Journal articles: 'Water quality – South Africa – Langebaan'

1

Taljaard, Susan, and Willem A. M. Botes. "Marine water quality management in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0118.

Full text

Abstract:

In South Africa the ultimate goal in water quality management is to keep the water resources suitable for all “beneficial uses”. Beneficial uses provides a basis for the derivation of water quality guidelines, which, for South Africa, are defined in Water quality guidelines for the South African coastal zone (DWAF, 1991). The CSIR has developed a practical approach to marine water quality management, taking into account international trends and local experience, which can be applied to any coastal development with potential influence on water quality. The management plan is divided into three logical components, i.e. • site-specific statutory requirements and environmental objectives; • system design with specific reference to influences on water quality; and • monitoring programmes. Within this management approach water quality issues are addressed in a holistic manner, through focused procedures and clear identification of information requirements. This paper describes the procedures and information requirements within each component of the water quality management plan, with specific reference to marine disposal systems. Ideally, the management plan should be implemented from the feasibility and conceptual design phase of a development and the timing of the different procedures within the development process are therefore also highlighted. However, the logical lay-out of procedures allows for easy initiation (even to existing disposal system) at any stage of development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Koning, N., JC Roos, and JU Grobbelaar. "Water quality of the Modder River, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 25, no. 1 (January 2000): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/160859100780177992.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Dzwairo, B., F. A. O. Otieno, G. M. Ochieng, and J. J. Bezuidenhout. "Raw water quality weight factors: Vaal basin, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.281.

Full text

Abstract:

Weight factors (WFs) were developed for surface raw water pollution indicator variables in Vaal River's Upper and Middle Vaal sub-basins, in South Africa. The overall objective was to formulate a quantifiable ranking system to indicate importance of pollutant variables given their established effects on human and environmental health. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was applied to qualitative data that were obtained from South Africa's target water quality ranges as well as from literature which represented expert opinion. The human and environmental health effect choice sets were ranked from 1 to 5 on nine pollutant variable criteria: NH3/NH4+, Cl−, conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, F−, NO3−/NO2−, PO43− and SO42−. The weighted-sum method (WSM) then assigned highest and lowest normalised weights (NWs) to F− and Cl−, respectively, for human health effects (εhh) alternative. Highest and lowest NWs were assigned to NH3/NH4ε and EC, respectively, for environmental health effects (εeh) alternative. After aggregating the εhh and εeh WFs, resultant values ranked the variables from highest to lowest as follows: F−>NO3−/NO2−>/NH3/NH4+>DO>pH>SO42−>PO43−>EC>Cl−. The results represented the importance of variables given their established effects on human and environmental health. It was concluded that WFs provided a quantifiable barometer which could signal harmful exposure to elucidate negative effects of using polluted surface raw water in the study area. The values could be incorporated into water quality models like water quality indices. The approach could be used to develop WFs for other sites, taking into account issues like the site's pollution variables of concern as well as using a ranking key constructed from established literature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Vellaisamy Kumarasamy, Muthukrishna, and Thabo Chadwick Macholo. "Water Quality Modeling Study for Umhlangane River, South Africa." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 23 (June 1, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i23/125653.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Nyende-Byakika, S. "Analysis of raw water quality from Vaalkop dam, South Africa." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.090.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper discusses raw water quality results for the raw water from Vaalkop dam reservoir in South Africa. A time series analysis was conducted for various parameters over a prolonged period of time. The analysis indicates that apart from conductivity and coliform counts, most parameters were below their recommended threshold levels for the greatest part of the study period.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Manamela, Dipitseng, and Omotayo Awofolu. "Assessment of Anthropogenic Impact of Surface Water Quality, South Africa." Aquatic Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 19, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ast.v6i2.12837.

Full text

Abstract:

This article investigates the impact of anthropogenic activities on an important surface water from physico-chemical, chemical and microbial perspectives. The surface water, referred to as Blesbokspruit is in the West Rand District of South Africa. Potential impactors include wastewater treatment plant, mines, farmlands and informal settlements. Water samples were collected from nine purposively selected sampling points and analysed in 2014. The mean values of analysed variables across sampling sites and periods ranged from pH: 7.4-8.4; EC: 93.0 - 146.6 mS/m; TSS: 11.3 – 39.0 mg/L; TDS: 590.3 - 1020.3 mg/L; COD: 15.6- 34.8 mg/L. Those for anions varied from NO3-: 0.2- 2.1 (mg/L) N; PO43- : 0.4-0.9 mg/L and SO42-: 118.6 - 379.5 mg/L. The metallic variables ranged from As: 0.01-0.06 mg/L; Cd: 0.02-0.06 mg/L; Fe: 0.04-0.73 mg/L; Cu: 0.02 – 0.05 mg/L and Zn: 0.05 – 0.15 mg/L. The Faecal coliform varied from 15.9-16878.5 cfu/100 ml; Total coliform: 92.9-430294 cfu/100 ml and HPC from 4322.5-39776 cfu/1ml. Detection of toxic metals and pathogenic organisms above target safety limits indicate unsuitability of the water for domestic use with impact on the health of aquatic ecosystem. The study generally revealed the impact of anthropogenic activities on the surface water quality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Marjanovic, P., and M. Miloradov. "Systems view of integrated water quality monitoring within the requirements of the new national water policy in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0455.

Full text

Abstract:

The new National water policy will change the way water quality is managed in South Africa. The paper considers the water policy and the repercussions it will have for water quality monitoring in South Africa. Using the systems approach the paper discusses an integrated water quality monitoring system for ambient water quality and point and non point sources of aquatic pollution. The proposed methodology makes possible continuos assessment of water quality in an efficient manner so as to support water quality management in South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Boyd, L., and R. Tompkins. "A New Mindset for Integrated Water Quality Management for South Africa." International Journal of Water Resources Development 27, no. 1 (February 6, 2011): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.537243.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Slabbert, J. L. "Microbial toxicity assays used for water quality evaluation in South Africa." Toxicity Assessment 3, no. 2 (March 1988): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.2540030202.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Odendaal, Peter E. "Recent Advances in Water Reuse Research in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0662.

Full text

Abstract:

Due to limited water resources, water reuse is pursued as a major component of an overall strategy to optimise water use in South Africa. Progress in South African water reuse research, mainly since 1985, is reviewed. In the field of potable reuse research, the topics addressed are epidemiological studies, activated carbon, the microbiology of reclaimed water, bioassaying, and reverse osmosis. Information is provided on the scale of direct agricultural and industrial reuse of purified sewage effluents. Indirect reuse is steadily increasing and research which traditionally addressed direct potable reuse is becoming of equal relevance to indirect reuse. In addition, research becomes necessary on problems which relate specifically to indirect reuse, such as : treatment of algal waters, variation of raw water quality, upgrading of sewage effluent quality, organohalogens, and salination problems. Recent advances in research on internal water reuse by industry focused in particular on membranes and salt removal technology. Cases mentioned are textile dyehouse, scouring, bleaching and mercerising processes; bottle washing; wool scouring; water works wash water; and power station cooling.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Ncube, Mthokozisi, and Maxwell N. Pawandiwa. "Water safety planning and implementation: lessons from South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.209.

Full text

Abstract:

Water Safety Planning is an innovative way of attaining high quality of water service provision through embracing a risk-based approach to service provision. This paper describes the water safety planning journey of Ugu District Municipality, which manages 19 formal water supply systems. The municipality adopted the Pareto 20/80 rule of targeting 20% of the areas with 80% impact in the first iteration of the WSP by targeting the systems with the greatest impact while incorporating system knowledge from all other systems and the use of an extensive hazards database. The efforts received national recognition and built teams with improved understanding of the business resulting in improved water quality management. Operationalization of the plan was the most difficult task as it requires institutionalizing best practice amidst challenges that include limited funding, lack of support from critical stakeholders, staff shortages and attrition. A dedicated champion who will be an advocate for change management, proactive stakeholder engagement and senior management commitment with corresponding financial resources, are seen as prerequisites for success. Undeniable, progressive regulations and policies set the tone and foundation and are, in most instances, the drivers for water safety.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Ashton, P. J., F. C. van Zyl, and R. G. Heath. "Water quality management in the Crocodile River catchment, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0603.

Full text

Abstract:

The Crocodile River catchment lies in an area which currently has one of the highest rates of sustained economic growth in South Africa and supports a diverse array of land uses. Water quality management is vital to resource management strategies for the catchment. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to display specific catchment characteristics and land uses, supplemented with integrative overlays depicting land-use impacts on surface water resources and the consequences of management actions on downstream water quality. The water quality requirements of each water user group were integrated to optimise the selection of rational management solutions for particular water quality problems. Time-series water quality data and cause-effect relationships were used to evaluate different water supply scenarios. The GIS facilitated the collation, processing and interpretation of the enormous quantity of spatially orientated information required for integrated catchment management.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Fouche, PSO, and W. Vlok. "Water quality impacts on instream biota of the Shingwedzi River, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 35, no. 1 (May 6, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2010.466644.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Nyende-Byakika, S., J. M. Ndambuki, M. S. Onyango, and L. Morake. "Potability analysis of raw water from Bospoort dam, South Africa." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.070.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper discusses raw water quality results for the raw water from Bospoort dam in South Africa. A time series analysis was conducted for various parameters over a prolonged period of time. It was revealed that apart from conductivity, hardness, and high coliform counts, most parameters were below their recommended threshold levels for the greatest part of the study period.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Hope, R. A., and G. D. Garrod. "Household preferences to water policy interventions in rural South Africa." Water Policy 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0032.

Full text

Abstract:

Water policy is often designed and implemented without negotiation with or participation from the intended beneficiaries. This is often the case in the implementation of global water policy initiatives that aim to benefit rural households in the developing world. Evidence of water policy responding to the locally defined preferences of the rural majority without improved water services is weak. Significant efforts have made to unpack quantity, quality and source attributes of domestic water supply to the least well-served populations in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. This effort has been limited to evaluating individual attributes in relation to health, productivity and usage criteria rather than a ‘user evaluation’ of these attributes together. The advantage of the latter approach is that trade-offs between attributes can be estimated to provide parameters for each attribute and marginal rates of substitution between attributes. A choice experiment in rural South Africa examines the preferences of households to changes in domestic water sources, water quantity, water quality, stream-flow failure and productive uses of domestic water. Trade-offs in rural household domestic water preferences estimate welfare coefficients that provide a ‘user evaluation’ of water policy interventions. The findings provide defensible estimates of the magnitude and direction of the utility gain/loss from water attributes that allows a more evidenced-based understanding of rural households' preferences to water policy interventions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Viljoen, F. C. "The World Health Organization's water safety plan is much more than just an integrated drinking water quality management plan." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.792.

Full text

Abstract:

South Africa is a country of contrasts with far ranging variations in climate, precipitation rates, cultures, demographics, housing levels, education, wealth and skills levels. These differences have an impact on water services delivery as do expectations, affordability and available resources. Although South Africa has made much progress in supplying drinking water, the same cannot be said regarding water quality throughout the country. A concerted effort is currently underway to correct this situation and as part of this drive, water safety plans (WSP) are promoted. Rand Water, the largest water services provider in South Africa, used the World Health Organization (WHO) WSP framework as a guide for the development of its own WSP which was implemented in 2003. Through the process of implementation, Rand Water found the WHO WSP to be much more than just another integrated quality system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Thu Minh, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Brian Johnson, Netrananda Sahu, Ram Verma, and Ali Yunus. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa." Water 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020220.

Full text

Abstract:

Considering the well-documented impacts of land-use change on water resources and the rapid land-use conversions occurring throughout Africa, in this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality and its relation with the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern in Mokopane, Limpopo province of South Africa. Various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for surface water samples collected from five sampling locations from 2016 to 2020. Time-series analysis of key surface water quality parameters was performed to identify the essential hydrological processes governing water quality. The analyzed water quality data were also used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and weighted water quality index (WQI). Also, the spatial trend of water quality is compared with LULC changes from 2015 to 2020. Results revealed that the concentration of most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water samples was beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted permissible limit, except for a few parameters in some locations. Based on the calculated values of HPI and HEI, water quality samples were categorized as low to moderately polluted water bodies, whereas all water samples fell under the poor category (>100) and beyond based on the calculated WQI. Looking precisely at the water quality’s temporal trend, it is found that most of the sampling shows a deteriorating trend from 2016 to 2019. However, the year 2020 shows a slightly improving trend on water quality, which can be justified by lowering human activities during the lockdown period imposed by COVID-19. Land use has a significant relationship with surface water quality, and it was evident that built-up land had a more significant negative impact on water quality than the other land use classes. Both natural processes (rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (wastewater discharge, industrial activities etc.) were found to be playing a vital role in water quality evolution. This study suggests that continuous assessment and monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Limpopo is important to control pollution and health safety in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

van Vliet, H. R., S. J. Swart, and D. J. Roux. "National and regional surface water quality assessment in the Republic of South Africa." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 10 (November 1, 1994): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0508.

Full text

Abstract:

Concern over the deteriorating quality of South African surface water resources in the past several decades has resulted in a number of fundamental changes in the approach to national water quality management, the most significant being a shift from a point-source control approach to a more complex and information-intensive receiving-water-quality based strategy. These changes highlighted the urgent need for a new focus on the development of a balanced and integrated strategy for the national and regional assessment of water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. An overview of the current developments, direction and strategies for water quality assessment of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, is presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

De Coning, Christo. "Overview of the water policy process in South Africa." Water Policy 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.039.

Full text

Abstract:

This research article provides an overview of the policy process followed by the South African Government in developing and implementing the White Paper on a National Water Policy for South Africa between 1994 and 2003. The research is based on a report published by the South African Water Research Commission (WRC), which formed part of a project entitled: Consolidation and Transfer of Knowledge and Experience Gained in the Development and Implementation of Water and Related Policy in South Africa (WRC Project number K5/1295). An attempt was made in the research project to solicit lessons of experience from the last ten years and to suggest findings regarding future options. It was found that valuable experience exists that is relevant not only to present and future policy and strategy initiatives in South Africa but also to policy process development in a regional and global context. The review of the water policy process has included a deliberate attempt to apply a selected policy process model to the South African water policy process in order to attempt a systematic analysis of the process. Specific findings were made regarding policy and strategy processes, institutional capacity and policy research in the water sector. The findings of the study included a confirmation of the technical quality of the policy and identification of several opportunities and priorities in the implementation of water policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Bwapwa, Joseph Kapuku. "Review on Main Issues Causing Deterioration of Water Quality and Water Scarcity: Case Study of South Africa." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v7i3.13156.

Full text

Abstract:

Water shortage in South Africa is a mixture of many factors: limited and highly polluted watercourses, low rainfall, fast growing population and high evaporation rates. Many studies on watercourses have shown a decline on quality due to the ongoing pollution caused by urbanization, mining, industry, power generation, afforestation and agriculture. Given the current forecasts based on population growth versus the country’s limited water resources, it is unlikely to keep existing patterns regarding the use of water and the discharge of wastes. Predictions are also indicating that pollutants will continue to accumulate in freshwater resources independently of the population growth in South Africa. Issues associated with water quality can turn out to be worsened with environmental devastating consequences. For instance, in the agricultural sector it may lead to a drop in yields and quality for fruits and crops followed by soil contamination. It can harmfully affect the population and aquatic health. Furthermore, water quality deterioration can affect the costs related to purification processes resulting in an increased price of clean water. Human induced activities causing salinization, eutrophication, acidification, presence of pathogens in watercourses, inappropriate waste discharge practices and sewage spills are major causes influencing or deteriorating water quality in South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Casey, N. H., H. L. Lucht, and B. Reijnders. "Bromide: A potential risk to livestock production in South Africa." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Cloot, A. H. J., and A. J. H. Pieterse. "Modelling Phytoplankton in the Vaal River (South Africa)." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0510.

Full text

Abstract:

In this study a site-specific, multi-algal species mathematical model is developed to allow meaningful predictions of water quality of the Vaal River on a short and medium time-scale. The model takes into account the variability of six environmental variables, namely light, temperature, turbidity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon concentrations, that are all known to have a major effect on algal growth in the river.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Thornton, J. A., P. H. McMillan, and P. Romanovsky. "Perceptions of Water Pollution in South Africa: Case Studies from Two Water Bodies (Hartbeespoort Dam and Zandvlei)." South African Journal of Psychology 19, no. 4 (December 1989): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638901900403.

Full text

Abstract:

A questionnaire survey of over 3 000 recreational users of inland waters in the greater Pretoria and Cape Town areas was conducted during 1987/8 for the purpose of quantifying, as far as possible, the perceptions of the public towards water quality and water pollution in South Africa. Respondents indicated that excessive aquatic plant growth and other visually aesthetic factors were the principal determinants of water quality, regardless of demographic background. These results are comparable to results obtained in similar studies in north America and appear to be indicative of a rising awareness of environmental issues in South Africa. There was a general willingness among respondents to meet the higher costs associated with the achievement of improved standards of water quality and the elimination of the perceived problems enumerated above.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Doorasamy, Mishelle, and Bruce Rhodes. "South African Sucrose Quality in Sugar: Determinants and its Empirical Implications." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5(J) (October 20, 2017): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(j).1913.

Full text

Abstract:

The study investigates which factors determine sucrose quality in the South African sugar cane production process. Though South Africa is the 8th largest producer of sugar cane in the world and the highest in Africa, a decline has been observed in the production of high quality sugar in the country. The study adopts the Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) technique to analyze sugar cane production time series data from 1980 to 2016 in South Africa. Ten variables were tested, including Average Temperature, Stalk growth, Evaporation, and Soil Water Content (100mm). Our findings revealed that on both the short and long run, some of the variables investigated have the tendency of increasing sucrose level in sugar cane while an increase in other variables would decrease sucrose level altogether. However, the impact of Soil Water Content (100mm) appears not to be statistically significant on sucrose production in our regression model in the short and long run. Of special interest are Stalk growth (Reference sugar cane) and average temperature, as their values are more significantly germane as regards the quantity of sucrose obtained during sugar cane processing in South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Doorasamy, Mishelle, and Bruce Rhodes. "South African Sucrose Quality in Sugar: Determinants and its Empirical Implications." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5 (October 20, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5.1913.

Full text

Abstract:

The study investigates which factors determine sucrose quality in the South African sugar cane production process. Though South Africa is the 8th largest producer of sugar cane in the world and the highest in Africa, a decline has been observed in the production of high quality sugar in the country. The study adopts the Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) technique to analyze sugar cane production time series data from 1980 to 2016 in South Africa. Ten variables were tested, including Average Temperature, Stalk growth, Evaporation, and Soil Water Content (100mm). Our findings revealed that on both the short and long run, some of the variables investigated have the tendency of increasing sucrose level in sugar cane while an increase in other variables would decrease sucrose level altogether. However, the impact of Soil Water Content (100mm) appears not to be statistically significant on sucrose production in our regression model in the short and long run. Of special interest are Stalk growth (Reference sugar cane) and average temperature, as their values are more significantly germane as regards the quantity of sucrose obtained during sugar cane processing in South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Mulamattathil, Suma George, Carlos Bezuidenhout, and Moses Mbewe. "Analysis of physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.273.

Full text

Abstract:

Mafikeng, the capital of the North West Province, receives water from two sources, namely the Molopo eye and the Modimola dam. Once treated, the potable water is mixed and supplied to the city via distribution systems. This study was designed to assess the quality of drinking water in Mafikeng and also to determine whether the water from the two sources has an impact on the mixed water quality. Physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological quality (faecal coliforms (FCs), total coliforms (TCs), heterotrophic bacteria and Peudomonas spp.) was monitored at three drinking water sites weekly for 4 months. The results revealed that the physico-chemical quality of the water was generally acceptable. The pH ranged from 5.7 ± 0.18 to 8.6 ± 0.14, the temperature ranged from 18.3 ± 0.69 to 25.1 ± 0.69 °C and the total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 159.9 ± 22.44 to 364.4 ± 12.44 mg/l. These values are within the target water quality range for drinking water as prescribed by WHO, Department of Water Affairs and SANS 241. What is of concern was the microbial quality of the water. FCs, TCs, heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were present in some of the treated water samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. (>100/100 ml).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Genthe, B., N. Strauss, J. Seager, C. Vundule, F. Maforah, and R. Kfir. "The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0706.

Full text

Abstract:

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Lange, Jens, Tineke Materne, and Jörg Grüner. "Do low-cost ceramic water filters improve water security in rural South Africa?" Drinking Water Engineering and Science 9, no. 2 (October 11, 2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-9-47-2016.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. This study examined the performance of a low-cost ceramic candle filter system (CCFS) for point of use (POU) drinking water treatment in the village of Hobeni, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. CCFSs were distributed in Hobeni and a survey was carried out among their users. The performance of 51 CCFSs was evaluated by dip slides and related to human factors. Already after two-thirds of their specified lifetime, none of the distributed CCFSs produced water without distinct contamination, and more than one-third even deteriorated in hygienic water quality. Besides the water source (springs were preferable compared to river or rain water), a high water throughput was the dominant reason for poor CCFS performance. A stepwise laboratory test documented the negative effects of repeated loading and ambient field temperatures. These findings suggest that not every CCFS type per se guarantees improved drinking water security and that the efficiency of low-cost systems should continuously be monitored. For this purpose, dip slides were found to be a cost-efficient alternative to standard laboratory tests. They consistently underestimated microbial counts but can be used by laypersons and hence by the users themselves to assess critical contamination of their filter systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Dzwairo, B., and F. A. O. Otieno. "Integrating quality and cost of surface raw water: Upper and Middle Vaal Water Management Areas South Africa." Water Supply 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.153.

Full text

Abstract:

The user-pays principle encourages use of a water tariff structure that incorporates pollution and/or depletion of a water resource because that water represents a capital resource base. Development of a tool that models variability of surface raw water quality in order to predict cost of treatment thus makes economic sense. This paper forms the backbone for an on-going doctoral study in South Africa's Upper and Middle Vaal Water Management Areas (U&MVWMAs) of the Vaal River (VR). Specific objectives of the overall research are; to carry out pollutant tracer hydrochemistry of specific reaches of the U&MVWMAs including producing an integrated ecological functionality for the whole study area, and to develop a tool that models the variability of surface raw water quality using surface raw water tariffs and water quality data for years 2003–2008. This paper concluded that downstream water boards (WBs) paid a higher water resources management charge (WRMC) for more polluted raw water than upstream WBs. It was recommended that a quality-cost model be incorporated at tier1 of the cost chain for water services to ensure fairness of service delivery and spread of burden to consumers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Marjanovic, P., M. Miloradov, and F. van Zyl. "Systems approach to effective water quality management in the Republic of South Africa, existing situation and expected future developments." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0440.

Full text

Abstract:

The new National water policy will change the way water quality is managed in South Africa. The paper considers the water policy and the repercussions it will have for water quality management in South Africa and proposes a system that can be used to come up with optimum solutions for water quality management. The proposed solution integrates policy and institutional arrangements with the Cadastral system for point and non point sources of pollution and optimisation tools to ensure optimal management of water quality at any given time. The water quality management functions catered for by the proposed system are: resource allocation for pollution discharge, water quality protection, water quality monitoring, planning, development and operation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Minh, and Tonni Kurniawan. "Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa Using Statistical Approach." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091891.

Full text

Abstract:

Despite being a finite resource, both the quality and quantity of groundwater are under tremendous pressure due to rapid global changes, viz. population growth, land-use/land-cover changes (LULC), and climate change. The 6th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. One of the most significant dimensions of the SDG agenda is the emphasis on data and governance. However, the lack of good governance coupled with good observed data cannot ensure the achievement of SDG6. Therefore, this study strives to evaluate water quality status and hydrochemical processes governing it in the data-scarce Mokopane area of South Africa. Groundwater is the main source of fresh water supply for domestic usage, intensive agriculture, and mining activities in Mokopane. In this study, hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater samples was employed to calculate the water quality index (WQI) and evaluate factors governing water quality evolution in the study area. Statistical and spatial analysis techniques were carried out to divide sampling sites into clusters and delineate principal factors responsible for determining water quality of the sampled groundwater. Results suggest that most of the physico-chemical parameters are within permissible limits for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO), except for high fluoride in some samples. Na-HCO3 is the most abundant water type followed by Mg-HCO3, which indicates dominance of Na+, Mg2+, and HCO3±. Rock-water interaction is the prime factor responsible for fluoride enrichment in water. The alkaline nature of groundwater favors the release of exchangeable F− from minerals like muscovite. The WQI suggests that 80% of water samples fall into the good and excellent categories. Poor management of untreated domestic sewage and agricultural runoff is a main factor for the bad/very bad categories of water samples. As the area lacks any credible scientific/government work to report water quality and its management aspects, the findings of this study will definitely help both scientific communities and policy makers to do what is needed for sustainable water resource management in a timely manner.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Manyatshe, Alusani, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Divan van der Berg, Nico Lemmer, Frans Waanders, and Hlanganani Tutu. "Metal retention potential of sediment and water quality in the Mooi River, South Africa." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 66 (2017): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20222.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Erdogan, I. G., E. Fosso-Kankeu, S. K. O. Ntwampe, F. B. Waanders, N. Hoth, A. Rand, and T. J. Farrar. "Households water quality in O’Kiep-South Africa and community perception of related health risks." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 167 (2019): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24576.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

MacKay, H. M., D. J. Roux, P. J. Ashton, H. R. van Vliet, and S. Jooste. "The development of South African water quality guidelines for the natural aquatic environment." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0629.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper describes the progress made by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in the development of documented water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems in South Africa, which will be able to take into account local and site-specific conditions. Proposed guidelines for toxic substances, nutrients and physico-chemical variables are described.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Von Schirnding, Y. E. R., N. Strauss, P. Robertson, R. Kfir, B. Fattal, A. Mathee, M. Franck, and V. J. Cabelli. "Bather Morbidity from Recreational Exposure to Sea Water." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0343.

Full text

Abstract:

Rapid urbanisation in the coastal areas of South Africa has led to increasing concern about the potential health effects on bathers resulting from exposure to contaminated seawater. Water quality criteria in South Africa are not epidemiologically derived; consequently a major programme has been launched to develop health-related criteria and policies pertaining to wastewater and stormwater management in the coastal areas of South Africa. In the first phase of the project, an epidemiological-microbiological study was carried out at a moderately polluted beach and a relatively clean beach, in the Western Cape. Individuals present at the beach in family groups were interviewed and follow-up telephone interviews were conducted 3-4 days after the beach outing. Water quality indicators measured on the same day as the beach interviews revealed significantly higher levels of enterococci and faecal coliforms at the moderately polluted beach. Symptom rates for gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin effects were substantially higher among swimmers relative to non-swimmers at the polluted beach, although they did not reach statistical significance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Arendze, S., and M. S. Sibiya. "Removal of aluminium and iron from surface water by conventional water treatment." Water Supply 17, no. 3 (October 15, 2016): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.170.

Full text

Abstract:

Detailed source water monitoring showed large variations in the total concentrations of aluminium and iron in the Vaal Dam, South Africa, which were highlighted as a specific concern for one of the largest drinking water treatment plants in South Africa. This study aimed to better understand the presence of these metals in the source water, removal of these metals through the conventional treatment process, and final water quality trends, for the period 2008 to 2014. Aluminium and iron concentrations were highly variable and showed significant influence on colour and turbidity in source water. Sedimentation performed well, and removed over 70% of the metal concentration from the raw water. Filtration removed 15% of the remaining aluminium and iron concentrations. The pH and turbidity of the final water had minor effects on the metal concentration in the final water. The conventional treatment process was shown to be capable of removing aluminium and iron from the source water as both were within water quality limits in the final water. This study highlighted the importance of source water quality monitoring and treatment plant efficacy in evaluating whether the current treatment technology is appropriate for current and future challenges.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Mathee, Angela, Jocelyn Moyes, Thulisa Mkhencele, Jackie Kleynhans, Brigitte Language, Stuart Piketh, Elias Moroe, et al. "Housing Quality in a Rural and an Urban Settlement in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052240.

Full text

Abstract:

During 2016 to 2018, a prospective household cohort study of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus community burden and transmission dynamics (the PHIRST study) was undertaken to examine the factors associated with influenza and other respiratory pathogen transmissions in South Africa. We collected information on housing conditions in the PHIRST study sites: Rural villages near Agincourt, Bushbuckridge Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, and urban Jouberton Township in North West Province. Survey data were collected from 159 and 167 study households in Agincourt and Jouberton, respectively. Multiple housing-related health hazards were identified in both sites, but particularly in Agincourt. In Agincourt, 75% (119/159) of households reported daily or weekly interruptions in water supply and 98% (154/159) stored drinking water in miscellaneous containers, compared to 1% (1/167) and 69% (115/167) of households in Jouberton. Fuels other than electricity (such as wood) were mainly used for cooking by 44% (70/159) and 7% (11/167) of Agincourt and Jouberton households, respectively; and 67% (106/159) of homes in Agincourt versus 47% (79/167) in Jouberton were located on unpaved roads, which is associated with the generation of dust and particulate matter. This study has highlighted housing conditions in Agincourt and Jouberton that are detrimental to health, and which may impact disease severity or transmission in South African communities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Archibald, C. G. M., and J. C. Taylor. "The assessment of diffuse pollution from acid-mine drainage using an updated and revised diatom assessment procedure as an added-value bio-monitoring tool." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.083.

Full text

Abstract:

Three data sources (physico-chemistry, bio-monitoring and eco-toxicology) are currently used in South Africa to establish environmental water quality conditions. Environmental water quality in turn is key information required for the “ecological reserve determination” of river reaches. Bio-monitoring in South Africa has been limited in recent times mostly to the use of the SASS procedure which relies on invertebrates only. This paper describes the re-introduction of a diatom-based water quality assessment as an added-value bio-monitoring tool. A specific example is discussed citing the response of diatom assemblages to diffuse pollution from acid mine drainage and how effective diatoms are as indicators of ecological integrity and river recovery measured downstream of the area of impact. The advantages of applying this bio-monitoring technique over other biological measures are presented in the context of technological advances in rapid image processing, species identification and software applications of diatom-based water quality indices. The valuable records of the diatom assemblages of the past, held in the South African Diatom Collection at the CSIR (KwaZulu-Natal), can now be accessed and interpreted as historical environmental water quality reference points for several rivers in South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Gumbo, Jabulani, Ratshilumela Dzaga, and Nthaduleni Nethengwe. "Impact on Water Quality of Nandoni Water Reservoir Downstream of Municipal Sewage Plants in Vhembe District, South Africa." Sustainability 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2016): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8070597.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Wanda, Elijah M. M., Bhekie B. Mamba, and Titus A. M. Msagati. "Determination of the water quality index ratings of water in the Mpumalanga and North West provinces, South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 92 (April 2016): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.09.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, Mascha Moorlach, Anthony Dane, Pieter Krog, and Thuli Dlamini. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 4 (December 19, 2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.

Full text

Abstract:

South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil fuels are being depleted, and contributing to decreased energy security. As a result of this, the international community has initiated various interventions, including the transformation of policy and regulatory instruments, to promote sustainable energy. With this in mind, South Africa is making policy and regulatory shifts in line with international developments. Renewable energy is being promoted as one way of achieving sustainable energy provision in the country. However, some issues require scrutiny in order to understand the water footprint of renewable energy production. Due to the large gap that exists between water supply and demand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst different users are critical. In this vein, the main objective of this study was to investigate and review renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. Data were acquired through a combination of a desktop study and expert interviews. Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given stage of energy production were investigated. Most of the data was collected from secondary sources. Results show that there is limited data on all aspects of water usage in the production chain of energy, accounting in part for the significant variations in the values of water intensity that are reported in the literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages where significant amounts of water are used. It is found that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossil fuels) withdraw significant quantities of water over the life-cycle of energy production, especially for thermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adversely affected in some stages of energy production from these fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic and wind energy exhibit the lowest demand for water, and could perhaps be considered the most viable renewable options in terms of water withdrawal and consumption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Coetser, S. E., R. G. M. Heath, and N. Ndombe. "Diffuse pollution associated with the mining sectors in South Africa: a first-order assessment." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.066.

Full text

Abstract:

Internationally it has become recognised that diffuse source water pollution from mining activities severely affects the degradation of water quality especially with regards to acidification and metal loading. South Africa is facing major problems with regard to the management and treatment of contaminated mine water. Very little has been published for South Africa about the quantities and qualities of diffuse source water pollution by the mining industry. Furthermore the available information has not yet been compiled into a consolidated overview that presents the total picture. Some of the problems that limit the use of the available information and would necessitate further processing to normalise the data, derive from the fact that the investigations producing the information were done at different times, to different levels of detail and using different approaches. A further complicating factor is that data for some mining commodities may not be available and may necessitate further investigation. The overview of the quantities and qualities of non-point source effluent production by different sectors needs to be interpreted in terms of the effect the effluent can be expected to have on receiving water quality (both surface and groundwater). It would thus be necessary to categorise waste types according to their effect on water quality and synthesise the data to obtain an estimate of the threat that different sectors and sub-sectors pose to receiving water quality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Harris, Leila M. "Assessing states: Water service delivery and evolving state–society relations in Accra, Ghana and Cape Town, South Africa." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419859365.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper analyzes water services in relation to trust in government, with insights for broader state–society relations. The work is based on a multi-year and multi-sited case study of underserved areas of Cape Town, South Africa and Accra, Ghana. The analysis reveals that water quality and satisfaction are statistically linked to trust in government in South Africa, but not in Ghana. As well, while indicators of water access and quality appear to be very good in South Africa, there is nonetheless deep contestation and ongoing dis-enfranchisement. For Ghana, water access and quality are important for people’s daily lives, but are less strongly connected to senses of governmental responsibility—although for both countries there is a strong sense that government should be “doing more.” Features of history and context are emphasized in the Discussion and Conclusion sections to understand key differences between the sites and other results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Pilusa, Kgoshi Kgashane Lucas, and Modimowabarwa Hendrick Kanyane. "Water Services Authorities Capacity in Providing Access to Water and Sanitation in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 23, 2020): 1586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun741.

Full text

Abstract:

There has been an on-going debate regarding the effectiveness and capacity of Water Service Authorities in providing quality water service in South Africa to local citizens. As Limpopo province was preferred as a case study, it is evident that the province has been experiencing several violent water service delivery protests in different localities. The methodological approach employed was a qualitative approach reinforced by documentary review as a data source in qualitative research. Purposively, 46 participants were sampled and interviewed. In addition, document analysis of literatures and audit performance of Water Service Authorities in Limpopo province were exploited. The employed data regression investigation to scrutinize the data, containing the Auditor- General of South Africa’s (AGSA) amalgamated annual report for municipal for the fiscal years 2009/10 to 2015/16. It gave observable elements which were subjected to regression analysis. The findings show that quality of governance significantly affects the achievement of a clean audit at a significance value which translates into poor service delivery to citizens. In reviewing the existing documents, a better understanding was realised which assisted in formulating questions for interviews or develop an observation guide. The challenges confronting the water service authorities are not limited to inadequate administrative capacity to function and manage finances, lack of skilled technicians, service delivery backlogs; aging of water infrastructure and lack of infrastructure maintenance. These findings underscored a need for Water Service Authorities to assess continuously the level of contentment to their beneficiaries concerning the basic provision of water and sanitation services.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Nare, L., J. O. Odiyo, J. Francis, and N. Potgieter. "Framework for effective community participation in water quality management in Luvuvhu Catchment of South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36, no. 14-15 (2011): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Kock, A., J. C. Taylor, and W. Malherbe. "Diatom community structure and relationship with water quality in Lake Sibaya, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 123 (July 2019): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

du Plessis, Anja, Tertius Harmse, and Fethi Ahmed. "Predicting water quality associated with land cover change in the Grootdraai Dam catchment, South Africa." Water International 40, no. 4 (June 7, 2015): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1067752.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Cissé, Guéladio, Nesre Redi, Samuel Fuhrimann, Aqiel Dalvie, and Martin Roosli. "Water Quality and Diarrhoeal Diseases among Children in Informal Settlements in Cape Town, South Africa." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2017, no. 1 (February 2018): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2017.2017-951.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Schutte, C. F. "Education and training of water practitioners in South Africa: needs and programmes." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0478.

Full text

Abstract:

South Africa is facing severe water supply and water quality problems as a result of its limited water resources and other complicating factors. Adequately educated and trained water practitioners are needed to address these problems to ensure economic prosperity and a reasonable standard of living for all South Africans. Training and education needs are analysed in this paper and available programmes and initiatives to deliver the water practitioners needed are discussed. The main areas where training and education is needed include education at community level to educate local water committee members and community support personnel; training of technical staff to operate and maintain water treatment and supply schemes; and education of high-level scientists and engineers to develop new technologies, to improve performance, design and management of processes, plant and projects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

du PLESSIS, ERIKA M., FRANCOIS DUVENAGE, and LISE KORSTEN. "Determining the Potential Link between Irrigation Water Quality and the Microbiological Quality of Onions by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-486.

Full text

Abstract:

The potential transfer of human pathogenic bacteria present in irrigation water onto fresh produce was investigated, because surface water sources used for irrigation purposes in South Africa have increasingly been reported to be contaminated with enteric bacterial pathogens. A microbiological analysis was performed of a selected river in Limpopo Province, South Africa, that is often contaminated with raw sewage from municipal sewage works and overhead irrigated onions produced on a commercial farm. Counts of Escherichia coli, coliforms, aerobic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes were determined. Identities of bacterial isolates from irrigation water and onions were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, PCR, and biochemical tests. To establish a potential link between the microbiological quality of the irrigation source and the onions, the E. coli isolates from both were subjected to antibiotic resistance, virulence gene, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analyses. River water E. coli counts exceeded South African Department of Water Affairs and World Health Organization irrigation water guidelines. Counts of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi, and yeasts of onions from the market were acceptable according to Department of Health Directorate, Food Control, South Africa, microbiological guidelines for ready-to-eat fresh fruits and vegetables. E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes were not detected in onions, whereas only Salmonella was detected in 22% of water samples. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry and PCR identification of E. coli isolates from water and onions correlated. Of the 45 E. coli isolates from water and onions, 42.2% were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Virulence genes eae, stx1, and stx2 were detected in 2.2, 6.6, and 2.2% of the E. coli isolates, respectively. Phenotypic (antimicrobial) and genotypic (virulence gene prevalence, DNA fingerprinting) analyses showed a link between river, dam, irrigation pivot point, and onion E. coli isolates.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Water quality – South Africa – Langebaan'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles