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Journal articles on the topic 'Water replacement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Kadhim, Mohammed J., Raeid K. Mohammed Jawad, and Hamza M. Kamal. "Study the Effects of Reactive Materials Replacement on Some Properties of Cement Mortar." Science Journal of University of Zakho 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.543.

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This study involves natural--materials replacement and its reaction with cement mortar behavior for many mortar samples under variable curing time with constant water to cement ratio (W/C = 0.5).In this researchsomeproperties such as (compressive strength the surface hardness and water absorption test), were affected by adding small ratios ofpowder (from (RHA) and (BRP) particles)as replacements to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) / type (I). The percentages of natural materials additives replacement on the mixture of mortar include (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) with constant (W/C) ratio. Also the amount of the fine aggregate used was three times the amount of cement. The results showed that, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength and water absorption of the mortars for (replacement) gives better properties than mortar without replacement in all tests. Best enhancements in properties for mortars with pozzalanic replacements were achieved at (15%) for (RHA) and 10% for (RBP) replacement from weight of cement.

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2

Amuji, Harrison O., Chukwudi J. Ogbonna, Geoffrey U. Ugwuanyim, Hycinth C. Iwu, and Okechukwu B. Nwanyibuife. "Optimal Water Pipe Replacement Policy." Open Journal of Optimization 07, no. 02 (2018): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojop.2018.72002.

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3

Walski, Thomas M. "Replacement Rules for Water Mains." Journal - American Water Works Association 79, no. 11 (November 1987): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1987.tb02938.x.

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4

Male, James W., Thomas M. Walski, and Adam H. Slutsky. "Analyzing Water Main Replacement Policies." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 116, no. 3 (May 1990): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1990)116:3(362).

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5

Kłos, Lidia. "Do tap water may become safe bottled water replacement?" Studia i Prace WNEiZ 47 (2017): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/sip.2017.47/2-07.

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6

Bloetscher, Frederick. "Water Service Line Repair Versus Replacement." Journal - American Water Works Association 111, no. 5 (May 2019): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1294.

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7

Son, Dong-Wan, Dong-Hong Kim, Doo-Jin Lee, and Kwan-Sue Jung. "Development of replacement priority by analysis of effect of water meter replacement." Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 28, no. 5 (October 15, 2014): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2014.28.5.509.

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8

Yuan, Q. S., and J. C. Blaise. "Water — a working fluid for CFC replacement." International Journal of Refrigeration 11, no. 4 (July 1988): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(88)90081-3.

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9

Marquezi, Marcelo Luis, and Antonio Herbert Lancha Junior. "Water replacement strategies: review and practical applications." Revista Paulista de Educação Física 12, no. 2 (December 20, 1998): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5904.rpef.1998.139563.

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Grande atenção tem-se dado às estratégias de reidratação durante e após a atividade física, como forma de manter os líquidos corporais. Quando discutimos a necessidade de repor as perdas hídricas associadas à atividade física, buscamos, em última análise, formas de prolongar ou manter pelo maior tempo possível o rendimento do indivíduo. Alterações das funções fisiológicas conseqüentes das perdas hídricas comprometem o desempenho, tomando-se assim fatores determinantes de fadiga. Este artigo de revisão discute a necessidade de repor as perdas hídricas associadas à atividade física, apresentando algumas * estratégias presentes na literatura. Alguns artigos consideram a reposição hídrica, em conjunto com a oferta de nutrientes e eletrólitos, como um importante recurso ergogênico, já que a depleção de substratos energéticos (glicogênio muscular e hepático), o acúmulo de metabólitos (lactato e ions H4) e o prejuízo dos processos de termorregulação estão intimamente ligados à diminuição do desempenho. Assim, além da oferta de água, as estratégias discutidas nesta revisão procuram também avaliar a disponibilidade de carboidratos e eletrólitos, quer como agentes facilitadores da própria reposição hídrica ou como fonte exógena de substratos

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10

Waris, Muhammad Bilal, Hussain Najwani, Khalifa Al-Jabri, and Abdullah Al-Saidy. "Use of Recycled Tyre Rubber in Non-structural Concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306001.

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To manage tyre waste and conserve natural aggregate resource, this research investigates the use of waste tyre rubber as partial replacement of fine aggregates in non-structural concrete. The research used Taguchi method to study the influence of mix proportion, water-to-cement ratio and tyre rubber replacement percentage on concrete. Nine mixes were prepared with mix proportion of 1:2:4, 1:5:4 and 1:2.5:3; water-to-cement ratio of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.40 and rubber to fine aggregate replacement of 20%, 30% and 40%. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were carried out on 100 mm cubes. Compressive strength was directly proportional to the amount of coarse aggregate in the mix. Water-to-cement ratio increased the strength within the range used in the study. Strength was found to be more sensitive to the overall rubber content than the replacement ratio. Seven out of the nine mixes satisfied the minimum strength requirement for concrete blocks set by ASTM. Water absorption and density for all mixes satisfied the limits applicable for concrete blocks. The study indicates that mix proportions with fine to coarse aggregate ratio of less than 1.0 and w/c ratio around 0.40 can be used with tyre rubber replacements of up to 30 % to satisfy requirements for non-structural concrete.

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11

Seron, Cássio De Castro, Roberto Rezende, Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni, Álvaro Henrique Candido de Souza, Antonio Carlos Andrade Gonçalves, and Reni Saath. "IRRIGATION WITH WATER DEFICIT APPLYING MAGNETIC WATER ON SCARLET EGGPLANT." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 6, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v6i4.3809.

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The work aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation with magnetically treated water on development, growth, and yield of the scarlet eggplant (Solanum gilo Raddi) cv. Morro Grande, in two growing seasons (autumn and spring). A completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial scheme with three replications for the first growing season and 2x2 with five replications for the second growing season was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four plants spaced 0.75 m between plants and 1.00 m between rows. Factors consisted of irrigation using magnetically treated water, untreated water, three replacement of the crop evapotranspiration (50%, 75%, and 100% ETc) for the first growing season and two replacement of the crop evapotranspiration (75% and 100% ETc) for the second growing season. Stem diameter (millimeters), plant height (centimeters), shoot dry matter (grams), first flower and fruit (accumulated degree-days), number of fruits, fruit yield per plant (grams), and average fruit mass (grams) were evaluated. The water with magnetic treatment provided better results for the development variables, first flower, and first fruit in the second growing season. However, for the variables, stem diameter, plant height, shoot dry matter, fruit yield, and number of fruits, only the replacement irrigation depth factor obtained higher values for the 100% ETc than water-deficit treatments.

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12

G.S., Gingos, and Mohamed Sutan N. "Effect of PFA on Strength and Water Absorption of Mortar." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.81.2011.

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Partial replacement of cement by mineral admixtures or pozzolans can possibly improve the durability of mortar which directly related to its water absorption. Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) is one of the pozzolans that is locally available. Laboratory studies have been conducted on mortar mixes of 0.3w/c, 0.4w/c and 0.5w/c ratios with 10%, 20% and 30% PFA replacements. Mortar cubes were tested to determine their water absorption rates and compressive strengths as they mature. Amount of PFA replacements in the mortar has significant effects on the strength development and water absorption rate of the mortar. Results shows that 20% PFA mortars of 0.5w/c ratio is the best mix to reduced rate of water absorption and achieved higher compressive strength.

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13

Maughan, Ron J., and John B. Leiper. "Limitations to Fluid Replacement During Exercise." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h99-015.

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Fluid replacement during exercise is essential for endurance exercise performance and reducing the risk of heat illness. Fluids supply water, which ameliorates dehydration, and also substrate for the working muscles. Absorption of water and nutrients occurs in the upper part of the small intestine, and replacement may be limited by the rate at which fluid is emptied from the stomach or absorbed in the intestine. Gastric emptying of liquids is influenced primarily by the volume of fluid in the stomach and by its energy density. Increasing the volume will speed emptying, but increasing the nutrient content will slow emptying. Osmolality, temperature, and pH of drinks, as well as exercise intensity, are of minor importance. Intestinal water absorption is a passive process: water follows osmotic gradients but will also follow the active absorption of nutrients, especially glucose, which is actively co-transported with sodium. Water transport is maximised by the presence in the intestine of hypotonic solutions of glucose and sodium. Hypertonic solutions promote net water secretion into the intestinal lumen, resulting in a temporary net loss of water from the body. The amount of fluid ingested by athletes is normally much less than can be tolerated, therefore issues such as palatability and practising drinking during training are important. Key words: dehydration, rehydration, gastric emptying, intestinal absorption

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14

Garcia, Darlene, and Susan Funchion. "How to Select and Prioritize Water Main Replacement." Opflow 41, no. 10 (October 2015): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5991/opf.2015.41.0058.

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15

Sorensen, Paul. "Water replacement in the Cape Town City Bowl." International Journal of Environmental Studies 71, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2014.897469.

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16

Li, Fengfeng, Lin Ma, Yong Sun, and Joseph Mathew. "Optimized Group Replacement Scheduling for Water Pipeline Network." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 142, no. 1 (January 2016): 04015035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000559.

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17

Van Dijk, Diana, and Eligius M. T. Hendrix. "Pipe Replacement in a Water Supply Network: Coordinated Versus Uncoordinated Replacement and Budget Effects." Informatica 27, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/informatica.2016.91.

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18

Xu, Yuan, Xiao Ping Wang, Juan Cheng, and Dong Wang. "Orthogonal Design Choices Recycled Concrete Load-Bearing Hollow Block." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1090.

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Study four factors - water consumption , water-cement ratio , recycled fine aggregate replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate - affect the regularity of the load-bearing hollow block compressive strength of recycled concrete by orthogonal test method , the test showed that , water consumption factors affect the compressive strength of recycled concrete block design with than the emphasis on the control of water consumption . Under the test conditions , the optimum mixture ratio of recycled concrete load-bearing block : water consumption of 160 kg / m 3 , the water cement ratio 0.45 , recycled fine aggregate replacement ratio of 30% recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratio of 30% .

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19

Reitmaier, Sandra, Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl, Maxim Bashkuev, Hans-Joachim Wilke, Antonio Gloria, and Hendrik Schmidt. "In vitro and in silico investigations of disc nucleus replacement." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 73 (February 15, 2012): 1869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0016.

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Currently, numerous hydrogels are under examination as potential nucleus replacements. The clinical success, however, depends on how well the mechanical function of the host structure is restored. This study aimed to evaluate the extent to and mechanisms by which surgery for nucleus replacements influence the mechanical behaviour of the disc. The effects of an annulus defect with and without nucleus replacement on disc height and nucleus pressure were measured using 24 ovine motion segments. The following cases were considered: intact; annulus incision repaired by suture and glue; annulus incision with removal and re-implantation of nucleus tissue repaired by suture and glue or plug. To identify the likely mechanisms observed in vitro , a finite-element model of a human disc (L4–L5) was employed. Both studies were subjected to physiological cycles of compression and recovery. A repaired annulus defect did not influence the disc behaviour in vitro , whereas additional nucleus removal and replacement substantially decreased disc stiffness and nucleus pressure. Model predictions demonstrated the substantial effects of reductions in replaced nucleus water content, bulk modulus and osmotic potential on disc height loss and pressure, similar to measurements. In these events, the compression load transfer in the disc markedly altered by substantially increasing the load on the annulus when compared with the nucleus. The success of hydrogels for nucleus replacements is not only dependent on the implant material itself but also on the restoration of the environment perturbed during surgery. The substantial effects on the disc response of disruptions owing to nucleus replacements can be simulated by reduced nucleus water content, elastic modulus and osmotic potential.

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20

Sola, Kristin, Jarle Bjerkholt, Oddvar Lindholm, and Harsha Ratnaweera. "What Effect Does Rehabilitation of Wastewater Pipelines Have on the Share of Infiltration and Inflow Water (I/I-Water)?" Water 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141934.

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Infiltration and inflow water (I/I-water) is a big challenge in sewage systems in many countries. I/I-water above an acceptable level indicates that the sewage system is not functioning properly. I/I-water leads to increased pumping costs and increased sewage overflow, leading to increased pollution of the receiving waters. Many rehabilitation projects are driven by the need to reduce the share of I/I-water and common measures are to replace pipes and manholes. The share of I/I-water is predominantly driven by rainfall. This makes it difficult to document the efficiency of mitigating measures. One way to address this issue is to compare data from rehabilitation areas to areas where no measures have been implemented. Three rehabilitation areas in Asker Municipality, Norway, were successfully assessed by applying this approach. Asker has a 100% separate system. The strategy to reduce I/I-water in Asker Municipality was to rehabilitate sewage mains, either by full replacement or lining the old pipes, and replacement of manholes. The assessment shows that rehabilitation of selected municipal pipes, pipes proven to be in bad condition through closed circuit TV inspection, reduced the share of I/I-water only to a limited extent. Since the rehabilitation done was not a complete replacement of all pipes and manholes, the limited effects are assumed to be caused by the water finding other ways into the system. In separate systems other measures than renovations of pipes should be considered when aiming to reduce I/I-water.

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21

Jatoi, Masroor Ali, Ghulam Shabir Solangi, Fahad Ali Shaikh, Sarosh Khan, and Shabir Ahmed. "Effect of Lakhra Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Traditional Concrete." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1904.16.

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This study was aimed to determine the effect of LFA (Lakhra Fly Ash) as partial replacement of cement in concrete. To conduct this study, a total of 72 standard concrete cylinders were cast with 1:2:4 proportions at 0.5 water-binder ratios. Cement was partially replaced by weight with LFA and the percentage replacements of FA (Fly Ash) were kept as 0, 5, 15, 25, 40 and 50%. In addition to that, workability of each mix was determined by Slump Cone test and Compaction Factor test. Out of 72 cylinders, 36 cylinders were tested to determine the compressive strength while the remaining 36 cylinders were tested to determine the tensile strength of concrete, at 7 days curing period, by using UTM (Universal Testing Machine). The results revealed that 25% replacement of binder with LFA, determined an increase in compressive strength of concrete up to 15% as compared to normal cement concrete. Moreover, the tensile strength of concrete also increased up to 16% for the same percentage replacement. Furthermore, it also increased the workability, cohesiveness and surface finishes of concrete. This finding can help to reduce the admixture dosage or the water content of the mix. On the contrary, the compressive strength as well as the tensile strength of concrete decreased in case of 40 and 50% replacements of the cement with FA.

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22

Tang, Rongjun, Qingqing Yu, Ke Zhang, Qinghua Deng, Shenglin Ma, and Xiadong Li. "Clinical Effect of Intelligent Temperature Control System in Preventing Skin Burns Caused by Tumor Hyperthermia." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.3034.

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Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of skin’s surface temperature using intelligent temperature control system of deep tumor hyperthermia for patients with thorax and abdomen cancer. Methods: Patients with thorax and abdomen cancer were selected to perform the in-house developed intelligent surface temperature control system for hyperthermia, and this method was compared to the conventional manipulating of cooling water bag replacement. Results: The first cooling cycle was started at 24 minute and 22 minute respectively after the beginning of hyperthermia in patients with thorax and abdomen cancer for the treatment group performed intelligent surface temperature control system. The average cycle cooling number was 2.5 for this treatment group. The control group started to replace the water bag with patients reminding at 33 minute and 34 minute respectively. The average replacements number was 3.6 for the control group. The monitoring highest surface temperature at first started cooling circulatory system and cooling water bag replacement were 38.5°, 39.1°, respectively, abdomen cancer were 38.8°, 40.1°, respectively. There were 1 case and 4 cases occurring above II empyrosis between treatment and control group respectively, and 0 case and 3 cases were observed in abdomen cancer. Conclusion: Using intelligent surface temperature control system of deep tumor hyperthermia for the thorax and abdomen cancer could monitor and cooling down the high surface temperature earlier compared with conventional cooling water replacement.

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23

Koetz, Marcio, Rebeca de Andrade Porto, Edna Maria Bomfim-Silva, Analy Castilho Polyzel, and Tonny Jose Araujo da Silva. "Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Water Replacement Level on the Production of Gladiolus Corms in a Protected Environment." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 9 (June 30, 2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n9p234.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water replacement levels (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150%; for the 100% level, the water replacement volume was at field capacity) and nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg dm-3) on the production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) corms, White Friendship variety. The project was developed in a protected environment using a randomized complete block design witha 5x5 factorial scheme (water replacement levels × nitrogen doses). The evaluated variables werecorm diameter and weight and cormel number and weight. The data were assed using analysis of variance F-test at 5% probability and a regression analysis using the Sisvar statistical program. There was no nitrogen fertilization effect on the analyzed variables. The water replacement levels had a significant effect. For corm weight, the water replacement level that led to the highest weight was 128.96%. The weight and number of cormels were fit using an increasing linear regression model. According to Brazilian commercial corm standards, quality corms with diameters that suggest good potential for floral stem production were observed starting at the 50% water replacement level.

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24

Chen, Chang Ping, Fu Qiang He, Li Hong, and Xian Qi Zhou. "Investigation on Factors Influencing Workability of Recycled Aggregates Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.733.

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In order to investigate factors influencing workability of recycled aggregates (RA) concrete, such as water amount, sand ratio and RA replacement percentage, 10 pitch of RA concrete was prepared for measurement of workability and a formula was used for calculating effect of water amount on slump of RA concrete. Experimental results and formula induction indicated that there are logarithmic relationship between flowability of fresh concrete and water amount and ratio of aggregates to cement . The flowability will logarithmically increase with increase of water amount and decrease of aggregates cement ratio. The optimum sand ratio for RA concrete can be determined by measurement of slump. Slump decreases with RA replacement percentage and there is a very good linear relationship between them. When water amount increases, slump increases and when replacement percentage of RA increases, slump decrease. Under different water amount, effect degrees of replacement percentage of RA on slump are very similar and under different replacement percentage of RA, effect degrees of water amount on slump are also very similar.

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25

Suebsuk, Jirayut, and Panupong Panpipat. "Compressive Strength and Workability of Cement Mortar Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.384.

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This article presents the compressive strength and workability of cement mortar (CM) containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) as fine aggregate replacement. The effect of the RAP replacement, water to cement ratio, curing time, and aggregate water absorption on compressive strength and flow workability are reported. The results show that the mixing water and mixing time play a significant role in the compressive strength and unit weight of CM containing RAP. The RAP has a higher water absorption and slower rate of water absorption than those of sand. The flow workability of CM increases with RAP replacement due to the unabsorbed water at the initial mixing stage. The main negative factors that affected the compressive strength of CM containing RAP as a fine aggregate replacement are revealed. The unabsorbed water at the initial state of mixing before hardening causes increased flow workability and decreased compressive strength. The findings from this research will promote the mix design approach of CM containing RAP as a fine aggregate replacement, for moving toward increased applications of recycled materials in a sustainable manner in civil engineering construction.

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26

Safitra, Arrad Ghani, Fifi Hesty Sholihah, Erik Tridianto, Ikhsan Baihaqi, and Ni Nyoman Ayu Indah T. "Experimental study of water cooling effect on heat transfer to increase output power of 180 watt peak photovoltaic module." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186701009.

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Photovoltaic (PV) modules require solar radiation to generate electricity. This study aims to determine the effect of water cooling PV modules on heat transfer, output power, and electrical efficiency of PV modules. The experiments carried out in this study were to vary the heights of flooded water (with and without cooling water replacement control) and cooling water flow. Variations in the height of flooded water are 0,5 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm. While the flow rate variations are 2 L/min, 4 L/min, and 8 L/min. The flooded water replacement control will be active when the PV surface temperature reached 45°C. When the temperature dropped to 35°C, the cooler is disabled to let more photon to reach PV surface. The results showed that the lowest heat transfer occurred in the variation of 4 cm flooded water height without water replacement control, i.e. 28.53 Watt, with an average PV surface temperature of 32.92°C. The highest average electric efficiency occurred in the variation of 0,5 cm flooded water height with water replacement control, i.e. 13.12%. The use of cooling water replacement control is better due to being able to skip more photons reach PV surface with low PV temperature.

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27

Yilmaz, Oz, and Darran Lucas. "Prestack layer replacement." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 7 (July 1986): 1355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442186.

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We present a method of layer replacement based on the Kirchhoff integral solution to the scalar wave equation. The term “layer replacement” refers to replacing the overburden velocity with the velocity of the substratum, thereby eliminating raypath bendings at the interface between the overburden and the substratum. It is the raypath bendings that induce distortions and disruptions on reflections beneath a complex structure. When implemented before stack, layer replacement provides an opportunity to revise velocity estimates after correcting for the nonhyperbolic moveout on CMP data caused by a complex overburden. As a result, layer replacement also yields an improved unmigrated stack section. Imaging can then be completed by time migration after stack. We demonstrate the layer‐replacement technique on field data with irregular water‐bottom topography.

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28

Kadir, Aeslina Abdul, Shahiron Shahidan, Lau Hai Yee, Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan, and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. "The effect on slurry water as a fresh water replacement in concrete properties." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 133 (June 2016): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/133/1/012041.

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29

Wild, Daniel, Ross Grant, Tim Grant, and Bill Long. "High water content versus low water content—Does monthly replacement affect the difference?" International Contact Lens Clinic 22, no. 9-10 (September 1995): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-8967(95)00060-8.

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30

Tayade, Arjun S., Srinivasavedantham Vasantha, Raja Arun kumar, Sheriff Anusha, Rajesh Kumar, and Govindakurup Hemaprabha. "Irrigation Water Use Efficiency and Water Productivity of Commercial Sugarcane Hybrids under Water-Limited Conditions." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 1 (2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13548.

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HighlightsSugarcane hybrids with improved IWUE have greater scope in sugarcane agriculture as irrigation water is getting scarce.Among sugarcane hybrids, Co 8371 registered high mean water productivity of 4.18 kg m-3, followed by Co 85019 (3.92 kg m-3), while in I2, six hybrids had significantly higher water productivity (Co 85019, Co 0212, Co 86249, Co 10026, Co 0218 and Co V92102) above 4 kg m-3.Deficit irrigation scheduling (irrigation at recommended interval, with 50% crop evapotranspiration replacement) appears to be far more useful than reducing frequency as well as quantity of irrigation water alone. Hybrid mean water productivity was 3.2, 2.7, and 2.1 kg m-3 in I0, I1, and I2, respectively.ABSTRACT. The escalating deficit rainfall scenario in India indicates that drought is a recurrent phenomenon associated with tropical sugarcane farming, and the availability of irrigation water for sugarcane cultivation will be much less in coming years. To meet the challenge of limited and costly water supply, tropical sugarcane growers will have to find ways of increasing the efficiency of irrigation to maintain high cane yields. More efficient irrigation systems, accurate irrigation scheduling, and the right choice of sugarcane hybrids are potential means of increasing irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), water productivity (WP), and global water security. With the objective of optimizing irrigation water use, a field experiment evaluating the physiological efficiency of commercial sugarcane hybrids for WP in a sandy clay soil under water-limited conditions was conducted during 2016-2017 at the ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute in Coimbatore, India. The replicated field experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three irrigation levels as the main plot and 33 sugarcane hybrids as subplots. The prevailing climatic conditions during the experiment represented a tropical wet and dry climate, with the wet season lasting from October to December due to the northeast monsoon. The results showed that full irrigation at recommended intervals with 100% crop evapotranspiration (ET) replacement (I0) produced significantly higher cane yield than deficit irrigation at recommended intervals with 50% crop ET replacement (I1) and skipping alternate irrigations with 50% crop ET replacement (I2). The deficit irrigation treatments (I1 and I2) had declines in cane yield of 41.2% and 56.4%, respectively. IWUE was similar in I0 and I1, while I2 had reduced IWUE by 23%. WP was significantly influenced by irrigation level; reduction in irrigation water reduced WP by 17.5% and 36.3% in I1 and I2 compared to I0. Among sugarcane hybrids, Co 85019, Co 13006, Co 10026, Co 99004, CoLk 8102, Co 86249, Co 8371, Co 94008, and Co 95020 yielded higher than the genotypic mean under both deficit irrigation treatments, suggesting their usefulness in deficit irrigation strategies. Sugarcane hybrids with high WP can play a pivotal role in sustaining sugarcane productivity and can reduce the large volumes of irrigation water consumed in water-scarce tropical India. Thus, considering water security, the implications of the results are of paramount importance in promoting the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic benefits and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems at local as well as national levels. Keywords: Cane yield, Global water security, Sugarcane, Water-limited condition.

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Nelmicio, Furtado da Silva, Nobre Cunha Fernando, Batista Teixeira Marconi, Antonio Loureiro Soares Frederico, Carvalho dos Santos Claudio, Rodrigues Cabral Filho Fernando, Cabral da Silva Edson, and Alves Morais Wilker. "Sugarcane cultivation submitted to water replacement via irrigation bar." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 32 (August 11, 2016): 2983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11101.

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Koida, Aleksandr Nikonorovich. "REPLACEMENT OF THE EQUIPMENT IN COMPLEX WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS." Water and Ecology 23, no. 3 (2018): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2018.20.3.19-23.

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Shin, Hwisu, Jeewon Seo, Kibum Kim, and Jayong Koo. "Stochastic optimization of water pipes for optimal replacement strategy." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 104 (2018): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.21646.

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TANAKA, Takashi, Le Thanh Nam, Kiyoyuki KAITO, and Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI. "AN OPTIMAL PREVENTIVE REPLACEMENT MODEL FOR WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 26 (2009): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.26.123.

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Johnson, E. H. "ENHANCING WATER METER IN-SERVICE TESTING AND REPLACEMENT DECISIONS." Water e-Journal 4, no. 1 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2019.002.

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36

Yazdandoost, Farhad, and Ardalan Izadi. "An asset management approach to optimize water meter replacement." Environmental Modelling & Software 104 (June 2018): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.03.015.

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Malm, Annika, Olle Ljunggren, Olof Bergstedt, Thomas J. R. Pettersson, and Gregory M. Morrison. "Replacement predictions for drinking water networks through historical data." Water Research 46, no. 7 (May 2012): 2149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.036.

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38

Ronowski, Rafał P., Krzysztof Banaś, Marek Merdalski, and Józef Szmeja. "Plant replacement trend in soft-water lakes with isoetids." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 49, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0015.

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AbstractA number of small, shallow inland lakes in the Northern Hemisphere are acidic, soft-water water bodies, mostly fed by precipitation. Some of these lakes are home to Lobelia dortmanna and other aquatic macrophytes from the isoetid group. The present study identifies a plant species replacement trend along the main environmental gradient in such lakes, i.e. pH of water.In 70 lakes covered by the study and ordered along the gradient of increasing alkalinity, bryophytes gradually decline. Their decreasing frequency is 86.8% (pH 4.0), 32.5% (pH 6.5) and <10% (pH 6.6–9.5). At the same time, the frequency of vascular plants increases from 13.2% in strongly acidic lakes up to 92.8% in alkaline ones. The majority of isoetids usually occur at pH 5.5–6.7, but one of them (Littorella uniflora) often (frequency 40.5%) occurs also in eutrophic, alkaline lakes (pH 9.0–9.5), where it forms large populations. In lakes ranked according to the decreasing alkalinity gradient, bryophyte populations have been found to be smaller, while vascular plants become more abundant. The decreasing water acidity leads to partial or total elimination of bryophytes, which are replaced by eutrophilic vascular plants, frequently accompanied by some stonewort species.

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Xie, Jianli, Jiayuan Hu, Jundong Lu, and Xinmin Li. "Inhibiters replacement of chilled water system in nuclear unit." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-02-2016-1647.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to study the corrosion control of B10 copper-nickel alloy using the LiOH-N2H4 compound inhibitors and to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the original inhibitors (NaNO2-Na2MoO4) with the new ones (LiOH-N2H4) for the chilled water system in a nuclear unit. Design/methodology/approach The corrosion resistance performance of B10 copper-nickel alloy was evaluated during the whole replacement process of inhibiters using electrochemical tests and surface analysis techniques. Findings The results indicated that the corrosion of B10 copper-nickel alloy could be prevented effectively using LiOH to increase the pH value of solution higher than 10.0 and using N2H4 to consume dissolved oxygen. During the replacement process of inhibitors from NaNO2-Na2MoO4 to LiOH-N2H4, the corrosion resistance performance of B10 copper-nickel alloy had not decreased greatly. The new LiOH-N2H4 inhibitor, which could enhance the compactness of rust, was able to reduce the corrosion rate of rusted B10 metal. Originality/value It is feasible and operable to replace the NaNO2-Na2MoO4 inhibitors with the LiOH-N2H4 inhibitors for the corrosion prevention of B10 copper-nickel alloy. The research results can provide guidelines for the inhibitor selection of chilled water system in a nuclear unit.

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NISHIO, Ken-ichiro, Kenta OFUJI, and Anna WON. "TRENDS IN THE RESIDENTIAL WATER HEATER REPLACEMENT IN JAPAN." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 78, no. 691 (2013): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.78.711.

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Kao, Jehng-Jung, and Pei-Hao Li. "A segment-based optimization model for water pipeline replacement." Journal - American Water Works Association 99, no. 7 (July 2007): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb07983.x.

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Dandy, G. C., and M. Engelhardt. "Optimal Scheduling of Water Pipe Replacement Using Genetic Algorithms." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 127, no. 4 (August 2001): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2001)127:4(214).

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43

Castillo, I., H. Boniface, S. Suppiah, B. Kennedy, A. Minichilli, and T. Mitchell. "Replacement of Tritiated Water from Irradiated Fuel Storage Bay." Fusion Science and Technology 67, no. 2 (March 2015): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst14-t14.

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Zhang, Hai Long, and Chang Chun Pei. "Finite Element Analysis of High Strength Recycled Concrete Beam Flexural Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.11.

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By ANSYS finite element analysis we study the impact-span moment and deflection of high strength recycled concrete beam in state of initial cracking and yield with different water-cement ratio and recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate. The results showed that: 1With the increase of water-cement ratio and recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate, the deflection is on the rise. 2With the increase of recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate, the yield moment has a slight upward trend. And with the increase of water-cement ratio and recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate, the span deflection at the state of yield has a growing trend.

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Liu, Xiong, Desheng Zhou, Le Yan, Shun Liu, and Yafei Liu. "On the Imbibition Model for Oil-Water Replacement of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs." Geofluids 2021 (May 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8846132.

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A model suitable for evaluating a tight sandstone reservoir is established. The model includes two oil-water replacement modes: capillary force mode and osmotic pressure mode. The relationship between oil-water displacement rate and dimensionless time under different parameters is drawn considering the influence of capillary force, osmotic pressure, production pressure difference, and starting pressure gradient. Results indicate that the higher the relative permeability of the water phase, the lower the relative permeability of the oil phase, the smaller the oil-water viscosity ratio, and the higher the oil-water replacement rate. The relative permeability of the water phase also affects the infiltration stabilization time. Low salinity fracturing fluid infiltration helps to improve the oil-water replacement rate.

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Kartika Sari, Enda, and Lucyana Lucyana. "Economic Valuation of Water Quality Condition Ogan River against the Clean Water in the District of Ogan Komering Ulu." Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33230/jlso.9.2.2020.504.

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Sari EK, Lucyana L. 2020. Economic valuation of water quality condition ogan river against the clean water in the district of Ogan Komering Ulu. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(2): 139-148. The existence of the Ogan River has experienced a reduction in water quality, this is caused activities from the community such as disposing household waste and dumping industrial waste into the river. This fact causes the need of protecting the quality of Ogan river water by using Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) and shallow wells to fulfill the needs of clean water for the community. The use of shallow wells and PDAM caused economic losses to the community. They raise extra costs or replacement costs that must be paid by the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the community's perception of the impact of river water quality and to determine the cost of replacement by using the replacement cost method that must be spent by the community around the Ogan River Basin Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. The method used descriptive analysis, and a replacement cost approach for a year. The total population of 3,329 is family head (KK). The samples in this study amounted to 149 KK. The perception of people who want to improve the quality of the river Ogan by 90.6 percent and of 88.6 percent of the public said it would remain in the vicinity of the Ogan River despite the condition change or increasingly bad. . In this study was take the reason people remain 51 percent is due to an economic factor. Regarding the economic valuation of clean water aspects, 71.8 percent of the people use PDAM, 25.5 percent use well water and 2.7 percent use river water as a source of clean water. The estimated cost of replacement costs incurred for one year is Rp102,510,000 and the need for clean water is 20,502 m3/year. The total costs incurred by the community amounted to Rp 357,852,500.

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Xiao, Qianhui, Xiaolin Liu, Jisheng Qiu, and Yangyang Li. "Capillary Water Absorption Characteristics of Recycled Concrete in Freeze-Thaw Environment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (May 7, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1620914.

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In order to study the capillary water absorption characteristics of recycled concrete (RAC) with different replacement rates of recycled coarse aggregate (0, 20%, 40%, and 60%) in freeze-thaw environment, the standard test method of measuring the water absorption of hydraulic cement concrete (ASTM C1585-13) was adopted, and the influence mechanism of freeze-thaw cycle and replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate on the capillary water absorption of RAC was analyzed, and a prediction model of initial capillary water absorption of RAC in freeze-thaw environment was established. The results show that when the freeze-thaw environment is the same, the greater the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate, the greater the cumulative water absorption of RAC, the faster the initial capillary water absorption, and the stronger the capillary water absorption; when the freeze-thaw environment is different, the more the freeze-thaw cycles, the greater the cumulative water absorption of RAC with the same replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate, the faster the initial capillary water absorption, and the stronger the capillary water absorption. The prediction model of RAC initial capillary water absorption established by regression analysis has high accuracy, which can be used to predict RAC capillary water absorption performance and provide theoretical basis for the research of RAC frost resistance durability.

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Mohd Rajin, Nur Quraatu’ Aini, and Roszilah Hamid. "Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Alum Sludge Aggregate Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.413.

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Disposal of alum sludge (AS) in such an economical and environmental friendly way is a major challenge that water treatment plants around the globe had to deal with. AS cannot be dumped into landfills as it contains heavy metals which are harmful to the environment. In this study, alum sludge is utilised as partial replacements (0, 5 and 10%) of natural granite coarse aggregate (by mass) to form a lightweight concrete. The water/cement ratio is 0.65. The water absorption of the alum sludge is 22.06%. The slump, density, compressive strength and split tensile strength of the lightweight alum sludge aggregate concrete (LASAC) reduce as the AS aggregate content increase. The density of the 10% AS aggregate concrete is 2185.3 kg/m3. The compressive strength reduced from 25.6 MPa to 16.7 MPa and 14.2 MPa at 0, 5 and 10% replacement of AS aggregate respectively. The 2.18 MPa tensile strength of the control concrete reduced to 1.53 MPa at 10% replacement of AS aggregate. But as for the flexural strength, it increases from 5.42 MPa for the control up to 5.55 MPa and 5.63 MPa for 5 and 10% replacement of AS aggregate respectively. Results show that strength of alum sludge lightweight aggregate concrete is better than lightweight crumb tyre aggregate concrete and is at par with oil palm coconut shell aggregate concrete.

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Souza, Daniely F. S. de, João V. de N. Pinto, Deborah L. P. Costa, Igor C. de O. Vieira, Thieres G. F. da Silva, and Paulo J. de O. P. de Souza. "Biophysical controls of evapotranspiration in cowpea cultivation under different water regimes." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 10 (October 2019): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n10p725-732.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the variations of the decoupling factor and the aerodynamic and stomatal conductances for cowpea subjected to different levels of water availability during the reproductive phenological stages of the crop. The study was conducted in the municipality of Castanhal located in the northeast of the state of Pará, Brazil, in an area planted with cowpea, in 2013, 2014 and 2015 with four irrigation treatments: T100 - replacement of 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc); T50 - replacement of 50% ETc; T25 - replacement of 25% ETc; and T0 - without any replacement (without irrigation). The interaction between the crop and the atmosphere in water vapor exchange was estimated through the decoupling factor (Ω), which was between 0.5 and 1, except for the treatment without irrigation, indicating a moderate to high decoupling between the crop and the atmosphere, so that the water vapor exchange process was controlled by the energy supply, instead of stomatal control.

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Shields, Devan J., Steven L. Barfuss, and Michael C. Johnson. "Revenue recovery through meter replacement." Journal - American Water Works Association 104, no. 4 (April 2012): E252—E259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0056.

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