Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water reuse, South Africa

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Water reuse, South Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water reuse, South Africa"

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Odendaal, Peter E. "Recent Advances in Water Reuse Research in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0662.

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Due to limited water resources, water reuse is pursued as a major component of an overall strategy to optimise water use in South Africa. Progress in South African water reuse research, mainly since 1985, is reviewed. In the field of potable reuse research, the topics addressed are epidemiological studies, activated carbon, the microbiology of reclaimed water, bioassaying, and reverse osmosis. Information is provided on the scale of direct agricultural and industrial reuse of purified sewage effluents. Indirect reuse is steadily increasing and research which traditionally addressed direct potable reuse is becoming of equal relevance to indirect reuse. In addition, research becomes necessary on problems which relate specifically to indirect reuse, such as : treatment of algal waters, variation of raw water quality, upgrading of sewage effluent quality, organohalogens, and salination problems. Recent advances in research on internal water reuse by industry focused in particular on membranes and salt removal technology. Cases mentioned are textile dyehouse, scouring, bleaching and mercerising processes; bottle washing; wool scouring; water works wash water; and power station cooling.
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Adewumi, J. R., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. van Zyl. "Minimizing risks in wastewater reuse: proposed operational principles and guidelines for South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.038.

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Treated wastewater represents a significant potential source of reclaimed water for some beneficial reuses. However, public concern over the risks/health-related hazards of wastewater reuse has limited the general acceptability of reuse systems in many countries. It is important to manage the operation of recycled water systems in such a way that it will not adversely affect public health and the environment. Management of recycled water involves process control and compliance monitoring. This paper presents proposed unit process monitoring guidelines to classify the performances of treatment units according to the pollutant removal efficiencies and frequency of sampling to test for effluent quality suitable for reuse. The paper also highlights the procedure for proper inspection of treatment facilities to ensure optimum performances. It proposes minimum quality requirements for different reuse activities in South Africa such as domestic (toilet flushing, watering private gardens), irrigation (crops, landscape, public parks and golf courses, cemeteries), industrial (system cooling and process water) and other activities (construction works, street cleaning, fire protection, groundwater recharge). By employing the wastewater treatment monitoring and sampling procedures proposed in this paper, health-related hazards can be minimized while public confidence in reuse schemes will be enhanced.
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Swana, Umhle U., Usisipho Feleni, Tshepo J. Malefetse, Bhekie B. Mamba, Peter Schmitz, and Thabo T. I. Nkambule. "The status and quantification of de facto water reuse in South Africa – a review." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.021.

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Abstract The practice of discharging insufficiently treated wastewater to surface water used for potable use (de facto reuse) is common globally. Although de facto reuse provides a sustainable supply of water, it also affects the environment and human health negatively because the inadequately treated effluents contain contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, there is a need to determine the extent of de facto reuse in water bodies of South Africa (SA) and thus assess the potential environmental and health risks associated with the reuse of insufficiently treated wastewater in the country. This review summarizes the status of de facto reuse in SA and its negative impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, the review provides background information on water reuse and as well as the current treatment technologies available in the country for potable water reuse. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) model in combination with caffeine (a wastewater tracer that is abundant in SA surface water systems) for the quantification of de facto reuse is also cited. Such methods, it is envisaged, will enable water management authorities to make well informed decisions regarding water quality issues in SA.
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Burgess, Jo, Melissa Meeker, Julie Minton, and Mark O'Donohue. "International research agency perspectives on potable water reuse." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, no. 5 (2015): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00165j.

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Buckley, C. A., C. J. Brouckaert, and G. E. Rencken. "Waste water reuse, the South African experience." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0631.

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Membrane processes have recently been applied much more extensively by South African industry. A number of the older plants have suffered from fouling problems, sometimes brought on by changes in the feed stream. Newer installations are tending to apply the techniques of Cleaner Production to more closely integrate the membrane process into the manufacturing process and to reduce the size of the installation. There has been a trend to investigate methods of using the brine in place of discharging it to the environment. Membrane related research is still very active and a range of current initiatives is provided.
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Sadr, Seyed M. K., Isaiah Mashamaite, Devendra Saroj, Sabeha Ouki, and Adesola Ilemobade. "Membrane assisted technology appraisal for water reuse applications in South Africa." Urban Water Journal 13, no. 5 (January 14, 2015): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2014.994008.

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Adewumi, J. R., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. van Zyl. "Decision support for the planning of integrated wastewater reuse projects in South Africa." Water Supply 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.231.

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Wastewater reuse is an attractive option for supplementing available water supplies. Benefits of reuse include pollution abatement due to the reduction of effluent discharge to surface water bodies, the decrease in the use of freshwaters from sensitive ecosystems, replenishment of soil nutrients in agriculture, enhancement of groundwater recharge and delay in the future expansion of water supply infrastructure. This paper presents ongoing research in developing and testing of a decision support system (DSS) for assessing the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse projects in South Africa. The DSS employs multi-criteria qualitative assessment across technical, environmental, social, institution and water resources. The database of the DSS contains 33 wastewater treatment unit processes with known information on performance, costs and qualitative criteria obtained from literature. The knowledge base on the other hand, consists of a set of rules for combining the treatment units to form treatment trains and contains information on maximum allowable values for different water quality parameters for five end users. The weighted average method was used to aggregate scores obtained from the assessment of the different criteria to generate an indicative value that could form the basis for decision making. Testing of the DSS was applied to the Parow wastewater treatment plant in Cape Town. Results of the analysis shows that only the water resources evaluation score (1.0) is considered excellent for reuse implementation while the institutional evaluation score is weak (0.35) in guaranteeing success. Social evaluation and treatment train technical/environmental have qualitative evaluation scores of 0.76. The desirable score for all the criteria is 1.0 in order to facilitate the successful implementation of any reuse project. The quality of treated effluent from the proposed treatment trains meets the quality requirement in most of the pollutant determined except total phosphorus (2.88). The value is acceptable if the use of the effluent is limited to irrigation. If decision makers give adequate attention to the criteria highlighted in this model, success of a reuse project in South Africa can be better enhanced.
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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "A pilot study into public attitudes and perceptions towards greywater reuse in a low cost housing development in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.076.

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The benefits of greywater reuse have been identified to include the protection of water resources, recovery of nutrients for agriculture, savings in fresh water usage, reduction in volumes of wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment works, groundwater recharge and sustainable water resource management. An understanding of public attitude and perceptions towards the reuse of greywater will help to facilitate a positive reaction to the promotion of such concepts. The study involved administering of structured questionnaires to residents within the community through field visits. The questionnaire addressed issues related to attitudes towards the reuse of greywater, perceived advantages related to the reuse of greywater and concerns related to public health issues regarding the reuse of greywater. A total number of 346 questionnaires were administered and respondents were aged from less than 19 to over 60 years. Of the respondents, 55% were female and 45% male. The findings revealed a complex and shifting relationship between attitudes towards and perception of the reuse of greywater. This paper thus presents the findings and assesses certain aspects of greywater reuse.
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Busari, Isiaka Toyin, Aidan Senzanje, Alfred O. Odindo, and Chris A. Buckley. "The impact of irrigation water management techniques on the performance of rice using treated wastewater reuse in Durban, South Africa." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (February 13, 2019): 1604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.031.

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Abstract The need to cultivate effluent-irrigated rice is paramount and synonymous with treated wastewater reuse, recycling and water resources management. A trial in a peri-urban set-up with a low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment system (DEWATS) was carried out in the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons to assess the effect of irrigation water reuse management techniques on the yield and water productivity of rice. It was hypothesized that anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) irrigation water management does not have an effect on the yield of peri-urban grown rice. The impacts of irrigation water management techniques were very significant (P < 0.001) on the number of irrigation events, amount of irrigation and daily water balance. The impact was not significant (P > 0.05) on the tiller numbers per plant; it was however significant (P < 0.05) on the panicle numbers per plant. The effects were not significant (P > 0.05) on the plant height but significant (P < 0.05) on the yield rice for both trials. The effect was also significant (P < 0.05) on water productivity. The result proved that the hypothesis be rejected. It could be concluded that significant potential exists for applying wastewater reuse for non-drinking applications such as irrigation.
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Reynders, Cornelius Chris, Harmony Musiyarira, and Prvoslav Marjanovic. "The Value of Decentralisation in Wastewater Management: Gauteng Province Case Study, South Africa." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 1, no. 2 (July 21, 2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v1i2.14.

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In a semi-arid water scarce country like South Africa, the efficient use of limited water resources and measures to extend the service value of these resources is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. The conventional supply-sided management approach to water supply causes increased wastewater generation with accompanied increased pollution loads requiring higher levels of mitigation environmental pollution. Where disposal of wastewater treatment effluent takes place in rivers and natural water bodies, the lack of adequate natural compensating capacity of such water bodies typically result in severe ecological damage of the aquatic environment. With a shift of emphasis to a sustainable demand side management approach (as opposed to a supply side one), the avoidance of water wastage and high wastewater generation represents both resource conservation and environmental protection friendly approaches and contribute to overall sustainability. The integrated nature of water supply and wastewater management systems require an approach that considers these systems holistically. A new paradigm for water management is therefore needed to ensure that the issues of waste disposal and pollution are dealt with in a sustainable manner taking into account the emerging objectives of modern society for resource conservation and environmental protection.A balance therefore has to be found between the uses of additional fresh water resources as a means of satisfying en ever increasing water demand on the one hand and alternative unconventional resource exploration and employment, without the risk of depletion of natural available fresh water resource flow, irreversible harm to the environment and social and economic constraints.This paper explores wastewater and grey water reuse as unconventional resources in a qualitative manner within this balancing equation. It further proposes a methodology for deriving monetary indicator values for wastewater reuse by internalising negative environmental impacts. This is achieved through application of Lagrangian optimisation of the treatment plant production function (output distance function) for deriving marginal prices of contaminant removal and resulting avoided pollution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water reuse, South Africa"

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Makinana, Anazo. "Recycled water usage in peri-urban agriculture : an examination of its socio-economic and environmental benefits in Port Elizabeth." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5719.

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This study examines whether recycled water (specifically grey water) is used in peri-urban agriculture in greater Port Elizabeth. It also investigates the socio-economic as well as environmental benefits of using recycled water in peri-urban agriculture. Community perceptions and narratives about the use of recycled water for farming purposes were also investigated. Study respondents were purposively selected from Motherwell and Uitenhage in Port Elizabeth. A qualitative research methodology and methods were used. This involved using purposive sampling to sample, select and interview 22 respondents and eight key informants. All the respondents were interviewed using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The study found that while many respondents have heard about water recycling, they are however not using recycled grey water for their peri-urban farming activities. Instead, peri-urban farmers continue to use water supplied by the municipality. Recycled water is mostly used for watering sport fields around Port Elizabeth. This continued usage of municipal water (instead of recycled water) is not only costly to the municipality but the individual farmers as well. The respondents were however aware of the benefits of using recycled water. These include economic (money saved from not paying irrigation water bills), environmental (nutrient contents found in recycled water) and socio-economic (conserving fresh available for use in other community purposes). The study recommends that the Nelson Mandela Metro Municipality should do more (through educational and environmental campaigns) to encourage peri-urban farmers to use recycled water in their farming activities.
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Rui, Li. "The use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in the Bottelary River area: Effluent quality, farmers perception and potential extent." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_1918_1177917293.

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The Bottelary River area is located in a Mediterranean climate region, where the agricultural sector plays an important role. During the dry summer season, there is not enough precipitation to meet the agricultural irrigation requirements. Some farmers extract river water which is practically the final treated effluent from the Scottsdene Wastewater Treatment Works to irrigate crops. This research investigated the use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in this area, particularly focused on the effluent quality, farmers perception, and the potential extent.
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Van, Rooijen Daniel J. "Implications of urban development for water demand, wastewater generation and reuse in water-stressed cities. Case studies from South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8986.

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Urbanisation has become one of the strongest drivers of growing challenges in the fields of food security, human health and water resources management. Water management is especially more difficult in rapidly growing cities in non-industrialised countries where local authorities typically have insufficient financial and managerial capacities to respond to the basic needs of its citizens. This PhD thesis addresses the research needs for growing cities in non-industrialised countries and their impact on current and future urban water demand, wastewater generation and reuse. It is argued that demographic growth and investments in water supply and sanitation infrastructure are increasingly influencing upstream and downstream water users and the environment in the water basin. Cross-comparative case study methodology was applied, having quantitative and qualitative research components. The qualitative research involved data collection through semi-structured interviews of local experts while the quantitative research consists of data collection from literature and simple urban water balance modelling. The cities of Accra [Ghana], Hyderabad [India] and Addis Ababa [Ethiopia] were selected as case studies. The cities share a number of characteristics typical for the current state of the water system and are detrimental factors for future development. A series of water supply expansion projects were carried out in an effort to keep up with fast rising water demands. Similar investments in sanitation and wastewater disposal, however, were not made, due a lack of priority and indistinct governmental responsibilities. Despite considerable expansion of wastewater treatment to be expected in all cities, the untreated wastewater volume will continue to rise in two cases. Depending on the downstream setting, a considerable fraction of this wastewater is reused in urban agriculture (up to 90%). This has not only brought huge benefits to many farmers but also entailed health risks from exposure to pathogens and environmental degradation. Cities have shifted their use from groundwater to surface water and moved away further from the city to exploit new water sources. However, the latter crucially depends on the financial capacity of the water utility to invest in expansion projects. The presented cases have shown that cities are increasingly influencing the upstream and downstream areas through urban water withdrawal and disposal of wastewater and stormwater. The institutional environment and state of water resources are considered detrimental in the future development of water supply and sanitation in these cities. The combination of tools applied in this research is found to be an appropriate and effective methodology to investigate the urban water balance of fast growing water-stressed cities in developing countries. Urban water balance modelling and scenario development are very suitable tools for local planners and decision makers to adopt and apply in their respective cities.
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Wilson, Christiaan Georg Frederick. "Best management practices to attain zero effluent discharge in South African industries / C.G.F. Wilson." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2648.

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Wastewater treatment is traditionally considered a separate part of an industrial activity, hardly connected to the production units themselves. It is nowadays essential to ensure that the quality of water is not degraded and that water that has been polluted is purified to acceptable levels, especially in a country with scarce water resources such as South Africa. Where water quality is concerned, Zero Effluent Discharge (ZED) is the ultimate goal, in order to avoid any releases of contaminants to the water environment. The push towards ZED in South Africa is also promoted further by the South African Government’s plan to reduce freshwater usage and the pollution of water sources due to the water scarcity in a semi-arid South Africa. Future legislation will see a marked increase in the cost of freshwater usage and/or a possible limitation of the quantity of freshwater available. There is a need in the South African Industry for a framework of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in order to provide interested stakeholders, which include not only industry, but also academia, environmental interest groups and members of the public, with a procedure to meet the ZED statutory requirements. This dissertation explores the regulatory requirements and current environmental management practices implemented. A framework of BMPs to successfully attain ZED status in South African industries is developed from the literature study and the researcher’s own experience. The BMP framework embodies practices for one integrated strategy within three dimensions. The three dimensions of the BMP framework were selected to differentiate between BMPs for management (Governance BMPs), the project management team responsible for ZED projects (Project Management BMPs) and the implementation of preventative and operational measures to obtain and sustain ZED compliance for South African industries. The BMP framework was validated against the practices applied by Mittal Steel. The Mittal Steel plant in Vanderbijlpark implemented various projects, reduced the intake of water and eliminated the discharge of effluent and by doing this successfully realised their ZED status. The BMP framework will enable South African industries to develop their own BMPs Manual which should be specific to their operational and environmental requirements. The implementation of these BMPs should be tailored and used accordingly to demonstrate compliance to ZED requirements in South African industries.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Naylor, Matthew Aubrey. "Water quality dynamics in an experimental serial-use raceway and its effects on growth of South African abalone, Haliotis midae." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005181.

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An understanding of species specific water quality requirements is essential for efficient production of aquaculture products, an aspect not well documented for the land-based culture of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. In order for the industry to remain competitive in international markets, efficient use of water supplies and the development of water reuse technology is needed. This study assessed the changes in water quality between tanks in a tiered serial-use raceway in relation to accumulated biomass and water flow and estimated the flow index (FI) (L h⁻¹ kg⁻¹) at which growth becomes significantly affected. The effect of dietary protein level, supplementation of pure oxygen and addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH⁻) on water quality and fundamental production parameters in the serial-use raceways was also assessed. The serial-use raceways were used as a tool to create a range of water quality conditions at which the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF) of "cocktail" size (60 – 70 mm) H. midae could be monitored. The metabolic activity of the abalone resulted in a deterioration in water quality between tanks in series. pH (r² = 0.99; p < 0.001) and dissolved oxygen concentration (r² = 0.99; p < 0.001) were positively correlated with flow index (pH = 7.38 FI°·°² ; dissolved oxygen = 6.92 FI°·°⁴), while free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) (r² = 0.99, p < 0.001) and nitrite (NO²⁻ - N) (r² = 0.93, p < 0.001) were negatively correlated with flow index (FAN = 8.02 FI⁻°·⁷¹). Nitrite concentrations increased over time indicating colonisation of Nitrosomonas bacteria on the basket surfaces. A flow index of 7.2 – 9.0 L h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ was estimated as the minimum to avoid significant reductions in weight and shell length gain and increases in FCR values. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and FAN concentrations were significantly correlated to dietary protein (P) (t = 6.63, p < 0.0001 and t = 6.41, p < 0.0001, respectively) and flow index (t = 5.42, p < 0.0001 and t = 3.9, p < 0.0002, respectively) and could be estimated using the models TAN = 9.73 P – 110.3 log (FI), and FAN = 0.132 P – 1.10 log (FI). Mean FAN concentrations were 67 and 41 % lower in tanks fed a diet containing 22 and 26 % protein respectively, when compared to tanks fed a 33 % protein diet. Supplementation with pure oxygen (103 ± 8 % saturation) improved shell length gain (t = 3.45, p = 0.026) in abalone exposed to high FAN (2.43 ± 1.1 μg L⁻¹) and low pH (7.6 ± 0.13), relative to a treatment with no oxygen supplementation (92 ± 6 % saturation). Addition of a sodium hydroxide solution resulted in elevated mean pH in treatment raceways when compared to control raceways. The increased pH resulted in significantly higher weight gain (g abalone⁻¹) (F₁·₁₂ = 4.51; p = 0.055) and shell length gain (mm abalone⁻¹) (F₁·₁₂ = 4.56; p = 0.054) at an α-error level of < 5.5 %. In two trials, weight gain and shell length gain were significantly correlated to pH (p < 0.001), and multiple regression of pH, dissolved oxygen and FAN consistently revealed pH to be the best predictor of growth. It is therefore suggested that decreasing pH is the first limiting water quality variable for abalone in serial-use raceways. As a decrease in water pH is linked to respiration by the abalone and subsequent increase in dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, future studies should examine the effects of CO₂ on H. midae metabolic rate, calcification rate and health. The results of this study will contribute toward our understanding of the specific water quality requirements for H. midae in commercial aquaculture systems, and influence the design and management procedures for abalone water reuse systems.
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Gcilitshana, Onele. "Quality indices of the final effluents of two sub-urban-based wastewater treatment plants in Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019816.

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Worldwide, water reuse is promoted as an alternative for water scarcity, however, wastewater effluents have been reported as possible contaminants to surface water. The failure of some wastewater treatment processes to completely remove organic matter and some pathogenic microorganisms allows them to initiate infections. This manifests more in communities where surface water is used directly for drinking. To assess water quality, bacteria alone cannot be used as it may be absent in virus-contaminated water. This study was carried out to assess the quality of two wastewater treatment plant effluents from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters like faecal coliforms, adenovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus and enterovirus were evaluated over a projected period of one year. Physicochemical parameters were measured on site using multiparameters, faecal coliforms enumerated using culture-based methods and viruses are detected using both conventional and real-time PCR. Physicochemical parameters like electrical conductivity, turbidity, free chlorine and phosphates were incompliant with the standards set by the Department of Water affairs for effluents to be discharged. Faecal coliform counts were nil for one plant (WWTP-R) where they correlated inversely (P < 0.01) with the high free chlorine. For WWTP-K, faecal coliforms were detected in 27% of samples in the range of 9.9 × 101 to 6.4× 104 CFU/100ml. From the five viruses assessed, three viruses were detected with Rotavirus being the most abundant (0-2034176 genome copies/L) followed by Adenovirus (0–275 genome copies/L) then Hepatitis A virus (0–71 genome copies/L) in the WWTP-K while none of the viruses was detected in WWTP-R. Species B, species C and Adv41 serotypes were detected from the May 2013 and June 2013 samples where almost all parameters were incompliant in the plant. The detection of these viruses in supposedly treated effluents is suggestive of these being the sources of contamination to surface water and therefore renders surface waters unsafe for direct use and to aquatic life. Although real-time PCR is more sensitive and reliable in detection of viruses, use of cell-culture techniques in this study would have been more efficient in confirming the infectivity of the viruses detected, hence the recommendation of these techniques in future projects of this nature.
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Moore, Bronwyn Ann. "Investigation into the technical feasibility of biological treatment of precious metal refining wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002013.

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The hydrometallurgical refining of platinum group metals results in large volumes of liquid waste that requires suitable treatment before any disposal can be contemplated. The wastewater streams are characterized by extremes of pH, high inorganic ion content (such as chloride), significant residual metal loads and small amounts of entrained organic compounds. Historically these effluents were housed in evaporation reservoirs, however lack of space and growing water demands have led Anglo Platinum to consider treatment of these effluents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether biological wastewater treatment could produce water suitable for onsite reuse. Bench-scale activated sludge and anaerobic digestion for co-treatment of an acidic refinery waste stream with domestic wastewater were used to give preliminary data. Activated sludge showed better water treatment at lab scale in terms of removal efficiencies of ammonia (approximately 25%, cf. 20% in anaerobic digestion) and COD (70% cf. 43% in digestion) and greater robustness when biomass health was compared. Activated sludge was consequently selected for a pilot plant trial. The pilot plant was operated on-site and performed comparably with the bench-scale system, however challenges in the clarifier design led to losses of biomass and poor effluent quality (suspended solids washout). The pilot plant was unable to alter the pH of the feed, but a two week maturation period resulted in the pH increasing from 5.3 to 7.0. Tests on algal treatment as an alternative or follow-on unit operation to activated sludge showed it not to be a viable process. The activated sludge effluent was assessed for onsite reuse in flotation and it was found that there was no significant difference between its flotation performance and that of the process water currently used, indicating the effluent generated by the biological treatment system can be used successfully for flotation. Flotation is the method whereby minerals refining operations recover minerals of interest from ore through the addition of chemicals and aeration of the ore slurry. Target minerals adhere to the bubbles and can be removed from the process.
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Hamaamba, Tyson. "Training needs for municipal employees: a case study of Makana Municipality." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007952.

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This study investigated the education and training needs for municipal employees in order to inform an education and training strategy that would address environmental management challenges in Makana local municipality in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape province. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study that made use of questionnaires, document analysis, focus group discussions and interviews as instruments for data generation. Samples of respondents were selected from Makana Municipality employees in top and middle management positions, professionals/technicians and workers, including elected councillors. The study was contextualised through establishing environmental management issues in Makana municipality; establishing organisational needs; development of a learner profile; and through a review of policies and recent trends in adult education. The study established that the Makana Municipality employees are most concerned with the following issues: sanitation; solid waste management; livestock management and fire management. These issues require primary environmental competences among all council employees (top and middle management, professionals and technicians, workers and councillors who work on part-time basis). The educational implications needed to respond to these issues also require an understanding of legislation. The study also established that technical education and training which includes planning, project management, and financial and budgeting competences are necessary amongst the management and professionals. These competences may enable them to develop capacity in environmental management. This study further established the need for social education which includes competences such as communication and social justice. These competences should be developed amongst members of the same group as they need to involve the community in management of the environment. This should enable the municipality to create job opportunities and help change negative attitudes.
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Palmer, C. G. "Water and transformation in South Africa." Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009525.

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Edwards, Rhys Ivor Brian. "The adaptive reuse of the former Thesen Island power station : a case study." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2540.

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Thesis (MTech (Architectural Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
In the developed Western world, the need to preserve buildings, including industrial buildings, is well established, and the many charters that exist for guidance for preservation of the built environment point to the necessity of preservation. It can be posited that many of South Africa buildings with industrial architectural heritage are being lost either through neglect, obsolescence, demolition or vandalisation. At an international conference, David Worth, the sole South African representative for the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), stated that South Africa‟s industrial heritage has been neglected by the public, by professionals and academics, and by commercial and political interests. Läuferts and Mavunganidze make the point that South Africa continues to lag behind other countries in the preservation of and declaration of its industrial heritage. The purpose of this research was to investigate if adaptive reuse is a successful strategy to preserve industrial architectural heritage in South Africa. A further aim was to investigate whether adaptive reuse can be considered sustainable or „green‟ (in terms of the UN‟s sustainable development goals)
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Books on the topic "Water reuse, South Africa"

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Colloquium on the Treatment and Re-use of Water in the Mining and Metallurgical Industry (1985 Johannesburg, South Africa). Treatment and re-use of water in the minerals industry: Papers presented at the Colloquium on the Treatment and Re-use of Water in the Mining and Metallurgical Industry, organized by the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and held in Johannesburg in May 1985. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1989.

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Africa, Statistics South. Water management areas in South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2010.

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Schreiner, Barbara, and Rashid Hassan, eds. Transforming Water Management in South Africa. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7.

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South Orange County Recycled Water Enhancement Act: Report (to accompany H.R. 1140). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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Emmett, Tony. Water supply and sanitation services in South Africa. [Cape Town]: SALDRU, 1993.

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Natural resource accounts: Mineral accounts for South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2004.

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Forster, Simon. Critical water issues affecting rural development in South Africa. [Johannesburg, South Africa: Land and Agriculture Policy Centre, 1994.

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McConkey, Gareth, and Jac Wilsenach. The sustainable water resource handbook: South Africa : The essential guide. Cape Town: Alive2green, 2009.

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Mirrilees, R. I. The application of economics to water management in South Africa. [Pretoria: Water Research Commission, 1994.

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Africa, Statistics South. Natural resource accounts: Water quality accounts for South Africa, 2000. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water reuse, South Africa"

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Knight, Jasper. "Water Resources in South Africa." In World Regional Geography Book Series, 91–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94974-1_10.

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Steyn, Maronel, Richard Meissner, Karen Nortje, Nikki Funke, and Chantel Petersen. "Water Security and South Africa." In Understanding Water Security at Local Government Level in South Africa, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02517-5_1.

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Meissner, Richard. "Water Research in South Africa." In Paradigms and Theories Influencing Policies in the South African and International Water Sectors, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48547-8_1.

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Wu, Zhifang, Jennifer McKay, and Ganesh Keremane. "Stormwater Reuse for Sustainable Cities: The South Australian Experience." In Water Science and Technology Library, 137–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8878-6_11.

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Ben-Hur, M. "Sewage Water Treatments and Reuse in Israel." In Water in the Middle East and in North Africa, 167–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10866-6_15.

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Fatti, L. Paul. "Water Research Planning in South Africa." In The Analytic Hierarchy Process, 122–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50244-6_8.

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Schreiner, Barbara. "Water Pricing: The Case of South Africa." In Water Pricing Experiences and Innovations, 289–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16465-6_15.

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Eales, Kathy. "Water Services in South Africa 1994–2009." In Global Issues in Water Policy, 33–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7_3.

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Kidd, Michael. "South Africa: The Development of Water Law." In The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water, 87–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_6.

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Naidoo, Suvania. "Water Mining and Development in South Africa." In Acid Mine Drainage in South Africa, 19–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44435-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water reuse, South Africa"

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Adewumi, J. R., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. van Zyl. "Planning Model for Wastewater Reuse System in South Africa." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)10.

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Ilemobade, A. A., J. R. Adewumi, and J. E. van Zyl. "Non-Potable Water Use/Reuse in South Africa: Review and Strategic Issues." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)9.

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Griffioen, M. L., and S. Natha. "Improving a Greywater Reuse Unit for the Purpose of Toilet Flushing in a Student Residence at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.305.

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"The Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Improving the Microbial Quality of Drinking Water." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117029.

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MUTAMBA, JEREMIAH. "WATER SECURITY: IS SOUTH AFRICA OPTIMALLY PURSUING ITS OPTIONS?" In WATER AND SOCIETY 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws190051.

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"Water Minimisation at Kriel Power Station Using Process Integration." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117062.

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"Removal of Total Hardness and Alkalinity from RO – Reject Water." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117024.

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Bosman, D. S. "Large-scale desalination: what can South Africa learn from Australia?" In WATER AND SOCIETY 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws130071.

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"Assessing the Quality of Traditionally Manufactured Ceramic Water Filters, Limpopo, South Africa." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117047.

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Carden, K., D. Ellis, and N. P. Armitage. "Water sensitive cities in South Africa: developing a Community of Practice." In URBAN WATER 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw160051.

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Reports on the topic "Water reuse, South Africa"

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van Koppen, B., V. Molose, K. Phasha, T. Bophela, I. Modiba, M. White, M. S. Magombeyi, and I. Jacobs-Mata. Guidelines for community-led multiple use water services: evidence from rural South Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2020.213.

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Grafton, R. Quentin, Clay Landry, Gary Libecap, Sam McGlennon, and Robert O'Brien. An Integrated Assessment of Water Markets: Australia, Chile, China, South Africa and the USA. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16203.

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Cobbing, J. The North West dolomite aquifers, South Africa: a stalled opportunity for water security and development. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2018.223.

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van Koppen, B., M. S. Magombeyi, I. Jacobs-Mata, V. Molose, K. Phasha, T. Bophela, I. Modiba, and M. White. Process and benefits of community-led multiple use water services: comparing two communities in South Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2020.212.

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Dodd, Lynde, Nancy Rybicki, Ryan Thum, Yasuro Kadono, and Kadiera Ingram. Genetic and morphological differences of water chestnut (Myrtales: Lythraceae: Trapa) populations in the Northeastern United States, Japan, and South Africa. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/32506.

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Ortiz, Raphaëlle, Anamaría Núñez, Corinne Cathala, Ana R. Rios, and Mauro Nalesso. Water in the Time of Drought II: Lessons from Droughts around the World. Edited by Raul Muñoz, Alfred Grunwaldt, and Claudia Calderón. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003425.

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Abstract:
This technical note is an update to the previous "Water in the Time of Drought: Lessons from Five Droughts Around the World", published in 2018. It explores drought situations and policies in Spain (including the Canary Islands), Chile, Mexico, the dry corridor between Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, Brazil, and South Africa. Each of these countries has recently dealt with droughts and/or developed long-term solutions to manage them. HydroBID, a tool developed by the IDB, will be presented through relevant case studies. After defining drought experiences and institutional frameworks in each country, the brief will explore the successes and challenges of national drought and water management policies. Best practices and lessons learned will be extracted from each case study to help policymakers better prepare for droughts.
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