Dissertations / Theses: 'Water Quality Parameters'

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Benson, Richard Lynn. "On-line monitoring of water quality parameters." Thesis, University of Hull, 1991. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8391.

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Chapter one summarises the development of UK legislation for the protection of the aquatic environment, and highlights current EC legislative requirements for water quality. The need for on-line water quality monitoring and the alternative instrumental approaches to it are discussed, together with the philosophy of "easy care instrumentation" and water industry requirements for online analysers. A simple spectrophotometric FI system is proposed for the on-line determination of a range of water quality parameters. The following chapter details instrumentation used in the FI system, emphasising the solid-state photometric detector. Development of an FI manifold for the determination of aluminium in potable and treated waters is covered in the next chapter. The method, based on complexation of aluminium with pyrocatechol violet is compared with a standard Driscoll procedure. Details of the construction and testing of a fully automated FI instrument are also given. Chapter four describes the development of a modular automated FI monitor with a PC compatible STEbus based computer system. Successful operation of this monitor is illustrated by its application to the determination of residual coagulants (aluminium and iron). Full details of software routines for control, processing and validation are given together with results from a tap water trial for dissolved aluminium. The FI determination of residual iron by its complexation with ferene S, and the application of the optimised method in the STEbus based monitor is detailed in chapter five. In the final chapter the use of on-line FI oxidation procedures for the determination of dissolved organic carbon are examined. The oxidation of a wide range of organic species to carbon dioxide using a silver catalysed persulphate reaction, enhanced with UV irradiation and a stopped-flow procedure is described. The sequential determination of inorganic and organic carbon without separation of the fractions is also investigated.

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Eriksson, Simon. "Water quality in the Koga Irrigation Project, Ethiopia: A snapshot of general quality parameters." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203128.

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The government of Ethiopia has initialized an investment in the agricultural sector in order to secure food production for a growing population. The Koga Irrigation and Water Management Project is a pilot project and hopes are that crop production will double. Water quality is an important factor to meet these expectations. The aim of this study is to assess the irrigation water’s biological and chemical quality by using locally available methods and compare the results with international water quality standards pertaining to agricultural use as well as human and animal consumption. The water was sampled and analyzed for biological, chemical and physical parameters. The most important parameters were thermotolerant coliforms, electrical conductivity and turbidity. The first part of the thesis was a literature study dealing with the Koga project and the water use in the area. The second part focuses on 17 water samples that were taken within an individual command area: irrigation canals, fish pond and drinking water well. The samples were then analyzed at the water quality and treatment lab at the University of Bahir Dar. The results were compared to guideline values for livestock, crop, fish and human use recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). All water samples, including the drinking water from the groundwater well, were contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms and had a relatively high turbidity. Additionally, the irrigation water contained levels of boron which were higher than recommended for crop production. Electrical conductivity values were overall satisfactory. These results give only an idea of the overall water quality within the Koga Irrigation Project. More samples need to be taken in order to draw any concrete conclusions and provide any recommendations.

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Bannon, Henry James. "Effects of Water Quality Parameters on Prolonged Swimming Ability of Freshwater Fishes." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2618.

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The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of rainbow trout parr (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and three life stages of Galaxias maculatus, larval (whitebait), postlarval inanga and adult inanga, were tested at temperatures from 5oC to 25oC. All fish were swum at their acclimation temperature under normoxic conditions to determine the optimal aerobic exercise temperature. To determine whether acclimation affected swimming ability, trout parr acclimated to either 10oC or 20oC were swum at 20oC and 10oC, respectively. The potential effect of mild hypoxia (75% saturation) on trout parr and whitebait was also examined at 10oC, 15oC and 20oC, and also tested separately and in combination were the effects of mild hypoxia and severe anaemia on the prolonged swimming ability of trout smolts at temperatures from 10oC to 20oC. For all trout experiments, blood samples were taken from non-exercised and exercised fish by acute caudal venepuncture to determine haematological responses to both acclimation and exercise. Under normoxic conditions, Ucrit max for trout parr (7.0 0.5 cm fork length) was calculated to be 5.8 body lengths per second (BL s-1) at 15.1oC, but declined at lower and higher temperatures. This result implies that swimming performance was limited by temperature below 15oC, whereas performance at higher temperatures was limited by oxygen availability. In support of this hypothesis, mild hypoxia (75% saturation) had no effect at 10oC or 15oC but caused a significant reduction in Ucrit at 20oC. However, fish acclimated at 20oC showed an adaptive elevation in oxygen carrying capacity due to an increase in mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content. Furthermore, acclimation to 20oC improved warm water swimming performance. Trout parr acclimated to 10oC performed significantly worse than fish acclimated to 20oC when swum at 20oC. However, trout parr acclimated to 20oC performed as well as fish acclimated to 10oC when swum at 10oC. Following exercise, haematocrit was elevated under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. However, the primary cause of this apparent increase in oxygen carrying capacity was splenic release of erythrocytes under normoxic conditions, whereas stress-induced erythrocytic swelling contributed to the observed increase in hypoxia. This contrasting response was most pronounced at 10oC. Larval whitebait (4.7 - 5.0 cm total length (TL)) also showed a temperature dependence of prolonged swimming ability with Ucrit max calculated to be 5.1 BL s-1 at 17.7oC. Hypoxia significantly reduced Ucrit at 15oC and 20oC, lowering the optimal aerobic temperature to 13.9oC and reducing Ucrit to 4.2 BL s-1. Mild hypoxia therefore had a more pronounced impact on inanga whitebait than trout. Postlarval inanga (3.9 - 4.0 cm TL) performed poorly at higher temperatures with Ucrit max of 5.6 BL s-1 at 9.4oC indicating an ontogenetic change in swimming ability, possibly resulting from a developmental shift in red muscle kinetics or a greater dependence on anaerobic muscle. Adult inanga (5.5 - 6.8 cm TL) prolonged swimming ability showed similar temperature dependence to that of inanga whitebait but lower relative swimming speeds due to their larger size. The dramatic decline in performance exhibited by juveniles at warmer temperatures was not apparent in adults. Ucrit max for adults was 4.0 BL s-1 at 18.3oC. The critical swimming speed of trout smolts, subjected to mild hypoxia (6.8 mg

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Nemeth, Douglas J. "Relationship of Aeromonas hydrophila to fish community health and water quality parameters." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/421946.

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Temperature, conductivity, and Aeromonas hydrophila density were determined bimonthly at six sites in the White River drainage system, Delaware County, Indiana, from April, 1984 through December, 1984. Fish were collected from four of the six sites. Fish were identified to species, examined for gross pathology, and their blood collected. Titers against A. hydrophila antigen 157 were determined for all carp (Cyprinus carpio) captured. Certain carp serum samples were also tested against three additional A. hydrophila antigens.Aerononas hydrophila densities appeared to be related to temperature and conductivity, primary producers, and runoff/effluent. Aeromonas hydrophila densities were higher in areas affected by urban runoff/ effluent than in areas affected by rural runoff/effluent. Aeromonas hydrophila densities increased as one progressed through the city of Muncie.Only five percent of all fish captured exhibited signs of gross pathology. Diseased fish typically demonstrated low titers against antigen 157. Several A. hydrophila serotypes were apparently infectious for the carp studied. Thirty-two percent of the carp sampled exhibited a positive titer response against antigen 157. Considerable variation in titer response existed between individuals.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

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Miguntanna, Nadeeka Sajeewani. "Determining a set of surrogate parameters to evaluate urban stormwater quality." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/30416/1/Nadeeka_Miguntanna_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis details methodology to estimate urban stormwater quality based on a set of easy to measure physico-chemical parameters. These parameters can be used as surrogate parameters to estimate other key water quality parameters. The key pollutants considered in this study are nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds and solids. The use of surrogate parameter relationships to evaluate urban stormwater quality will reduce the cost of monitoring and so that scientists will have added capability to generate a large amount of data for more rigorous analysis of key urban stormwater quality processes, namely, pollutant build-up and wash-off. This in turn will assist in the development of more stringent stormwater quality mitigation strategies. The research methodology was based on a series of field investigations, laboratory testing and data analysis. Field investigations were conducted to collect pollutant build-up and wash-off samples from residential roads and roof surfaces. Past research has identified that these impervious surfaces are the primary pollutant sources to urban stormwater runoff. A specially designed vacuum system and rainfall simulator were used in the collection of pollutant build-up and wash-off samples. The collected samples were tested for a range of physico-chemical parameters. Data analysis was conducted using both univariate and multivariate data analysis techniques. Analysis of build-up samples showed that pollutant loads accumulated on road surfaces are higher compared to the pollutant loads on roof surfaces. Furthermore, it was found that the fraction of solids smaller than 150 ìm is the most polluted particle size fraction in solids build-up on both roads and roof surfaces. The analysis of wash-off data confirmed that the simulated wash-off process adopted for this research agrees well with the general understanding of the wash-off process on urban impervious surfaces. The observed pollutant concentrations in wash-off from road surfaces were different to pollutant concentrations in wash-off from roof surfaces. Therefore, firstly, the identification of surrogate parameters was undertaken separately for roads and roof surfaces. Secondly, a common set of surrogate parameter relationships were identified for both surfaces together to evaluate urban stormwater quality. Surrogate parameters were identified for nitrogen, phosphorus and solids separately. Electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS) and turbidity (TTU) were selected as the relatively easy to measure parameters. Consequently, surrogate parameters for nitrogen and phosphorus were identified from the set of easy to measure parameters for both road surfaces and roof surfaces. Additionally, surrogate parameters for TSS, TDS and TS which are key indicators of solids were obtained from EC and TTU which can be direct field measurements. The regression relationships which were developed for surrogate parameters and key parameter of interest were of a similar format for road and roof surfaces, namely it was in the form of simple linear regression equations. The identified relationships for road surfaces were DTN-TDS:DOC, TP-TS:TOC, TSS-TTU, TDS-EC and TSTTU: EC. The identified relationships for roof surfaces were DTN-TDS and TSTTU: EC. Some of the relationships developed had a higher confidence interval whilst others had a relatively low confidence interval. The relationships obtained for DTN-TDS, DTN-DOC, TP-TS and TS-EC for road surfaces demonstrated good near site portability potential. Currently, best management practices are focussed on providing treatment measures for stormwater runoff at catchment outlets where separation of road and roof runoff is not found. In this context, it is important to find a common set of surrogate parameter relationships for road surfaces and roof surfaces to evaluate urban stormwater quality. Consequently DTN-TDS, TS-EC and TS-TTU relationships were identified as the common relationships which are capable of providing measurements of DTN and TS irrespective of the surface type.

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Medvedeva, О., and Y. Kryvoshei. "Assessment of some parameters of biological quality of the water in the city of KropIvnytskyi." Thesis, ТДМУ Укрмедкнига, 2017. http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/7242.

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Neto, Miguel Paulo Rodrigues. "Study of quality of water wells in Iguape-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12251.

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Universidade Federal do CearÃ
According to the United Nations (UN), the target of one of the objectives Development Goals of halving the number of people without access to water drinking was reached - however, 768 million people still do not enjoy this advance overall, especially in rural areas. In this context, the population of Iguape, a district of municipality of Aquiraz-EC, is part of this minority, lacking sewage and supply for water distribution network. Thus, a study was performed to During the year 2013 with the objective of determining if the water wells used by population - the main source of those goods - was in accordance with the parameters of potability provided for in the regulations. The results show that for the plurality of wells human consumption have parameters outside the limits accepted by the existing laws - presence of E. coli, for example. As a reference for this study the Quality Index Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment was employed to facilitate the Understanding of the data set and revealed that the ten wells monitored only one presents water quality rated as Good.
Segundo a OrganizaÃÃo das NaÃÃes Unidas (ONU), a meta de um dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do MilÃnio de reduzir pela metade o nÃmero de pessoas sem acesso a Ãgua potÃvel foi atingido â entretanto, 768 milhÃes de pessoas ainda nÃo usufruem desse avanÃo global, especialmente nas Ãreas rurais. Nesse contexto, a populaÃÃo do Iguape, um distrito do municÃpio de Aquiraz-CE, faz parte dessa minoria, carecendo de coleta de esgoto e de abastecimento por rede de distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua. Dessa forma, foi realizado um estudo ao longo do ano de 2013 com o objetivo de verificar se a Ãgua dos poÃos utilizados pela populaÃÃo â principal fonte desse bem â estava de acordo com os parÃmetros de potabilidade previstos nas legislaÃÃes vigentes. Os resultados mostram que diversos poÃos destinados ao consumo humano tÃm parÃmetros fora dos limites aceitos pelas legislaÃÃes vigentes â presenÃa de E. Coli, por exemplo. Como referÃncia para esse estudo o Ãndice de Qualidade do Conselho Canadense de Ministros do Meio Ambiente foi empregado para facilitar a compreensÃo do conjunto de dados e revelou que dos dez poÃos monitorados apenas um apresenta Ãgua com qualidade classificada como Boa.

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Schlaerth, Hannah L. "Remote Sensing of Water Quality Parameters Influencing Coral Reef Health, U.S. Virgin Islands." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1525710103251186.

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Lathouri, Maria. "Assessment of the temporal variability of surface water quality parameters in setting environmental quality standards for metals." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550232.

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Metals, such as copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel and lead, can vary significantly in concentration over time and across small specified areas at the micro scale (geographic regions), either naturally or also due to human activities, such as urbanization, industrial and agricultural activities. Their chemical forms and distribution control their mobility, bioavailability and subsequent potential for toxicity which, in turn, dictates surface water quality. The physicochemical forms in which a metal ion is present (i.e. its speciation) determine the behaviour of the metal and therefore its bioavailability and toxicity due to biological accessibility in the environment. Bioavailability of a metal is expressed as the fraction of the metal that the organism is proximately exposed to during a given time and under defined conditions. It is generally accepted that the total metal concentrations in surface water are not considered to be very representative of the metal fraction that is taken up by the aquatic organisms, while the free metal ion [M"+] is considered to be the most toxic metal species. The complexation of metals by ligands has an important influence on the speciation of metals in natural waters, reducing the free metal aqueous activity and affecting the metal bioavailability and toxicity. Like all substances, metals can behave as contaminants, when present in excess, posing risks to the environment. As part of water quality management regimes, these risks are managed through the establishment of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). EQS define concentrations of the metals in the surface water environment that are protective of the aquatic life. Current EQS values are based either on total or dissolved metal concentrations; however, they do not consider whether metals are in potentially bioavailable forms, or seasonal variability that would affect their bioavailability and potential for toxicity over time. Considering these limitations the objectives of the presented research were: to identify the temporal variability of chemical and physical determinands in a variety of aquatic environments and identify any changes that may significantly affect the quality of the aquatic system, to assess the temporal variability of metal speciation and bioavailability/toxicity through the use of chemical equilibrium and toxicity models, to assess the temporal variability in water quality using the present EQS for metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb), based on total and dissolved concentrations, as well as the chemical equilibrium and toxicity modelling results, to evaluate the performance of the standard and bioavailability/toxicity based EQS setting methods in a variety ofUK surface water systems. The geochemical modelling studies have been carried out using two chemical equilibrium models: the Windermere Humic Ion Binding Model (WHAM) and the PHREEQC model. The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) was utilised to assess the acute and chronic toxicity and to estimate the effects of Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations for acute; as well of Cu concentration for chronic toxicity for the aquatic organism Daphnia magna.

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Obi, CL, MNB Momba, A. Samie, JO Igumbor, E. Green, and E. Musie. "Microbiological, physico-chemical and management parameters impinging on the efficiency of small water treatment plants in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000861.

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In the wake of the growing dependence on small water treatment plants (SWTPs) in providing quality water to rural areas and the global burden of water borne diseases, this study sought to examine the efficiency of 55 SWTPs located in rural or peri-urban areas of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces in order to gauge the safety of water supply for human consumption. The microbiological and physical parameters of raw water, treated water and water in the distribution systems were examined using standard methods. Management issues impacting on quality of water supply were determined by use of questionnaires and focus group discussions. Results obtained showed that the pH, turbidity, temperature and conductivity of the raw water in SWTPs studied in both provinces ranged between 6.46 to 9.05 pH units, 0.19 to 8.0 NTU, 15.4oC to 31.40oC and 44.40.4 μS to 108 μS respectively. Water quality compliance at point of use (treated water) according to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa guidelines in SWTPs studied in both provinces were 85% for faecal coliforms and 69% for total coliforms. In the distribution systems, TCCs, FCCs and HPCs were within recommended limits except for few SWTPs suggesting a possibility of inadequate treatment and this may represent post-treatment contamination and possible risk of infection from these water supply sources. Physical parameters were generally within the recommended ranges . In terms of administrative issues, some plant operators did not have adequate knowledge of the functioning of the SWTPs and most were unable to calculate chlorine dosage, determine flow rates or undertake repairs of basic equipment. Poor working conditions , frequent stock depletion of chemicals , lack of maintenance culture , lack of emergency preparedness and poor communication were also cited . The study has revealed that the microbiological quality of raw water was very poor but that water treatment was efficient in the majority of SWTPs studied in both provinces. Regular monitoring of microbial and physico-chemical parameters of water quality served by the different SWTPs to the population is recommended to gauge their safety for human consumption. Issues such as enhanced incentives and periodic training of plant operators, improved communication and conditions of service , periodic stock inventory and entrenchment of maintenance culture may be necessary to ensure sustained and efficient water distribution systems.

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Floresquerra, S. M., D. R. Dulaney, Kurt J. Maier, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Monitoring of Selected Bacteriological and Water Quality Parameters Associated with the Sinking Creek TMDL." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2929.

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Hall, Kimberlee K., L. K. Gallagher, Brian G. Evanshen, Kurt J. Maier, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Comparison of Microbial Water Quality Parameters of Four Geographically Similar Creeks in Northeast Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2943.

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Four creeks within the Watauga River watershed in Northeast Tennessee are routinely monitored for water quality assessments. To identify sources and monitor remediation, Sinking Creek, Cash Hollow Creek, Buffalo Creek and Boones Creek are monitored for chemical and microbial parameters. These parameters include phosphates, nitrates, BOD and fecal coliforms. Sinking Creek is a tributary of the Watauga River with 10 miles of impaired water. Cash Hollow Creek enters the Watauga River at river mile 11.4 with 3.4 miles of impaired water. Boones Creek contains 18.6 impaired miles while the status of water quality in Buffalo Creek is not yet determined. Agricultural input is a major source of pollution for Sinking and Boones Creek. Cash Hollow Creek is impacted by a combination of sources of which urban runoff is the largest due to storm sewers and land development. Boones, Cash Hollow and Sinking Creeks are considered impaired and are on the state’s 303(d) list due to pathogen loading but only Sinking and Cash Hollow Creek have TMDLs. The seasonal and spatial patterns are more obvious for microbial than for chemical parameters. From 2002 - 2005, 14 stations on Sinking Creek were sampled quarterly. Fecal coliforms were elevated and always greater than 200 CFU/100ml for stations 1 – 5. Due to agricultural land use adjacent to stations 1 – 4, this would be expected. There was also a seasonal trend with higher concentrations found in the fall and spring. Cash Hollow Creek’s 9 stations were sampled monthly from 2002 - 2005. Although very high fecal coliforms concentrations were found, there were no obvious patterns. The 12 stations on Buffalo Creek were sampled quarterly from June 2004 to June 2005. Fecal coliform concentrations were high at station 8, which is adjacent to agricultural land. Boones Creek was sampled monthly from March 2005 to present and no obvious trends have been noted. The objective of this research is to compare patterns in these geographically similar creeks to identify any common patterns associated with various pollution sources. We will discuss the preliminary results and conclusions about the usefulness of these data to accomplish this objective.

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Morgan, Elizabeth M. Ms. "Salmonella and Aeromonas Contamination in a 303(d) Listed Water Body Compared to Fecal Indicators & Water Quality Parameters." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/370.

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Since the passage of the Clean Water Act, concern about surface water quality has increased. Reducing exposure to pathogens and adverse impacts on human health because of contact with surface waters has become the focus of many regulatory agencies. Fecal pollution is often a cause of surface water impairment. Fecal indicators, such as fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, are used as surrogates to evaluate the presence or absence of fecal pollution. However, a growing body of research has shown that these species lack key characteristics necessary to be adequate indicators. As such, explorations into the efficacy of indicator species in predicting fecal pollution in water are necessary. Sinking Creek is a tributary of the Watauga River Watershed, located in Northeast Tennessee. Approximately ten miles of Sinking Creek have been placed on the national 303(d) list for fecal pollution, denoting the presence of fecal contamination exceeding the regulatory limit. Salmonella and Aeromonas are two enteric pathogens that would be expected to be detected in fecally contaminated waters. The primary objective of this study was to detect the presence of Salmonella and Aeromonas in Sinking Creek. The secondary objective was to evaluate their relationship with fecal coliforms, E. coli, and water quality parameters. Six study sites along Sinking Creek were sampled and standard methods were used to enumerate Salmonella and Aeromonas. Samples for Salmonella were collected for 8 months, while samples for Aeromonas were collected for seven. Salmonella and Aeromonas were present in Sinking Creek. Salmonella had the highest concentration at site 2 (the most downstream site), and was detected during all months of the study except for November. Salmonella concentrations varied by site. Aeromonas was present only during colder months, and had the highest concentration at site 2. Both Salmonella and Aeromonas show qualitative relationships with water quality parameters, such as dissolved oxygen and conductivity. However, statistically significant correlations of Salmonella and Aeromonas with water quality parameters were not observed. The lack of statistical significance is partially due to large variability and a small data set. Neither Salmonella or Aeromonas exhibited a relationship with fecal coliforms or E. coli. Therefore, fecal coliforms and E. coli may not be adequate indicator species for the presence of Salmonella, Aeromonas and possibly other waterborne pathogens. Traditional indicator species may inflate risk of pathogen exposure. Thus, many water bodies may be unnecessarily deemed as impaired. The results from this study can be used to guide further research regarding covariates influencing pathogen densities at fecally contaminated sites, as well as to guide decisions regarding impaired surface waters and management techniques.

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Barba, Ferrer Carme. "Physical, geochemical and microbial parameters driving the improvement of water quality in managed aquifer recharge." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671103.

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Worldwide water demand has been increasing over time, mainly due to population growth and society development. In addition, climate change is causing a significant alteration of the periodicity and intensity of precipitation and climate related events. All this implies significant challenges for a sustainable exploitation of water resources specially during water scarcity periods. Therefore, Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) represents a feasibly solution to deal with future water management challenges through the storage of available water in aquifers. The present dissertation is focused on the study of microbial, biogeochemical and physical processes related to MAR ponds, regarding both quantity and quality aspects. The knowledge about these processes has allowed to identify key issues affecting the correct operation of infiltration ponds, laying the foundations for the optimization of quantity and quality targets. Two different sites in Llobregat River Basin were chosen as a investigation framework. The first part of this thesis was developed in Sant Vicenç dels Horts MAR system (Barcelona), where an innovative treatment for emerging contaminants had been proved successfully. A reactive layer was put in the bottom of infiltration pond, promoting different redox conditions below the pond and enhancing the removal of dissolved organic matter as well as emergent organic contaminants. In this thesis, further work has been carried out, by investigating the role of microbial community in this removal, by means of a microbial fingerprinting study between two different scenarios. Which were (1) when no-recharge was present and (2) during a long recharge period. The microbial fingerprinting study confirmed that microbial diversity during recharge period fitted in Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis approach. Furthermore, sequencing of prominent bands evidenced the presence of principally degradative-like microorganisms during recharge. A multivariate statistical analysis including hydrochemical, soil grain-size distribution, operational and microbial variables was also performed. Most relevant variables affecting microbial populations were identified. Likewise, the correlations between some microbial prints in the system revealed the presence of some classes and species involved in biodegradation pathways. The second investigation was focused on the study of redox processes from the infiltration pond to the aquifer, passing through the vadose zone. The study was placed in Castellbisbal MAR system (Barcelona). This facility has a conventional surface infiltration pond without the effect of the reactive layer. The infiltration path was widely monitored and four sampling campaigns were carried out in four different moments along a one-year study. Results from in situ redox potential measurements, temperature evolution, operating conditions (water levels, flow rate and infiltration rate), characterization of the organic matter and hydrochemical composition of water were collected and analyzed. Especially, operating conditions and redox potential, where it was observed that evolution in the first meter of the infiltration profile had been related to clogging development in the pond bottom. Finally, results from monitoring tasks were used as the basis to construct a flow and heat transport model simulating recharge process. The flow model included the decrease of hydraulic conductivity caused by clogging periods. In addition, a heat transport model was capable to calculate the modifications of hydraulic conductivity due to temporal temperature evolution. Taking into account results of heat transport model, two batch-type biogeochemical models were suggested to explain redox processes in winter and summer scenarios. Furthermore, models were capable to explain the fate of the different fractions of dissolved
La demanda d’aigua arreu del món es preveu que continuarà augmentant a causa de l'increment de la població i el seu desenvolupament. El canvi climàtic, a més, suposarà un agreujant, ja que es preveu que alterarà la periodicitat i intensitat de les precipitacions arreu. Tot aquest marc fa que la gestió sostenible dels recursos hídrics esdevingui tot un repte, especialment durant possibles episodis de sequera. La recàrrega induïda dels aqüífers representa uns solució vàlida per emmagatzemar aigua al subsòl, i per tant, assolir alguns dels reptes que la gestió de recursos hídrics presenta. La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu l’estudi de processos microbiològics, biogeoquímics i físics relacionats amb les basses de recàrrega. Tot aquest coneixement ha permès detectar molts dels aspectes que afecten el correcte funcionament d’aquestes infraestructures, construint les bases per a poder optimitzar-ne el funcionament. S'han triat dos emplaçaments de recàrrega induïda a la Conca del Riu Llobregat com a marc d'investigació. La primera part de la tesi s'ha efectuat al sistema de recàrrega de Sant Vicenç dels Horts (Barcelona), on hi ha instal·lada una barrera reactiva que afavoreix la degradació de contaminants emergents. Allà, s’ha investigat el paper de les comunitats microbianes mitjançant un estudi de patrons microbiològics comparant dos escenaris diferents. S’ha avaluat la contribució de les comunitats microbianes sota els efectes prolongats de la recàrrega i amb la bassa parada. Aquest estudi confirma que els efectes de la recàrrega sobre la diversitat microbiana es podrien assimilar als predits per la Hipòtesi de la Pertorbació Intermèdia. Així mateix, la seqüenciació de les bandes més prominents ha revelat que les espècies principals de microorganismes que es trobaven sota els efectes de la recàrrega tenien capacitats degradatives. A continuació s’ha efectuat un estudi estadístic multivariant, englobant variables de tipus hidroquímic, de mida i distribució de gra en sòls, de tipus operacional i microbiològiques. S’han identificat doncs, les variables més rellevants que afecten les poblacions microbianes. A més, s’han detectat correlacions entre algunes variables hidroquímiques i espècies com ara desnitrificants o metanòtrofes. La segona part de la tesi ha estat emmarcada en el sistema de recàrrega de Castellbisbal (Barcelona). Aquest sistema inclou també una bassa d’infiltració, però sense l’efecte d’una capa reactiva. A Castellbisbal s’han estudiat els processos redox en tot el perfil d’infiltració, des de l’aigua d’infiltració fins a la zona saturada de sota la bassa, passant per la zona no saturada. Tot aquest perfil es va monitoritzar i es van dur a terme quatre campanyes de mostreig durant l’any sencer que ha durat l’estudi. La monitorització ha permès obtenir resultats d’evolució de potencial redox a diferents profunditats, de la temperatura i de tots els paràmetres d’operació (nivells, cabals i taxa d’infiltració). Les campanyes de mostreig han permès caracteritzar hidroquímicament les mostres així com també caracteritzar l’origen de la matèria orgànica present. La integració de tots aquests resultats, especialment pel que fa a la monitorització del potencial redox en el primer metre de sòl ha permès evidenciar la relació que tenen tots ells amb la colmatació al llit de la bassa. El model evidencia la importància de la temperatura en els paràmetres hidràulics. Partint d’aquesta base, s’han desenvolupat dos models biogeoquímics de tipus batch amb l’objectiu d’explicar els processos redox en dos escenaris estiu-hivern. Els models, a més, inclouen diferents fraccions de matèria orgànica dissolta: de caràcter làbil, recalcitrant i una tercera, d’immòbil. S’avaluen, doncs, els canvis en les taxes de degradació de la matèria orgànica a causa de les variacions de temperatura

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15

Johnson, Johanna. "Aspects of Flexographic Print Quality and Relationship to some Printing Parameters." Doctoral thesis, Karlstad : Faculty of Technology and Science, Chemical Engineering, Karlstads universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1793.

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16

Deepa, K. G. "Occurrence of ectocommensal ciliates on Metapenaeus dobsoni (MIERS) in relation to water quality parameters in pond ecosystem at Vypeen." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1997. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11050/2/Deepa%20K.G..pdf.

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Fishery sector has a place of pride in the national economy of India. Shrimps are the single item in the basket of marine products with universal taste-remain the backbone of Indian marine product export. Due to the declining trend of prawn catches from the sea, brackish water and fresh water prawn farming has immense scope to fulfill the growing demands of the population. The culture practices are mostly restricted to Penaeus sp. obviously because of certain special qualities attributed to it. However, in traditional prawn culture, practised in coastal waters, prawns other than Penaeus sp. also enter the culture system and grow. Thus about 60-80% o f the catch is contributed by Metapenaeus dobsoni and smaller sizes o i Penaeus indicus. M. dobsoni forms a major part o f the all India landing of prawn followed by P. indicus and P. monodon.

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Perttu, Nils. "Assessment of hydrogeological and water quality parameters, using MRS and VES in the Vientiane Basin, Laos /." Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet, 2008. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2008/35/.

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18

Asbaghi, Navid. "Assesment [sic] of water quality parameters in the West Fork of the White River in Muncie, Delaware County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1371683.

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Water quality parameters including ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, total suspended solids, Escherichia coli, and dissolved oxygen were statistically evaluated from sampling data collected by the Bureau of Water Quality (City of Muncie, Indiana) at five sampling locations in Delaware County over a five-year period (2002-2006). These data were also compared with water quality standards/guidelines to determine how sample values compared to acceptable levels of these parameters. Friedman's non-parametric test was used to study the differences between sites and seasons. Spearman's Rank Correlation was used to study the correlations between water quality parameters at each sampling site. Significant differences were observed for individual parameters when evaluated relative to sampling location based on pooled monthly collected data as well as data evaluated on a seasonal basis. These differences indicated the fact that different sources were responsible for observed concentrations at a particular location and that seasonal phenomenon such as precipitation, discharge and temperature also affected sample concentrations at individual sampling locations. Most notable were differences in geometric mean concentrations of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate and E. coli upstream and downstream of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), with highest concentrations downstream, indicating the significant impact of the WWTP on water quality in the White River. Significant correlations observed among some study parameters suggested that sample concentrations may have been affected by similar sources. In comparison to water quality standards, concentrations of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, and E. coli were at unacceptable levels at most sampling locations.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

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19

Serrano, Odean. "The assemblage of water quality parameters and urban feature parameters, utilizing a geographic information system model for the use of watershed management in the Dardenne Creek Watershed, St. Charles County, Missouri." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3172.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 179. Thesis director: Lee M. Talbot. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-149). Also issued in print.

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20

Matthews, Mark William. "Remote Sensing of Water Quality Parameters in Zeekoevlei, a Hypertrophic, Cyanobacteria-Dominated Lake, Cape Town, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4782.

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21

Ufermann, Susanne. "Evaluation of a semi-analytical approach to the retrieval of water quality parameters from optical data in European coastal Case-II waters." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/9888/.

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This work addresses the retrieval of the three water quality parameters chlorophyll-a, yellow substance and suspended particulate matter from spectra of remote sensing reflectance in European coastal waters. We study the suitability of a semi-analytical algorithm for the retrieval of these parameters in coastal waters to investigate the validity of radiative transfer theory and bio-optical models that have been developed primarily for open ocean waters. To obtain water quality parameters from reflectance measurements we employ a non-linear inversion method (Gauss-Newton). Algorithm parameters are established to ensure convergence of the method and reduce trapping by local minima. The developed algorithm is then evaluated with the help of a case-specific sensitivity analysis that reveals strengths and weaknesses with respect to measurement errors and inaccuracies of the bio-optical models on which the algorithm is based. In order to establish the validity of the results, a second sensitivity analysis is carried out based on the analysis of normalised partial derivatives of the algorithm's central equation. The algorithm is then applied to an extensive in situ data set consisting of 447 high-resolution spectra of remote sensing reflectance and water quality parameters from a range of European coastal waters, acquired in the framework of three different projects. Given the different measurement techniques within the various projects, it is not surprising that the algorithm performs poorly for the complete data set. Studying the regional subsets individually yields improved results in some cases, suggesting potential for developing regionally specific algorithms on the basis of dedicated tuning. The complete failure of the algorithm in other regions displays the shortcomings of the methodology. It is shown that, in some cases, the forward model fails to describe the optical characteristics encountered producing a pronounced mismatch between calculated and measured reflectance spectra in both spectral shape and magnitude. In other regions the spectral shape is largely reproduced by the model but a mismatch in magnitude results in failure of the inversion procedure. However, the most fundamental problem encountered is the non-uniqueness of the reflectance inversion process for some spectra. Improved bio-optical models and dedicated measurement campaigns in coastal waters are a crucial requirement to resolve this problem for future regional applications of semi-analytical algorithms. We point out the optical characteristics of favourable and unfavourable conditions for the retrieval of water quality parameters and provide some guidelines to future measurements of optical properties of coastal waters.

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Ali, Khalid A. "PREDICTION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FROM VIS-NIR RADIOMETRY: USING LAKE ERIE AS A NATURAL LABORATORY FOR ANALYSIS OF CASE 2 WATERS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1309980508.

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23

Kou, Zhiqing. "Use of artificial neural network for predicting stage-discharge relationship and water quality parameters for selected Hawaii streams." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7002.

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The goal of the study is to examine the efficacy of the artificial neural network (ANN) to develop stage-discharge relationship and to simulate water quality parameters. With the data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for two Hawaii stream gaging stations: the Manoa Stream at Kanewai field and the Waiakeakua Stream at Honolulu, ANN will be used to predict discharge for those two stations, but only Manoa Stream at Kanewai Field will be analyzed for the water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, solids residue and suspended sediment. For both stations, the performance of ANN is superior to the rating curves currently used by USGS. The network with one or two hidden layers does not make significant difference for modeling those two rating curves, but it was found that the selection of the test data set is very important. For simulating water quality parameters, the network fails to learn the relation between input and target due to the insufficient input parameter and short length of record. For the station of Waiakeakua Stream at Honolulu, the most important input parameters are hydraulic radius and conveyance of the cross section where the discharge was measured. But for Manoa Stream at Kanewai Field, it is one of the antecedent gage heights (H(t-2)) that contributes significantly to the network performance.
xiii, 216 leaves

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Hall, Kimberlee K., L. K. Gallagher, Brian G. Evanshen, Kurt J. Maier, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Comparison of Microbial Water Quality Parameters in Four Geographically Similar Creeks In Northeast Tennessee Using Multivariate Statistical Analyses." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2945.

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25

Clyde, Gerard A. "Spatial and temporal patterns exhibited by select physicochemical and biological water quality parameters in Lake Texoma, Oklahoma and Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4628/.

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From August 1996 through September 1997 eleven fixed stations were sampled monthly in January, March , April , July, August, September, and November and fortnightly in May and June for the purposes of establishing baseline conditions present in Lake Texoma as related to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers chloride control activities in the upper Wichita River, Texas. Five reservoir zones were identified a priori using historical chloride concentration data and include the Red River Zone (RRZ), Red River Transition Zone (RRTZ), Main Lake Body (MLB), Washita River Transition Zone (WRTZ), and Washita River Zone (WRZ) in order of decreasing chloride concentration. The existence of the WRTZ is not supported here, however the Big Mineral Arm in the RRTZ was observed to be highly independent of the mixing patterns observed in the RRTZ and was treated post priori separately from the RRTZ. Spatial and temporal comparisons between reservoir zones were performed on seventeen (17) physicochemical parameters from each of the eleven sampling stations and phytoplankton count data from one sampling station within each reservoir zone and physicochemical parameters were observed to exhibit a fixed spatial gradient. Strong density gradients throughout the reservoir were observed to occur in conjunction with vertical stratification of the water column. Stratification stability at individual stations was attributable to both thermal and salinity density gradients throughout the period of stratification with the degree to which stratification is thermally or chemically induced influenced by inter-annual variability in hydraulic residence time. Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rates were also observed to be affected by changes in hydraulic residence time with a long-term trend of decreasing relative areal hypolimnetic oxygen rates detected between the 1970s and 1990s. The algal assemblage present in Lake Texoma is dominated by the Cyanophyta, which comprises 82.1 % of the assemblage total standing crop with one species, Microcystis incerta, comprising 57.0 % of the assemblage total standing crop and is typical of a temperate eutrophic lake. The algal assemblage was affected more by temporal dynamics rather than spatial dynamics with variance observed in the algal assemblage attributable to physicochemical factors which vary through time.

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26

Mitchell, Andy M. "The effect of varying several operational parameters on the dewatering characteristics of activated sludge." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50063.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate selective operational parameters and their effect on activated sludge settling and dewatering rates. Several laboratory scale reactors were used in this study and fed with various synthetic substrates. The sludges produced from these reactors were used to examine sludge settling and dewatering characteristics as the selected operational parameters were varied. This study intended to determine if: (1) qualitative shock loadings affect sludge dewatering and settling and will biological systems recover quickly under various conditions; (2) aeration basin dissolved oxygen concentration affects sludge settling and dewatering characteristics; (3) biopolymer content can be correlated with sludge dewatering rates such that biopolymer content can be used as a parameter to monitor sludge dewatering characteristics. Results from this study indicated that the shock loadings considered here significantly alter the sludge settling and dewatering characteristics of an activated sludge population. Shock loadings may cause shifts in the bacterial population, allowing undesirable microorganisms to predominate but activated sludge systems can recover from shock loadings caused by the introduction of a different substrate. Also, it was seen that activated sludge dewatering is directly affected by the dissolved oxygen level in the aeration basin and the minimum level required is 2.0 mg/L in a completely-mixed system. A definite relationship was noted between biopolymer production and sludge dewatering with high biopolymer content correlating with poor sludge dewatering and low biopolymer content correlating with good sludge dewatering.
Master of Science
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27

Kamba, Evelyn Tatenda. "Effects of Aloe ferox in drinking water, on growth performance, blood parameters, meat quality, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of broiler meat." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020202.

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The objective of the study was to determine the effects of Aloe ferox inclusion in drinking water on growth performance, blood biochemistry, physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of broiler meat. The importance of A. ferox as a medicinal plant and factors that influence its utilization by communal poultry farmers were also investigated by use of a questionnaire survey. The survey revealed that the majority of respondents (84.6%) faced health challenges in their chickens and many relied (96.2%) on A. ferox to treat diseases and control parasites. The study also revealed that the choice of medicine (traditional or conventional) was influenced (P<0.05) by level of education and income. In the second phase of the research, a total of 600 Ross 308 day-old broilers, were randomly put in 6 treatment groups with 4 replicates, each having 25 birds. Fresh aqueous A. ferox leaf juice (ALJ) was administered in drinking water at a dosage of 20ml/litre to T1, T2 and T3 from day one to day 35, day one to day 14 and day 15 to day 28, respectively. Birds in T4 and T5 (positive controls) were treated with terramycin at the recommended dosage of 14g/litre of drinking water from day one to day 6 and from day 15 to 20, respectively; and birds in T6 (negative control) received distilled water from day 1 to 35. Feed Intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the 5 week trial. After slaughter, carcass characteristics particularly dressing percentage (DP) and relative organ weight (ROW) were calculated. Serum biochemistry was also determined. For meat quality, pH and color were recorded 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughter from the breast muscle. Fatty acid profiling and oxidative stability were determined using meat samples from the breast and thigh muscles. The results for growth performance showed that thebirds which were given A. ferox for the first two weeks (T2) consumed significantly (P>0.05) more feed (189.4g) than those in the negative control (159.6g) at the beginning of the starter phase. Subsequently, their ADG recorded on day 7 (27.1g) and day 14 (43.1g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the negative control (22.8g and 36.2g, respectively). Significant treatment effects (P<0.05) for FCR were reported in the 4th week for the birds that received A. ferox throughout (T1: 3.5). Carcass characteristics were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by A. ferox inclusion in drinking water. The highest high density lipoprotein (HDL) values (2.78 mmol/L) were yielded in T2and T3 had the lowest values (0.61mmol/L) for low density lipoprotein (LDL). For physico-chemical properties, no significant effects (P>0.05) of treatment on pH, colour, cooking loss and tenderness were observed. However, the group treated with A.ferox throughout the production cycle, had the highest pH (6.2), lowest lightness (38.5), highest redness (4.1), highest tenderness (13.86N) and the lowest cooking loss (12.6%). Significant treatment effects (P<0.05) were observed on the composition of the PUFA eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3c8, 11, 14(n-6)) of the breast muscle which was significantly lower in the A. ferox treatment groups than the positive controls. For the thigh muscle, there were significant (P<0.05) treatment effects on composition of palmitoleic acid (C16:1c9) and g-linolenic acid (C18:3c6, 9, 12 (n-3)). No significant (P>0.05) effects were found on oxidative stability of both thigh and breast muscles. In conclusion, the wide use of A. ferox by communal chicken farmers showed its importance as a medicinal plant. Apart from it being an effective medicinal plant, A. ferox inclusion in drinking water results in improved FI, ADG, reduced in LDLC and better g-linolenic and palmitoleic acid composition in the meat.

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28

Gudas, Mindaugas. "Systematic approach in water quality assessment of Lithuanian rivers in the context of physical, chemical and hyd-robiological parameters." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20110902_144002-20766.

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In this study the relationships among the land use and soil types in the entire river basin as well as in the buffer strip on the one hand, and the Lithuanian river water quality physico-chemical parameters on the other hand have been identified. The spatially based Factor analysis has been tested on river hydrochemical data from 108 sites for the period of 1999-2004. The Factor analysis enabled the identification of the main natural and anthropogenic processes (factors) determining water quality during each season of a year. As a result, monitoring stations were grouped into clusters each representing a group of stations mostly affected by a relevant factor. In addition, the suitability of world-wide used diatom-based water status assessment methods to apply under Lithuanian conditions has been assessed. The results of established water quality determining factors and the tested multivariate statistical procedures can be applied in practice when the reasons for water quality impairments are to be investigated or river monitoring network is to be optimized. The results reveal that Wastewater factor is prominent in small rivers downstream larger towns; Agro-geological factor – in northern Lithuania‘s rivers of heavy carbonated soils and intensive agriculture lands as well as in south-eastern Lithuania‘s rivers of more acidic soils; Hardly degradable organics factor – in northern and middle Lithuania‘s rivers of heavy-textured and fertile agricultural soils. The... [to full text]
Pastaruoju metu tiek Lietuvoje, tiek ir visoje Europos Sąjungoje labai aktualu tinkamai įvertinti vandens telkinių būklę (ypač pagal biologinius kokybės elementus), nustatyti vandens telkinių būklės problemas, jas lemiančius veiksnius bei imtis adekvačių būklės gerinimo priemonių, nes to reikalauja 2000 m. įsigaliojusi ES Bendroji vandens politikos direktyva – pagrindinis vandens sritį reguliuojantis teisinis dokumentas. Šio darbo tikslas - nustatyti žemėnaudos, dirvožemių ir upių vandens fizikinių, cheminių ir biologinių parametrų sąveikos dėsningumus vertinant vandens būklę. Įgyvendinant šį tikslą buvo siekiama sistemiškai įvertinti įvairių veiksnių poveikį Lietuvos upių vandens būklei ir nustatyti jų teritorinius dėsningumus bei įvertinti upių vandens būklės pagal titnagdumblius vertinimo metodų tinkamumą Lietuvos sąlygomis. Šiam tikslui pasiekti naudoti Lietuvos upių valstybinio monitoringo, dirvožemio ir žemės dangos duomenys pasitelkiant faktorinę analizę bei atitinkamus vienmatės statistikos metodus. Rezultatai parodė, kad upių būklę lemiančias priežastis galima patikimai pažinti, kartu vertinant hidrocheminius ir baseinų fizinių charakteristikų, dirvožemių ir žemėnaudos duomenis, jų kompleksiškai tarpusavio ryšių analizei pasitelkus tinkamus daugiamatės ir vienmatės statistikos metodus. Tokia analizė leidžia pažinti ne tik atskirus vandens ekosistemos komponentus, bet ir jų visumą kaip vieną sąveikaujančią sistemą ir priimti kokybiškesnius vandens kokybės valdymo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Johnson, David Richard Venables Barney J. "Use of in-stream water quality measurements and geospatial parameters to predict consumer surfactant toxic units in the upper Trinity River watershed, Texas." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6091.

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30

Floresguerra, Susana Maria. "The use of selected water quality parameters to identify fecal coliform sources in support of the Sinking Creek total maximum daily load." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0804103-094629/unrestricted/Flor081303f.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.E.H.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0804103-094629. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

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Johnson, David Richard. "Use of In-Stream Water Quality Measurements and Geospatial Parameters to Predict Consumer Surfactant Toxic Units in the Upper Trinity River Watershed, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6091/.

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Surfactants are used in a wide assortment of "down-the-drain" consumer products, yet they are often discharged in wastewater treatment plant effluent into receiving water, potentially causing environmental harm. The objective of this project was to predict surfactant toxic units and in-stream nutrients in the upper Trinity River watershed. Surface and pore water samples were collected in late summer 2005. General chemistries and surfactant toxic units were calculated. GIS models of anthropogenic and natural factors were collected and analyzed according to subwatersheds. Multiple regression analyses using the Maximum R2 improvement method were performed to predict surfactant toxic units and in-stream nutrients using GIS and in-stream values. Both geospatial and in-stream parameters generated multiple regression models for surfactant surface and pore water toxic units, as well as in-stream nutrients, with high R2 values. Thus, GIS and in-stream parameter modeling have the potential to be reliable and inexpensive method of predicting surfactant toxic units and nutrient loading in the upper Trinity River watershed.

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32

Souza, Lunéia Catiane de. "Uma análise crítica da qualidade de águas destinadas ao consumo humano no município de Francisco Beltrão - PR." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/52.

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This research presents a critical analysis on the acceptable levels determined by the brazilian law for water contamination by agro-chemical residues, based on a diagnosis of the quality of water used for human consumption in the city of Francisco Beltrão, state of Paraná. In this work the elements related to the use of natural resources and socio-environmental impacts of agriculture are discuted, emphasizing the issue of water contamination by agro-chemical residues, followed by a diagnosis about the quality of the water in some water bodies in Francisco Beltrão, including microbiological and agro-chemical residues analyses (glyphosate + AMPA, 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T and paraquat). The results obtained by microbiological analyses indicate that from eight analized spots , three community wells and one private well presented contamination by total coliforms, one private water source was contaminated by total coliforms and thermotolerants, also one of the private wells and the water abstracted from one of the collection points used by SANEPAR (Marrecas River) presented contamination in all three parameters (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia Coli bacteria). In four of the agro-chemical tests just the one performed in a laboratory presented signals of contamination, although its within the parameters especified by law in the Resolution no. 357, from March 17th, 2005, and the Decree-Law of the Ministry of Health no. 2.914/2011. Even so, the possibility that water with agro-chemical residues can cause damages to humans health along the time must be considered. The other tests didn't present any signs of chemical residues. The result of the agro-chemical tests indicates that none of the samples presents levels over the limit allowed. However, the laboratories are only able to quantify high levels, usually relatively near the limit of the parameters defined by law. We concluded that the maximum levels allowed are questionable and the definition of parameters can be influenced by the great corporations in the food sector, wich obtain the support of the science sector in order to create mecanisms to achieve its interests. After all we understand that the definition of the Maximum Level Allowed by the law is a way to hide the problems caused by the contamination by agro-chemical residues.
Esta pesquisa realiza uma análise crítica sobre os Limites Aceitáveis de contaminação da água por resíduos de agrotóxicos determinados pela legislação brasileira, a partir de um diagnóstico sobre a qualidade de águas utilizadas para o consumo humano no município de Francisco Beltrão-PR. Na dissertação, são discutidos elementos relacionados ao uso dos recursos naturais; aos impactos socioambientais da agricultura, com destaque para a problemática da contaminação da água com resíduos de agrotóxicos; seguidos de um diagnóstico sobre a qualidade de alguns corpos hídricos no município de Francisco Beltrão, incluindo análises microbiológicas e de resíduos de agrotóxicos (glifosato+AMPA, 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T e paraquat). Em relação às análises microbiológicas, os resultados indicaram que dos oito pontos analisados, três poços comunitários e um poço particular apresentaram somente contaminação por coliformes totais; uma fonte particular estava contaminada por coliformes totais e termotolerantes; e um dos poços particulares e a água retirada no ponto de captação de água da SANEPAR (Rio Marrecas) apresentaram contaminação microbiológica nos três parâmetros analisados (Coliformes totais, termotolerantes e pela bactéria Escherichia coli). Das quatro análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos, apenas a análise realizada em um dos laboratórios apresentou indícios de contaminação, apesar de estar dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela legislação, através da Resolução do CONAMA nº 357, de 17 de março de 2005 e da Portaria do Ministério da Saúde nº 2.914/2011. Mesmo assim, é preciso considerar a possibilidade de que águas com resíduos de agrotóxicos, no decorrer do tempo, possam causar algum malefício à saúde. As outras baterias não constataram resíduo químico. Os resultados das análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos indicam que nenhuma das amostras esteve acima do valor máximo permitido. No entanto, os laboratórios quantificavam apenas valores relativamente altos, geralmente próximos dos parâmetros definidos pela lei. Concluímos que os valores máximos permitidos são questionáveis e podem ser influenciados por uma lógica de parametrização definida pelas grandes corporações do setor agroalimentar, que, com o aval de setores da ciência, garantem mecanismos para obter seus interesses. Desta forma, entendemos que há uma ocultação dos problemas de contaminação por resíduos de agrotóxicos através do estabelecimento dos Limites Máximos Permitidos na legislação.

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33

Žydelis, Renaldas. "Vandens kokybės parametrų kaita ir Akademijos tvenkinio įtaka jų pokyčiams Dotnuvėlės upėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_143233-75055.

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Lietuvoje kaip ir daugelyje pasaulio šalių dedama daug pastangų, kad vandenų tarša mažėtų. Pagal valstybinio monitoringo duomenis nustatyta, kad Lietuvos upėse vis dar išlieka didelės biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijos. Vandens tarša yra viena iš pagrindinių ES aplinkosaugos problemų. Norint išsiaiškinti pagrindines vandens taršos problemas, būtina atlikti nagrinėjamos upės vandens kokybės parametrų matavimus. Tam tikslui nuo 2010-11-06 iki 2013-05-07 buvo atliekami vandens kokybės tyrimai, kurių metu buvo fiksuojami šie parametrai: vandens lygis, ištirpusio deguonies koncentracijos, aktyvi vandens reakcija (pH), bendrosios mineralizacijos, elektrinio laidžio, nitratų ir vandens temperatūros kaita. Vandens kokybės parametrai matuoti aukščiau ir žemiau Akademijos tvenkinio, kuris susidarė 1968 m. ant Dotnuvėlės upės ties Akademijos gyvenviete. Pagal minėtus duomenis buvo nustatyta vandens kokybė atskiruose Dotnuvėlės ir jos intako Kačiupio upių taškuose. Atlikus tyrimą buvo nustatyta, kad Akademijos tvenkinys sąlygoja nitratų pasiskirstymą upėje, t. y. pastebėtas nedidelis nitratų padidėjimas upėje žemiau tvenkinio. Nustatyta, kad bendroji mineralizacija rudenį didėjo, žiemos metu svyravo, o pavasarį mažėjo. Pagal ištirpusio deguonies kiekį visose matavimo stotyse vanduo atitiko labai blogą, blogą, vidutinę, gerą arba labai gerą būklę. Vandens lygis Akademijos tvenkinyje tiriamuoju laikotarpiu svyravo 0−19 cm ribose stoties „O“ atskaitos atžvilgiu. Kitų išmatuotų vandens... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In Lithuania, as well as in other countries of the world, great efforts are made to reduce water pollution. According to the national monitoring data, there is still a high concentration of biogenic substance in Lithuanian rivers. Water pollution problem is one of the key EU environmental issues. In order to find out the main water pollution problems, it is necessary to conduct the measurements of water quality parameters of the investigated River. For this purpose, from 06/11/2010 to 07/05/2013 water quality measurements were carried out, during which values of the following parameters were recorded: water level fluctuations, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, total dissolved solids, the variation of nitrates and water temperature. Water quality parameters were measured upstream and downstream the pond at Akademija settlement. In accordance with the given data, water quality was identified in several points of Dotnuvėlė and Kačiupio rivers. The research revealed that the pond of Akademija determines nitrate distribution in the river, i.e. a slight nitrate increase was observed in the river below the pond. It was disclosed that in autumn total dissolved solids increased, in winter the concentration varied and it decreased in spring. According to the amount of dissolved oxygen at all measurement stations, water corresponded to a poor, extremely poor, moderate, good or extremely good condition. During the research period, water level in the pond of Akademija ranged from 0-19... [to full text]

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34

Maximo, Alessandra Cristina Niero Ferreira. "Água subterrânea da microbacia hidrográfica do Córrego Rico como fator de risco à saúde humana em propriedades rurais e urbanas no Município de Jaboticabal/SP /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94631.

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Orientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral
Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior
Banca: Laudicéia Giacometti Lopes
Resumo: O município de Jaboticabal está localizado em região onde prevalece a atividade agrícola e há uma elevada utilização da água de poços tanto para consumo humano, como animal, pertencentes a Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico. O mesmo se observa em propriedades situadas na área urbana, com água advinda de poços particulares, que abastece uma grande parcela da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a situação deste tipo de abastecimento alternativo no município. A avaliação foi conduzida em duas amostragens, período de seca e chuva, em 30 poços na área urbana e 30 poços da área rural. Foi pesquisada a qualidade microbiológica (Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Clostrídios Sulfito Redutores e microorganismos mesófilos), bem como características físico-químicas (concentrações de cloreto, nitrato e amônia, cor aparente e pH). O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do Qui quadrado a 1% e 5% de significância, e cálculo do Risco Relativo para padrões fora e dentro de potabilidade. Um grande número de propriedades do meio rural encontrava-se em desacordo com os padrões de potabilidade para água, durante os períodos de estiagem e chuvas, quando comparadas ao ambiente urbano. A ausência dos fatores de proteção, e tratamento da água evidenciou o alto risco que esta água oferece para consumo, bem como a má qualidade higiênico-sanitária da mesma, e a provável fonte de ocorrência e perpetuação de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Pretendeu-se com isso, obter subsídios para futuras ações corretivas e preventivas para preservação da saúde humana, e dos recursos hídricos locais.
Abstract: The city of Jaboticabal is located in region where it takes advantage the agricultural activity and it has one in such a way raised use of the water of wells for human consumption, as animal, pertaining at Córrego Rico watershed. The same it is observed in situated properties in the urban area, with water of particular wells, that supplies a great parcel of the population. The present study will have as objective to evaluate the situation of this type of alternative supplying in the city. The evaluation was lead in two samplings, period of drought and rain, in 30 wells in the urban area and 30 wells of the agricultural area. The microbiological quality was searched (mesophylic microrganism, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium sulfite reducing), as well as characteristics physicist-chemistries (concentrations of chloride, nitrate and ammonia, apparent color and pH). The used statistical method was the test of the squared Qui 1% and 5% of significance, and calculation of the Relative Risk for standards and inside of potability. A great number of properties of the agricultural way met in disagreement with the standards of potability for water, during the periods of drought and rains, when compared with the urban environment. The absence of the protection factors, and treatment of the water evidenced the high risk that this water offers for consumption, harm sanitary hygienical quality of the same one, and probable source of occurrence and perpetuation of wet illnesses propagation. It was intended with this, to get subsidies for future corrective and preventive actions for preservation of the health human being, and the local wet resources.
Mestre

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35

Tshivhase, Ndivhuwo Samuel. "Assessment of river health using in situ water quality parameters and miniass protocol in the Marico and Crocodile rivers, North West Province, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77891.

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Freshwater resources in South Africa are limited and scarce, which is mainly attributed to the country’s varying climate resulting in predominantly desert to semi-desert conditions. Among the freshwater resources, groundwater is by far the most abundant and readily available source of water; followed by lakes, reservoirs and the rivers that provide a vital connection and access to freshwater. The Crocodile and Marico rivers are the two main rivers in the Crocodile (West) Marico Water Management Area (WMA) which primarily lies within the North West Province. Rivers have undergone varying degrees of mild to severe alteration or deterioration due to anthropogenic impacts. Groot Marico River catchment in the North West Province has for centuries been a highly desirable tract of land for human settlement purposes; whereas the Crocodile River is one of the most adversely affected rivers in South Africa. The River Health Programme (RHP) data on both the Marico and Crocodile rivers are outdated and the exclusive use of physic-chemical water quality parameters (which provide direct evidence of water quality) only represents the prevailing water quality at the time of sampling rather than a long-term indication of the river health. The continuous monitoring and associated protection of aquatic ecosystem condition or ‘health’ is important in maintaining rivers ecosystem services. The current study was to determine the current condition of the Marico and Crocodile rivers based on the mini-SASS biomonitoring tool in correlation with the selected water quality parameters in an attempt to provide a holistic assessment of the rivers and to contribute to the continuous river health monitoring. This was achieved by assessing the selected water quality parameters at various sites of the Marico and Crocodile Rivers in North West Province, in conjunction with the use on benthic macroinvertebrates in the mini-SASS biomonitoring tool. The physico-chemical water quality parameters proved effective in differentiating the seasonal temporal conditions of both the Marico and Crocodile rivers. The Marico River’s aquatic habitats are generally in good condition, but are slowly becoming affected by agricultural return flows and the abstraction of water from the main stream. Given that irrigated and dryland agriculture, urban and mining dominate catchment land uses, the DO and temperature levels recorded in this study indicate that the Crocodile river are under severe stress and may potentially be on the verge of collapse. This was evident in the overall mini-SASS scores indicated in this study whereby the Crocodile River can be classified as very poor condition (critically modified – purple) with scores of <4.8 and <5.3 for sandy and rocky aquatic habitats, respectively.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted

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36

Santos, Martha Raquel Pereira. "Bacterial community as a complementary tool to the water directive framework in ecological quality assessment of Caima river." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21461.

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Mestrado em Microbiologia
Freshwater ecosystems have been suffering severe degradation and loss of biodiversity, caused by human disturbances such as agriculture, industry, mining, urban development and climate changes. Therefore, the European Union reached an agreement and implemented the Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the main goal of reach a good ecological status in all water bodies. However, WFD is very complex, methodologies are time-consuming and costly. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach, by studying the bacterial community composition by flow cytometry, as a complementary methodology to WFD. To achieve this, we study 3 sampling sites at Caima River along the seasons (winter, spring and summer), with different levels of environmental impacts (Nascente- river source- with little impact, Bustelo- downstream WWTP and Palhal- exposed to mine drainage), applying first the WFD criteria and then multivariate analysis for macroinvertebrate, periphyton and bacteria communities. Physico-chemical, metals and bacteria samples were collected from the water column and sediment river bottom, showing that in all the parameters (with some exceptions) and metals the concentrations were higher in sediments. Results showed that not always the macroinvertebrate and periphyton communities were sensitive to an increased nutrient input, resulting in an ecological status higher than expected. On the other hand, community structure analysis for macroinvertebrates and periphyton was very discriminatory, associating high levels of nutrients and metals with more tolerant organisms in impacted sites, and sensitive organisms with high levels of dissolved oxygen corresponding to pristine environments. Bacteria community analysis revealed a clear separation of LNA and HNA bacteria in sediment according to the different environmental stress, being possible to dissociate the majority of the impacted sites from the clean sites, being HNA a good indicator of contamination. These results revealed that bacteria community in sediments has more reliable data about the impacts that a freshwater ecosystem can suffer. The discriminating power of bacteria community analyzed by FCM provided good responses, although, further investigations are needed to confirm the feasibility of this new method, as a complementary tool in the water quality assessment.
Os sistemas aquáticos de água doce têm vindo a sofrer uma severa degradação e perda de biodiversidade, derivado de atividades humanas como a agricultura, indústria, atividades mineiras desenvolvimento urbano e alterações climáticas. Assim, a União Europeia implementou a Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA), com o principal objetivo de atingir o bom estado ecológico em todas as massas de água. No entanto, a DQA revelou ser bastante complexa, com metodologias muito morosas e dispendiosas. Com este estudo, pretende-se desenvolver uma metodologia rápida e económica, estudando a composição da comunidade bacteriana por citometria de fluxo, como ferramenta complementar à DQA. Para a concretização deste trabalho, foram estudados 3 locais do rio Caima com diferentes tipos de impactos: a nascente – local de referência; Bustelo - a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de águas residuais e o Palhal - com escorrências provenientes de uma mina desativada, no inverno, primavera e verão aplicando a metodologia estabelecidas pela DQA usando os macroinvertebrados e perifiton como comunidades biológicas estudadas. Adicionalmente foi aplicada a análise multivariada aos dados recolhidos por citometria de fluxo à comunidade de bactérias da coluna de água e dos elutriados dos sedimentos e aos resultados das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton obtidos da DQA. No geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos, e as quantificações de metais mostraram valores mais elevados nos elutriados dos sedimentos do rio, do que na coluna de água mostrando a importância da análise desta matriz que não está contemplada na DQA. Resultados sensu DQA mostraram que nem sempre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foram concordantes na resposta aos diferentes tipos de impactos e que a qualidade ecológica dos locais avaliados foi melhor do que era expectável. Por outro lado, a análise multivariada das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foi bastante discriminatória, associando elevados níveis de nutrientes e metais com organismos mais tolerantes, que se encontram em locais mais impactados, e organismos sensíveis com altos níveis de oxigénio dissolvido em locais mais pristinos. A análise da comunidade bacteriana revelou uma distinta separação entre bactérias LNA e HNA nos sedimentos, de acordo com os diferentes stresses ambientais, sendo HNA, nos sedimentos, um ótimo indicador de contaminação. Estes resultados revelam que a comunidade bacteriana oferece uma boa resolução de locais contaminados usando a citometria de fluxo como metodologia rápida de avaliação complementar à avaliação do estado ecológico sensu DQA sendo, no entanto, necessárias mais estudos aplicados a outras tipologias de rios e outros tipos de impactos para confirmar a validade desta nova metodologia.

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37

Maximo, Alessandra Cristina Niero Ferreira [UNESP]. "Água subterrânea da microbacia hidrográfica do Córrego Rico como fator de risco à saúde humana em propriedades rurais e urbanas no Município de Jaboticabal/SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94631.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O município de Jaboticabal está localizado em região onde prevalece a atividade agrícola e há uma elevada utilização da água de poços tanto para consumo humano, como animal, pertencentes a Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico. O mesmo se observa em propriedades situadas na área urbana, com água advinda de poços particulares, que abastece uma grande parcela da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a situação deste tipo de abastecimento alternativo no município. A avaliação foi conduzida em duas amostragens, período de seca e chuva, em 30 poços na área urbana e 30 poços da área rural. Foi pesquisada a qualidade microbiológica (Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Clostrídios Sulfito Redutores e microorganismos mesófilos), bem como características físico-químicas (concentrações de cloreto, nitrato e amônia, cor aparente e pH). O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do Qui quadrado a 1% e 5% de significância, e cálculo do Risco Relativo para padrões fora e dentro de potabilidade. Um grande número de propriedades do meio rural encontrava-se em desacordo com os padrões de potabilidade para água, durante os períodos de estiagem e chuvas, quando comparadas ao ambiente urbano. A ausência dos fatores de proteção, e tratamento da água evidenciou o alto risco que esta água oferece para consumo, bem como a má qualidade higiênico-sanitária da mesma, e a provável fonte de ocorrência e perpetuação de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Pretendeu-se com isso, obter subsídios para futuras ações corretivas e preventivas para preservação da saúde humana, e dos recursos hídricos locais.
The city of Jaboticabal is located in region where it takes advantage the agricultural activity and it has one in such a way raised use of the water of wells for human consumption, as animal, pertaining at Córrego Rico watershed. The same it is observed in situated properties in the urban area, with water of particular wells, that supplies a great parcel of the population. The present study will have as objective to evaluate the situation of this type of alternative supplying in the city. The evaluation was lead in two samplings, period of drought and rain, in 30 wells in the urban area and 30 wells of the agricultural area. The microbiological quality was searched (mesophylic microrganism, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium sulfite reducing), as well as characteristics physicist-chemistries (concentrations of chloride, nitrate and ammonia, apparent color and pH). The used statistical method was the test of the squared Qui 1% and 5% of significance, and calculation of the Relative Risk for standards and inside of potability. A great number of properties of the agricultural way met in disagreement with the standards of potability for water, during the periods of drought and rains, when compared with the urban environment. The absence of the protection factors, and treatment of the water evidenced the high risk that this water offers for consumption, harm sanitary hygienical quality of the same one, and probable source of occurrence and perpetuation of wet illnesses propagation. It was intended with this, to get subsidies for future corrective and preventive actions for preservation of the health human being, and the local wet resources.

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38

Mwangi, François Ngera. "Land use practices and their impact on the water quality of the Upper Kuils River (Western Cape Province, South Africa)." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3366.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The water quality in many Cape Town Rivers and streams is a major challenge. Kuils River is subject to multiple land use impacts from upstream to downstream because of rapid urbanization in its catchment area. The main pollution sources are urban and industrial, organic matter from litter under the road-bridge, and golf course. However no systematic efforts have been made to evaluate and improve the health of the river in term of management. To assess impacts on water quality, this study was conducted from 4th September to 27th November 2012 in 5 selected sites in the upper reach of the Kuils river. The main aim was to compare the health of the river in 2012 with that found in 2005 using physical and chemical characteristics and the South Africa Scoring System (SASS). The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between and within sites. The water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, total dissolved solids (TDS), and salinity were collected in situ by YSI 30 meter. To evaluate nutrient (nitrate and phosphorus) concentrations water samples were analyzed at UWC laboratory using spectrophotometer. In addition human activities, basic conditions (7.13 to 8.76), high total dissolved solids (416 to to 916.5 mg L¯¹) and salinity (0.31 to 0.71 mg L¯¹) concentrations were influenced by Malmesbury shales. Nitrate (0.1 to 3.1 mg L¯¹) and phosphorus (0.11 to 5.27 mg L¯¹) concentrations and the decrease in dissolved oxygen in November 2012 showed eutrophic conditions of the river. In the tributary site phosphorus (1.32 to 3.62 mg L¯¹) concentrations revealed hypertrophic condition compared to South Africa guideline. Macroinvertebrates sampled showed a total of 28 taxa grouped in 11 orders were sampled. Poor habitat diversity and water quality degradation were principal causes of low species diversity. The South Africa Score System version 5 (SASS5) and Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) indicated that the river is seriously impacted in 2012 compared to 2005 where water quality was in poor condition. The SASS and the ASPT scores were less than 50 and 4.2 at all sampling sites in most part of sampling period.

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39

Hall, Kimberlee K., Brian G. Evanshen, Kurt J. Maier, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Application of Multivariate Statistical Analyses to Microbial Water Quality Parameters in Four Geographically Similar Creeks in Northeast Tennessee to Identify Patterns Associating Land Use to Fecal Pollution Sources." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2947.

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40

Woodward, Craig Allan. "Development of chironomid-based transfer functions for surface water quality parameters and temperature, and their application to Quaternary sediment records from the South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1380.

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This thesis resulted in the development of robust chironomid-based transfer-functions for February mean air temperature and the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in lake-water. The New Zealand transfer-functions for both variables compare favourably with chironomid-based transfer-functions for equivalent variables from elsewhere in the world, and diatom-based transfer-functions for nutrients and lake production from New Zealand. The application of the temperature and TN transfer-functions provided insight into New Zealand climate conditions during the last glacial and served as validation for the reconstructions. Chironomid-based Temperature reconstructions from lake silts preserved in the banks of Lyndon Stream indicate a maximum cooling of ca 4 ℃ between 26.6 and 24.5 ka BP, which is consistent with estimates based on beetles and plant macrofossils. A cooling of 4 ℃ is insufficient to explain the lack of canopy tree pollen in many New Zealand pollen records at this time. Other environmental parameters additional to temperature may have limited the expansion forest cover. The chironomid-based TN reconstructions infer a trend of rapidly deteriorating water-quality in a small doline in north-west Nelson, in the South Island of New Zealand following deforestation immediately surrounding the lake ca. 1970 AD. The overall trend and timing of eutrophication inferred from the chironomids was consistent with other biological proxies and actual observations of changes in lake water quality. The chironomid-based transfer-functions provide a valuable new tool for the study of longterm climate variability and improving our understanding of the response of aquatic ecosystems to long-term natural and human induced environmental change in New Zealand lakes. I have identified some possibilities for future research which should improve the performance of these transfer-functions. The improvement of the chironomid taxonomy and the expansion of the training set should be the highest priorities.

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Quaresma, FabrÃzia da Silva. "Lethal concentration (LC50-96h) and sublethal effects of un-ionized ammonia on haematological para parameters of fingerlings tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16666.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A amÃnia Ã um composto tÃxico para os organismos aquÃticos e em elevadas concentraÃÃes na Ãgua pode causar diversas alteraÃÃes no animal. Dessa forma, torna-se importante determinar o limite de tolerÃncia dos animais aquÃticos cultivados Ã essa substÃncia. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a concentraÃÃo letal mÃdia (CL50-96h) da amÃnia nÃo ionizada (NH3) em alevinos de tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus), em teste de toxicidade aguda e avaliar os efeitos de concentraÃÃes subletais atravÃs da anÃlise de parÃmetros hematÃlogicos. No teste de toxicidade aguda, os alevinos foram expostos Ã amÃnia, nas concentraÃÃes de: 0,09 (controle); 0,54; 1,23; 2,52; 3,44 e 3,66 mg L-1 NH3, que foram obtidas a partir da aplicaÃÃo de NH4Cl. O teste teve duraÃÃo de 96h e as mortalidades foram registradas ao longo desse perÃodo. A CL50 foi determinada pelo mÃtodo estatÃstico Trimmed Spearman Karber. No teste de exposiÃÃo subletal Ã amÃnia, utilizou-se as concentraÃÃes: 0,04 (controle), 0,19 e 0,35 mg L-1 NH3. Para anÃlise dos parÃmetros hematolÃgicos, foram realizadas coletas de sangue antes da adiÃÃo de NH4Cl (tempo zero) e apÃs 96h de exposiÃÃo. Os parÃmetros hematolÃgicos analisados foram: hematÃcrito (Ht), taxa de hemoglobina (Hb), nÃmero de eritrÃcitos (RBC), volume corpuscular mÃdio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular mÃdia (HCM) e concentraÃÃo de hemoglobina corpuscular mÃdia (CHCM). Os dados dos parÃmetros hematolÃgicos foram submetidos Ã anÃlise de variÃncia (ANOVA) e quando houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos, as mÃdias foram comparadas duas a duas atravÃs do teste de Tukey (α=0,05). A CL50-96h da amÃnia nÃo ionizada (NH3) para alevinos do hÃbrido tambacu foi 1,63 mg L-1. ApÃs exposiÃÃo de 96h a 0,35 mg L-1 NH3, os peixes apresentaram reduÃÃes significativas no Ht e VCM e aumento significativo na CHCM. JÃ Hb, RBC e HCM nÃo diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos e o tempo 0. A exposiÃÃo de alevinos de tambacu por curto perÃodo de tempo a 0,19 mg L-1 de amÃnia nÃo ionizada (NH3) nÃo causa alteraÃÃes significativas nos parÃmetros hematolÃgicos desses peixes.
Ammonia is a toxic compound to aquatic organisms and at high concentrations in the water can cause various changes in the animal. Therefore, it becomes important to determine the tolerance of farmed aquatic animals for that substance. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50-96h) of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) in fingerlings tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) in acute toxicity test and evaluate the effects of concentrations sublethal through the analysis of hematological parameters. In the acute toxicity test, the fingerl ings were exposed to ammonia at concentrations of: 0,09 (control); 0,54; 1,23; 2,52; 3 ,44 and 3,66 mg L-1NH3, which were obtained from the application of NH4Cl. The test lasted 96 hours and mortalities were recorded over that period. The LC50 was determin ed by statistical method Trimmed Spearman Karber . In sublethal exposure to ammonia test concentrations used were : 0,04 (control), 0,19 and 0,35mg L-1NH3.For analysis of hematological parameters, blood samples were collected before the addition of NH4Cl(timezero) and after 96 hours of exposure.The hematological parameters analyzed were: hematocrit ( Ht), hemoglobin(Hb), red blood cell count(RBC) mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC). Data hematological parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and when there was a significant difference between treatments , the averages were compared in pairs through the Tukey's HSD test (α=0,05).LC50-96h of theun - ionized ammonia (NH3) to fingerlings the hybrid tambacu was 1,63m g L-1. After 96h exposure to 0,35 mg L-1NH3, fish showed significant reductions in hematocrit and the MCV and significant increase in MCHC. Already Hb,RBC and MCH did not differ significantly between treatments and time 0. The exposure to fingerlins tambacu for short period to 0,19 mg L -1 of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) does not cause significant changes in hematological parameters of these fish.

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Correia, Rosália Filipa Soares. "Modelação e análise do sistema de abastecimento de água na freguesia de Duas Igrejas do concelho de Penafiel." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3682.

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Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia e Gestão Ambiental
A água é vital para a humanidade e, atualmente, o aceso a água com qualidade foi reconhecido como um direito humano pela Organização das Nações Unidas, sendo fundamental uma mudança nos hábitos de consumo e rejeição deste recurso. As entidades gestoras de água têm, por isso, o dever de proteger as origens de água, bem como de disponibilizar água com qualidade e em quantidade suficiente aos consumidores, como indicado no Decreto-Lei n.º 306/2007. O objetivo do presente trabalho centra-se na aplicação do modelo matemático de simulação hidráulica e de qualidade da água – EPANET – à freguesia de Duas Igrejas, concelho de Penafiel, distrito do Porto, procurando demonstrar, como esta ferramenta pode ser importante na gestão e monitorização do sistema de abastecimento de água. Este modelo permite analisar o comportamento da rede sob diversos cenários de exploração, variações de caudal, pressão e velocidade de escoamento, decaimento do cloro, idade da água, sem pôr em risco a própria rede. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho permitiram verificar que nas condutas aonde se observaram menores velocidades de escoamento também foram observados maiores tempos de percurso (idade da água) e resultante maior decaimento do cloro, que pode em alguns pontos da rede encontrar-se abaixo dos valores recomendados. Também foi possível analisar-se a distribuição da pressão, que em alguns troços encontra-se acima dos valores indicados no DR 23/95. Apresentam-se soluções para estas situações através da análise de resultados de cenários que compreendem, por vezes, alterações à rede de distribuição e introdução de válvulas redutoras de pressão para também controle de perdas e fugas de água do sistema. Water is vital for mankind and, currently, access to clean drinking water has been recognized as a human right by the United Nations. A shift in consumer habits and rejection of this resource is fundamental. Water resource managers have a duty to protect water sources and provide water in satisfactory quantity and quality to consumers, as indicated in Decreto-Lei n.º 306/2007. The objective of this study was the application of a hydraulic and water quality simulation model – EPANET – in Two Churches parish, Penafiel municipality, Porto district, and demonstration of its importance in management and monitoring of a water supply system. This model helped analyze network behavior under different operational scenarios, with variations in flow and pressure flow rates, chlorine decay and water age, without jeopardizing the network itself. The results presented in this study imply that the ducts where low flow rates occur also show high travel times (old water) and a resulting higher chlorine decay, which may, in some network points, fall below the recommended values. Pressure distribution was also evaluated, which in some sections is above the values determined in DR 23/95. Solutions to these situations were analyzed based on the results of different scenarios comprising sometimes changes to the network itself and the introduction of pressure, reducing valves, which showed that can be also used to control losses and leakages in the system.

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De, Prisco Joseph Anthony. "An investigation of some key physico-chemical water quality parameters of an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system operating recirculation methodology in the Western Cape of South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32653.

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Over the last few decades, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in South Africa has developed from early experimental designs to large scale, commercially operating farms. This was in response to uncertainty regarding food availability for stock (primarily kelp in the case of abalone farms) and a desire to recirculate water whilst reducing the environmental footprint of the abalone farms. The growing prevalence of IMTA as a commercially viable activity has brought about a need for an expansion of the knowledge pool regarding the physico-chemical processes at work in such systems. Of particular interest to researchers are mechanisms and dynamics of nutrient transfer between components of the system and how these could be manipulated to increase efficiency and reduce running cost of farms. This work was conducted to try and quantify some of the changes in some physical and chemical characteristics of the water stream on a large-scale IMTA farm cultivating seaweed of the genus Ulva (Ulva rigida) and the locally named perlemoen abalone (Haliotis midae) on the south west coast of South Africa (Viking Abalone Farm at Buffeljagsbaai, Western Cape, South Africa) (34.7550° S, 19.6154° E). Experiment one was a three-day experiment taking place in December of 2018, there was no particular reason for the choice of month, analyses of this nature are potentially useful on any given day of any given month as although the literature contains plenty of gaps, there is no single identifiable data gap sufficient to encourage the use of particular timeframes. The sampling regime involved single sample point testing of three modular clusters each operating a different rate of water recirculation (50%, 75% and 100%) with 50% recirculation being standard farm operation, 75% and 100% tested to gauge effect of increasing recirculation, 75% tested as a potential standard farm operation to reduce load on pumps and reduce volumes of water pumped in, 100% tested in case of emergency situation which requires farm to be isolated from the inbound water stream arriving from the immediate coastal water, ambient conditions were also tested for reference and comparison. Parameters tested were those which the farmers already tested periodically to gauge changes in water quality which may effect the abalone or seaweed, though slightly different methods were used for the testing of ammonia. On the farm the standard method is the Nesler photometric test (Lovibond photometer), whereas this research was conducted using a calibrated indophenol blue spectrophotometric technique (Modified Grasshoff, 1976). Results showed no statistically significant differences (Mood's Median Test, p>0.05) between the 50% and 75% recirculation cluster for temperature, pH, Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) or Free Ammonia Nitrogen NH3 (FAN). At 100% recirculation, statistically significant differences (Mood's Median Test, p0.05) occurred for temperature. At 100% recirculation, TAN and FAN increased rapidly, though the commensurate rapid and considerable decrease in pH meant the FAN increase was not as high in magnitude as it would be at 4 a normal seawater pH of around 8.2. Abalone suffered no mortalities at 100% recirculation for three days and later reports from the farmers suggested no noticeable drop in growth rate that could be attributed to this test in the months following the experiment. From the regulatory perspective, the TAN levels breached WWF guideline maximum effluent concentrations for abalone aquaculture (600µM/l) only in the 100% recirculation cluster, and only then during three of the thirteen sampling runs. The TAN concentrations in 50% and 75% recirculation treatments were far below the WWF guideline maximum effluent concentration with maximum concentrations of 7.15 µM/l in 50% and 13.46 µM/l at 75%, the increase in maximum concentration was large but not egregious and resulted from a more pronounced build-up of ammonia as residence time of water in the cluster increases at 75% recirculation. Experiment two was an intensive 24-hour sampling run; the primary aim was to test the effectiveness of the seaweed biofilter in an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) farm culturing perlemoen abalone and a green macroalga. Parameters tested were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, TAN, nitrate and nitrite as these are relevant parameters for the farmer and the necessary equipment to test them was available. Samples were stored in a freezer for this experiment due to intensity of sampling regime, and spiked standards were prepared to check shifts in concentration of TAN, nitrate and nitrite that may have resulted from the freezing and thawing processes. Spike recoveries were good in the case of TAN (87%-98%) and nitrite (92%-96%), but random and widely dispersed in the case of nitrate. As such, nitrate and nitrite were removed from the analysis as nitrite values only really held value if taken in conjunction with nitrate values. Minimal and non-useful variation in salinity observations meant that salinity was also discounted from the analysis. Temperatures varied minimally between sampling points during the experiment, though they rose in all sampling points during daytime as would be expected. pH was higher in abalone inbound and Ulva effluent water compared to the abalone effluent water. Total ammonia nitrogen percentage removal across the seaweed biofilters ranged from 65%-85% with the mean and median at 73% and 71% respectively. Free ammonia nitrogen percentage removal across the seaweed biofilters ranged from 41%-80% with the mean and median removals at 63% and 66% respectively. A regression analysis demonstrates a strong positive linear relationship between TAN removal and TAN load to the seaweed biofilter (r2= 0.90). Principal component analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between FAN removal and pH, as pH increased across the seaweed biofilters, the level of FAN removal decreased. This suggests that the perceived benefit of increasing pH in seaweed biofilters during the day-time may have some negative repercussions.

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Conterato, Taiane Menezes. "SIMULAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DO RESERVATÓRIO DO VACACAÍ MIRIM UTILIZANDO O MODELO CE-QUAL-W2." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7918.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The pollution and inadequate use of waters are problems that have been discussed frequently, because the water is a limited resource, which needs better management and conservation. Mathematical models of water quality have been used to assist studies relating to lakes, rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. The CE-QUAL-W2 is a software that simulates the change in water quality in the vertical and horizontal directions, it has several resources, and has been used by many authors. In Santa Maria, the Vacacaí Mirim reservoir has great importance, since it is responsible to provide part of the water that supplies the city. However, the reservoir has suffered from pollution coming from near areas. So, CE-QUAL-W2 model was used to simulate some water quality parameters of the reservoir, such as: water temperature, DO, BOD, and E.coli. We used results of monitoring realized in the years 2010 and 2011. The mean absolutes errors (MAE s) of the simulated temperatures, compared to observed, varied from 0.4 to 3.1°C, and standard errors (SE's), 0.4 to 3.5ºC. For the DO, the MAE's varied from 0.5 to1.9 mg /L and SE's, 0.7 to 2.2 mg /L. In the case of BOD, this obtained MAE's between 0.1 to 2.5 mg/L, and SE's between 0.1 to 2.5 mg/ L. Finally, the simulation of E.coli obtained MAE s between 1 and 230 MPN/100mL, and SE s between 1 to 235 MPN/100mL. Based on simulated profiles for CE-QUAL-W2, it might be said that parameters DO and temperature showed the best results, and E. coli, the biggest difficulties for calibration, due to their variability and lack of data. In the simulation scenario, firstly, it was used data by 2000 and 2010 demographic census, to estimate the population in the basin in 2050. The population increase was 56%. Although, the population at the local has increased considerably, the water quality has suffered a slight drop. Because, DO was 5.5 mg/L in 2010, and reach 4.4 mg/L in 2050, during the summer, not harming other seasons. In a second prediction, the installation of an enterprise was admitted, which launched large amount of wastewater in the reservoir, as a poultry slaughterhouse (125,000 chicken /day). In this case, the water quality showed a sharper declined, which increase in organic matter, reaching 5.1 mg/L at some points, and decreased of DO, with concentrations close to zero, not obeying the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05, for the urban supply. In this way, we can said that the model simulates the behavior of water quality parameters in Vacacai Mirim reservoir, and makes predictions, it may be useful in other studies at the local and in reservoir management.
A poluição e o uso inadequado das águas são problemas, frequentemente, abordados, pois a água é um recurso limitado, que necessita de uma melhor gestão e conservação. Para auxiliar os estudos referentes a lagos, rios, reservatórios e estuários, cada vez mais, têm sido usados modelos matemáticos de qualidade da água. O CE-QUAL-W2 é um software que simula a variação da qualidade da água nas direções vertical e horizontal, possui vários recursos, e já foi utilizado por diversos autores. Em Santa Maria, o reservatório do Vacacaí Mirim possui grande importância, visto que é responsável por fornecer parte da água que abastece a cidade. Porém, o reservatório tem sofrido com a poluição, vinda das áreas próximas ao mesmo. Logo, o modelo CE-QUAL-W2 foi utilizado para simular alguns parâmetros de qualidade da água do reservatório, como: temperatura da água, OD, DBO e E.coli. Utilizou-se resultados de monitoramento realizado nos anos de 2010 e 2011. Os erros médios absolutos (EMA s) das temperaturas simuladas, em relação às observadas, variaram de 0,4 a 3,1°C, e os erros padrões (EP s), de 0,4 a 3,5ºC. Para o OD, os EMA s variaram de 0,5 a 1,9 mg/L e os EP s, de 0,7 a 2,2 mg/L. No caso da DBO, esta obteve EMA s entre 0,1 e 2,5 mg/L, e os EP s entre 0,1 e 2,5 mg/L. Por último, a simulação da E.coli obteve EMA s entre 1 e 230 NMP/100mL, e EP s, entre 1 e 235 NMP/100mL. Com base nos perfis simulados pelo CE-QUAL-W2, pode-se afirmar que os parâmetros OD e temperatura apresentaram os melhores resultados, e a E.coli, as maiores dificuldades para a calibração, devido à sua variabilidade e carência de dados. Na simulação de cenários, primeiramente, utilizou-se dados dos censos demográficos de 2000 e 2010, para estimar a população na bacia no ano de 2050. O aumento populacional foi de 56%. Embora a população no local tenha aumentado consideravelmente, a qualidade da água sofreu uma leve queda. Pois, o OD era 5,5 mg/L em 2010, e atingiu 4,4 mg/L em 2050, durante o verão, não prejudicando as demais estações. Em uma segunda previsão, admitiu-se a instalação de um empreendimento, que lançasse grande quantidade de efluente no reservatório, como um abatedouro de aves (125.000 aves/dia). Neste caso, a qualidade da água apresentou uma queda mais acentuada, com aumento da matéria orgânica, atingindo 5,1mg/L em alguns pontos, e diminuição do OD, com concentrações próximas a zero, não obedecendo os limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, para o abastecimento urbano. Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que o modelo consegue representar o comportamento dos parâmetros de qualidade da água do reservatório do Vacacaí Mirim, e realizar previsões, podendo ser útil, em demais estudos no local e na gestão do reservatório.

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Hort, Zbyněk. "Parametry laserového paprsku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318845.

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The diploma thesis consists of the three main parts. The first part deals with the theoretical description of the laser technology and other unconventional technologies. In the second part, the thesis is focused on testing the parameters of the laser and evaluating the most suitable parameters. In the last part the diploma thesis deals with comparison of unconventional technologies in terms of cut quality

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Moussa, Haidar Chaden. "Évaluation de la qualité de l’eau du bassin supérieur de la rivière du Litani, Liban : approche hydrogéochimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0295/document.

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A la quantité limitée de l’eau disponible au Liban, vient s’ajouter un nouveau problème, la dégradation de la qualité des eaux superficielles menacées continuellement par la pollution et la salinisation. Les utilisations agricoles et industrielles et l’augmentation de la population génèrent des pollutions des cours d'eau qui posent des problèmes environnementaux et sanitaires. Afin de limiter et d'anticiper ces pollutions, il est nécessaire de disposer de méthodes d'évaluation des effets des systèmes de culture sur la pollution des eaux de rivière. Pour cela, nous avons sélectionné la rivière Litani qui est la plus longue rivière et la plus importante au Liban, sur laquelle deux dispositifs de suivis ont été mis en œuvre entre 2010 et 2013. En raison de l'absence de données sur la qualité de l'eau, nous proposons dans cette étude de vérifier les paramètres de pollution du bassin supérieur qui constitue la majorité de surface du bassin. L’objectif de ce projet est de réaliser une étude prospective sur la qualité de la ressource en eau du bassin supérieur du Litani en incluant le lac de Qarraoun, de comprendre la relation entre la recharge et la consommation d’eau et, si pertinent, de proposer des solutions pour une meilleure gestion des eaux polluées. L'étude porte sur l'interprétation des sources de pollution en mesurant de nombreux paramètres physicochimiques (pH, T °, TDS, Ec), chimiques (Na, Ca2, Mg2, Cl-, SO2-4, NH3, NO-3, PO2-4, K, DBO5 et DCO), les métaux lourds (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) et des paramètres microbiologiques de l'eau et les sédiments de la partie supérieure du bassin Litani et dans le lac. Des échantillons ont été prélevés au cours des trois saisons d’hiver (Février), du printemps (mai) et d’été (Septembre) en 2010-2013. Les analyses microbiologiques et physico-chimiques sont effectuées en conformité avec les méthodes standards européennes et méthode standard (OMS). Des méthodes statistiques multi-variées (analyse hiérarchique de la concentration : HAC, et de l'analyse en composantes principales : PCA) et la corrélation de Pearson ont ensuite été appliquées pour déterminer l'influence des polluants dans le lac et la rivière
Lebanon has abundant water, but its river is polluted. The Litani River is the largest one, draining from north to south in the central core of the country (Bekaa Valley) before turning west to the sea. It crosses down a rather deep valley and passes by several urban agglomerations and industrial zones, which use its water as a discharge system of their waste. This study shows the impact of the anthropic activities on the water quality of this river. Physical (pH, T°, TDS, Ec), chemical (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl?, SO2?4, NH3+, NO?3, PO2?4, K+, BOD5 and COD), heavy metals (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) and microbiological parameters of water quality assessment and sediment for the Upper Litani River Basin was performed. They were investigated during three seasons of rainy, mid-rainy spring and wet season, during the years 2010-2013 to determine correlation between chosen chemical water parameters and bottom sediments parameters. Microbiological and physico-chemical analyses are performed in accordance International methods (e.g. European Standard Methods, WHO). In addition, Multivariate statistical methods (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis: HCA, and Principal Component Analysis: PCA) and Pearson’s correlation were applied to figure out the influence of pollutants disposal in the Lake and the River as well. Sediments were characterized by a set of chemical analyses, cations exchange capacity, mineralogical X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To assess metal contamination in sediments, Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines of Wisconsin (CBSQG) were applied. The metals contamination in the sediments was also evaluated by contamination factor (Cf), and the results showed that the effect of seasonal variations was important in the Upper Litani River Basin and the degree of contamination was increased in dry season. All the sites are characterized by moderate to highly microbial polluted range and some site was highly polluted and contaminated

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NEPOMUCENO, Thiago Cabral. "Modelo para simulação de nitrogênio e fósforo em sistemas de recursos hídricos, aplicação em região do alto curso do Rio Piranhas-PB." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2018. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/389.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T20:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO CABRAL NEPOMUCENO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 5961539 bytes, checksum: ea3a80835b67c0d1615b111f56921a4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27
Capes
O lançamento de efluentes domésticos em ambientes aquáticos sem o devido tratamento vem comprometendo a qualidade da água de reservatórios e rios. Esta torna-se ainda mais relevante quando, em torno desses corpos hídricos superficiais, existe uma intensa prática agrícola, com aplicação de fertilizantes a base de nitrogênio e fósforo, onde a ocorrência de eventos chuvosos pode gerar escoamento superficial e encaminhar o excesso desses nutrientes presentes no solo para os rios e reservatórios próximos. Portanto, o presente trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento e aplicação de um modelo para simulação de nitrogênio e fósforo em sistemas de recursos hídricos, que permita simular a interação de rios, reservatórios e áreas agrícolas em termos desses parâmetros de qualidade de água. No arranjo estrutural do modelo desenvolvido, duas etapas metodológicas merecem destaque, são elas: modelagem de nitrogênio e fósforo nas áreas agrícolas, considerando os principais fluxos de entrada e saída desses macronutrientes no solo, e definição dos sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias que possam representar a dinâmica comportamental de nitrogênio e fósforo nos corpos hídricos, ou seja, rios e reservatórios integrantes de um determinado sistema estudado. Como estudo de caso, foi selecionado um sistema de recursos hídricos localizado na unidade de planejamento hidrológico do Alto Piranhas-PB, compreendendo áreas agrícolas, rios e reservatórios, juntamente com as principais contribuições de nutrientes para o respectivo sistema, além de ser levado em consideração o aporte das águas da transposição do rio São Francisco, proveniente do Eixo Norte da transposição. Para a aplicação do modelo desenvolvido, foram analisados cenários que possibilitassem uma melhor avaliação da resposta do sistema estudado ao lançamento dos efluentes domésticos e agrícolas, além do impacto das águas da transposição. Os resultados das simulações indicaram que os recursos hídricos analisados são sensíveis a ação dos efluentes domésticos e agrícolas, principalmente nos períodos de seca, onde o volume dos reservatórios e vazões nos trechos dos rios são reduzidos. Com o acréscimo das águas da transposição, foram observadas atenuações significativas nos níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo nos corpos hídricos, devido ao maior poderio de diluição dos efluentes proporcionado por esse aporte hídrico, embora foram observados níveis críticos em alguns meses. Desta forma, medidas preventivas e corretivas devem ser adotadas a esse tipo de sistema, de maneira a evitar o comprometimento da biota aquática e dos múltiplos usos as quais as águas estão destinadas.
The release of domestic effluents in aquatic environments without the proper treatment has compromised the water quality of reservoirs and rivers. This becomes even more relevant when, around these surface water bodies, there is an intense agricultural practice, with the use of nitrogen and phosphorus base fertilizers, where the occurrence of rainfall events can generate runoff and return the excess nutrients present in the soil to nearby rivers and reservoirs. Therefore, this work proposed the development and application of a model for simulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in water resources systems, allowing the interaction of rivers, reservoirs and agricultural areas in terms of water quality parameters. In the structural arrangement of the developed model, two methodological steps are worth mentioning: nitrogen and phosphorus modeling in agricultural areas, considering the main input and output flows of these macronutrients in the soil, and definition of the systems of ordinary differential equations that can represent the behavioral dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies, ie, rivers and reservoirs that are part of a given system studied. As a case study, a water resource system was selected, located in the Alto Piranhas-PB hydrological planning unit, comprising agricultural areas, rivers and reservoirs, together with the main nutrient contributions to the respective system, besides being taken into account the contribution of the waters of the transposition of the São Francisco river, coming from the Eixo Norte of the transposition. For the application of the developed model, scenarios were analyzed to enable a better evaluation of the response of the studied system to the release of domestic and agricultural effluents, besides the impact of the transposition waters. The results of the simulations indicated that the analyzed water resources are sensitive to the action of domestic and agricultural effluents, mainly in periods of drought, where the volume of the reservoirs and flows in the stretches of the rivers are reduced. With the addition of the transposition waters, significant attenuations were observed in the nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the water bodies, due to the higher dilution power of the effluents provided by this water supply, although critical levels were observed in some months. Therefore, preventive and corrective measures should be adopted for this type of system in order to avoid compromising the aquatic biota and the multiple uses to which the waters are destined.

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48

Zamberlan, João Fernando. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ÁGUAS DE RESERVATÓRIOS SUPERFICIAIS PARA USO EM MICROIRRIGAÇÃO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7618.

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Water is the most important and restrictive factor for the agricultural cultures so, the knowledge of its qualitative composition is important to the verticalization of productivity. For the microirrigation systems (located irrigation), its requirement in physical and chemical quality is bigger, because of the reduced diameter of its components, particularly the transmitters. The objective of this work was to characterize the superficial waters of UFSM campus in order to use them in microirrigation, trying to identify the levels of chemical and physical parameters that influence the irrigation system, ground and plant. Four principal dams of the UFSM were characterized (Área Nova,, Solos ,Madame ,and Várzea). Three samples were collected in each dam ,casually, one meter of depth, in two dates in January 2007, one before and other after precipitation completing 24 samples. The following parameters were analyzed: suspended solids ,dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium ,phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, total iron and it was calculated the value of absorption of sodium. Determinations of laboratory and in situ were done. The study showed that relating to parameters, except total iron, the Nova Àrea dam revealed the greatest values, followed by the Solos dam, Madame and Várzea. Values significantly superior were observed due to the particular characteristic of the source contribution area. It was also verified that differences occurred in the levels of some parameters relating to the two dates of the collection, explained by the administration given to she spill basin of contribution area, because the grounds of dams are similar and are from the same map unit São Pedro. Relating to the use of these waters in microirrigation, it was verified that Nova Área and Solos dams have restrictions to that total iron level, suspended solids and pH. The calculated RAS, when compared with the electrical conductivity, was classified as a severe risk to the infiltration rate in all dams. It was concluded that differences in the studied parameters varied according to the given conduct to the spill and that Madame and Várzea dams would be used in microirrigation since their levels of calcium and magnesium in the ground are elevated
A água é para as culturas agrícolas o fator mais limitante e importante, portanto o conhecimento de sua composição qualitativa é relevante para a verticalização da produtividade. Em se tratando de sistemas de microirrigação (irrigação localizada), sua exigência em qualidade física e química é maior, devido ao diâmetro reduzido de seus componentes particularmente os emissores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar as águas superficiais do campus da UFSM com vistas a sua utilização em microirrigação procurando identificar os níveis dos parâmetros químicos e físicos que possuem influência no sistema de irrigação, solo e planta. Foram caracterizados quatro principais açudes do campus da UFSM (Área Nova, Solos, Madame e Várzea). Realizou-se a coleta de 3 amostras por açude aleatoriamente a um metro de profundidade, em duas datas no mês de janeiro de 2007, uma anterior e outra após uma precipitação, perfazendo um total de 24 amostras. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: sólidos suspensos, sólidos dissolvidos, pH, condutividade elétrica, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, potássio, fósforo, nitrogênio, boro, ferro total e calculado o valor da razão de adsorção de sódio. Foram realizadas determinações a campo e laboratoriais. O estudo indicou que em relação aos parâmetros, com exceção do ferro total, o açude da Área Nova revelou os maiores valores, seguido do açude dos Solos, Madame e Várzea. Observou-se valores significativamente superiores para o parâmetro ferro total no açude dos Solos, devido a característica particular da área de contribuição do manancial. Verificou-se também que ocorreram diferenças nos níveis de determinados parâmetros em relação às duas datas de coleta, explicado pelo manejo dado à bacia de entorno, pois os solos dos açudes são semelhantes e pertencentes à mesma unidade de mapeamento São Pedro. Com relação à utilização destas águas em microirrigação, constatou-se que os açudes da área Nova e dos Solos possuem restrições em relação ao nível de ferro total, sólidos suspensos e pH. A RAS calculada, quando comparada com os valores da condutividade elétrica, devido ao seu baixo valor, quando relacionado com a condutividade elétrica, foi classificada como de risco severo para taxa de infiltração em todos os açudes. Concluiu-se que as diferenças nos parâmetros estudados variaram conforme o manejo dado ao entorno e que os açudes da Madame e Várzea poderiam ser utilizados na microirrigação desde que se eleve os seus níveis de cálcio e magnésio no solo

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Kubín, Matěj. "Obrábění těžkoobrobitelných materiálů pomocí vodního paprsku s abrazivem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402519.

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The diploma thesis deals with unconventional technology of material separation by water jet with abrasive. It describes the influence and specification of technological parameters of the water jet on the quality of the cutting surface. The work contains an experiment, where the aim was to achieve from the theory the influence of tech-nological parameters on surface roughness on composite materials from glass fiber and carbon fiber.

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Santos, Karina Pinheiro dos. "Macroinvertebrados bentônicos e parâmetros físico-químicos como indicadores da qualidade da água de microbacias utilizadas para o abastecimento público da região metropolitana de Goiânia." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3957.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Maintaining quality of fresh water, sanitary and environmental aspects, is essential. Once the environmental degradation caused by human activities is more intense. In this direction, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality and environmental conditions of stretches of watershed located in watersheds that are used for public water supply of the cities of Trindade (Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Arrozal), Goianápolis (Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Sozinha), Terezópolis (Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego dos Macacos) and Nerópolis (Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Água Branca), cities that compose the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia. To this end this research was organized in articles divided into three chapters. The first chapter corresponds to characterize the environmental conditions of the Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Sozinha. This chapter have been identified and related the main impacts in the watershed and in rivers, furthermore, were verifying the use and occupation of the soil that could cause potential impacts on water resources with the objective to evaluate the combined use of three methodologies the survey of the environmental status of this basin. The second chapter corresponds to functional trophic categorization community of aquatic macroinvertebrates and characterization of ecological conditions of river reaches that compose the four watersheds listed above. The third chapter discusses the evaluation of water quality and assessment of environmental conditions, of the same river reaches studied in the previous article, by evaluating the structure of the macroinvertebrate community, the implementation of a protocol for rapid assessment of habitat conditions evaluation and physico-chemical parameters of water. Moreover, the latter paper aims to inform about the organization of macroinvertebrates front environmental conditions during periods the dry and rain season. The results of the evaluation of ecological conditions indicated that all watersheds studied in this study are suffering or have suffered from human impacts from agricultural activities. This fact may be affecting the water quality of water sources that supply the Trindade, Goianápolis and Nerópolis, because some physico-chemical parameters such as the total nitrogen and the total phosphorus were not in conformity with limits for Class 2, and were within the limit that is recommended for class 4, according to CONAMA resolution 357/2005. The assessment of water quality through of aquatic macroinvertebrates indicated good quality in all segments surveyed. Assessment of trophic groups allowed a better understanding of how macroinvertebrates were organized against the environmental conditions of each region. The seasonal evaluation of macroinvertebrate community indicated that the richness and abundance did not vary significantly between seasons.
A manutenção da qualidade da água doce, em termos sanitários e ambientais, é essencial, uma vez que, a degradação ambiental causada pelas ações antrópicas é cada vez mais intensa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água e as condições ambientais de trechos de mananciais situados em microbacias que são utilizadas para abastecimento público das cidades de Trindade (Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Arrozal), Goianápolis (Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Sozinha), Terezópolis (Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego dos Macacos) e Nerópolis (Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Água Branca), municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. Com esse fim essa pesquisa foi organizada em artigos divididos em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo corresponde a caracterização das condições ambientais da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Sozinha. Neste capítulo foram identificados e relacionados os principais impactos na bacia hidrográfica e nos cursos d’água, além disso, foram verificados os principais usos e ocupações do solo que poderiam causar possíveis impactos nos recursos hídricos com o intuito de avaliar a utilização conjunta de três metodologias no levantamento do estado ambiental dessa bacia. O segundo capítulo corresponde a categorização trófica funcional da comunidade dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos e a caracterização das condições ecológicas de trechos de rios que compõem as quatro microbacias citadas anteriormente. O terceiro capítulo aborda a avaliação da qualidade da água e avaliação das condições ambientais, dos mesmos trechos de rios estudados no artigo anterior, por meio da avaliação da estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos, da aplicação de um protocolo de avaliação rápida das condições dos habitats e da avaliação parâmetros físico-químicos da água. Além disso, este último artigo buscou informar a respeito da organização dos macroinvertebrados frente as condições ambientais em períodos de seca e chuva. Os resultados da avaliação das condições ecológicas indicaram que todas as microbacias estudadas neste trabalho estão sofrendo ou já sofreram com impactos antrópicos provenientes de atividades agropecuárias. Esse fato pode estar afetando a qualidade da água dos mananciais que abastecem Trindade, Goianápolis e Nerópolis, pois alguns parâmetros físico-químicos, como o nitrogênio total e o fósforo total não estavam em conformidade com limites para classe 2, e ficaram dentro do limite que é recomendado para classe 4 de acordo com a resolução do CONAMA nº 357/2005. A avaliação da qualidade da água por meio dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos indicou boa qualidade em todos os trechos pesquisados. A avaliação em grupos tróficos permitiu uma melhor compreensão de como os macroinvertebrados se organizaram frente às condições ambientais de cada região. A avaliação sazonal da comunidade de macroinvertebrados indicou que a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados não variou significativamente entre as estações.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water Quality Parameters'

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