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1
Martinez, Vila, and Martin Alvaro. "Integrated water resources management: restoration of water quality in water resources from developing countries." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31626.
Full textAbstract:
Water is most essential but scarce resource in developing countries. Presently the quality & the availability of the fresh water resources is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges on the national horizon. The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impacts can take diverse forms. Geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in developing countries. The situation warrants immediate redressal through radically improved water resource and water quality management strategies.
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2
MendonÃa, Luiz Alberto Ribeiro. "Water resources of Araripe." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2001. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15908.
Full textAbstract:
nÃo hÃ<br>Com a finalidade de entender o funcionamento dos aqÃÃferos da Chapada do Araripe, quantificar suas reservas e avaliar a vulnerabilidade à poluiÃÃo, foram aplicados, na ausÃncia de dados hidrogeolÃgicos e hidrolÃgicos sistematizados, mÃtodos de hidrogeologia, hidroquÃmica, hidrologia isotÃpica, edafologia, ecologia e modelagem numÃrica. Os resultados sÃo interpretados sinoticamente. Foram feitos (i) a avaliaÃÃo da geologia, (ii) a interpretaÃÃo de medidas quÃmica e isotÃpica (O-18, C-13, H-3 e C-14) das Ãguas, (iii) o estudo da matÃria orgÃnica dos solos (importante agente na recarga) utilizando os isÃtopos N-15 e C-13, (iv) o cÃlculo da capacidade de infiltraÃÃo, em solos de diferentes formaÃÃes florestais, utilizando o modelo de GREEN e AMPT, (v) a simulaÃÃo do fluxo subterrÃneo utilizando os modelos computacionais MODFLOW e MODPATH e (vi) a obtenÃÃo dos Ãndices de vulnerabilidade à poluiÃÃo utilizando o mÃtodo de FOSTER e HIRATA. Verificou-se, desta maneira, a intima interrelaÃÃo entre hidrologia, climatologia e ecologia da chapada. Na porÃÃo leste, Ãrea de floresta e de pluviosidade elevada, as Ãguas do Sistema AqÃÃfero Superior sÃo jovens (tempo de residÃncia de ≈ 180 anos e δ 18O≈ -3,24 â) derivadas de chuvas atuais (δ 18O ≈ -3,2 â), enquanto na porÃÃo oeste, mais seca e com vegetaÃÃo rala, encontra-se paleo-Ãguas (pmC ≈ 25,5, ≈10.932 anos) marcadas ainda pelo clima pleistocÃnico mais frio (δ 18O ≈ -5 â). Na primeira Ãrea, a recarga à avaliada em ≈ 4 % da precipitaÃÃo anual; porem, as anÃlises de solos indicam uma reduÃÃo da capacidade de infiltraÃÃo para somente 20 % em Ãreas desmatadas, ilustrando a forte influÃncia de mudanÃas da cobertura vegetal sobre o balanÃo hÃdrico (e a vazÃo das fontes) da chapada. A reserva permanente do Sistema AqÃÃfero Superior, calculada pelo MODFLOW, à de 13 * 109 m3/ano, a reserva reguladora de 21,4 * 106 m3/ano e a infiltraÃÃo profunda atravÃs de fraturas no aquiclude Santana de 3 * 105 m3/ano. A porÃÃo leste, à de moderada vulnerabilidade à poluiÃÃo, com exceÃÃo da falha de Jardim que à de alta vulnerabilidade. A porÃÃo oeste apresenta-se de baixa vulnerabilidade, com exceÃÃo da falha nas proximidades dos poÃos SerrolÃndia I e II que à de moderada vulnerabilidade. Os barreiros estÃo em estado sanitÃrio muito ruim e constituem a entrada principal de poluiÃÃo para a Ãgua subterrÃnea<br>The objectives of this research were to understand the aquifers of the Araripe Plateau, quantify their resources, and assess their vulnerability to pollution. In order to address the lack of hydrologic and hydrogeologic data, methods from various areas were employed (hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology, soil science, ecology and numerical modeling). Results are interpreted in a synoptic way. We performed (i) geologic analysis, (ii) chemical and isotopic analyses (O-18, C-13, H-3 and C-14) of water samples, (iii) studied organic material in soils (important to recharge) using N-15 and C-13, (iv) determined the capacity of infiltration for soils with different vegetation using the GREEN and AMPT model, (v) performed MODFLOW and MODPATH simulations of groundwater flow, and (vi) vulnerability study (FOSTER and HIRATA). In this fashion, an intimate relationship between hydrology, climate and ecology was verified for the Araripe Plateau. In the eastern section, with forests and elevated rainfall, waters of the Upper Aquifer System are young (residence time ≈ 180 years) and are derived from present day rainfall, whereas in the western section, with low rainfall and sparse vegetation, paleo-waters (pmC ≈ 25,5, ≈10.932 years) are found, identified by its colder pleistocenic climate (δ 18O ≈ -5 â). In the first area, recharge is estimated to be ≈ 4 % of annual rainfall. However, for areas of deforestation, soil analyses indicate a reduction in the infiltration capacity to only 20 %, illustrating the strong influence of changes in vegetation on the water balance (and the discharge of springs) of the Plateau. MODFLOW simulations calculate for the Upper Aquifer System permanent reserves of 13*109 m3/year, regulating reserves of 21,4*106 m3/year, and a deep percolation, through fractures in the aquiclude Santana, to the Cariri Valley of 3*105 m3/year. With respect to vulnerability, the eastern section is moderate, with exception of the fault of Jardim which is highly vulnerable. The western section of the Araripe Plateau presents low vulnerability, but increasing to moderate in the area of the wells Serrolandia I and II. The ponds (âbarreirosâ) of the Plateau are of very poor sanitary condition and represent critical spots for aquifer pollution
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Heinke, Jens. "Water Resources in the Anthropocene." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22497.
Full textAbstract:
Der hydrologische Kreislauf versorgt die Menschheit mit Wasserressourcen, die für ihr Wohlergehen unabdingbar sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Verständnis über klimabedingte Veränderungen des hydrologischen Kreislaufs zu verbessern, wie diese die Verfügbarkeit von Wasserressourcen in der Zukunft beeinflussen und welche Möglichkeiten bestehen, den Druck auf die verfügbaren Wasserressourcen durch Verringerung des anthropogenen Wasserverbrauchs zu reduzieren. Diese Dissertation zeigt, dass der Klimawandel eine große Bedrohung für die Wasserversorgung der zukünftigen Bevölkerung darstellt. Durch Begrenzung des Anstiegs der globalen Mitteltemperatur auf 2 K oder sogar 1,5 K über das vorindustrielle Niveau können gravierende negative Auswirkungen auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit jedoch weitgehend vermieden werden. Dennoch wären einige Regionen wie der Mittelmeerraum "eher wahrscheinlich" von schwerwiegenden hydrologischen Veränderungen betroffen, und in großen Teilen der Welt könnten negative Auswirkungen auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit aufgrund der großen Unsicherheiten in den Projektionen nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Bei der Untersuchung der Nachfrageseite liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Wassernutzung in der Tierproduktion. Diese Dissertation schätzt den gegenwärtigen Wasserverbrauch für die Produktion von Tierfutter auf 4666 km3/yr (44 % des gesamten landwirtschaftlichen Wasserverbrauchs). Große Verbesserungen der Wasserproduktivität können bei Schweinen und Geflügel durch Verbesserungen sowohl in der Futtermittelproduktion als auch in der Tierhaltung erzielt werden. Bei Wiederkäuern liegt das größte Potenzial in der Verbesserung der Tierhaltung. Allerdings geht eine effizientere Futterverwertung bei Wiederkäuern, die durch erhöhte Beigabe von Kraftfutter erzielt wird, mit einem erhöhten Wasserbedarf für die Produktion des Futters einher. Dadurch ist die Verbesserung der Wasserproduktivität bei Wiederkäuern begrenzt.<br>The hydrological cycle provides humanity with water resources that are essential for its well-being. The aim of this thesis is to advance the understanding of climate-related changes in the hydrological cycle, how they will affect the availability of water resources in the future, and what opportunities exist to reduce anthropogenic water use to lower the pressure on water resources. This thesis demonstrates that climate change is a large threat to freshwater supply for future populations. Limiting the increase in global mean temperature to 2 K or even 1.5 K above pre-industrial levels can mitigate most of the severe negative impacts on water resources. However, some regions such as the Mediterranean would still ‘more likely than not’ be affected by severe hydrological change, and in large parts of the world, negative impacts on water availability could not be ruled out due to the large uncertainties in the projections. On the demand side, the focus is on water use in the livestock sector. This thesis estimates that about 4666 km3/yr (44 % of total agricultural water use) are currently used for feed production for the livestock sector. Large improvements in livestock water productivity can be achieved for pigs and poultry by improvements in feed production and livestock rearing alike. For ruminants, the largest potential lies in improving livestock management. However, improving the feed use efficiency of ruminants through increased supplementation with forage crops comes at the cost of increased water requirements to produce the feed. This limits the potential for improving livestock water productivity in ruminant production.
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RUGGIU, DARIO. "Hydrological changes on water resources." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/309578.
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Water is one of the essential elements for the nature and human being. The development of good practise of managing water resources are necessary to maintain sufficient availability and to support socio-economic activities and preserve natural ecosystems. For these reasons, it is fundamental to improve the knowledge of cause-effect relations that drives hydrological cycle, which determines water availability.
Climate and land use (LU) are two of the main drivers of the water cycle and indeed, the knowledge of their influence on hydrology is a fundamental research question. Of course, the future water availability is strictly related to future climatic and LU scenarios and then a critical role is assumed by the prediction and assessment of these two.
A climate and LU change impact study will be developed to investigate the near-future water availability in the Mediterranean area. In detail, on the basis of the state of art and the actual knowledge, the main objective of this dissertation is to estimate the probability density function (pdf) of annual surface runoff Q in transient climate and LU conditions in the island of Sardinia (Italy).
The study case has been selected due to the ongoing important process of climate change, overexploitation and degradation of natural resources affecting the entire island (see e.g. ISPRA, ENEA and CIRCE studies).
These analyses might have a strategic importance for stakeholders and government agencies that are interested in the management of water resources due to the well-known issue of water availability in the Mediterranean area. The knowledge of the near-future impact of climate and LU change could be useful to establish regional guidelines and good practices to avoid the ongoing reduction of water resources in Sardinia.
After a detailed review of the existing methodologies for describing and detecting climate and LU change and their influence in hydrological processes, a methodology based on the Budyko’s theory that aims at assessing near future Q pdf in a closed form has been adopted. Five parameters are requested, referring to mean and standard deviation of annual rainfall P and annual potential evapotranspiration PET and Fu’s parameter ω. Sets of these parameters will be assessed to define different climatic and LU scenarios for the near future. EUROCORDEX and Land Use CORINE projects will be used to represent climate and LU in the present and in the near future.
Results showed that in the near future Q will decrease due to the reduction of P and the increase of PET. The variability of Q will decrease due the reduction of variability of P. Finally, it has been observed that in Sardinia the main driver in the change of Q pdf will be climate change, while the LU plays a secondary role.
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Carter, Richard C. "Water resources and water management in north east Nigeria." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11117.
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This thesis addresses some aspects of shallow groundwater resources, and the wider issues of water resources use and allocation, in the Yobe river basin, north east Nigeria. The studies reported here were carried out in the context of a research linkage, between a Nigerian and a British _University, set up explicitly to support a large rural development programme. This is probably the first time strategic academic research and regional development have been linked on such a scale in the region. ' Despite significant investment in the past in irrigation and other water resource developments, basic data on land and water resources, and their present use, are limited. Short term studies by Consultants have proved to be no substitute for long term routine monitoring, together with good natural and social science research. « 4 Priority research needs are identified in the sciences of climatology and hydrology, and in the use and management of water in the region. There is very limited knowledge of climatic and hydrological change over the last few decades, and almost total ignorance of the existing ' water uses, their economic value, and the efficiency or otherwise of traditional water management practices. The main issues addressed in the thesis are (i) the shallow groundwater resources of the Manga Grasslands, a upland dunefield, and the Yobe river valley floodplain or fadama, and (ii) the allocation of water resources, especially in the context of large irrigation demands. _ The thesis is presented in the form of six papers -(5 published, one submitted for publication), with a extended introduction (Chapter 1) and a short conclusion (Chapter 8). The main findings and conclusions of the work are that: (i) groundwater recharge to the upland is almost certainly much larger than present abstractions; (ii) groundwater recharge to the floodplains is small compared to present regional shallow groundwater abstraction; (iii) development of shallow groundwater resources for irrigation in the Manga Grasslands would be most inadvisable because of resource limitations and salinity hazards; (iv) limited development of small scale irrigation, together with careful monitoring and modelling should go ahead in the Yobe fadana; (v) the remaining questions concerning the mechanisms and magnitude of groundwater recharge throughout the region need to be resolved a a matter of urgency; (vi) water allocation policy can be developed rationally, based on clear objectives and criteria, a good research base, and transparency of motive.
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Carter, R. "Water resources and water management in North East Nigeria." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11117.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses some aspects of shallow groundwater resources, and the wider issues of
water resources use and allocation, in the Yobe river basin, north east Nigeria. The studies
reported here were carried out in the context of a research linkage, between a Nigerian and a
British
_University, set up explicitly to support a large rural development programme. This is
probably the first time strategic academic research and regional development have been linked
on such a scale in the region. '
Despite significant investment in the past in irrigation and other water resource developments,
basic data on land and water resources, and their present use, are limited. Short term studies
by Consultants have proved to be no substitute for long term routine monitoring, together with
good natural and social science research. « 4
Priority research needs are identified in the sciences of climatology and hydrology, and in the
use and
management of water in the region. There is very limited knowledge of climatic and
hydrological change over the last few decades, and almost total ignorance of the existing '
water uses, their economic value, and the efficiency or otherwise of traditional water
management practices.
The main issues addressed in the thesis are (i) the shallow groundwater resources of the
Manga Grasslands, a upland dunefield, and the Yobe river valley floodplain or fadama, and
(ii) the allocation of water resources, especially in the context of large irrigation demands. _
The thesis is
presented in the form of six papers -(5 published, one submitted for publication),
with a extended introduction (Chapter 1) and a short conclusion (Chapter 8).
The main
findings and conclusions of the work are that: (i) groundwater recharge to the
upland is almost certainly much larger than present abstractions; (ii) groundwater recharge to
the
floodplains is small compared to present regional shallow groundwater abstraction; (iii)
development of shallow groundwater resources for irrigation in the Manga Grasslands would
be most inadvisable because of resource limitations and salinity hazards; (iv) limited
development of small scale irrigation, together with careful monitoring and modelling should
go ahead in the Yobe fadana; (v) the remaining questions concerning the mechanisms and
magnitude of groundwater recharge throughout the region need to be resolved a a matter of
urgency; (vi) water allocation policy can be developed rationally, based on clear objectives
and criteria, a good research base, and transparency of motive.
7
Gelt, Joe, and Marv Waterstone. "Water Resources Research Center Serves the Arizona Water Community." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296416.
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From the Proceedings of the 1988 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 16, 1988, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Joorabchi, Amirhassan. "Intelligent Predictive Models for Water resources Engineering." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367450.
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Fresh water is considered to be one of the most important resources for humans and the environment. Due to the increase in population and the currently unsustainable usage of this limited resource, more attention is needed in the management of water resources. Advanced computational methods can help in attaining a better understanding of all aspects of water.
Indeed, a better understanding of water resources requires a vast knowledge of a wide variety of fields such as atmospheric science, geology, hydrology, hydraulics and mathematics etc. To assist in this process computing techniques have been widely applied in water resources engineering problems.
An artificial neural network (ANN) has been applied to solve many engineering problems since the 1980s. However, there are still many engineering fields that have the potential to benefit from ANN, such as water resource engineering. In the present research two important applications; time-series prediction and function estimation for water resource engineering are investigated.
Within water engineering the prediction of river discharge is important. The results can be used for many purposes including flooding management, risk assessment and saving lives. New techniques are always being sought to improve the accuracy of predictions. In the first part of this research a neural network model was developed as a tool for time-series prediction to forecast water flow discharge of Fitzroy River near Rockhampton in central Queensland. A feed-forward back-propagation network was selected to predict the daily time-series of the Fitzroy Rivers’ discharge at The Gap station, Queensland. The data was derived from the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. The two developed ANN models are investigated and compared after many trials with a number of inputs, outputs, hidden layers, learning rate and transfer functions. The final model uses the flow data for 15 successive days and then predicts the discharge for the next 4 days. The results show that an accurate prediction was obtained during flood events. The advantage of the ANN model, when compared to other numerical models, is that it only uses the historical data of the discharge from this particular river. Thus it is free of the need for other data such as rainfall data, topography of the area and stream sections. In addition, after the ANN was trained, a very fast prediction was obtained. Consequently, this model can be used as a real-time tool for flow forecasting in the Fitzroy River. Similar models could be developed, based on the structure of this ANN model, for any river in Australia and in the world.
Another interesting problem in water resource engineering is groundwater dynamics that occur near the coast. Indeed, a knowledge of groundwater dynamics in coastal aquifers is important for understanding sediment transport processes in the swash zone; shoreline stability; the design of coastal structures close to beaches; water quality in closed coastal lakes and lagoons; the operation of dune sewage disposal and domestic water supply. Analytical methods or numerical models have been used to predict this groundwater table fluctuation due to tides, waves and precipitation etc. In the present study ANN is adopted to simulate groundwater table fluctuations. In the study a multilayer feed-forward neural network model has been developed and trained using a back-propagation algorithm. The training data was based on field measurements (KANG et al., 1994a) from five different locations down the east coast of Australia. The data included information on watertable, tide elevation, beach slopes and hydraulic conductivity at each beach. The results from the developed model show that the artificial neural network model is very successful in terms of the prediction of a target that is dependent on a number of variables. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken which confirmed that a variation in tide elevation is the most important parameter to use for simulating groundwater flow in coastal aquifers. In contrast the low number of training data available for hydraulic conductivity and beach slope did not have a significant effect on the prediction of groundwater table fluctuations in this model. Thus, to improve the accuracy of prediction for the developed model, more data should be collected.<br>Thesis (Masters)<br>Master of Philosophy (MPhil)<br>Griffith School of Engineering<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Schwarz, Mark Andrew. "Integrating Water Resources Into Land Use Planning: Connecting Local Land use Decisions and Water Resource Impacts." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190410.
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Water supply development has changed significantly in the last fifty years. Expanding existing water supplies or locating and securing new water supplies has become increasingly difficult and highly constrained. In addition, awareness of and experience with the deleterious environmental impacts of water supply development has further constrained future development. Given this new paradigm, it is imperative that growing areas identify water supplies to accommodate new development before the development occurs. This report provides an analysis of the physical and institutional characteristics of land use and water resource development in Pima County, Arizona. Using this analysis, policy recommendations are formulated to improve the County’s integration of land use and water resource planning. In the case of Pima County, a comprehensive plan water resources element is used as the policy vehicle for reforming public policies.
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Defenbaugh, Angela Lynn. "Evaluating Ohio River Basin Waters: A Water Quality and Water Resources Internship with the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1389295851.
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Ghasdian, Negar. "ABC terpolymers : micelles, polymersomes and stabilisation of water in water emulsions." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8621.
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Polymersomes are vesicles formed from block copolymers. Their large internal volumes and thick walls make them very attractive for the encapsulation of different species. However, a major issue which prevents the use of polymersomes in most of the applications is that the encapsulation efficiency of payload molecules using current encapsulation methods is too low. This problem is thought to be related to the formation mechanism of polymersomes through self-assembly of the constituent block copolymer molecules. This project is concern with employing a fundamentally different strategy for polymersomes formation and encapsulation based on coupling the separation properties of aqueous two phase systems (ATPSs), which are able to provide w/w emulsions, with templated self-assembly of polymersomes. This novel method provides high encapsulation efficiencies of payload species which is effective, scalable and biocompatible. This work started by design and synthesis of a series of amphiphilic ABC terpolymers consisting of hydrophilic poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PEGMA), hydrophobic poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (BuMA) and hydrophilic poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (DMAEMA) blocks of general structure Px-By-Dz and varied compositional parameters using group transfer polymerisation. The synthesised terpolymers were well-characterised and their ability to self-assemble into polymer structures in aqueous solution was assessed. In addition, we show how these terpolymers can be used as effective stabilisers to stabilise ATPS consisting of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) in order to form stable water-in-water emulsion or templated polymersomes-like structures, based on the affinity of each block towards the ATPS. The influence of terpolymers compositional parameters on the stability of w/w emulsions or templated polymersome-like structures was investigated. In favourable cases, the emulsion drop (or templated polymersome) sizes were a few μm and were stable for periods in excess of 8 months. The emulsions can be inverted from dextran-in-PEG to PEG-in-dextran by increasing the volume fraction of dextran-rich aqueous phase. We demonstrate that both high and low molecular weight fluorescent solutes “self-load” into either the dextran- or PEG-rich regions and that solute can mass transfer across the water-water interface based on its affinity towards each phase. This work was further extended using modified silica nanoparticles (hydrophobised or PEGylated) for stabilisation of dextran-PEG ATPS. We show how the hydrophobicity and PEGphilicity of such particles can lead to relative stabilisation of dextran-PEG ATPS and formation of particle-stabilised w/w emulsions.
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Tomkins, Claire Danielle. "Allocation and pricing of water resources /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Yarde, Richard Roy 1969. "State capacity for water resources planning." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291640.
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Since the end of federal funds from the Water Resources Planning Act of 1964, it has been largely the responsibility of the states to plan for their water resources. This study will report on the current status of state water planning, suggest some variables that may have an influence on a state's decision to prepare a state water plan, and test the variables through statistical analysis. Some of the variables that are suggested as having some influence on state water planning are precipitation, population density, large metropolitan areas, median per capita income (as a measure of state affluence), and percent of land irrigated. Among these, it is only precipitation that has a clearly significant correlation to the preparation of a state water plan. It is concluded that no single variable is an accurate predictor of state behavior, but that a combination of variables act together to influence state behavior.
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FERRUCCI, AURELIO. "INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES TO OPTIMIZE WATER RESOURCES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/942304.
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The focus on the rationalisation of the industrial consumption of energy and water has become central worldwide in the academic, governmental and industrial debate over the last 30 years. It is clear that water scarcity will become more and more critical worldwide, and that the increasing energy demand involved by the industrialisation of developing countries will provide a substantial contribution to this phenomena.
However, Industry does not make many efforts to reduce freshwater demand, mainly for the low profitability of water optimisation projects, but also for practical issues that the operators may face when pursuing the water optimisation goal in existing factories not originally designed with this target in mind.
The rationalisation of freshwater supply to industrial complexes involves the integrated application of different methodologies in the areas of Data Validation and Reconciliation, Pinch Techniques and Optimisation Methods.
This study aims at testing the effectiveness of State of the Art methodologies for actual industrial cases to propose solutions to the potential technological gaps and limitations which might hinder their application.
To pursue this goal, three practical exercises focused on actual industrial cases have been studied, the first two concerning a retrofit case and the last one a new design case:
• The first exercise covers an existing industrial complex in the food industry (maize milling factory producing starch, sugars and co-products), where the problem of flowrates data reconciliation have been deepened. In this context, the issues related to the lack of measurements and fluctuating water (unavailability of direct analysis of water content in feedstock and product streams) have been addressed. A suitably modified data reconciliation approach, able to fit these specific requirements have been developed.
• The second exercise consists in a Water Pinch Study aimed at targeting the potential freshwater saving in the base case and assuming the Reverse Osmosis treatment of a portion of the streams currently fed to the wastewater treatment facilities.
• The third exercise covers the new design of a Reverse Osmosis Network (RON), where the problem related to the identification of the optimal arrangements of RO modules considering the goals of the treatment, the economics and the specific technical constraints of the system and RO modules have been studied. In this context, a numerical modelling algorithm suitably modified to reach robust and reliable solutions have been developed.
The meaningful results obtained during the research activity can be summarized as follows:
• the inclusion of statistical fluctuations in the composition of water in products, obtained by modifying the usual reconciliation algorithms;
• the estimate the water savings obtainable, through the application of a well-established water pinch methodology;
• the identification of the optimal arrangement of a RON (Process Synthesis problem) which involved the use of a modified Simulated Annealing algorithm.
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Simataa, Faith Auguste. "From water resources management to integrated water resources management : an analysis of the establishment of new water management organisations in Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9897_1308566898.
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<p>The questions posed in this study address the different processes that were involved in the decision-making and establishment of the water management organisations, the extent of public participation, as well as features of evident governance in implementing the policies. A critical analysis of the role of stakeholders and the various influences they may have in water management will also be examined. The methodology follows a historical study approach. A thorough document review will be done of the policies and related materials around BMCs, where events will be constructed from the findings. Interviews will be conducted for verification purposes, to verify the desktop findings and to assimilate any conflicts of opinion that might have not been documented.</p>
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Vega, Isaac Manuel Ferrera, and Isaac Manuel Ferrera Vega. "Making Water Policy in Developing Countries: Water Resources in Tegucigalpa." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626795.
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The management of water resources around the world, and especially in countries with
limited financial resources involves challenges that defy the sustainability and equitative
use of the water. Governments have tended to respond through legislation to restrict uses
and to redirect water management decisions to the Government itself. However, these
fixed responses have proved not being effective due to the limited presence of central
governments in the different watersheds. Consequences of this type of setting are a poor
understanding of the hydrological issues, poor sustainability of the resources and
unequitative distribution of water. On the other hand management of water resources,
under a systematical view and under the administration of local users has been proved
effective. The implementation of such managements allows a better adaptation of rules to
local settings, the participation of the people and a permanent learning from the system.
They seem a more advantageous water management approach for those countries where
financial crisis do not allow a good monitoring and administration of their resources.
Discussions about the topic are provided in the present thesis.
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JIA, Xuexiu. "EXTENDED METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES AND WATER-RELATED ENERGY ASSESSMENT ADDRESSING WATER QUALITY." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433451.
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Problémy s vodou, zejména její nedostatek a znečištění, ovlivňují každodenní lidský život a hospodářský vývoj. Globální změny klimatu zvyšují pravděpodobnost a četnost extrémních událostí jako jsou sucho a záplavy. Rostoucí problémy s nepravidelnou dostupností a znečištěním vody vyžadují pokročilejší metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů, které povedou k efektivnímu využití a hospodaření s vodou. Tato práce se zabývá rozšířenými metodikami pro hodnocení vody z pohledu její kvality a kvantity a pro hodnocení spotřeby energie a produkce emisí souvisejících s vodou. Tři hlavní metodiky jsou navrženy na základě konceptu vodní stopy (Water Footprint) a pinch analýzy vody (Water Pinch Analysis) pro posouzení kvantitativních a kvalitativních hledisek využití a spotřeby vody. Použití těchto metod je rovněž demonstrováno pomocí numerických a empirických případových studií zaměřených na hodnocení a optimalizaci využití regionálních a průmyslových vodních zdrojůDále jsou diskutovány souvislosti mezi vodou a energií (Water-Energy Nexus) za účelem analýzy problémů týkající se vody z širší perspektivy. Z pohledu vody a vodních zdrojů je provedeno počáteční zhodnocení energetické náročnosti a produkce emisí skleníkových plynů v problematice odsolování mořské vody. Výsledky prezentované v této práci navazují na současné metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů. Stopa dostupnosti vody (Water Availability Footprint) byla navržena pro zohlednění dopadu degradace kvality vody ve stávajících postupech pro posuzování nedostatku vody, ve kterých nebyla dříve řešena. Druhým přínosem této práce je návrh konceptu kvantitativní-kvalitativní vodní stopy (Quantitative-Qualitative Water Footprint - QQWFP), ve kterém je definována vodní stopa z pohledu nákladů a následně je stanovena v souvislosti s celkovými náklady na spotřebu vody a odstraňování kontaminantů, které se do vody dostávají v průběhu jejího využití. Vodní stopa založená na nákladech poskytuje výsledky, které jsou intuitivnější jak pro management vodních zdrojů tak i pro veřejnost. Tento přístup umožňuje lépe kontrolovat a řídit průmyslové a regionální využívání a správu vody. Třetím přínosem této práce je rozšíření pinch analýzy nedostatku vody (Water Scarcity Pinch Analysis - WSPA), ve které je aplikována pinch analýzy vody na makroúrovni se zaměřením na regionální hodnocení a optimalizaci zdrojů a využívání vody. Všechny tři navržené metody jsou zaměřeny na stanovení dopadů využití vody z hlediska jejího množství a kvality, analýzy QQWFP a WSPA také pokrývají dopady vícečetných kontaminantů. Kromě hledání řešení se tato práce také pokouší naznačit potenciální směry pro budoucí výzkum v dané oblasti. Mezi významná potenciální témata k diskuzi patří 1) pokročilejší metoda kvantifikace vlivu více kontaminantů a 2) implementace a analýza ekonomické proveditelnosti přístupů WSPA a QQWFP s lokalizovanými daty s cílem nalézt přizpůsobené řešení pro optimální využití regionální a průmyslové vody.
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Hale, Angela. "Community management of water resources in the southern region, Adelaide /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh161.pdf.
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Clinch, John Richard. "Remote spectrophotometric water quality monitoring." Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5897.
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The conventional approach to water quality monitoring is to combine periodic sampling with batch analysis in the laboratory. Such a procedure is both labour intensive and time consuming, there are likely to be sample stability and contamination problems, and the information provided is unlikely to be continuous or immediate. This research focussed on the design and construction of fully automated and portable monitors based on flow injection analysis and incorporating solid state photometric detectors. A novel solid state photometric detector was constructed, incorporating light emitting diodes as the light source, which could be used in conjunction with flow injection analysis. Manifolds were studied for a range of species of interest (phosphate, nitrate, ammonia and aluminium) in the field of water quality monitoring and were optimised for their suitability for continuous use. An automated monitor for nitrate was constructed and long term evaluation trials were carried out at several locations for water quality monitoring. Results are also presented for the use of a nitrate monitor in hydroponic cultivation. An automated monitor was also built for the monitoring of ammonia levels in natural waters, which was field tested on the River Avon (Wiltshire). A manifold was also evaluated for the monitoring of residual aluminium levels in drinking water and is currently being commissioned at a water treatment works in Somerset.
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Winder, Philip Newton. "An acoustic water tank disdrometer." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3469.
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Microwave engineers and geomorphologists require rainfall data with a much greater temporal resolution and a better representation of the numbers of large raindrops than is available from current commercial instruments. This thesis describes the development of an acoustic instrument that determines rain parameters from the sound of raindrops falling into a tank of water. It is known as the acoustic water tank disdrometer (AWTD).There is a direct relationship between the kinetic energy of a raindrop and the acoustic energy generated upon impact. Rain kinetic energy flux density (KE) is estimated from measurements of the sound field in the tank and these have been compared to measurements from a co-sited commercial disdrometer.Furthermore, using an array of hydrophones it is possible to determine the drop size and impact position of each raindrop falling into the tank. Accumulating the information from many impacts allows a drop size distribution (DSD) to be calculated.Eight months of data have been collected in the eastern UK. The two methods of parameter estimation are developed and analysed to show that the acoustic instrument can produce rain KE measurements with a one-second integration times and DSDs with accurate large drop-size tails.
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Topaloglu, Ece. "Privatization Of Water Utilities From And Integrated Water Resources Management Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609172/index.pdf.
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This submission reviews the two successful examples of water markets, one in the developed world, the Murray Darling Basin in Australia and other in the developing world, the Limari Basin case in Chile respectively. Of central importance, we find the commodification of a natural resource, water, through a process of the progressing neoliberal agenda. As regards the outcome of this process in these two cases<br>while on the one hand the water markets have contributed to a more efficient allocation of water resources from less efficient to more efficient uses, on the other hand, problems related to environmental degradation in the former case and the social inequity in the latter have been unable to be solved.
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Ali, Syed Mahtab. "Climate change and water management impacts on land and water resources." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/202.
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This study evaluated the impacts of shallow and deep open drains on groundwater levels and drain performance under varying climate scenarios and irrigation application rates. The MIKE SHE model used for this study is an advanced and fully spatially distributed hydrological model. Three drain depths, climates and irrigation application rates were considered. The drains depths included 0, 1 and 2 m deep drains. The annual rainfall and meteorological data were collected from study area from 1976 to 2004 and analysed to identify the typical wet, average and dry years within the record. Similarly three irrigation application rates included 0, 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum. All together twenty seven scenarios (3 drains depths, 3 climates and 3 irrigation application rates) were simulated. The observed soil physical and hydrological data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Mean square error (R[superscript]2) of the simulated and observed water table data varied from 0.7 to 0.87. Once validated the MIKE SHE model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 metre deep drains. The simulated water table depth, unsaturated zone deficit, exchange between unsaturated and saturated zones, drain outflow and overland flow were used to analyse their performance. The modeling results showed that the waterlogging was extensive and prolonged during winter months under the no drainage and no irrigation scenario. In the wet climate scenario, the duration of water logging was longer than in the average climate scenario during the winter months. In the dry climate scenario no waterlogging occurred during the high rainfall period. The water table reached soil surface during the winter season in the case of wet and average climate. For the dry climate, the water table was about 0.9 metres below soil surface during winter.One and 2 metre deep drains lowered the water table up to 0.9 and 1.8 metres in winter for the wet climate when there was no irrigation application. One metre deep drains proved effective in controlling water table during wet and average climate without application of irrigation water. One metre deep drains were more effective in controlling waterlogging a in wet, average and dry years when the irrigation application rate was 10 ML/ha-annum. With 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains did not perform as efficiently as 2 metre deep drains in controlling the water table and waterlogging. In the dry climate scenario, without irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains were not required as there was not enough flux from rainfall and irrigation to raise the water table and create waterlogging risks. Two metre deep drains lowered the water table to greater depths in the wet, average and dry climate scenarios respectively when no irrigation was applied. They managed water table better in wet and average climate with 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Again in the dry climate, without irrigation application 2 metre deep drains were not required as there was a minimal risk of waterlogging. The recharge to the groundwater table in the no drainage case was far greater than for the 1 and 2 metre deep drainage scenarios. The recharge was higher in case of 1 metre deep drains than 2 metre deep drains in wet and average climate during winter season.There was no recharge to ground water with 1 and 2 metre deep drains under the dry climate scenarios and summer season without irrigation application as there was not enough water to move from the ground surface to the unsaturated and saturated zones. When 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation rate was applied during wet, average and dry climate respectively, 1 metre deep drains proved enough drainage to manage the recharge into the groundwater table with a dry climate. For the wet and average climate scenarios, given a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate, 2 metre deep drains managed recharge better than 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains with a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in the dry climate scenario. Two metres deep drains managed recharge better with a 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate in the wet and average climate scenarios than the 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains again led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in dry climate. In brief, 1 metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with and without a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. One metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario. Two metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Two metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario.
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Ali, Syed Mahtab. "Climate change and water management impacts on land and water resources." Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18688.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the impacts of shallow and deep open drains on groundwater levels and drain performance under varying climate scenarios and irrigation application rates. The MIKE SHE model used for this study is an advanced and fully spatially distributed hydrological model. Three drain depths, climates and irrigation application rates were considered. The drains depths included 0, 1 and 2 m deep drains. The annual rainfall and meteorological data were collected from study area from 1976 to 2004 and analysed to identify the typical wet, average and dry years within the record. Similarly three irrigation application rates included 0, 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum. All together twenty seven scenarios (3 drains depths, 3 climates and 3 irrigation application rates) were simulated. The observed soil physical and hydrological data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Mean square error (R[superscript]2) of the simulated and observed water table data varied from 0.7 to 0.87. Once validated the MIKE SHE model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 metre deep drains. The simulated water table depth, unsaturated zone deficit, exchange between unsaturated and saturated zones, drain outflow and overland flow were used to analyse their performance. The modeling results showed that the waterlogging was extensive and prolonged during winter months under the no drainage and no irrigation scenario. In the wet climate scenario, the duration of water logging was longer than in the average climate scenario during the winter months. In the dry climate scenario no waterlogging occurred during the high rainfall period. The water table reached soil surface during the winter season in the case of wet and average climate. For the dry climate, the water table was about 0.9 metres below soil surface during winter.<br>One and 2 metre deep drains lowered the water table up to 0.9 and 1.8 metres in winter for the wet climate when there was no irrigation application. One metre deep drains proved effective in controlling water table during wet and average climate without application of irrigation water. One metre deep drains were more effective in controlling waterlogging a in wet, average and dry years when the irrigation application rate was 10 ML/ha-annum. With 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains did not perform as efficiently as 2 metre deep drains in controlling the water table and waterlogging. In the dry climate scenario, without irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains were not required as there was not enough flux from rainfall and irrigation to raise the water table and create waterlogging risks. Two metre deep drains lowered the water table to greater depths in the wet, average and dry climate scenarios respectively when no irrigation was applied. They managed water table better in wet and average climate with 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Again in the dry climate, without irrigation application 2 metre deep drains were not required as there was a minimal risk of waterlogging. The recharge to the groundwater table in the no drainage case was far greater than for the 1 and 2 metre deep drainage scenarios. The recharge was higher in case of 1 metre deep drains than 2 metre deep drains in wet and average climate during winter season.<br>There was no recharge to ground water with 1 and 2 metre deep drains under the dry climate scenarios and summer season without irrigation application as there was not enough water to move from the ground surface to the unsaturated and saturated zones. When 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation rate was applied during wet, average and dry climate respectively, 1 metre deep drains proved enough drainage to manage the recharge into the groundwater table with a dry climate. For the wet and average climate scenarios, given a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate, 2 metre deep drains managed recharge better than 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains with a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in the dry climate scenario. Two metres deep drains managed recharge better with a 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate in the wet and average climate scenarios than the 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains again led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in dry climate. In brief, 1 metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with and without a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. One metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario. Two metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Two metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario.
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Wang, Lizhong. "Cooperative Water Resources Allocation among Competing Users." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/867.
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A comprehensive model named the Cooperative Water Allocation Model (CWAM) is developed for modeling equitable and efficient water allocation among competing users at the basin scale, based on a multiperiod node-link river basin network. The model integrates water rights allocation, efficient water allocation and equitable income distribution subject to hydrologic constraints comprising both water quantity and quality considerations. CWAM allocates water resources in two steps: initial water rights are firstly allocated to water uses based on legal rights systems or agreements, and then water is reallocated to achieve efficient use of water through water transfers. The associated net benefits of stakeholders participating in a coalition are allocated by using cooperative game theoretical approaches. <br /><br /> The first phase of the CWAM methodology includes three methods for deriving initial water rights allocation among competing water uses, namely the priority-based multiperiod maximal network flow (PMMNF) programming, modified riparian water rights allocation (MRWRA) and lexicographic minimax water shortage ratios (LMWSR) methods. PMMNF is a very flexible approach and is applicable under prior, riparian and public water rights systems with priorities determined by different criteria. MRWRA is essentially a special form of PMMNF adapted for allocation under the riparian regime. LMWSR is designed for application under a public water rights system, which adopts the lexicographic minimax fairness concept. The second step comprises three sub-models: the irrigation water planning model (IWPM) is a model for deriving benefit functions of irrigation water; the hydrologic-economic river basin model (HERBM) is the core component of the coalition analysis, which searches for the values of various coalitions of stakeholders and corresponding optimal water allocation schemes, based on initial water rights, monthly net benefit functions of demand sites and the ownership of water uses; the sub-model cooperative reallocation game (CRG) of the net benefit of the grand coalition adopts cooperative game solution concepts, including the nucleolus, weak nucleolus, proportional nucleolus, normalized nucleolus and Shapley value, to perform equitable reallocation of the net benefits of stakeholders participating in the grand coalition. The economically efficient use of water under the grand coalition is achieved through water transfers based on initial water rights. <br /><br /> Sequential and iterative solution algorithms utilizing the primal simplex method are developed to solve the linear PMMNF and LMWSR problems, respectively, which only include linear water quantity constraints. Algorithms for nonlinear PMMNF and LMWSR problems adopt a two-stage approach, which allow nonlinear reservoir area- and elevation-storage relations, and may include nonlinear water quality constraints. In the first stage, the corresponding linear problems, excluding nonlinear constraints, are solved by a sequential or iterative algorithm. The global optimal solution obtained by the linear programming is then combined together with estimated initial values of pollutant concentrations to be used as the starting point for the sequential or iterative nonlinear programs of the nonlinear PMMNF or LMWSR problem. As HERBM adopts constant price-elasticity water demand functions to derive the net benefit functions of municipal and industrial demand sites and hydropower stations, and quadratic gross benefit functions to find the net benefit functions of agriculture water uses, stream flow demands and reservoir storages, it is a large scale nonlinear optimization problem even when the water quality constraints are not included. An efficient algorithm is built for coalition analysis, utilizing a combination of the multistart global optimization technique and gradient-based nonlinear programming method to solve a HERBM for each possible coalition. <br /><br /> Throughout the study, both the feasibility and the effectiveness of incorporating equity concepts into conventional economic optimal water resources management modeling are addressed. The applications of CWAM to the Amu Darya River Basin in Central Asia and the South Saskatchewan River Basin in western Canada demonstrate the applicability of the model. It is argued that CWAM can be utilized as a tool for promoting the understanding and cooperation of water users to achieve maximum welfare in a river basin and minimize the damage caused by water shortages, through water rights allocation, and water and net benefit transfers among water users under the regulated water market or administrative allocation mechanism.
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Zafirakou, Antigoni Koulouris. "Statistical analysis techniques in water resources engineering /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2000.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Tufts University, 2000.<br>Adviser: Richard M. Vogel. Submitted to the Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-214). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Shahjahan, Mosharefa. "Integrated management of water resources in Bangladesh /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs525.pdf.
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Nawaz, Najmur Rizwan. "Climate change water resources impacts and uncertainties." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1123.
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Said, Md Azlin b. Md. "Water resources modelling using remotely sensed data." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340765.
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Martin, Carrasco Francisco Javier. "Identification of robust water resources planning strategies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75996.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning and Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1987.<br>Bibliography: leaves 169-170.<br>by Francisco Javier Martin Carrasco.<br>M.C.P.
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Heinke, Jens [Verfasser]. "Water Resources in the Anthropocene / Jens Heinke." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228858411/34.
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Nomas, Hamdan Bagi. "The water resources of Iraq : an assessment." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1694/.
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Bayley, Timothy West, and Timothy West Bayley. "Decision Making Under Uncertainty in Water Resources." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621871.
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Hydrology is a field fraught with uncertainty. Uncertainty comes from both our inability to perfectly know the true nature of constant system components of hydrologic systems (e.g. hydraulic conductivity, geologic structure, etc.) and our inability to perfectly predict the behavior of variable system components (e.g. future precipitation, future streamflow, etc.). Hydrologic literature has increasingly recognized that within the bounds of uncertainty, many acceptable hydrologic models exist and differ in their predictions. Modeling applications that recognize this uncertainty have become more practical as a result of increasing computing power and improved software. Given a set of model predictions, the applied hydrologist or water resource manager is faced with an important question: in light of this uncertainty, how do I make the best decision? Many decision making criteria are valid for use in water resources, however, decision making criteria are subjective in their nature and require input from the decision maker about their values and outlook. Decision making criteria can range from optimistic to pessimistic, and can be probabilistic or non-probabilistic. This dissertation explores the importance of hydrologic uncertainty and the stance of the decision maker in selecting an appropriate decision making criterion. The dissertation comprises four manuscripts. The first manuscript presents an analysis of uncertainty arising from choice of groundwater sampling method. The study analyzes how three sampling methods compare across a range of analytes and well constructions. The second manuscript presents an analysis of the risk that a wellfield will not be able to meet water demands. A Monte-Carlo model is used to evaluate how uncertainty arising from variable groundwater recharge in an alluvial aquifer translates to total wellfield risk. The third manuscript reviews multi-model methods used to support decision making and makes an argument that non-probabilistic decision making methods deserve a larger role in hydrologic studies. A groundwater recharge example is presented that compares the performance of model selection, model averaging, probabilistic, and non-probabilistic decision making methods when used for decision making. The final manuscript presents the Discrimination Inference to Reduce Expected Cost Technique (DIRECT). DIRECT is a MATLAB® based computer code that optimizes project design under uncertainty using an expected utility decision criterion. Examples are presented for remediation system design and groundwater pumping.
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Vashchenko, Nataliia. "Ecological problems of water resources in Ukraine." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13114.
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Müller, Vojtěch. "The Middle East Conflict on Water Resources." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85189.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to capture the Middle East conflict from a new perspective. In this regard, the conflict analysis works with two new factors: lack of water resources in the region and the effect this situation has on the regional actors to initiate an open war conflict. As an introduction to the topic, the first chapter discusses water resources in the context of international relations. The general findings of the first chapter are then applied to the specific situation in the Middle East region. In particular, the second chapter depicts the role of water resources throughout Arab-Israeli conflicts that later serves as a basis for the analysis of the conflicts at the end of the chapter. Finally, the last chapter seeks to pinpoint some actual conditions and technological capabilities that could secure the efficient and regular supply of water resources in the region.
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Nakao, Megumi. "Dynamic games and competition for water resources /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3112122.
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Mahmoud, Mohammed. "Scenario Development for Water Resources Decision-making." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193925.
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With ever-increasing pressures on limited water supplies in arid regions, water managers are forced to make critical decisions about the management of water resources - sometimes under considerable uncertainty. Given the large number of stresses on existing water systems, proper management requires the consideration of all different factors that may contribute to water use and consumption. As water management becomes more focused on the issue of sustainability, processes traditionally thought of as non-water-related and irrelevant to water management are now becoming very pertinent. In particular, the consequences of changes in climate, population, land use, and various types of water usage (agricultural, environmental, domestic, and urban) are of considerable interest.With increasing uncertainty about the future, conventional methods of decision-analysis are increasingly unable to suitably quantify the future impacts of policy decisions, and they are also unable to provide a clear contrast between impacts of historical policy decisions and possible future management decisions. An analytical approach that is sensitive to qualitative effects of water-related decision-making will therefore be more useful towards improving management practices. Scenario development is one such tool that can be used to examine future implications of water management, and thereby shed light on the potential consequences of implementing different operational and institutional policies. The objective of this work is to propose a formal scenario development methodology applicable to water resources management issues. This framework is applied and evaluated on a regional scale for the U.S. southwest and on a local scale for the state of Arizona.The research presented here is comprised of several components; (i) a review of existing literature on scenarios, scenario studies, and scenario applications; (ii) a retrospective analysis of water management-related scenario applications that examines the implications of scenario-influenced strategies previously implemented in Arizona, (iii) the adoption of a formal scenario development approach for water resource issues within the arid and semi-arid regions of the U.S., utilizing an example application in the Upper San Pedro Basin in southern Arizona, and (iv) a comprehensive application of the scenario development process to the Verde River Watershed in northern Arizona through a simplified small-scale scenario case study approach.
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Ffolliott, Peter F., Leonard F. DeBano, Lori A. Strazdas, Malchus B. Jr Baker, and Gerald J. Gottfried. "Hydrology and Water Resources: A Changing Emphasis?" Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296488.
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Yaqoob, Usman <1991>. "Population distribution and water resources in Pakistan." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13183.
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Growing population, lack of water resources, the massive amount of water withdrawal, and migration of people from rural to urban areas are creating a water scarcity issues in Pakistan. However, the suitable quantity of water resources is decreasing due to the unsustainable extraction. Whereas, the land availability for the construction of domestic areas is reducing gradually because of an urbanization as a result urban areas are becoming overcrowded.
Therefore, the aim of present work is to analyse the population distribution in the different provinces of Pakistan as well as the amount of total blue water, people access to drinking water and water withdrawal activities. To determine the outcomes/results the data sets have been downloaded from various sources i.e. SEDAC (NASA), World pop, Joint Research Centre (JRC-GHS), Gridded Population of the World version 4 (GPWv4) and World Resource Institute (WRI). Population distribution and water resources maps have been investigated by the implementation of mapping algebraic approach in the context of Quantum Geographic Information system (QGIS). Classification, overlapping, clipping, masking and other GIS techniques are applied with the help of raster and vectors datasets. Although, by means of zonal statistics tool, we examined the number of people living in each province of Pakistan. However, during the overlapping of population density and water resources maps, we derived the outcomes that in which part of the country people are extracting the massive amount of water resources and where people are facing the water scarcity related issues.
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Spinelli, Gerardo. "Water Stress And Water Use Of Almonds In California| Linking Plant Water Status And Canopy Transpiration." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3723733.
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<p> Almond water use was investigated at the leaf, plant and canopy level under a range of irrigation conditions in commercial orchards in California. Understanding plant response to water stress, specifically the behavior of plant transpiration and water use during periods of water stress, has important implications for irrigation scheduling in agriculture but also for water resources management and policy making. </p><p> Leaf gas exchange measurements of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were performed at midday on shaded and on sunlit leaves, with midday stem water potential used to assess plant water stress. An essentially linear decline in both photosynthetic rate (from 25 to 5 μmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) and stomatal conductance (from 400 to 50 mmol m<sup> -2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) as stem water potential declined over the range of -0.5 to -3 MPa was observed in sunlit leaves. These data indicated a strong sensitivity of leaf-level physiological processes to water stress. However, evapotranspiration at the canopy level, measured using Eddy Covariance, did not show a reduction relative to atmospheric demand during periods of water stress. The apparent disconnect observed between leaf conductance, responsive to water stress and canopy evapotranspiration, insensitive to water stress, is the central problem investigated in this study.</p><p> When the transpiration data was analyzed in the framework of a "Big Leaf" model, decoupled conditions (i.e. a limited stomatal control of transpiration) were shown to prevail at the experimental site, contrary to previous findings reported in the literature for tall crops such as almond orchards. Low coupling implies only a moderate sensitivity of transpiration to stomatal closure. Measured coupling increased substantially with wind speed but showed a wide range of values at the low wind speeds (<1m s<sup>-1</sup>) that were observed at the site. At any wind speed however, higher canopy resistance resulted in higher coupling. The high leaf area index observed in the orchard may have been responsible for causing decoupled conditions, because when leaf area decreased as a result of harvesting operations, canopy transpiration appeared to become more sensitive to water stress. </p><p> Cumulative daily sap velocity was used as an estimate of plant transpiration. At the plant level, contrasting behaviors were observed in plant transpiration in the presence of water stress, depending on the duration and intensity of the stress. During long soil dry-down periods encompassing several weeks, plant transpiration relative to the evaporative demand of the atmosphere showed a statistically significant decline associated with a decrease in stem water potential and in stomatal closure. However, when the cycle of water stress was short (days), reductions in stem water potential seemed to be associated with an increase in cumulative sapflow velocity. The analysis of these results led to the development of a simple model that describes the theoretical interactions between three dependent variables, namely stem water potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration. The model output suggested that in wet soil, an increase in transpiration may be caused by increasing evaporative demand even if stem water potential and stomatal conductance decrease.</p>
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Houle, James J. "Community decisions about innovations in water resource management and protection." Thesis, University of New Hampshire, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10000397.
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<p> The purpose of this study was to investigate the social, economic and technological factors that influence rates of adoption of innovative stormwater management approaches in municipal organizations in the Great Bay watershed, NH. The scope of this study was to investigate how innovations spread through municipal populations in a specific region and watershed area of the US. The methodology used mixed qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, case studies, and surveys to examine perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that influence the adoption of innovative stormwater management solutions, as well as the governance characteristics of municipalities at different stages of adoption. Major findings include: adopter categories can be relatively easily and quickly categorized into early and late majorities as a preliminary means to identify populations of ready and willing audiences interested in and capable of advancing innovations; early and late adopter classifications followed general diffusion theory, but differed in substantial ways that could influence overall project or program success; and finally that early majority communities have more internal and external capacity to advance innovations as well as higher levels of peer-to-peer trust to offset perceptions related to economic risk that can either advance or stall innovative stormwater management solution adoption. This research offers insights on how to allocate scarce resources to optimally improve water quality through stormwater management solutions, and makes recommendations for how to effectively and efficiently generate greater understanding of complex barriers to adoption that thwart innovation in municipal governance organizations. One significant implication is that agents of change who want to move innovations through a broad municipal population should focus their efforts on working with innovators and early adopters that have status within relevant peer networks and who have capacity to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of innovations.</p>
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Geng, Guoting. "Development of approaches to integrated water resources management." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3984.
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There is a growing need to manage water resources in a sustainable way, particularly in semi arid areas, with dramatic social and economic development as well as rapid population growth. Optimising water allocation in a river basin is an important aspect ensuring equitable and efficient water use. This research develops an optimisation approach (the Integrated Water Resource Optimisation model, IWRO) to optimise the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources in a sustainable manner. The IWRO model is comprised of a surface water optimisation model (SWO) and the Tsinghua groundwater optimisation (TGO) model. These models employ Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to optimise water allocation. Application of a surface water optimisation (SWO) model incorporating a GA is demonstrated initially for a simple test case, through which the GA approach was validated against known solutions. Sensitivity analysis of different operators and parameters related to GAs was also carried out. The validated SWO model was then applied to a more complex system, the Shiyang River Basin in Gansu Province in China, to maximise equitable surface water supplies. On the groundwater side, the GA approach was applied with the existing Tsinghua groundwater model to optimise groundwater supplies with sustainability considerations. The results were compared with those from an existing model (the WEAP model), indicating that the IWRO model is capable of satisfying the objectives of equitable water allocation and groundwater sustainability set for it. In the context of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), account must be taken of a wide range of social and environmental issues. Different scenarios were therefore designed for the Shiyang River Basin management. Various criteria in terms of economic, social, environment and water security were also indentified for further multi-criterion decision making analysis.
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Juana, James Sharka. "Efficiency and equity considerations in modeling inter-sectoral water demand in South Africa." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06062008-140425/.
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Oblinger, Jennifer A. "Assessing the impact of water harvesting on water resources in rural India." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1212157547/.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- Clemson University, 2008.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 111 p. ; also includes graphics (chiefly col.). Contains additional supplemental files.
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Adeloye, A. J. "Value of river flow data for water resources and water quality assessment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378277.
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Saboia, Andrey Luna. "Water for whom? The management of water resources in intricacies Cearà state." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16141.
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The water crisis is one of the dimensions of the environmental issue, since it involves a multiplicity of aspects of how societies are structured and relate to nature in time and territory. In this context, the management of water resources is one of the political and scientific agendas privileged to contribute in solving the water crisis. The state of Cearà has emerged as a pioneer in modern government management of water management in Brazil, with previous specific legislation the National Water Resources Policy. From the year 1987, with "Government of Changes," a political process of state of equipment for the systematic management of water resources was initiated through the attraction of capital and integration into globalization. However, water scarcity on which part of CearÃ's population is periodically submitted has not been eliminated, is quite evident in this dry cycle. Thus, the overall objective of the research is to analyze the current model of water management in the state of Ceara in the context of corporate restructuring. The theoretical framework uses guiding categories and concepts related to environmental issues, the water crisis, the State, territory, power, conflicts and management of water resources. In the light of historical and dialectical materialism, operational methodology was based on five steps, using documentary research, interviews and fieldwork as the main data collection means. The survey revealed that at the heart of the current model of water management there is intense selectivity of state actions, focusing on the management of supply via water infrastructure for river basins that concentrate the main social and productive sectors plaintiffs. Conflicts over water resources have become frequent in certain territories, generating different dynamics and social conflicts.<br>A crise da Ãgua representa uma das dimensÃes da questÃo ambiental, pois envolve uma multiplicidade de aspectos da forma como as sociedades se estruturam e se relacionam com a natureza no tempo e no territÃrio. Nesse contexto, a gestÃo de recursos hÃdricos à uma das agendas polÃticas e cientÃficas privilegiadas por contribuir na resoluÃÃo da crise da Ãgua. O estado do Cearà despontou como um dos pioneiros no moderno tratamento governamental da gestÃo hÃdrica no Brasil, possuindo legislaÃÃo especÃfica anterior a PolÃtica Nacional de Recursos HÃdricos. A partir do ano de 1987, com o âGoverno das MudanÃasâ, um processo polÃtico de aparelhamento do Estado para a gestÃo sistemÃtica dos recursos hÃdricos foi iniciado em meio à atraÃÃo de capitais e inserÃÃo na globalizaÃÃo. Contudo, a escassez hÃdrica relativa à qual parte da populaÃÃo do Cearà està periodicamente submetida nÃo foi eliminada, sendo bastante evidente no presente ciclo de secas. Desse modo, o objetivo geral da pesquisa consiste em analisar o atual modelo de gestÃo de recursos hÃdricos do estado do Cearà no Ãmbito da reestruturaÃÃo produtiva. O referencial teÃrico recorre a categorias e conceitos norteadores relacionados à problemÃtica ambiental, à crise da Ãgua, ao Estado, ao territÃrio, ao poder, aos conflitos e à gestÃo de recursos hÃdricos. Sob a luz do materialismo histÃrico-dialÃtico, a metodologia operacional foi pautada em cinco etapas, utilizando-se a pesquisa documental, a realizaÃÃo de entrevistas e trabalhos de campo como principais meios de coleta de dados. A pesquisa revelou que no Ãmago do atual modelo de gestÃo de recursos hÃdricos hà uma intensa seletividade das aÃÃes do Estado, com foco na gestÃo da oferta via infraestruturas hÃdricas para as bacias hidrogrÃficas que concentram os principais setores sociais e produtivos demandantes. Os conflitos por recursos hÃdricos se tornaram frequentes em determinados territÃrios, engendrando diferentes dinÃmicas e embates sociais.
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Sainz, Gabriel. "The Zambezi River Basin: Water Resources Management : Energy-Food-Water nexus approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159566.
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The energy-food-water nexus is of fundamental significance in the goal towards sustainable development. The Zambezi River Basin, situated in southern Africa, currently offers vast water resources for social and economic development for the eight riparian countries that constitute the watershed. Hydropower generation and agriculture are the main water users in the watershed with great potential of expansion, plus urban water supply materialise the largest consumers of this resource. Climate and social changes are pressuring natural resources availability which might show severe alterations due to enhances in the variability of precipitation patterns. This study thus examines the present water resources in the transboundary basin and executes low and high case future climate change incited scenarios in order to estimate the possible availability of water for the period 2060-2099 by performing water balances. Along with projections of water accessibility, approximations on water demands from the main consumer sectors are performed. Results show an annual positive balance for both projected scenarios due to an increase in precipitation during the wet season. They also present a severe increase in overall temperature for the region contributing to a strong increase in evapotranspiration. Projections further inform of an acute increase in water demand for irrigation and urban supply, nevertheless, evaporation from hydropower storage reservoirs continues to exceed water with drawals in volume. Acknowledging the uncertainty contained in this report allows a broader offer of recommendations to be considered when planning for future developments with a sustainable approach. Improvement of hydrological collection systems in the Zambezi basin is indispensable to accomplish a deeper and cohesive understanding of the watershed waterresources. Cooperation and knowledge communication between riparian countries seems to be the right beginning towards social and economic sustainable development for the Zambezi River Basin.
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Herrera, Catalán Pedro, and Oscar Millones. "Estimating the Cost of Mining Pollution on Water Resources: Parametric and Nonparametric Resources." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117289.
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This study estimates the economic costs of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency. This framework identifies such costs as the mining companies’ trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable output) and reducing the environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (undesirable output). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and non parametric production possibility frontiers for 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources, conducted by the Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (Osinergmin) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources rose to U.S. $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. These economic costs were highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and were also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on administrative criteria, this study proposes a System of Environmentally Efficient Sanctions based on economic criteria so as to establish a preventive mechanism for pollution. It is hoped that this mechanism will generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address the negative externalities that emerge from their production process.<br>En este estudio se aproximan los costos económicos de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos para 2008 y 2009 en el marco conceptual de la Eficiencia Medioambiental, que interpreta dichos costos como el trade-off de los empresarios mineros entre incrementar su producción que es vendible a precios de mercado (output deseable) yreducir la contaminación ambiental que se desprende de su proceso productivo (output no deseable). Dichos costos económicos fueron calculados a partir de fronteras de posibilidades de producción paramétricas y no paramétricas para 28 y 37 unidades mineras en los años 2008 y 2009 respectivamente, las que estuvieron bajo el ámbito de la Campaña Nacional deMonitoreo Ambiental de Efluentes y Recursos Hídricos que realizó el Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Energía y Minería (Osinergmin) en dichos años. Los resultados indican que los costos económicos de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos ascendieron, en promedio, para los años 2008 y 2009, a US$ 814,7 millones,y US$ 448,8 millones, respectivamente. Dichos costos estuvieron altamente concentrados en pocas unidades productivas, así como en pocos parámetros de contaminación, y fueron mayores en unidades mineras con producción media/baja de minerales. Dado que en la actualidad el sistema de multas y sanciones en el sector minero se basa en criterios administrativos, el estudio propone un Sistema de Sanciones Ambientalmente Eficiente basado en criterios económicos
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Benson, Richard Lynn. "On-line monitoring of water quality parameters." Thesis, University of Hull, 1991. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8391.
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Chapter one summarises the development of UK legislation for the protection of the aquatic environment, and highlights current EC legislative requirements for water quality. The need for on-line water quality monitoring and the alternative instrumental approaches to it are discussed, together with the philosophy of "easy care instrumentation" and water industry requirements for online analysers. A simple spectrophotometric FI system is proposed for the on-line determination of a range of water quality parameters. The following chapter details instrumentation used in the FI system, emphasising the solid-state photometric detector. Development of an FI manifold for the determination of aluminium in potable and treated waters is covered in the next chapter. The method, based on complexation of aluminium with pyrocatechol violet is compared with a standard Driscoll procedure. Details of the construction and testing of a fully automated FI instrument are also given. Chapter four describes the development of a modular automated FI monitor with a PC compatible STEbus based computer system. Successful operation of this monitor is illustrated by its application to the determination of residual coagulants (aluminium and iron). Full details of software routines for control, processing and validation are given together with results from a tap water trial for dissolved aluminium. The FI determination of residual iron by its complexation with ferene S, and the application of the optimised method in the STEbus based monitor is detailed in chapter five. In the final chapter the use of on-line FI oxidation procedures for the determination of dissolved organic carbon are examined. The oxidation of a wide range of organic species to carbon dioxide using a silver catalysed persulphate reaction, enhanced with UV irradiation and a stopped-flow procedure is described. The sequential determination of inorganic and organic carbon without separation of the fractions is also investigated.
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Bedard, Robert J. A. "Laboratory scale experiments with water surface waves." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7242.
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The thesis presents the development, implementation and results of two series of experiments, at large and small scale, for the study of surface gravity waves. A number of measurement techniques are developed and implemented to capture space and time evolution of waves on a water surface in gravity, gravity-capillary and capillary ranges with the purpose to study the statistics of wave turbulence in terms of frequency and wave number spectra. The first series of experiments was conducted in a large wave tank of size 12 m x 6 m x 1.6 m filled with water to a depth of 0.9 m. A wave maker comprised of eight panels is controlled by a computer to generate waves at typically two frequencies; these waves are directed at different angles. Surface elevation of the resulting turbulent wave field is measured via capacitance wire probes and a fluorescent laser technique that is capable of capturing wave profiles at sufficient frame rate to access both wavenumber and frequency statistics. Following the processing of these data a comprehensive set of results describe characteristics of the life cycle of the experiment including the rise of the wave field to its statistically stationary state and the decay of the regime after energy pumped into the system from the wave maker has ceased. The first series of experiments was conducted in a large wave tank of size 12 m x 6 m x 1.6 m filled with water to a depth of 0.9 m. A wave maker comprised of eight panels is controlled by a computer to generate waves at typically two frequencies; these waves are directed at different angles. Surface elevation of the resulting turbulent wave field is measured via capacitance wire probes and a fluorescent laser technique that is capable of capturing wave profiles at sufficient frame rate to access both wavenumber and frequency statistics. Following the processing of these data a comprehensive set of results describe characteristics of the life cycle of the experiment including the rise of the wave field to its statistically stationary state and the decay of the regime after energy pumped into the system from the wave maker has ceased. Across both series of experiments the implementation of data acquisition techniques forms a significant contribution to the work undertaken and a comprehensive set of tools for measurement and analysis of data from surface waves is developed.
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Evans, Lauren G. "Minimizing the Effects of Cement Slurry Bleed-Water on Water Quality Samples." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296377.
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From the Proceedings of the 1987 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association, Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and the Arizona Hydrological Society - April 18, 1987, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona<br>Some groundwater monitor wells produce water quality samples with anomalously high pH measurements. In some of these wells it is obvious that these water quality samples are affected by the bleed-water from the cement used to seal the annuli. To gain an understanding as to why cement bleed -water occurs and how it can be controlled, literature from both the cement and petroleum industries are reviewed. Cement is a very alkaline material. When too much water is used to prepare the slurry, alkaline bleed -water can drain through or along the cement sheath surrounding the casing. This results in an increase in the pH measurements of groundwater samples. This bleed-water can separate from the cement in-three ways: it can move into the formation during cementing, it can accumulate within the cement forming pockets and channels behind the casing, and it can remain within the interconnected capillaries that exist throughout the cement sheath. The drainage of alkaline bleed -water from the cement can be greatly reduced by controlling the amount of water used in the preparation of the slurry. The amount of water added can be monitored during well construction by measuring the slurry density. By implementing this quality control procedure during well construction along with specifying the correct amount of mix-water for the slurry, the elevated pH levels in groundwater samples should be greatly reduced if not completely eliminated.