, A. Mathee, M. Franck, and V. J. Cabelli. "Bather Morbidity from Recreational Exposure to Sea Water." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0343.
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Rapid urbanisation in the coastal areas of South Africa has led to increasing concern about the potential health effects on bathers resulting from exposure to contaminated seawater. Water quality criteria in South Africa are not epidemiologically derived; consequently a major programme has been launched to develop health-related criteria and policies pertaining to wastewater and stormwater management in the coastal areas of South Africa. In the first phase of the project, an epidemiological-microbiological study was carried out at a moderately polluted beach and a relatively clean beach, in the Western Cape. Individuals present at the beach in family groups were interviewed and follow-up telephone interviews were conducted 3-4 days after the beach outing. Water quality indicators measured on the same day as the beach interviews revealed significantly higher levels of enterococci and faecal coliforms at the moderately polluted beach. Symptom rates for gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin effects were substantially higher among swimmers relative to non-swimmers at the polluted beach, although they did not reach statistical significance.
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Freeman, Mark, Herman Wiechers, Laurraine Lötter, and Mike Howard. "TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF AN URBANISED AFRICAN RIVER CATCHMENT: THE KLIP RIVER, GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 1997): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1997.9631401.
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Steynberg, M. C., S. N. Venter, C. M. E. de Wet, G. du Plessis, D. Holhs, N. Rodda, and R. Kfir. "Management of microbial water quality: new perspectives for developing areas." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0597.
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A case study indicated that the high number of pathogenic micro-organisms in the Rietspruit, South Africa, can impact water uses. Factors contributing to high microbial numbers are high density population with limited services provided per site, sabotage of the sewage reticulation system, lack of money and management skills to provide the essential services and limited integrated development planning for the catchment. Due to non-steady state conditions in the catchment, the specific use and physical characteristics of the river and the difficulty in determining flow, the usefulness of a steady-state stream water quality model as a management tool is limited. Determining the decay rate of micro-organisms by means of chamber studies, may be a first step to predict microbial water quality. Involving the community in preventing microbial pollution may be a more appropriate tool for microbial water quality management in developing areas.
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Hope, R. A., and G. D. Garrod. "Household preferences to water policy interventions in rural South Africa." Water Policy 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0032.
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Water policy is often designed and implemented without negotiation with or participation from the intended beneficiaries. This is often the case in the implementation of global water policy initiatives that aim to benefit rural households in the developing world. Evidence of water policy responding to the locally defined preferences of the rural majority without improved water services is weak. Significant efforts have made to unpack quantity, quality and source attributes of domestic water supply to the least well-served populations in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. This effort has been limited to evaluating individual attributes in relation to health, productivity and usage criteria rather than a ‘user evaluation’ of these attributes together. The advantage of the latter approach is that trade-offs between attributes can be estimated to provide parameters for each attribute and marginal rates of substitution between attributes. A choice experiment in rural South Africa examines the preferences of households to changes in domestic water sources, water quantity, water quality, stream-flow failure and productive uses of domestic water. Trade-offs in rural household domestic water preferences estimate welfare coefficients that provide a ‘user evaluation’ of water policy interventions. The findings provide defensible estimates of the magnitude and direction of the utility gain/loss from water attributes that allows a more evidenced-based understanding of rural households' preferences to water policy interventions.
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Nare, L., J. O. Odiyo, J. Francis, and N. Potgieter. "Framework for effective community participation in water quality management in Luvuvhu Catchment of South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36, no. 14-15 (2011): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.006.
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Dlamini, Mandla, George Chirima, Nebo Jovanovic, and Elhadi Adam. "Assessing the Effects of Land Use on Surface Water Quality in the Lower uMfolozi Floodplain System, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020561.
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This study investigated the impacts of cultivation on water and soil quality in the lower uMfolozi floodplain system in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. We did this by assessing seasonal variations in purposefully selected water and soil properties in these two land-use systems. The observed values were statistically analysed by performing Student’s paired t-tests to determine seasonal trends in these variables. Results revealed significant seasonal differences in chloride and sodium concentrations and electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) with cultivated sites exhibiting higher values. Most of the analyzed chemical parameters were within acceptable limits specified by the South African agricultural-water-quality (SAWQ) water quality guidelines for irrigation except for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), chloride, sodium and EC. EC, pH and nitrate content which were higher than the specified SAWQ limits in cultivated sites. Quantities of glyphosate, ametryn and imidacloprid could not be measured because they were below detectable limits. The study concludes that most water quality parameters met SAWQ’s standards. These results argue for concerted efforts to systematically monitor water and soil quality characteristics in this environment to enhance sustainability by providing timely information for management purposes.
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Dlamini, Mandla, George Chirima, Nebo Jovanovic, and Elhadi Adam. "Assessing the Effects of Land Use on Surface Water Quality in the Lower uMfolozi Floodplain System, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020561.
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This study investigated the impacts of cultivation on water and soil quality in the lower uMfolozi floodplain system in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. We did this by assessing seasonal variations in purposefully selected water and soil properties in these two land-use systems. The observed values were statistically analysed by performing Student’s paired t-tests to determine seasonal trends in these variables. Results revealed significant seasonal differences in chloride and sodium concentrations and electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) with cultivated sites exhibiting higher values. Most of the analyzed chemical parameters were within acceptable limits specified by the South African agricultural-water-quality (SAWQ) water quality guidelines for irrigation except for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), chloride, sodium and EC. EC, pH and nitrate content which were higher than the specified SAWQ limits in cultivated sites. Quantities of glyphosate, ametryn and imidacloprid could not be measured because they were below detectable limits. The study concludes that most water quality parameters met SAWQ’s standards. These results argue for concerted efforts to systematically monitor water and soil quality characteristics in this environment to enhance sustainability by providing timely information for management purposes.
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van Veelen, M., and F. C. van Zyl. "Integrated water quality management: getting people involved in the Jukskei River." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0587.
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Although the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has committed itself to public participation with regard to water quality management in South Africa, no formal structure exists as yet within which this can take place. The Jukskei River Water Quality Steering Committee, which consists of representatives of various government departments, the Provincial Government, local authorities as well as non-government organisations and community-based organisations, therefore functions without a legal framework and without funds of its own. Nonetheless, the committee has been highly successful in co-ordinating various actions such as an in-depth study of the catchment and various public awareness campaigns. The latter were specifically aimed at changing the value systems of the community in the Jukskei River Catchment, as this was found to be one of the major stumbling blocks in addressing the various water quality problems in the catchment.
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O'Reilly, G., C. C. Bezuidenhout, and J. J. Bezuidenhout. "Artificial neural networks: applications in the drinking water sector." Water Supply 18, no. 6 (January 31, 2018): 1869–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.016.
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Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) could be used in effective drinking water quality management. This review provides an overview about the history of ANNs and their applications and shortcomings in the drinking water sector. From the papers reviewed, it was found that ANNs might be useful modelling tools due to their successful application in areas such as pipes/infrastructure, membrane filtration, coagulation dosage, disinfection residuals, water quality, etc. The most popular ANNs applied were feed-forward networks, especially Multi-layer Perceptrons (MLPs). It was also noted that over the past decade (2006–2016), ANNs have been increasingly applied in the drinking water sector. This, however, is not the case for South Africa where the application of ANNs in distribution systems is little to non-existent. Future research should be directed towards the application of ANNs in South African distribution systems and to develop these models into decision-making tools that water purification facilities could implement.
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Quick, A. J. R. "AN HOLISTIC APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN FALSE BAY, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 19, no. 1-2 (June 1993): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1993.9631339.
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Hoorzook, Kousar Banu, Anton Pieterse, Lee Heine, Tobias George Barnard, and Nickey Janse van Rensburg. "Soul of the Jukskei River: The Extent of Bacterial Contamination in the Jukskei River in Gauteng Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 8537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168537.
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River water quality is an important health issue as the water is utilised for drinking, domestic and agricultural use in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the effect water from a major city has on the water quality of the Jukskei River that daylights in Johannesburg, South Africa. The river water samples were analysed for physio-chemical properties, microbiology, antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates, genetic markers, and potentially toxic metals. Data analysis revealed increased electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity since 2010. Total Coliform and Escherichia coli detected were above the South African water quality guidelines for domestic, recreational, and irrigation purposes. Additionally, sodium, zinc, nickel, lithium, and lead exceeded the guidelines in domestic, recreational, and irrigation water. Pathogenic strains of E. coli (aEPEC, EHEC, EIEC, and EAEC) were isolated from the water. Various other potentially pathogenic organisms that have been implicated as causes of gastro-intestinal, and a wide range of other diseases, were also detected and demonstrated multiple levels of resistance to antibiotics tested. The results show that the river water is a potential health threat to downstream users. These results will feed into the environmental management action plan for Water for the Future (NGO group).
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Schutte, C. F. "Education and training of water practitioners in South Africa: needs and programmes." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0478.
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South Africa is facing severe water supply and water quality problems as a result of its limited water resources and other complicating factors. Adequately educated and trained water practitioners are needed to address these problems to ensure economic prosperity and a reasonable standard of living for all South Africans. Training and education needs are analysed in this paper and available programmes and initiatives to deliver the water practitioners needed are discussed. The main areas where training and education is needed include education at community level to educate local water committee members and community support personnel; training of technical staff to operate and maintain water treatment and supply schemes; and education of high-level scientists and engineers to develop new technologies, to improve performance, design and management of processes, plant and projects.
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Malobane, Mashapa Elvis, Adornis Dakarai Nciizah, Fhatuwani Nixwell Mudau, and Isaiah Iguna Chabaari Wakindiki. "Soil Organic Carbon and Labile Carbon Pools Attributed by Tillage, Crop Residue and Crop Rotation Management in Sweet Sorghum Cropping System." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229782.
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Labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions are considered as sensitive indicators of change in soil quality and can serve as proxies for soil organic carbon (SOC). Although the impact of tillage, crop rotation and crop residue management on soil quality is well known, less is known about LOC and SOC dynamics in the sweet sorghum production systems in South Africa. This short-term study tested two tillage levels: no-till and conventional-tillage, two crop rotations: sweet-sorghum/winter grazing vetch/sweet sorghum and sweet-sorghum/winter fallow/sweet sorghum rotations and three crop residue retention levels: 30%, 15% and 0%. Tillage was the main factor to influence SOC and LOC fractions under the sweet sorghum cropping system in South Africa. NT increased SOC and all LOC fractions compared to CT, which concurs with previous findings. Cold water extractable organic carbon (CWEOC) and hot water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC) were found to be more sensitive to tillage and strongly positively correlated to SOC. An increase in residue retention led to an increase in microbial biomass carbon (MBC). This study concludes that CWEOC and HWEOC can serve as sensitive early indicators of change in soil quality and are an ideal proxy for SOC in the sweet-sorghum cropping system in South Africa.
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Carroll, John Millar, Jordan Beck, Elizabeth W. Boyer, Shipi Dhanorkar, and Srishti Gupta. "Empowering Community Water Data Stakeholders." Interacting with Computers 31, no. 5 (September 2019): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwcomp/iwz032.
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Abstract Access to clean water is a critical challenge and opportunity for community-level collaboration. People rely on local water sources, but awareness of water quality and participation in water management is often limited. Lack of community engagement can increase risks of water catastrophes, such as those in Flint, Michigan, and Cape Town, South Africa. We investigated water quality practices in a watershed system serving c.100 000 people in the United States. We identified a range of entities including government and nonprofit citizen groups that gather water quality data. Many of these data are accessible in principle to citizens. However, the data are scattered and diverse; information infrastructures are primitive and not integrated. Water quality data and data practices are hidden in plain sight. Based on fieldwork, we consider sociotechnical courses of action, drawing on best practices in human–computer interaction and community informatics, data and environmental systems management.
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Mulamattathil, Suma George, Carlos Bezuidenhout, and Moses Mbewe. "Analysis of physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.273.
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Mafikeng, the capital of the North West Province, receives water from two sources, namely the Molopo eye and the Modimola dam. Once treated, the potable water is mixed and supplied to the city via distribution systems. This study was designed to assess the quality of drinking water in Mafikeng and also to determine whether the water from the two sources has an impact on the mixed water quality. Physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological quality (faecal coliforms (FCs), total coliforms (TCs), heterotrophic bacteria and Peudomonas spp.) was monitored at three drinking water sites weekly for 4 months. The results revealed that the physico-chemical quality of the water was generally acceptable. The pH ranged from 5.7 ± 0.18 to 8.6 ± 0.14, the temperature ranged from 18.3 ± 0.69 to 25.1 ± 0.69 °C and the total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 159.9 ± 22.44 to 364.4 ± 12.44 mg/l. These values are within the target water quality range for drinking water as prescribed by WHO, Department of Water Affairs and SANS 241. What is of concern was the microbial quality of the water. FCs, TCs, heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were present in some of the treated water samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. (>100/100 ml).
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Nel, Lyndre. "Riparian conservation management needs habitat quality mapping." Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2020.7.2.15.
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Riparian habitat quality has a significant influence on the water quality of rivers, primary resources for urban and agricultural use. River water quality deteriorates where normal ecological functioning is disrupted by harmful impacts from nearby land-use types. Important rivers are typically managed and protected by government-led conservation programs. These programs often lack a key tool for efficient conservation management, habitat quality mapping. The Berg River, an important water source in South Africa, was used as a case-study to assess how habitat quality mapping could broaden the current scope of river conservation programs. The river faces threats from nearby urban settlements, industrial areas, mining, encroachment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to develop habitat quality and habitat degradation maps for a section of the Berg River to assess the value that mapping holds for conservation managers and spatial planners. InVEST modelling software and ArcGIS was used to produce these habitat quality maps based on land-use/land-cover and threat impact data. The resulting maps showed several specific locations of heavily threatened and degraded riparian habitat that had not specifically been included in current government conservation management or spatial planning. Habitat quality mapping is an important tool that conservation managers and spatial planners can use to successfully address habitat degradation and protection while facing resource limitations, such as lack of funding. Oversight of degraded riparian habitats will lead to further decreases in river water quality, adversely affecting human welfare and local economies.
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Coetser, S. E., R. G. M. Heath, and N. Ndombe. "Diffuse pollution associated with the mining sectors in South Africa: a first-order assessment." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.066.
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Internationally it has become recognised that diffuse source water pollution from mining activities severely affects the degradation of water quality especially with regards to acidification and metal loading. South Africa is facing major problems with regard to the management and treatment of contaminated mine water. Very little has been published for South Africa about the quantities and qualities of diffuse source water pollution by the mining industry. Furthermore the available information has not yet been compiled into a consolidated overview that presents the total picture. Some of the problems that limit the use of the available information and would necessitate further processing to normalise the data, derive from the fact that the investigations producing the information were done at different times, to different levels of detail and using different approaches. A further complicating factor is that data for some mining commodities may not be available and may necessitate further investigation. The overview of the quantities and qualities of non-point source effluent production by different sectors needs to be interpreted in terms of the effect the effluent can be expected to have on receiving water quality (both surface and groundwater). It would thus be necessary to categorise waste types according to their effect on water quality and synthesise the data to obtain an estimate of the threat that different sectors and sub-sectors pose to receiving water quality.
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Mudaly, Leushantha, and Michael van der Laan. "Interactions between Irrigated Agriculture and Surface Water Quality with a Focus on Phosphate and Nitrate in the Middle Olifants Catchment, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 4370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114370.
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Little is understood on the interaction between irrigated agriculture and surface water quality in South African catchments. A case study was conducted on the Middle Olifants Catchment, which contains the second largest irrigation scheme in South Africa. Dams, rivers, irrigation canals, and drainage canals were sampled between the Loskop and Flag Boshielo Dams. Results were compared to historical water quality monitoring data from the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS). While DWS data indicate that phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) does not pose a eutrophication risk, our monitored data were above the eutrophication threshold for the majority of the sampling period. In general, phosphorus (P) pollution is a bigger issue than nitrogen (N), and concentrations of these nutrients tend to be higher during the summer rainfall months, potentially indicating a link to agriculture and fertilization events. We estimated that waste water treatment works (WWTW), which are currently systematically failing in South Africa, have the potential to pollute as much P as irrigated agriculture. Electrical conductivity levels increased downstream, moving from the acceptable towards the tolerable category, while the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) presents a moderate risk of infiltrability problems. The pH values were generally in the ideal range. This study has highlighted existing and looming water quality issues for irrigation and the environment in the Middle Olifants. Similar scoping studies are recommended for other intensively-irrigated catchments in the region to identify issues and allow timely intervention.
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Simonis, J. J., and A. Nweze. "A novel approach for providing potable water in rural Sodwana Bay, northern Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.023.
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Many people living in the Sodwana area of South Africa do not have access to potable water. Groundwater is the best source of fresh water for the rural community. Potable water in the Zululand coastal plain, Sodwana, South Africa can be enhanced by: (i) providing detailed information on the aquifer system using geophysics; (ii) providing information on groundwater quality and its efficient use; (iii) providing low-cost/low technology local drillers with light-weight, manoeuvrable rigs with trained teams for drilling of 6-inch diameter boreholes. The electrical resistivity geophysical method was used to study the aquifer system and define viable groundwater zones. The electrical resistivity survey increased the borehole success rate by providing information on the aquifer system suitable for water extraction. A hydrocensus was also conducted for identifying boreholes, quality of drilling and for collecting samples for water quality analysis. The result indicated that the groundwater in the area is of suitable quality. Poor quality drilling and inadequate drilling depth indicated a requirement for improved drilling rigs and suitable training. Providing the rural community with suitable drilling equipment, training and adequate information will help to solve the problem of water scarcity and also create jobs.
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Ololade, Olusola O., Sabelo Mavimbela, Saheed A. Oke, and Rinae Makhadi. "Impact of Leachate from Northern Landfill Site in Bloemfontein on Water and Soil Quality: Implications for Water and Food Security." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154238.
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Solid waste management in developing cities is a threat to water and food security. The final disposal option for solid wastes is usually landfill sites. Possible contaminants and their impact on surface and groundwater, and soil quality, at the northern solid waste landfill in Bloemfontein city, South Africa, was investigated. Soil samples were analysed for basic cations and heavy metals. A one-point surface leachate, groundwater, and surface water samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Hydrochemical speciation models were developed using these parameters to determine the influence of the leachate emanating from the landfill on the quality of the water samples. Findings from the study showed that the low metal content in the soil and water samples posed no immediate threat to food and water security. However, most of the other parameters were above the permissible limit of South African National Standard 241 (SANS241) and World Health Organisation) (WHO for drinking water, a(nd the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) specification for irrigation, an indication that the groundwater was unfit for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. Metal concentrations in the soil also increased with distance downslope of the landfill along drainage lines. The implementation of a circular economy in Bloemfontein will translate to less pollution and enhance sustainable development.
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Mashazi, T. P., M. S. Morole, and L. S. Modley. "Evaluating public perceptions, attitudes and participation in water resource management: The case of an urban township in South Africa." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.058.
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Abstract Public participation in water resource management is crucial for community development and resource sustainability. Many studies on water resource management have been done on urban river systems, focusing on water quality, and concentrating mainly on the physical, chemical and biological parameters, while neglecting the social impacts. An example of this is seen in the Kaalspruit, a highly polluted river in the township of Tembisa. After the confluence with the Olifantspruit River, the Kaalspruit runs through the residential and highly industrialised areas of Clayville, Tembisa and Ivory Park in Johannesburg, South Africa. The aim of the study is to evaluate public perception, participation and attitudes towards water resource management in the Kaalspruit River, and to aid with a related community management plan. This was achieved by purposive and random sampling of relevant stakeholders and the public. Community knowledge was used to increase water quality awareness. The study revealed that those surveyed are discontented with the river's current state but are interested in rehabilitating it. Their participation highlighted the need for a community-based management plan for the river.
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Smet, M., and D. Ward. "Soil quality gradients around water-points under different management systems in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa." Journal of Arid Environments 64, no. 2 (January 2006): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.04.014.
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Kidd, Michael. "Poisoning the Right to Water in South Africa: What Can the Law Do?" International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (October 26, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2011.2604.
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This paper examines the major problems currently facing South Africa’s water sector and identifies that water shortages will be a significant issue to deal with in the near future. The problem of shortage is exacerbated by severe water quality concerns. The role of the law in addressing these water concerns is examined and it is shown that the law, on paper, is able to address most of these issues and to provide for an integrated water resource management system. Failure to implement the law in the past, however, has led to situations arising that are beyond the power of the law to address and innovative solutions will have to be found. For the future, the law will have to be implemented appropriately in order to avoid similar problems arising again.
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Potgieter, Natasha, Simbarashe Karambwe, Lutendo Sylvia Mudau, Tobias Barnard, and Afsatou Traore. "Human Enteric Pathogens in Eight Rivers Used as Rural Household Drinking Water Sources in the Northern Region of South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062079.
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People living in rural areas still rely on the use of environmental water that is contaminated by human and animal activities. This study assessed the occurrence of human enteric pathogens in rivers that are used by rural communities Vhembe District of South Africa as a source of drinking water covering two seasons (winter and summer) over a one-year period. Water quality was assessed using physico characteristics and indicator organisms (total coliforms, E. coli, Clostridium perfringens). Pathogens tested included bacteria (Pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella-, Shigella- and Vibrio spp.), protozoa (Cryptosporidium- and Giardia spp.), and enteric viruses (Rota-, Noro-, Entero-, and Adenoviruses) while using published molecular protocols. The results showed that the indicator bacteria counts exceeded South African drinking water quality guideline limits and pathogenic E. coli was detected in the samples. No Shigella spp. were isolated, while Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. were present; parasites were detected in four rivers and Enteric viruses were predominantly detected in the winter season. The results indicated the poor condition of water and the potential health risks to consumers highlighting the need for implementing river catchment management strategies for continued sustainability in these rivers.
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O'Brien, Gordon C., Mathew Ross, Céline Hanzen, Vuyisile Dlamini, Robin Petersen, Gerhard J. Diedericks, and Matthew J. Burnett. "River connectivity and fish migration considerations in the management of multiple stressors in South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 9 (2019): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19183.
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People throughout the world depend on the services we derive from freshwater ecosystems. Human land-use activities often affect the quality, quantity and habitat of freshwater ecosystem, which need to be carefully managed to ensure their integrity and provision of services is sustainable. In South Africa, legislation has established resource-directed measures to attain a sustainable balance between the use and protection of water resources. These procedures have been implemented in most of South Africa’s nine water-management areas, resulting in new legislation to protect these resources. Unfortunately, very little protection has been afforded to river connectivity maintenance and fish migrations. For water storage and flow regulation for agriculture and other resource use activities, >610 formal dams and ~1430 gauging weirs have been constructed that act a partial or complete barriers to fish migration on river ecosystems. Only ~60 fish passage structures have been built, but many are not functional. River connectivity and fish migration management appears to be a shortcoming of the existing management approach for multiple stressors.
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Botha, Marthinus Jacobus, and Sanlie L. Middelberg. "Evaluating the Adequacy of Water-Related Reporting and Disclosure by High-Impact users in South Africa." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 18, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333216500034.
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South Africa is facing a water crisis in terms of the scarcity and the quality of its water. Considering this water-constrained future, it is evident that companies in South Africa should pay attention to the pristine management and reporting of this scarce resource. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the reporting and disclosure requirements of water of Socially Responsible Investment-indexed (SRI-indexed) JSE-listed companies. The disclosure requirements of integrated reporting, King III, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) provided the theoretical background. Content analysis was used as the research method to analyse the integrated reports of high-impact users. The findings of the study include that most of the companies illustrate commitment towards water stewardship by reporting on water-related aspects. A more comprehensive standardised set of guidelines to report on water per sector could add value to the reporting practices of companies.
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Adewumi, J. R., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. van Zyl. "Minimizing risks in wastewater reuse: proposed operational principles and guidelines for South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.038.
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Treated wastewater represents a significant potential source of reclaimed water for some beneficial reuses. However, public concern over the risks/health-related hazards of wastewater reuse has limited the general acceptability of reuse systems in many countries. It is important to manage the operation of recycled water systems in such a way that it will not adversely affect public health and the environment. Management of recycled water involves process control and compliance monitoring. This paper presents proposed unit process monitoring guidelines to classify the performances of treatment units according to the pollutant removal efficiencies and frequency of sampling to test for effluent quality suitable for reuse. The paper also highlights the procedure for proper inspection of treatment facilities to ensure optimum performances. It proposes minimum quality requirements for different reuse activities in South Africa such as domestic (toilet flushing, watering private gardens), irrigation (crops, landscape, public parks and golf courses, cemeteries), industrial (system cooling and process water) and other activities (construction works, street cleaning, fire protection, groundwater recharge). By employing the wastewater treatment monitoring and sampling procedures proposed in this paper, health-related hazards can be minimized while public confidence in reuse schemes will be enhanced.
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Ndlovu, Mduduzi, Antón Pérez-Rodríguez, Emma Devereux, Miranda Thomas, Alfredo Colina, and Linford Molaba. "Water for African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ): faecal microbial loads affect use of artificial waterholes." Biology Letters 14, no. 8 (August 2018): 20180360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0360.
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In semi-arid protected areas, artificial waterholes ensure that water is locally available to animals for extended periods. However, artificial waterholes may limit animal movement, which contributes towards habitat deterioration. Challenges of artificial water provisioning worsen in the presence of ecosystem engineers like African elephants Loxodonta africana , capable of transforming environments. Camera traps were used to monitor elephant visitation at 21 artificial waterholes in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also assessed if water quality parameters influenced elephant preference for certain waterholes. There were no significant correlations between elephant abundance and water physicochemical properties. However, there was a strong negative correlation between elephant abundance and levels of Escherichia coli in water. Our findings suggest that elephants avoid drinking water with high levels of faecal microbial loads. Whereas most studies addressing animal management in protected areas consider waterholes as homogeneous units, we posit that water quality could also determine local landscape use and movement patterns of key species like elephants, a finding with relevant implications in reserve management practices.
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Venter, J. M. E., J. van Heerden, J. C. Vivier, W. O. K. Grabow, and M. B. Taylor. "Hepatitis A virus in surface water in South Africa: what are the risks?" Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.006b.
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The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of infection constituted by HAV to persons using surface dam and river water for domestic and recreational purposes. It estimates the potential risk using a deterministic exponential risk assessment model with mean values and conservative assumptions. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 17.5% of river and 14.9% of dam water samples tested. The number of indicator organisms in these sources exceeded drinking and recreational water quality guidelines set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), indicating possible health risks to recreational water users. Based on the available data and taking all the assumptions into consideration, the probability of infection (Pinf) to the higher socio-economic population using the river water for recreational purposes was 1.1 × 10−3 per day and 3.3 × 10−1 per annum if 100 ml was ingested per day. For recreation in the dam water the Pinf value was 1.2 × 10−4 per day and 4.2 × 10−2 per annum. For the lower socio-economic population, risk values for drinking purposes (2 L day−1) were ten-fold greater. These surface waters therefore did not conform to the US EPA guidelines of 1 infection per 10,000 consumers per year for drinking water or eight gastrointestinal illnesses per 1,000 bathers per day in environmental waters used for recreational purposes. This is the first risk assessment study addressing the risk of infection by HAV in surface water to different socio-economic populations in South Africa.