Academic literature on the topic 'Water resources development - Environmental aspects - Namibia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water resources development - Environmental aspects - Namibia"
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Osipov, V. I. "Environmental aspects of sustainable development." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5873897718-727.
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The term "sustainable development" is based on the fundamental principle of improving human quality of life without destroying the natural environment (the biosphere). Humankind develops through the consumption of renewable (air, water, landscapes, and biota) and nonrenewable (fuel, ores, and other mineral resources) resources from the Earth. Constant renewal of resources is an essential condition for sustainable development. However, the present-day use of nature ignores this requirement, which inevitably leads to the depletion of resources, degradation of ecosystems, and global ecological disaster. This paper considers the modern level of consumption of life-supporting resources, which exceeds the permissible limits, and possible ways to prevent the approaching disaster. We draw several conclusions regarding the necessity to adopt a radically new nature-use strategy on the bases of the rational use and reproduction of resources as well as the development of new technologies of energy production from nontraditional sources.
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Klintenberg, P., and A. Verlinden. "Water points and their influence on grazing resources in central northern Namibia." Land Degradation & Development 19, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.809.
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Mosiej, Józef. "Sustainable Rural Development Policy in Poland – Environmental Aspects." Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aree-2014-0008.
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Abstract The author discusses issues of sustainable development in rural areas in Poland from the perspective of natural resources management. Sustainable development of rural areas is the way of managing which links economic, social and ethical principles with ecological safety. This may be reached by proper management, directed on cautious usage of ecosystems’ self-controlling mechanisms, with the progress of science and technology. Agriculture in Poland is one of the most important sectors from an economic perspective and its importance is greater in Poland than in other countries in the EU. It has an influence not only on the social and economic situation of the rural population, but also on the natural environment, structure of landscape and biodiversity. From ecological point of view, functions of rural areas are not only being a place for production of food, resources for industry and green energy, but also supplying environmental goods such as protection of biodiversity and influencing air and water quality as well as landscape. The author presents ways to reduce the pressure of agricultural activities on water resources in the region, catchment and farm scale
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Zimmermann, M. "Water resources management in central northern Namibia using empirically grounded modelling." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.090.
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In this paper, a new methodology for the analysis and assessment of water supply regimes is presented. The problems of water supply management in developing countries are multidimensional and interdependent. Conventional methods, which only deal with separated and isolated issues, are not appropriate to deal with these problems. The method presented here, however, can comprehend the whole system. Therefore, using this method, conclusions for the management of adapted institutional and technological transformations can be drawn. In this study, relevant system variables of a problem context are identified, and their interdependencies are assessed and interpreted. This is done by using a method of qualitative interview analysis (grounded theory) and a cybernetic modelling approach (sensitivity analysis). In doing so, it is possible to identify outstanding variables which are essential to understand the system. These variables reveal the weakest links, driving forces, systemic stabilisers and the sustainability indicators of the system. The case study area is the Cuvelai-Etosha-Basin in central northern Namibia where a large-scale water supply system has been established. The water supply in the region is determined by the dependence on external water resources, high precipitation variability, absence of perennial rivers, saline groundwater, population growth and urbanisation.
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Aoki, Ricardo. "Integrated Water Development Project of Gravataí River Basin, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0067.
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The integrated Water Resources Development Project of Gravataí River Basin was prepared by the National Drainage Works Department (DNOS) and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). An attempt was made to use the capacity available in other departments and specialized institutes. The objective is to provide information for the departments involved in water resources management so as to enable them to establish specific terms for each hydrographic basin to complement the Federal, state and municipal laws. The basin problems were considered in this work including all aspects related to water resources development. With these suggestions the specialized department would be able to define their plans for the future taking into account factors that are not within their field of competence, but which should be taken into account in other fields of work . Conclusions were presented as to flow regulation, flood protection, domestic and industrial wastewater, water supply, irrigation, environmental conservation and navigation.
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Kübeck, Ch, W. van Berk, and A. Bergmann. "Modelling raw water quality: development of a drinking water management tool." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.766.
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Ensuring future drinking water supply requires a tough management of groundwater resources. However, recent practices of economic resource control often does not involve aspects of the hydrogeochemical and geohydraulical groundwater system. In respect of analysing the available quantity and quality of future raw water, an effective resource management requires a full understanding of the hydrogeochemical and geohydraulical processes within the aquifer. For example, the knowledge of raw water quality development within the time helps to work out strategies of water treatment as well as planning finance resources. On the other hand, the effectiveness of planed measurements reducing the infiltration of harmful substances such as nitrate can be checked and optimized by using hydrogeochemical modelling. Thus, within the framework of the InnoNet program funded by Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, a network of research institutes and water suppliers work in close cooperation developing a planning and management tool particularly oriented on water management problems. The tool involves an innovative material flux model that calculates the hydrogeochemical processes under consideration of the dynamics in agricultural land use. The program integrated graphical data evaluation is aligned on the needs of water suppliers.
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Wang, Zilong, Qiuxiang Jiang, Qiang Fu, Xi Jiang, and Kaiyue Mo. "Eco-environmental effects of water resources development and utilization in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China." Water Supply 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.177.
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Abstract Water resources development and utilization (WRDU) is an important way for humans to utilize natural resources, and has a deep effect on ecological environments. Flat topography, groundwater dependence and a high proportion of agricultural water are the main features of WRDU in Sanjiang Plain. Due to large-scale development in the last 60 years, the ecological environment of Sanjiang Plain has changed significantly. In order to identify the eco-environmental problems and make regional ecological environment and water resources sustainable, trend and correlation analyses were performed to analyze the eco-environmental effects of WRDU from the aspects of water resources, land resources, vegetation and climate. The results show that the regional eco-environmental effects caused by WRDU in Sanjiang Plain are significant. The quantity and quality of groundwater resources and the social and ecological functions of land resources are significantly affected by the regional development and utilization of water resources, while the effect of surface water resources is not obvious. The changes of vegetation and climate are also significant, but the response mechanism to WRDU requires further study. With the changes of extent, pattern and degree of surface water utilization in Sanjiang Plain, the effect of surface water resources is becoming more and more prominent.
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Uniaty, Quintarina. "Green Infrastructure Development in Sustainable Water Resources Management System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.127.
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The main challenge in the twenty-first century is to work towards a more resilient urban world and sustainable. In the context of a global urban strategy, endurance is the attention to the capacity of urban systems, including the natural environment, the built environment, social and economic elements; to be able to manage change, to learn from a difficult situation and be in a position to rise from urban problems. Globally, the townsfolk face a water crisis within the next ten years, as the impact of climate change in exhaust emissions will affect the quality of air, land and water; which will ultimately reduce the quality of the environment. Sustainability questioned whether certain aspects of the day-to-day activities, and the systems of community life, can be ongoing into the futureonce again from the standpoint of social, economic and environmental. Eco city is a phrase that is often used in ecological issues raised in the concept of sustainable urban planning and green city embodiment of the challenges ahead in sustainable economic development, and the future development of smart green city. The convergence of technology and environmental issues has changed the world economy that offers a green city promising future - a city that appreciates natural heritage and offer all parties involved. This paper will discuss green infrastructure as water management control system in urban development concepts that contribute to build a sustainable green city management.Key words : green infrastructure, water management system.
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Marchiso, S. "Sustainable management of water resources and international law." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2000): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0320.
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The need is being increasingly felt within the international community for more careful consideration of the legal and institutional aspects involved in the use and management of water resources. Existing legal regimes, both national and international, may have no provisions for regulating or controlling new needs for sustainable management of waters. Innovative legal frameworks for water must thus be designed to both facilitate and achieve efficient allocation or reallocation of resources for environmental protection and proceed towards the attainment of social, economic and more general sustainable development goals. The no-harm rule, the equitable apportionment principle and the duty of consultation and negotiation among riparian or sharing States are now integrated by rules and standards pertaining to the new branch of international law on sustainable development: the duty of co-operation, the precautionary principle, the prevention rule, the polluter-pays principle, the environmental impact assessment requirement, which are gaining relevance also in the context of international water resources law, as shown by the 1997 New York Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. Sustainable water management also implies widespread adoption of good governance principles that ensure broader participation in development decisions and an open decision-making process. In developing and using water resources, priority has to be given to the satisfaction of the basic right to water. This paper intends to identify an effective legal international regime for management of water resources, compliant with sustainable development principles solemnly asserted within international law.
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Chiou, R. J., T. C. Chang, and C. F. Ouyang. "Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.058.
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The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water resources development - Environmental aspects - Namibia"
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Hunt, Richard Peter Lewis. "The environmental impacts of upgrading the Olushandja Dam, northern Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14714.
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Includes bibliographical references.The purpose of this dissertation is to assess and evaluate various water level management options for the upgrading of Olushandja Dam in northern Namibia within the framework of the environmental impact assessment carried out for the project. This will enable the Namibian Department of Water Affairs (DWA) to improve their management of the dam for the benefit of the local communities and consumers in the Oshana Water Region (Figure 5 . 1). The dam has been in existence since 1975 and is part of the Calueque-Olushandja inter-basin water transfer scheme. A pipeline and a series of canals links Calueque Dam , on the Cunene River in Angola , with Olushandja Dam in Namibia and the urban areas to the east and south. In order to provide for the expected increase in water requirements from agricultural and rural development the scheme is presently being upgraded. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) was initiated in 1994 by the DWA as a requirement of the Dutch Government who are funding the project. Biophysical studies were undertaken by staff from the DWA and private consultants from Windhoek. The socio-economic study was carried out by a study team from the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, in association with a consultant from the University's Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU). The EEU was appointed to compile a full EIA based on the findings of the specialist reports. This report is expected to be completed by October 1995.
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Yates, Michelle Joan. "Social impact assessment of changing the water level in the Olushandja Dam." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17001.
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Includes bibliography.The Olushandja dam is located in the northern part of Namibia, in the Omusati region - one of the four regions into which the former Ovamboland was divided after independence. The Olushandja dam is part of a two-dam supply system comprising the Calueque dam, on the Cunene river in Angola and the Olushandja dam in Namibia. Construction on Olushandja dam was completed in 1975. It acts as a storage and balancing dam for water supplied from Calueque. Olushandja dam is 17, 7kms long and about 300m wide. For the last 20 years it has been managed at 30% as this is the capacity at which evaporation balances injection of water into the dam and seepage. As part of a plan to upgrade the pumping facilities at Calueque and Olushandja dams, upgrading at Olushandja was initiated early in 1995, and involved repairing the north wall pump station and pumps, and the repair of the sluice gates at the south wall. Upgrading of the Calueque facilities is envisaged for 1996. With upgrading virtually complete at Olushandja, the UCT team were commissioned to conduct a SIA on the effect of changing the water level in the dam on the rural communities living in the vicinity of the dam. The SIA forms part of a full EIA looking at the overall environmental effect of changing the water level at which the dam is currently managed. The impact of the SIA will therefore be in terms of management rather than construction.
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De, Wet Neil. "Towards a model for environmental assessment and management of boreholes in communal areas in Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18370.
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This was the final statement in a report, prepared for the Namibian Programme to Combat Desertification (NAPCOD), which researched the process, praxis and environmental impacts of borehole provision in communal areas in Namibia (ENGEO, 1997).¹ This dissertation is a response to this concluding statement. It presents a theoretical model which provides a comprehensive yet simple environmental assessment and management framework to inform, guide and manage the provision of boreholes in communal areas in Namibia. The model has been designed to be cost effective, appropriate for its context and 'user-friendly'. Most importantly, the model aims to present a system which would promote principles of sustainability and, consequently, sustainable development in terms of borehole provision in communal areas in Namibia.
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Iionga-Gaoses, Lorraine. "Balancing water scarcity and economic development in the city of Windhoek." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/951.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The need for economic development is a pressing reality for many developing countries. Developing cities with a high urbanisation rate in water-scarce regions face tougher conditions in meeting their development targets according to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Creating a balance between water scarcity and the need for economic development is of the utmost importance if such regions are to grow. The City of Windhoek experienced this firsthand when Ramatex Textile was introduced. The Government of Namibia did everything in its power to secure Ramatex’s operation in Windhoek. Windhoek, however, is known for being a water-scarce area. This created competition amongst the different water users, and future establishments of such water-intensive factories became questionable. This research report studies the extreme case of Ramatex’s establishment and gives guidelines on future handling of such water-intensive establishments. The study also gives an example of how to make decisions using Multicriteria Decision Making tools, specifically the Analytical Hierarchy Process method using Ramatex’s information. The judgement values given in the MCDM process are fictitious and do not represent the true views of any of the stakeholders. The process was only conducted to demonstrate that such tools can be used to aid decision making. Surveys and workshops need to be conducted to solicit the true reflections of the stakeholders involved in any envisaged development projects.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die behoefte aan ekonomiese ontwikkeling is vir baie ontwikkelende lande ’n neerdrukkende realiteit. Ontwikkelende stede met ’n hoë verstedelikingskoers wat in waterskaars landstreke geleë is, kom voor groot uitdagings te staan om hul ekonomiese ontwikkelingsdoelwitte volgens die Millennium-ontwikkelingsdoelstellings te bereik. Die daarstelling van ’n balans tussen waterskaarste en die behoefte aan ekonomiese groei is van kardinale belang indien sulke stede wil groei. Windhoek, die hoofstad van Namibië het eerstehandse ondervinding hierin opgedoen met die opening van die Ramatex-tekstielfabriek. Die regering van Namibië het alles binne sy vermoë gedoen om die tekstielfabriek se bedrywighede in Windhoek te beskerm. Windhoek is egter bekend vir sy waterskaarste, wat tot mededinging tussen die verskillende waterverbruikers gelei het, en ook daartoe aanleiding gegee het dat toekomstige waterintensiewe ondernemings bevraagteken is. Hierdie navorsingsverslag ondersoek die besluit vir die oprigting van die Ramatex-tekstielfabriek en gee riglyne vir die toekomstige hantering van soortgelyke waterintensiewe ondernemings. Die studie gee ook ’n voorbeeld van die gebruik van multikriteria-besluitnemingsinstrumente om besluite te neem, met spesifieke verwysing na die analitiese hiërargieproses deur die gebruik van inligting aangaande Ramatex. Die beoordelende waardes in die multikriteriabesluitnemingsproses is denkbeeldig en verteenwoordig nie die ware standpunte van enige van die belanghebbendes nie. Die proses is bloot uitgevoer om aan te toon dat soortgelyke instrumente in toekomstige besluitneming gebruik kan word. Opnames en werksessies moet gehou word ten einde te verseker dat alle belanghebbendes se insette en menings aangaande toekomstige ontwikkelingsprojekte in ag geneem word.
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De, Kock Melissa (Melissa Heyne). "Exploring the efficacy of community-based natural resource management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19593.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is titled “Exploring the efficacy of community-based natural resource management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia”. Salambala was one of the first four conservancies to be registered in Namibia following the development of legislation which enabled local people on communal lands to obtain conditional rights for the consumptive and non-consumptive use of wildlife in their defined area, and thereby to benefit from wildlife. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), an approach to natural resource management which rests on sustainable development, is the theoretical basis for this study. Characteristics of CBNRM, a brief history of its implementation and impacts in southern Africa and key principles for sustainable CBNRM initiatives shall be discussed. The study includes a discussion on the history and development of Salambala, but focuses specifically on two issues, (i) whether Salambala is a sustainable community-based resource management initiative as per the principles required for sustainable CBNRM, and (ii), whether it is meeting its own stated aims and objectives. This study demonstrates that Salambala Conservancy is adhering to the principles required for sustainable CBNRM and that it is, on the whole, achieving its aims and objectives. It is thus delivering benefits to the community which, currently, outweigh the costs of living with wildlife, and wildlife numbers are increasing. In addition, the vast majority of local people surveyed have support for the initiative. However, there are a few critical issues which must be addressed, such as human-wildlife conflict and the need to increase benefits through, for example, further tourism development, if Salambala is to continue on this path. The methodology used during the study included interviews, the use of questionnaires on a sample of the population and extensive documentary analysis of both CBNRM and the history of Salambala’s development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is getiteld “’n Ondersoek na die doeltreffendheid van gemeenskapsbaseerde natuurlike hulpbronbestuur in die Salambala bewaar-area in die Caprivi streek in Namibië”. Salambala was die eerste van vier bewaar-areas wat in Namibië geregistreer is nadat spesifieke wetgewing ontwikkel is. Hierdie wetgewing het plaaslike inwoners in staat gestel om voorwaardelike regte op gemeenskaplike grond te bekom om die natuur te verbruik (bv. vir jag doeleindes) of te gebruik (bv.vir toerisme), en so baat te vind by die natuur. Gemeenskapsgebaseerde natuurlike hulpbronbestuur (GGNHB), ‘n benadering tot natuurlike hulpbronbestuur wat berus op volhoubare ontwikkeling, is die teoretiese basis van hierdie studie. Kenmerke van GGNHB, ‘n kort historiese oorsig van die implementering en impak daarvan in suidelike Afrika, asook sleutel beginsels vir volhoubare GGNHB sal bespreek word. Die studie sluit ook ‘n bespreking in van die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van Salambala, met spesifieke fokus op twee kwessies: (i) of Salambala ‘n volhoubare gemeenskapsgebaseerde hulpbron bestuursinisiatief is soos vervat in die beginsels vir ‘n volhoubare GGNHB; en (ii), of dit aan sy verklaarde doelwitte en oogmerke voldoen. Die studie toon aan dat die Salambala bewaar-area voldoen aan die beginsels wat vereis word vir volhoubare GGNHB en dat dit, in die geheel gesien, sy beplande doelwitte en oogmerke bereik. Dit lewer dus voordele aan die gemeenskap wat op die oomblik meer is as die kostes verbonde aan ‘n bestaan na aan die natuur. Verder neem die wildgetalle toe en toon ‘n opname onder die plaaslike bevolking oorweldigende steun vir die inisiatief. Daar is egter ‘n paar kritieke kwessies wat aandag verg, soos die konflik tussen inwoners en die wildlewe, asook die behoefte aan meer voordele wat verkry kan word deur middel van, byvoorbeeld, verdere toerisme-ontwikkeling - sou Salambala voortgaan met hierdie onderneming. Die metodologie wat in die studie gebruik is sluit in onderhoude, die gebruik van vraelyste op ‘n deursnit van die bevolking asook ‘n breedvoerige dokumentêre analise van beide GGNHB en die geskiedenis van die Salambala se ontwikkeling.
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Davidson, Michael Raphael. "Institutional structures for equitable and sustainable water resource management in the Middle East." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3063.
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Water management is a challenge in the Middle East today because of increasing population, decreasing water quality, political instability and security concerns. Israel and the Palestinian Authority share the three major freshwater sources in an inequitable and unsustainable manner. This study details the hydro-geological, political, cultural and legal challenges to equitable and sustainable water resource management in the region.
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Wasike, Wilson S. K. "Contingent valuation of river pollution control and domestic water supply in Kenya." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2169.
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The basic theme of this study is that determination of the economic value of water resources is a necessary condition for rational decision-making and management of these environmental assets, and their associated public goods, in developing countries. The research particularly evaluates the contingent valuation (CV) method as a technique for evaluating increments and decrements in environmental and natural resource service flows, and estimates households' evaluations for improvements in river water quality and connections to piped water supply for domestic uses. The study objectives were to (a) estimate the economic value of piped water supply and improved water quality in the Nzoia River Basin, Kenya, (b) evaluate the feasibility of using the CV technique to value an environmental amenity and its related quasi-public service in rural settings where respondents have limited education and monetary resources, (c) examine the role of temporal dimensions of bid payments (i e, frequency of payments) in contingent values for environmental commodities, (d) empirically investigate embedding effect bias in contingent valuation of improvements in river water quality improvement in a less developed economy, and (e) evaluate the role of water connection charges in households' willingness to hook onto piped water supply in Webuye Division, Kenya. Empirical analysis and estimates of the non-market value which local people assign to water quality in the Nzoia River and a private household water connection is based on a detailed survey of a representative sample of 311 households in Webuye Division of Bungoma District, Kenya. In an on-site survey carried out in May through September 1995, contingent markets were developed for the two goods, (1) improved river water quality, and, (2) provision of a private connection to water supply. The corresponding willingness to pay (WTP) values are explained using Ordinary Least Square regression models. Whatever the good, the WTP is seen to increase with income. However, the effects of other factors are more specific to the contingent good. In order of strength, the other determinants of WTP "quality" are sex, age, household ranking of status of domestic water source, distance from river to household residence, the other factors affecting WTP "connections" are existing source of water supply, household size, ranking of river water quality, and age of household head. On the whole, residents accepted the exercise of contingent valuation and were willing to pay important amounts (Ksh 459 and Ksh 386 on average per household per year, respectively, for goods 1 and 2). Discussion issues include policy significance of the resulting WTPs in terms of the demand for river pollution control and individual household water connections, the effect of the goods upon the CV evaluation process, the "Third World" impacts of frequency of payments in contingent valuation, including perceived-frequency and income-smoothing routes, the embedding effect in WTP values for water pollution abatement in the Nzoia River basin, the importance of pricing influences, specially payment profiles for initial connection charges, on household decisions to connect to piped water systems, and limitations of the study.
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Riley, Timothy. "Trans-boundary river basins: a discourse on water scarcity, conflict, and water resource management." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4396/.
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This thesis is an inquiry regarding the interconnections between water scarcity, geopolitics, resource management, and the strategies for developing effective ways to resolve conflict and encourage sustainable water resource use in developing countries. The ecological services of trans-boundary rivers are explored in conjunction with the potential impacts to freshwater availability due to economic modernization, water resource development, and decision making regimes that determine how water is allocated among competing users. Anthropogenic stressors that induce water scarcity and the geopolitical mechanisms of conflict are studied. A discourse on the creation and functional extent of global and localized water ethics is investigated, emphasizing the importance of perceptual dispositions of water users in understanding the value of trans-boundary river basins.
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Dwyer, Brian James. "Aspects of governance and public participation in remediation of the Murray-Darling Basin /." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060517.130206/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004."A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Sydney, Sydney, January 2004." Includes bibliography : leaves 359 - 369.
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Lopes, Thiara Reis. "Caracterização do esgoto sanitário e lodo proveniente de reator anaeróbio e de lagoas de estabilização para avaliação da eficiência na remoção de contaminantes." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1285.
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CAPESAs Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETEs), são utilizadas com o objetivo de simular os fenômenos naturais de degradação em condições controladas para promover o tratamento dos esgotos, durante este processo, ocorre à produção de um subproduto denominado lodo de esgoto, constituído basicamente por uma mistura de matéria orgânica e inorgânica, que durante o processo de tratamento do esgoto permanece acumulada no sistema. As características do esgoto e do lodo estão relacionadas com as atividades antrópicas, condições climáticas, avanços tecnológicos que também contribuem com a inserção de compostos de difícil degradação, raramente tratados e removidos por processos convencionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as características do esgoto e do lodo gerado em dois sistemas convencionais aplicados no tratamento do esgoto, estimar a eficiência dos sistemas e indicar o melhor potencial uso agrícola do lodo produzido. Para isso, foram determinados no afluente e efluente dos sistemas de tratamento biológico os parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais, sólidos totais fixos, sólidos totais voláteis, sólidos sedimentáveis, Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), nitrogênio amoniacal). No lodo foram determinados parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, fósforo, potássio, íons metálicos, sólidos totais, sólidos totais fixos, sólidos totais voláteis, umidade, matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico total) e biológicos (coliformes termotolerantes, E. coli, Salmonella sp.). Os isolados de E. coli e Salmonella sp. foram submetidos a testes de susceptibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos. Os resultados indicaram que os esgotos avaliados apresentaram pH próximos à neutralidade e temperaturas ótimas para as atividades bacterianas. Ao comparar os sistemas de tratamento, a ETE operada com lagoas foi mais eficiente na conversão de nitrogênio amoniacal, sólidos e menor eficiência na redução da DQO. Todos os parâmetros avaliados no esgoto, apresentaram concentrações inferiores aos limites estabelecidos na legislação, exceto o nitrogênio amoniacal, e em determinadas amostragens a DQO e o OD. Em relação ao lodo, este apresentou pH próximos à neutralidade, a concentração de fósforo, potássio e matéria orgânica no lodo do sistema operado com RALF foi superior a do sistema operado com lagoas. Às concentrações dos íons metálicos no lodo do RALF foram superiores às do lodo do leito de secagem, nas lagoas essas concentrações reduziram durante o processo de tratamento. Ao comparar as ETEs, às concentrações dos íons metálicos foram maiores no lodo do RALF, exceto Mn e Ni, e a concentração de Fe foi semelhante entre os sistemas. No lodo do RALF, do leito de secagem e das lagoas foram detectadas colônias de Salmonella sp. resistentes à amoxicilina (10µg), tetraciclina (30µg) e cefalotina (30µg). As colônias de E. coli, foram sensíveis apenas à gentamicina. Este estudo possibilitou avaliar a eficiência destes sistemas convencionais de tratamento de esgotos, os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de utilizar métodos adequados de tratamento que possibilitem a remoção desses antibióticos e inativação dos microrganismos patogênicos, pois indicam um potencial risco das ETEs na dispersão desses no ambiente.
The Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are used in order to simulate the natural degradation phenomena using controlled conditions to promote sewage treatment, a byproduct called sewage sludge is produced during this process, this is one blend of organic and inorganic material, it was accumulated in the system during the sewage treatment process. The sewage and sludge characteristics are related to human activities, weather conditions. Technological advances can contribute to the insertion of some compounds that are difficult to degrade, rarely treated and removed by conventional methods. This research aims to evaluate the sewage and sludge characteristics, estimating the efficiency of two conventional treatment systems and verify the agricultural potential use of sludge produced. For this, were determined in the influent and effluent of the biological systems of wastewater treatment some physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), total solids, total fixed solids, total volatile solids, settleable solids, chemistry oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen). In the sludge were determined physico-chemical parameters (pH, total solids, total fixed solids, total volatile solids, total phosphorus, total K, metals, humidity, organic matter and total organic carbon) and biological (CTT, E. coli, Salmonella sp.). The isolates of E. coli and Salmonella sp. were tested to antimicrobial agents. The results indicated the pH in sewage was near to neutrality and optimum temperatures for bacterial activities. By comparing the treatment systems, the WWTP operated with ponds was more efficient in ammonia nitrogen conversion, removing solids and less efficient in reducing COD. All results were below the limits established by law, except ammonia nitrogen and in some samples the DO and COD. The pH in sludge was slightly acid and near neutrality. The concentration of phosphorus, potassium and organic material in the sludge collected in the system operated with RALF exceeded the system operated with ponds. The concentrations of metal ions in sludge of RALF were higher than those of the sludge drying bed, in ponds the concentrations decreased during the treatment process, to compare the WWTPs, the concentrations of metal ions were higher in RALF sludge, except Mn and Ni, and the Fe concentration was similar. In the sludge of RALF, in the drying bed and ponds were detected Salmonella sp. resistant to amoxicillin (10µg), tetracycline (30µg) and cephalothin (30µg). The E. coli were susceptible only to gentamicin. This study evaluated the efficiency of these conventional systems applied in sewage treatment, the results suggest the need to use appropriate methods of treatment to removal of these antibiotics and inactivation the pathogenic microorganisms, this indicate a potential hazard of these WWTPs in the dispersion of the environment.
Books on the topic "Water resources development - Environmental aspects - Namibia"
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Ashley, Caroline. Population dynamics, the environment, and demand for water and energy in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 1995.
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Philip, Woodhouse, ed. Water resources and development. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
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Andima, Jochbeth. Review of four UNDP base studies on Namibia. Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1992.
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A, Pykh I͡U︡, ed. Sustainable water resources management. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2003.
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Yurdusev, M. A. Environmental impacts in water resources planning. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2002.
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Rees, Judith. Water for life: Strategies for sustainable water resource management. London: Council for the Protection of Rural England, 1993.
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Irvine, Kim. Water resources and development in Southeast Asia. New York: Learning Solutions, 2010.
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Washington (State). Task Force on Hydroelectric Development and Resource Protection. Final report, hydroelectric development/resource protection study. [Washington?: The Task Force, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water resources development - Environmental aspects - Namibia"
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Nallathiga, Ramakrishna. "Natural Resources Accounting for Sustainable Development." In Green Technologies, 1739–50. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-472-1.ch712.
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Economic growth has been conventionally looked upon as the measure for the development of society, while ignoring the other aspects viz., human development, natural resources, environment and ecology. In the conventional accounting of economic development, the value of services and goods provided by natural resources like air, water, land and biota are ignored; neither any attempts are made to monitor and account for the changes in natural resources and environment. For the economic development to be sustainable, the environmental costs have to be limited and to be growing at slower pace than the economic gains. In this chapter, an attempt is made to outline the importance of using Natural Resource Accounting (NRA) for sustainable development through an attempt to estimate the environmental costs and benefits, and also to compare with economic growth in the case of India. This chapter highlights the potential of using NRA to make decisions for sustainable development through policies for conservation, management and development of natural resources.
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Nallathiga, Ramakrishna. "Natural Resources Accounting for Sustainable Development." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 38–49. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-709-1.ch004.
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Economic growth has been conventionally looked upon as the measure for the development of society, while ignoring the other aspects viz., human development, natural resources, environment and ecology. In the conventional accounting of economic development, the value of services and goods provided by natural resources like air, water, land and biota are ignored; neither any attempts are made to monitor and account for the changes in natural resources and environment. For the economic development to be sustainable, the environmental costs have to be limited and to be growing at slower pace than the economic gains. In this chapter, an attempt is made to outline the importance of using Natural Resource Accounting (NRA) for sustainable development through an attempt to estimate the environmental costs and benefits, and also to compare with economic growth in the case of India. This chapter highlights the potential of using NRA to make decisions for sustainable development through policies for conservation, management and development of natural resources.
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Mazur, Natalia, Dariusz Nowak, and Vasyl Zalizko. "Problems of sustainable development and challenges related to production." In Production–operation management. The chosen aspects, 183–229. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-059-3/06.
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Due to the changes taking place in the environment of enterprises, many problems arise in their strategic and operational activities. The basis of the emerging problems is primarily the overproduction associated with short product life cycles. It contributes to the excessive use of various types of natural resources, often in a predatory manner. On the one hand, such an approach increases waste, and on the other, contributes to the destructive degradation of the environment. The result is a lack of food and water in some countries, climate change and related extreme weather phenomena, as well as various types of disasters, such as pandemics, fires, floods, droughts, etc. Water, air and land pollution as well as global warming are reflected in deteriorating quality of life. Despite many threats, more and more enterprises perceive the danger and undertake various types of adaptive projects. It should also be emphasized that the environmental awareness of both micro-enterprises and large corporations is growing. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the basic problems that companies may encounter in their operations activity. First, changes in the environment are discussed, with particular emphasis on the depletion of natural resources, pollution of a destructive nature, as well as waste and its causes. The next part deals with the topic of globalization, pointing to both positive and negative aspects. Technical progress and related aspects such as new technologies, new processes and materials are discussed in the next part. In this part, particular attention is paid to improving productivity, thanks to the implementation of new technical solutions. Technical progress is directly related to the innovations presented in the next section. This section describes the types of innovation according to various criteria as well as factors that are conducive to increments in the level of innovation in the enterprise. The last part is devoted to the most important factor in operational activity—human esources. Competences, qualifications and the importance of human resources in the production process were discussed.
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Rathoure, Ashok K. "Environmentally Friendly Technologies." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1–12. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch001.
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Any technology that is developed and used will have certain components or constituting mechanisms such as materials used, procedure, or technological process involved. The quality of life on planet with respect to environment such as fresh air to breathe, clean water for drinking, and other purposes are essential for all forms of life on earth. Therefore, whatever developments are undertaken should not degrade our environment. It is essential to bear in mind that whatever development, be it construction, new power plants, transportation modes, etc., should be carefully weighed in terms of its contribution to the environment, especially if there are any negative aspects that emerge from use of machinery, equipment, technologies, etc. We should analyze any technology that we use in terms of its cost-benefit study. Here in this chapter, the authors have discussed environmentally friendly technologies for our sustainability to use the natural resources wisely with some case studies of natural as well as manmade disasters.
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Grigoroudis, Evangelos, Vassilis S. Kouikoglou, and Yannis A. Phillis. "Approaches for Measuring Sustainability." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 101–30. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1625-7.ch006.
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The environment provides the economy with resources (e.g., water, air, fuels, food, metals, minerals, and drugs), services (e.g., the cycles of H2O, C, CO2, N, O2; photosynthesis, and soil formation), and mechanisms to absorb waste. Economic growth is based on these three services, and since the global ecosystem does not grow, economic growth cannot continue indefinitely. The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development have received much attention among policy-makers and scientists as a result of the existence of limits to growth and the dramatic environmental changes of the last decades. Sustainability integrates environmental, economic, and societal aspects. It also covers different geographical scales: ecosystems, regions, countries, and the globe. In this chapter, the authors review various models of sustainability assessment. Since there is no universally accepted definition and measuring technique of sustainability, these different models lead to different assessments. They also present a discussion of the sustainability indicators, aggregation tools, and data imputation techniques used in each approach.
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Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel. "Climate, Society, and Sustainable Development: Assessing Vulnerability, Building Adaptive Capacity." In Climate Variability and the Global Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137637.003.0013.
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Agriculture and food security, water resources, ecosystems, natural disasters, and human health are all affected significantly by short-term fluctuations of weather and by longer-term changes of climate. Such effects can be severe enough to disrupt national and regional economies, particularly in developing countries, thus exacerbating poverty and thwarting sustainable development in both the short and long term. Developed and developing countries differ in their vulnerability to the effects of climate and in their capacity to recover from them. Developing countries are expected to be more vulnerable than developed countries to long-term climate change caused by the anthropogenic build-up of greenhouse gases. The challenge is to integrate climate adaptability into sustainable development effectively, so that detrimental effects are minimized and positive effects are enhanced. In this chapter we address the questions of how climate generally and El Niño specifically can affect sustainable development, consider the related concepts of vulnerability and adaptive capacity, and evaluate policies and programs designed to incorporate improved responses to climate variability and change into society. Sustainable development, a term brought to the attention of the world by the Bruntland Report, Our Common Future (United Nations Commission on Environment and Development, 1987), is a broad, often normative term used to describe a process by which developing countries are able to achieve economic growth comparable to the more developed countries without compromising environmental health and social equity. The report defines development as sustainable when it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Another simpler working definition that has been put forward is “development that lasts” (Magalhães, 2000, p. 4). Sustainable development is often characterized asmultidimensional, having economic, social, environmental, and political aspects (Magalhães, 2000). Economic sustainability is defined as the ability of programs to exist without long-term government incentives. Social sustainability relates to progress toward amelioration of poverty, income equality, and inclusiveness; whereas political sustainability involves shared participation in decision making and in stable institutions. Environmental sustainability involves the use of natural resources in a way that preserves or enhances their productivity, even while conserving habitats, biodiversity, and landscape.
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Woodward, Jamie. "Editorial Introduction." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0035.
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This volume has traced the development of the Mediterranean landscape over very long timescales and has examined modern processes in a wide range of settings. Earlier chapters have explored tectonic processes and the evolution of the topography and biota, the nature and impact of Quaternary climate change, and natural hazards, as well as the increasing role of human activity in shaping geomorphological processes and ecosystems during the course of the postglacial period. A core theme in several chapters is the nature of the relationship between humans and the Mediterranean environment. Over the last one hundred years or so, and especially in the period since the Second World War, this relationship has changed dramatically. Resource exploitation, urban expansion, and rural depopulation have all taken place at unprecedented rates, with major impacts upon the quality of land, water, air, and ecosystems. The final part of this volume examines four key topics of environmental concern; its four chapters explore, respectively, land degradation, water resources, interactions between air quality and the climate system, and biodiversity and conservation. Where possible, it is important to place these issues within an appropriate historical perspective. Many components of the Mediterranean environment have responded in a sensitive way to past environmental changes, but the pressures on land and water resources have never been more intense. Improved monitoring networks and new modelling efforts are needed to predict more effectively the impact of climate and social change on all environmental systems and to help inform policymakers seeking a more sustainable use of the region’s resources. Chapter 20 examines the ecological aspects of land degradation and sets out new ideas on productivity dynamics. It explores some of the interactions between land use change, vegetation dynamics, grazing patterns and wildfires. The uneven geography of water resources and water use are highlighted in Chapter 21. Water resource issues have become an increasingly important factor in the geopolitics of the region against a background of climate change uncertainty, rising demand, and a diminishing resource base. Chapter 22 analyses the interactions between climate, air quality, and the water cycle.
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Bianchi, Thomas S. "Exploring a Sustainable Future." In Deltas and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764174.003.0012.
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In this chapter, I will explore the concept of sustainability, as viewed in the United States and around the world, and examine how we have arrived at our current thinking about conservation practices in a continually evolving, complex geopolitical sphere. I will do this to link delta restoration with the broader, global issues of providing food and clean water as described in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (http:// www.un.org/millenniumgoals). Many people have written on global environmental sustainability, so I will only briefly summarize these views here and conclude with a brief statement about delta sustainability. During the short time that humans have been on this planet, we have altered nearly 50% of the land surface, and 50% of the wetlands in the world have been lost—a consequence of the unsustainable mindset of human civilizations. Sustainability embodies “stewardship” and “design with nature,” with well-defined goals and an agreed upon “carrying capacity,” that can be developed and modeled by scientists and planners. The most popular definition of sustainability can be traced to a 1987 United Nations conference, in which sustainable development programs were described as those that “meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” Robert Gillman, editor of In Context magazine, extends this goal-oriented definition by stating “sustainability refers to a very old and simple concept (The Golden Rule) … do unto future generations as you would have them do unto you.” These well-established definitions set forth an ideal premise, but they do not specify the human and environmental parameters needed to model and measure sustainable development. So, here are some more specific definitions: “Sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that won’t deplete resources or harm natural cycles.” Sustainability “identifies a concept and attitude in development that looks at a site’s natural land, water, and energy resources as integral aspects of the development.”
Conference papers on the topic "Water resources development - Environmental aspects - Namibia"
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Yamamoto, Joji, Hideyuki Oka, Yasuharu Nakajima, Shotaro Uto, Shunji Inoue, and Shigesuke Ishida. "Analysis Tool for Environmental Impact of Seafloor Resources Development." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50096.
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The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Japan has a very wide area due to a lot of islands in Japanese Archipelago. As the worldwide supply and demand of natural resources and foods are being tight, the technology for the effective use of the EEZ will become the key for the sustainable development of Japan. From this background, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan (MLIT) started an R&D project of floating offshore platform technologies in 2007[1]. In this project an integrated design support tool is developed for evaluating the economical and safety aspects of the offshore platforms. This tool contains the function to estimate an environmental impact of seafloor resource development. We postulated the process of seafloor resource development as follows. The ores mined on seabed are sent up to the platforms as a mixture of the ore particles and water, then the waste water containing inorganic suspended particles is discharged into sea. The particles exhausted in the sea are transported by the advection and diffusion, and sink gradually on seafloor. We developed an analytical code simulating the distribution of discharged particle in both sea and sediments by a simple technique. Mass Consistent Flow Model is used to save the time in the calculation of ocean flow. In addition, the ecosystem model in sediment is developed to estimate the ecological impact of seafloor resource development. It includes benthic organism, zooplankton, bacteria, and particulate organic matter as the components. The ecological impact was assessed based on the recovery period of the biomass. In this paper, the outline of this environmental impact analysis tool and results of the trial calculation for seafloor resource mining are shown.
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Karnyshev, Alexander. "Psychologo-Economic and Environmental Assessment Baikal Resources in the Geopolitics of China and Russia." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.37.
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In geopolitics, the concepts of geography and territory are reduced to the fundamental aspects of relations between States, they serve as a basic method of interpreting the past, they act as the main factors of human existence, organizing all other aspects of existence around them. It is in this perspective that the article examines the attitude to Baikal in the history of the mutually linked foreign policy of Russia and China. It is noted that the Mongols and Manchus, who once conquered China, not only found themselves largely assimilated by the defeated society, but over time, a large part of their ancestral territories began to be perceived as native Chinese. Far from being justified, this also applied to Baikal, although the Yakut etymology of its name, associated with the ethnic ancestors of the Yakuts — the Huns, has been clearly traced since ancient times. Since ancient times, Buryats and Evenks who voluntarily became part of Russia have lived around Baikal. Modern development is characterized by the “penetration” of the Chinese into the business of Asian Russia. In the Baikal region, this focus has basically three goals: forest, clean water, and ownership of land and other natural resources. In a special row, it is necessary to put projects for supplying the population of some Chinese territories with Baikal water, which is planned to be transported both in bottled form and in the future through pipes.
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Dreimanis, Karlis, Zane Indzere, Dagnija Blumberga, and Vaida Šerevičienė. "Multicriteria Evaluaton of Efficiency in Fish Processing." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.729.
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EU countries have agreed on GREEN DEAL and have committed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Very important role for achieving the goal is playing production and manufacturing industry. This article is devoted to fish production industry, which is as subdivision of food production industry. During past decades the amount of fish caught has increased multiple times. Fishing industry nowadays is being strongly regulated and monitored by various institutions including. Which sets environmental legislation for controlling and improving industries impact (energy efficiency, pollution, waste) on the habitat and environment. For EU to make right decisions on how the member states could develop their fish production industry, it is necessary to have overall evaluation which includes the development opportunities. The efficiency of the fish production company characterizes the amount of resources used, as well as energy efficiency, water usage, the possibility to implement of circular economy, and other criteria which must be evaluated from the perspective if environmental, engineering, economic and social aspects. The fish production company analysis in this article are analysed using Data envelopement analysis (DEA) multicriteria analysis. First results show that fish manufacturers must pay attention to the technological processes in order to move towards carbon neutral society.
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Pribyl, Barbara, Satinder Purewal, and Harikrishnan Tulsidas. "Development of the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines PRSG – A Petroleum Classification System for the Energy Transition." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205847-ms.
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Abstract The Petroleum Working Group (PWG) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has developed the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines (PRSG) to facilitate the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) for evaluating and classifying petroleum projects. The UNFC was developed by the Expert Group on Resource Management (EGRM) and covers all resource sectors such as minerals, petroleum, renewable energy, nuclear resources, injection projects, anthropogenic resources and groundwater. It has a unique three- dimensional structure to describe environmental, social and economic viability (E-axis), technical feasibility and maturity (F-axis) and degree of confidence in the resource estimates (G-axis). The UNFC is fully aligned to holistic and sustainable resource management called for by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). UNFC can be used by governments for integrated energy planning, companies for developing business models and the investors in decision making. Internationally, all classification systems and their application continue to evolve to incorporate the latest technical understanding and usage and societal, government and regulatory expectations. The PRSG incorporates key elements from current global petroleum classification systems. Furthermore, it provides a forward-thinking approach to including aspects of integrity and ethics. It expands on the unique differentiator of the UNFC to integrate social and environmental issues in the project evaluation. Several case studies have been carried out (in China, Kuwait, Mexico, Russia, and Uganda) using UNFC. Specifically, PRSG assists in identifying critical social and environmental issues to support their resolution and development sustainably. These issues may be unique to the country, location and projects and mapped using a risk matrix. This may support the development of a road map to resolve potential impediments to project sanction. The release of the PRSG comes at a time of global economic volatility on a national and international level due to the ongoing impact and management of COVID-19, petroleum supply and demand uncertainty and competing national and international interests. Sustainable energy is not only required for industries but for all other social development. It is essential for private sector development, productive capacity building and expansion of trade. It has strong linkages to climate action, health, education, water, food security and woman empowerment. Moreover, enduring complex system considerations in balancing the energy trilemma of reliable supply, affordability, equity, and social and environmental responsibility remain. These overarching conditions make it even more essential to ensure projects are evaluated in a competent, ethical and transparent manner. While considering all the risks, it is also critical to reinforce the positive contribution a natural resource utilization project provides to society. Such an inquiry can focus on how the project contributes to the quality of life, environment, and the economy – the people, planet, and prosperity triad. Such an approach allows consistent, robust and sustainable investment decision making and energy policy development.
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Krajíčková, Aneta. "Cestovní ruch v Dominikánské republice, jeho aktuální problémy a budoucnost." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-48.
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The Dominican Republic is the most-visited country in the Caribbean. The development of tourism is continuous and, in the future, it is still going to be one of the most important sectors that brings significant source of income for the country. The country's dependence on tourism causes and is going to cause problems in economic, social and environmental areas. The aim of this article is to analyze the current situation and to identify problematic aspects of tourism and possibilities of future development based on an interview with the country's leading tourism expert. Among the most critical identified are water management, which overlaps only to tourism, but also to agriculture and the protection of natural resources, ownership of recreational facilities or the security of the country.
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Heun, M. K., J. L. van Niekerk, M. Swilling, A. J. Meyer, A. Brent, and T. P. Fluri. "Learnable Lessons on Sustainability From the Provision of Electricity in South Africa." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90071.
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South Africa is a “canary in a coal mine” for the world’s upcoming ecological crises, especially regarding electrical energy provision for a developing modern society, because aspects of the South African situation may be repeated elsewhere when ecological limits constrain economic activity. We describe the South African context in terms of social issues and economic development policies, environmental issues, and the electrical energy situation in the country. We explore implications of the South African context for the provision of electrical energy in terms of development objectives, climate change, the electrical grid, water, and solar, wind, ocean, and hydro energy resources. Thereafter, we explore future directions for electrical energy provision in the country, including some important questions to be answered. Next, we offer a rational way forward, including an assessment favoring concentrated solar power (CSP) as a path of least resistance for decoupling South Africa’s energy use from upstream and downstream environmental impacts. We conclude with some learnable lessons from the South African context for the rest of the developing and developed world.
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Boltižiar, Martin, and Eva Michaeli. "Jelšavsko-lubenícka environmentálna záťažová oblasť ako limitujúci faktor regionálneho rozvoja." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-69.
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In literature regional development is perceived as the economic growth presented in a positive sense. Economic growth does not necessarily have to be associated with the development of regions, although it is hard to imagine the latter without the former. Regional development of any region must be based on the quality of the environment which influences, among other areas, the quality of the life of inhabitants. The negative aspects of the regional development include also environmental loads. The aim of this paper is to provide detailed characteristics of the environmental loads of Jelšavsko-lubenícka environmental loaded area, which present limiting factors of regional development. The data about have been obtained from field research, analysis of aerial photographs, as well as bibliography and other resourses, and from interviews. Management of the issue of environmental loads in the Slovakia is being slowed down due to the absence of legislation, lack of financial resources, failure to clearly assign responsibilities for environmental loads, and high number of localities. Solving the issue of environmental loads will not be possible without financial support of European funds by means of Operational Programme for Environment and from the state budget. However, the solution to the whole issue will be a long-term matter and it is assumed to last until 2030. The year 2027 is the target year for sanitation of the most risky environmental loads resulting from the application of allowed exceptions, e. g. EU general directive on water according to which the member states must reach good quality of surface and underground waters and other of environment as well.
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Zvorykina, Anastasiia, Sahil Gupta, Wargha Peiman, Igor Pioro, and Natalia Fialko. "Current Status and Future Applications of Supercritical Pressures in Power Engineering." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54558.
Full textAbstract:
It is well known that the electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be produced by: 1) non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy production are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) nuclear and 3) hydro. The rest of the sources might have visible impact just in some countries. Therefore, thermal and nuclear electrical-energy production as the major source is considered in the paper. From thermodynamics it is well known that higher thermal efficiencies correspond to higher temperatures and pressures. Therefore, modern SuperCritical (SC)-pressure coal-fired power plants have thermal efficiencies within 43–50% and even slightly above. Steam-generator outlet temperatures or steam-turbine inlet temperatures have reached a level of about 625°C (and even higher) at pressures of 25–30 (35–38) MPa. This is the largest application of SC pressures in industry. In spite of advances in coal-fired power-plants they are still considered as not environmental friendly due to producing a lot of carbon-dioxide emissions as a result of combustion process plus ash, slag and even acid rains. The most efficient modern thermal-power plants with thermal efficiencies within a range of 50–60%, are so-called, combined-cycle power plants, which use natural gas as a fuel. Natural gas is considered as a clean fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, but still due to combustion process emits a lot of carbon dioxide when it used for electrical generation. Therefore, a new reliable and environmental friendly source for the electrical-energy generation should be considered. Nuclear power is also a non-renewable source as the fossil fuels, but nuclear resources can be used for significantly longer time than some fossil fuels plus nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Currently, this source of energy is considered as the most viable one for electrical generation for the next 50–100 years. Current, i.e., Generation II and III, Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) consist of water-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 30–35% (vast majority of reactors); subcritical carbon-dioxide-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency up to 42% and liquid-sodium-cooled reactor NPP with the thermal efficiency of 40%. Therefore, the current fleet of NPPs, especially, water-cooled NPPs, are not very competitive compared to modern thermal power plants. Therefore, next generation or Generation-IV reactors with new parameters (NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 43–50% and even higher for all types of reactors) are currently under development worldwide. Generation-IV nuclear-reactor concept such as SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) is intended to operate with direct or in-direct SC-“steam” Rankine cycle. Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) can be connected to SC-“steam” Rankine cycle or SC CO2 Brayton cycle through heat exchangers. In general, other Generation IV reactor concepts can be connected to either one or another cycle through heat exchangers. Therefore, this paper discusses various aspects of application of SC fluids in power engineering.