Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water Sanitation and Hygiene

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Water Sanitation and Hygiene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Sanitation and Hygiene"

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Gomathi, Ms S., Ms P. Latha Theresa, and S. Jasmine Debora. "WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene : A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7012.

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M. Fitri, H. Nuraini, R. Priyanto, and Y. C. Endrawati. "Implementasi Higiene Sanitasi pada RPH Kategori I sebagai Syarat Produksi Daging Sehat." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 9, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.9.3.138-143.

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Abbatoirs have to produce meat that complied requisite of safety, healthy, wholeness and halal. Animalorigin product have to requisite basic safety product which implementated of hygine sanitation asproduction processed. The research aim was to evaluate implementation of hygine sanitation systemon 1st categrory abbatoir at Bogor Regency to complied safety and quality assurance of product.Observations on the implementation of hygienic sanitation were carried out using an evaluation matrixof the suitability of physical requirements with the criterion parameter assessment method based onthe Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 13/2010. The best suitability value (NK) of 3 wasobtained on the environmental hygiene indicator and the absence of the use of chemicals, while theother sanitation hygiene indicators were worth 2 (less appropriate). The results of testing on meat forthe content of Salmonella sp. is negative and the Total Plate Count test is between 7.1 x 103 - 5.2 x 104cfu/g below the SNI threshold (1.0 x 106 cfu/g). The test for E. coli in meat was above the threshold ofsuspected contamination from the water used. Validation of hygiene sanitation practices was carried outby means of Colliform swabs on knives, palms hand and clothing of officers. Colliform swab test of theofficer’s palm hand, which is 5.4 x 102 cfu/g, shows a value above the allowable threshold. The results ofthe evaluation of the application of sanitation and hygiene in the abattoir are quite good but still needimprovement. Priority improvements are the equipment of cleaning facilities, water quality testing andimprovement of personal hygiene understanding.
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Green, Joanne. "Water, sanitation and hygiene: health 101." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 126, no. 2 (March 2006): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400612600206.

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Curtis, V. "Water, sanitation, and hygiene at Kyoto." BMJ 327, no. 7405 (July 3, 2003): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7405.3.

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Hasan, AHM, Fakir Sameul Alam, Md Tufael Hossain, and Maksuda Begum. "Sanitation status of a rural area of Mymensingh." Community Based Medical Journal 7, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v7i2.55453.

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In Bangladesh majority of people live in rural area. Sanitation is important for health promotion, and disease prevention. To know sanitary condition of rural people of Mymensingh, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and the sampling technique was purposive. Data were collected on a pre-designed questionnaire by direct interviewing the respondents. Sanitation status was assessed by scoring on selected components of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. A total of 514 villagers (202 male, 312 female) participated in the study. Age of respondents ranged from 10 years to 75 years; mean age was 36.23 years with a standard deviation of ±13.736 years. Females were mostly housewives (92%), males were mostly farmers (37%). Among respondents 96% had own house, 58% had cultivable land and 26% were poor. Sanitation in this study included personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Scoring was done based on correct response on selected items of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation (80% and more: excellent, 60 to 79 percent: good, below 60 percent: bad). Personal hygiene practices included were daily bathing, hand washing with soap and water in relevant occasions, washing vegetables, fruits, covering cooked and served food. About 95% had excellent score on personal hygiene. This excellent score was more observed among respondents with increasing age, female sex, service holders, housewives and better socioeconomic condition. Environmental sanitation included safe water supply, sanitary latrine, good house, no animal in house and if present kept in cattle shed in safe distance, hygienic disposal of animal excreta and refuse. 95% had safe water supply, 75% had water seal latrine, 44% had good house and 26% had no animals. Those who kept animals only 23% kept them in cattle shed in safe distance. Hygienic disposal of animal excreta and refuse were 25% and 43.4% respectively. Environmental sanitation based on safe water supply and water seal latrine was excellent and good respectively but based on other 4 components the status was not satisfactory. Despite hardship,sanitary conditions were better thanthe results of other studies in Bangladesh and in other developing countries. Hygiene practices were praiseworthy. Improvement of socioeconomic condition and continuous health education will further improve the situation. CBMJ 2018 July: Vol. 07 No. 02 P: 34-41
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Sugriarta, Evino. "HYGIENE SANITASI DEPOT AIR MINUM." Jurnal Sehat Mandiri 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33761/jsm.v13i1.57.

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This study aims to investigate the implementation of sanitation hygiene in drinking water depot in Padang city. The results of this study is still 45.2% drinking water depot that has the implementation of sanitation hygiene is still not good. Most factors are still not good is the behavior of employees depot in conducting drinking water treatment. Recommendation is to supervise, provide counseling, and training for owners and employees of sanitation hygiene water depots.
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Budge, Sophie, Argaw Ambelu, Jamie Bartram, Joe Brown, and Paul Hutchings. "Environmental sanitation and the evolution of water, sanitation and hygiene." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 100, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.21.287137.

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Almedom, Astier, Ursula Blumenthal, and Lenore Manderson. "Public Health Engineering: Hygiene Evaluation Procedures." Practicing Anthropology 18, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.18.3.r34g7w5lv9g25205.

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Water and sanitation projects were among the first to which rapid appraisal methods were applied, primarily to monitor or evaluate projects where improved health status had not ensued as expected, following the provision of improved facilities. Qualitative research methods were used to identify perceived social, cultural, and behavioral barriers to full or appropriate use of these facilities. (See, for example, the World Health Organization's Minimum Evaluation Procedure (MEP) for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects [Geneva: WHO, 1983] and M. Simpson-Herbert, Methods for Gathering Socio-Cultural Data for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects [Washington, DC: UNDP/World Bank, Technology Advisory Group, 1983].) Water and sanitation-related hygiene practices are complex, however, and the relationship between the provision of infrastructure, health education, and behavior change have remained perplexing. It continues to be a major concern, too, since morbidity and mortality worldwide is associated in many ways with poor sanitation, lack of potable water, and detrimental hygiene practices.
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Badun, Asmawati. "The Relationship of Drinking Water Depot Sanitation with the Presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli." MIRACLE Journal Of Public Health 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36566/mjph/vol4.iss2/264.

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The coverage of sanitation in Indonesia, especially in drinking water, is known to have not been in accordance with the needs of the population. Likewise in Kendari District where drinking water facilities (depots) and the quality of the water produced do not meet health requirements. This study aims to determine the correlation of drinking water depot sanitation hygiene with the presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli bacteria in Kendari District. The type of study is observational analytic with a cross-sectional study design. The study population, namely all drinking water depots in the working area of ​​the Kendari District, amounted to 14 depots with a simple random sampling of 13 depots. Testing the data using the Fisher's Exact Test. The results of the study on sanitation hygiene of the place obtained p-value=0.014 and phi test=0.822, the results of the test on hygiene and sanitation of equipment obtained p-value=0.014 and phi test=0.822, while the sanitation hygiene of the handlers obtained p-value=0.003 and phi test=1.000. This means that there is a strong relationship between sanitation hygiene of premises, equipment and handlers with the presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli bacteria in Kendari District. It is hoped that health center will actively conduct counseling in order to increase public insight and knowledge about sanitation hygiene of places, equipment and handlers at drinking water depots.
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Indasah, Indasah. "Effect of Good Hygiene Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Depot Management of Refill Drinking Water on the Quality of Drinking Water Reviewed from Most-Probable-Number Coliform in Kediri." Folia Medica Indonesiana 54, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v54i4.10705.

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Drinking water is a basic human need and must meet health requirements. Drinking water depots are a means of filling drinking water which is in the process of processing raw water using treatment and sterilization system. Drinking water depots as providers of drinking water must also meet the requirements of sanitation hygiene and personal hygiene management must also be maintained so that the water produced meets health requirements. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sanitation hygiene and personal hygiene management of refill drinking water depots on the quality of drinking water in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform in Kediri. The research design used was analytic observational with cross sectional approach. The population of all refill drinking water depots in Kediri is 57, with the sampling technique that is Simple Random Sampling, where a portion of refill drinking water depots in Kediri are 50. Data is collected by check list, questionnaire and laboratory examination. The results showed that most of the hygiene sanitation of the drinking water depot had fulfilled the requirements of 77%, the drinking water personal hygiene depot was good as much as 85% and those who met the drinking water requirements were 70%. The results of the hygiene feasibility analysis showed the value of Sig 0.000<0.05 (R=0.935) means that there was an effect of hygiene sanitation quality with water quality in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform. While the personal hygiene value of Sig 0.001 <0.05 (R = 0.528) indicates that there is a personal hygiene influence with water quality in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform. The results of Logistic Regression test showed that there were effects of sanitation hygiene and personal hygiene management of refill drinking water depots with water quality in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform with a significance value = 0.000 <a 0.05. This shows that the hygiene and the better personal hygiene at refill drinking water depots is increasingly fulfilling water quality requirements in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Sanitation and Hygiene"

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Njingana, Sikhanyisele. "Role of water as a resource in hygiene and sanitation." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6810.

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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)
Water supply and sanitation remain a huge problem in townships and rural areas of South Africa, in effect affecting the water supply, hygiene and health of marginalized communities. Following democracy in 1994, South Africa’s new government embarked on a program of eradicating backlogs in water supply and sanitation that had become endemic under apartheid in townships and rural areas. In addition, South Africa’s constitution categorically states that every citizen has a right to a minimum of basic water supply and sanitation. Internationally, access to basic water supply and sanitation are fundamental human rights. Thus the South African government aims is to ensure that all South Africans have access to basic water and sanitation services. This study investigated the quantity and quality of water and how these effect sanitation and hygiene of communities using Walmer Township in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a case study. The study used a multi-pronged methodological approach including structured interviews with a sample of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, observations and secondary information. Although the Walmer Community felt that they had access to sufficient quantity of water for their daily use and that the quality of the water was fine, the reality was that most households use less than the daily minimum amount of water per person as required in the constitution because of the distance where they have to fetch the water, which is too far to collect more water than they absolutely need. There is need for municipality to provide more stand pipes in order to reduce the distance that most households have to walk to fetch water. 80% of Walmer residents still use the bucket system, which is the issue that the community is more aggrieved about. One of the reasons the bucket system persists is the unplanned development of the Township and the type of dwellings (mostly shacks) that people still use. Also, the Township has grown and mushroomed organically as a result of the constant influx of people looking for better economic opportunities from rural areas or other urban areas. This makes it very difficult for the municipality to plan for and provide services and infrastructure as the Municipality is always playing catch-up. Worse still, the average number of people that use each bucket toilet (over 80) makes it extremely difficult to maintain the toilets clean and in functional and usable state at all times. Another problem is that the buckets, in particular those managed by the municipality, are not collected as scheduled resulting in spill-over of the toilets. Most of all, there are currently no clear arrangements around management and maintenance of the bucket toilets. Therefore the impact that the bucket system has on the residents’ health and hygiene, and the general Township environment is dire. The uncontrolled and continuing influx of people into Walmer Township has led to very high population density, with the average number of people per household up to ten. Most people of working age in these households are unemployed, which means that most households in the Township depend on social grants for survival. The high unemployment rate and dependency on social grants by most households in Walmer Township means that the community cannot afford to pay for services and therefore depend on amenities provided by the Municipality. The majority of the population of Walmer Township depends on basic services provided by the Municipality. These are provided as public amenities available to all Walmer residents, which makes them largely ‘open access’. This has resulted in poor management and poor maintenance of these amenities. The unhygienic state of most of the bucket toilets and the poor state of water stand taps is as a result of this current management arrangement. It would improve management of these public amenities if a system of locating stand taps and bucket toilets to specific households that could limit access and use to these defined groups of households was introduced. These households would then be responsible for maintaining and managing use of the specific and allocated amenities. The current management arrangements for these public amenities point to the fact that there is currently lack of participatory planning and management between the Municipality and the community. The Municipality takes top-down decisions resulting in disjuncture between the Municipality and the Community in terms of real community needs, provision of these needs, and how they should be serviced and managed.
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Okyere, Charles Yaw [Verfasser]. "Water Quality in Multipurpose Water Systems, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Outcomes in Ghana / Charles Yaw Okyere." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1161527087/34.

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Yaw, Okyere Charles [Verfasser]. "Water Quality in Multipurpose Water Systems, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Outcomes in Ghana / Charles Yaw Okyere." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-48542.

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Schiedek, Leonie. "Water Governance in the SDG Era - An Analysis of National Commitments to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412137.

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The 21st century is marked by the forecast of a frightful set of crises caused by anthropogenic activities. Among them, an emerging water crisis threatens the existence of life on the planet. It is mainly triggered by a lack of good water governance. The concept of water governance refers to a range of different societal systems that are involved in the management of water resources, and the delivery of water services. However, these systems are threatened by several problems causing a mismanagement of water resources, involving corruption, deficits of democratization, or inequalities. This study examines commitments to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene provided by the Sanitation and Water for All partnership through a qualitative content analysis in order to allow an insight in current goal-setting for improved water governance. In this study, we show that even though stakeholders across geographical regions and constituencies aim at efficient governance measures, they neglect the importance of the procedural factors of good governance, for instance participation or adaptiveness. Instead they mostly focus on the outcome. Further, the study reveals that the commitments lack timely and measurable components and often do not include allocation of budgets. Although stakeholders show their intention to commit to action and work collaboratively, they often lack long-term thinking. Against the background of emerging global challenges in the water sector, most stakeholders are not yet prepared to work efficiently with new forms of governance in order to establish sustainable and resilient systems. Nevertheless, multi-stakeholder partnerships provide a basis to start a learning journey and can help to facilitate capacity development and future literacy. This thesis reveals starting points for improvement, gives practical recommendations for action and further research directions, that are necessary to explore the differences between regions and constituencies further and improve the goal-setting process in the following years.
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Mpofu, Claudius. "Adopting a resilience lens in managing decentralized water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236974.

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Climate change and increased pressure on water resources through urban and peri-urban population growth present some major uncertainties to the sustainable provision of good quality water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, particularly to small-scale decentralized systems which are considered more vulnerable compared to centralized systems. The concept of “resilience” could be useful when dealing with such uncertainties. It deals with planning for shocks and stressors which could help address long-term water security and sanitation challenges. The aim of this research is to explore the relevance of the concept of resilience in dealing with uncertainties for decentralized WASH systems. Through literature review, interviews (n=22) and group discussions (n=18), the relevance of the 7 resilience principles, developed by SRC, to WASH planning for decentralized systems was explored. WHO community water and sanitation planning guidelines were reviewed to determine how resilience could add useful aspects to management of decentralised WASH systems.  Results showed that the resilience concept is important in planning and management of decentralized WASH systems, since, with the resilience principles as a basis, there is potential to involve different stakeholders to share knowledge, skills and resources across multiple scales. The three resilience principles considered most important from the 7 SRC resilience principles for decentralized WASH were identified as: 1) Broadening participation, 2) Maintenance of diversity and redundancy, and 3) Management of slow changing variables and feedbacks. Other important WASH aspects missing from the resilience principles were: 1) Contextuality, 2) Accountability, 3) Equity and human rights, 4) Monitoring and maintenance, 5) Resource capacity. Two case studies served as examples of how decentralized WASH systems are managed in a high-income country (Värmdö, Sweden) and  a low/middle income country (MSETO, Kenya). In both cases, applied resilience principles were identified together with areas of improvement. With reference to resilience, Värmdö municipality showed strength in the flow of information (connectivity) between actors but lacked integrated WASH planning guidelines and diversity of water supplies. The MSETO project exhibited strength in overlapping responsibilities (polycentric governance) but lacked management of slow changing variables and feedbacks, linked to the lack of adequate re-sources. The analysis of WHO Water Safety Plans and sanitation safety planning guidelines through the resilience framework revealed that the WHO guidelines have a heavy focus on technical aspects and lack an integrated approach involving polycentric governance and complex adaptive system thinking. There is need for the revision of the guide-lines to incorporate community social aspects, strategies of improving water availability and consideration of complex adaptive systems thinking. Municipalities and practitioners are recommended to consider resilience principles as well as the identified missing aspects in WASH planning and interventions. Further research is needed investigating necessary conditions for the application of resilience principles and important trade-offs.
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Webster, James. "Culture's influence: towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects." Thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield University at Silsoe, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1369.

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Variations frequently occur between the intended and actual outcomes of rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects, even projects that exhibit best practice. As a result, the intended impact of poverty reduction through sustained health improvements is diminished. This thesis establishes that inadequate consideration of culture in interactions between and within project stakeholders is a major reason for these unintended project outcomes. Aspects of individual and group behaviour that are influenced by culture are examined, and an initial conceptual framework of established cultural dimensions developed. This framework is then applied to a broad variety of stakeholder groups: seven end user groups and two implementing agencies in Ethiopia and Uganda; national Governments and international donor organisations. As a result, two new cultural dimensions are proposed. Firstly, concern for public selfimage, defined as ‘the degree to which an individual expresses interest in how others perceive him/herself, and the manner in which the individual seeks to influence that perception’. Secondly, spirituality, defined as ‘the nature and degree of people’s beliefs and practices concerning the existence, nature, and worship of, and connectedness to God, a god, gods, or a greater spiritual whole, and involvement of the divine or greater spirit in the universe and human life’. Aspects of these dimensions that need to be measured are identified. Hierarchies of cultural dimensions are identified where a certain combination of individual or group orientations causes the suppression or even reversal of behaviour in a dimension. Modifications to established cultural dimensions are recommended, especially long-term orientation which the author proposes renaming to ‘resistance to change’. A multidisciplinary approach that reflects the complexities of group behaviour and converges research findings is recommended, including utilising software that simulates complex systems. Recommendations are made for development practitioners, especially to enhance participation, promote femininity and achieve lasting change through training.
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Webster, James. "Culture's influence : towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/1369.

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Variations frequently occur between the intended and actual outcomes of rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects, even projects that exhibit best practice. As a result, the intended impact of poverty reduction through sustained health improvements is diminished. This thesis establishes that inadequate consideration of culture in interactions between and within project stakeholders is a major reason for these unintended project outcomes. Aspects of individual and group behaviour that are influenced by culture are examined, and an initial conceptual framework of established cultural dimensions developed. This framework is then applied to a broad variety of stakeholder groups: seven end user groups and two implementing agencies in Ethiopia and Uganda; national Governments and international donor organisations. As a result, two new cultural dimensions are proposed. Firstly, concern for public selfimage, defined as ‘the degree to which an individual expresses interest in how others perceive him/herself, and the manner in which the individual seeks to influence that perception’. Secondly, spirituality, defined as ‘the nature and degree of people’s beliefs and practices concerning the existence, nature, and worship of, and connectedness to God, a god, gods, or a greater spiritual whole, and involvement of the divine or greater spirit in the universe and human life’. Aspects of these dimensions that need to be measured are identified. Hierarchies of cultural dimensions are identified where a certain combination of individual or group orientations causes the suppression or even reversal of behaviour in a dimension. Modifications to established cultural dimensions are recommended, especially long-term orientation which the author proposes renaming to ‘resistance to change’. A multidisciplinary approach that reflects the complexities of group behaviour and converges research findings is recommended, including utilising software that simulates complex systems. Recommendations are made for development practitioners, especially to enhance participation, promote femininity and achieve lasting change through training.
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Nahalamba, Sarah Birungi. "Socioeconomic Status, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Economic Cost of Childhood Diarrheal Diseases in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7317.

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Worldwide, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children aged under 5, yet it is both preventable and treatable. Several studies have established the effects of exposure to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on diarrhea prevalence, but little was known on how the interactions of socioeconomic status and WASH influence the economic cost of treatment of diarrhea. This retrospective cross-sectional survey study was focused on assessing the correlation between socioeconomic status, WASH, and household cost of treatment of diarrhea among children aged under 5 in Uganda using the multiple exposure-multiple effect model. Secondary data from the 2015/16 Uganda National Panel Survey were used. At bivariate level of analysis, 5 of 6 independent variables (education level of mother, household expenditure, residence type, source of drinking water, and type of toilet facility) had statistically significant associations with household cost of treatment of diarrhea (p value < .05). The multivariate-hierarchical multiple linear regression indicated that only 3 of the 6 variables significantly predicated household cost of treatment of diarrhea. These were highest education level of mother (p = 0.001), source of drinking water (p = 0.022), and type of toilet facility (p = 0.012). At p value < .05, about 67% of the variation in the cost of treatment was explained by the independent variables. Households with a higher socioeconomic status incurred higher costs of treatment, although those with a lower status experienced the highest prevalence rates. Therefore, policy makers and practitioners could use these findings to employ multiple interventions to address the disease burden and cause behavior change.
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Bostoen, Kristof. "Measuring access and practice : designing a survey methodology for the hygiene, sanitation and water sector." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2007. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682235/.

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Access to safe water and sanitary means of excreta disposal are essential elements of human development and poverty alleviation. It is estimated that one in four people in the developing world lacks access to water while over half the population has no access to sanitation. From the Alma-Ata declaration in 1978 to the recent Millennium Development Goals, efforts to improve this situation have been hampered by the lack of meaningful indicators to measure hygiene, sanitation and water coverage and establish progress towards the goals and targets set out by the international community. This thesis aims to determine if measuring prevalence of access to water~ sanitation and the practice of hygienic behaviour in hous~hold surveys can be.improved. With no indicators available in current international' laws and targets, various aspects of access and practice were examined to design indicators for field-testing. By using - existing data sets, the research established that there is a high geographic clustering of the measures of interest, which results in large design effects (deff) and rates of homogeneity (roh) in cluster surveys. Based on the calculated roh optimum numbers ofcluster and sample size were calculated for the field trials. This requires introducing survey costs in the sample size calculations. The high clustering of water and sanitation indicator require large sample sizes, resulting in large amounts of data which organisations in the four field trials in Kosovo, South Africa, Kenya and Laos found difficult to handle. Practical problems in the implementation of the survey method resulted in non-sampling errors and could cause reluctance in adoption the methodology. The research improved water and sanitation indicators but found that for individual behaviour such as hygiene the household is not a suitable sampling unit. It also showed that observation among interviewers have to be better standardised to reduce the inter-surveyor.variation. Representative sampling is the current bottleneck in the development of such a survey method. Current method requires a good understanding of sampling theory as well as reliable sample frames, which are rarely available to implementing organisations. Alternative sampling methods are suggested, and recommendations are made for the further development ofthe survey method designed in this research, which to date may be too complex for widespread use.
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Hanyinda, Kelvin. "The availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals in rural Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6939.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Background and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.
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Books on the topic "Water Sanitation and Hygiene"

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Action contre la faim (Association). Water, sanitation and hygiene for populations at risk. Paris: Hermann, 2005.

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1947-, Feachem Richard G., and Rahaman M. Mujibur, eds. Evaluating health impact: Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene education. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 1986.

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International, Wetlands. Wetlands and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH): Understanding the linkages. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wetlands International, 2010.

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Adams, John. Water, sanitation and hygiene standards for schools in low-cost settings. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2009.

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Rasolofomanana, Lovy. A critical look at governance in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in Madagascar: Water and sanitation for all. [Madagascar]: [publisher not identified], 2012.

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Shordt, Kathleen. Action monitoring for effectiveness: Improving water, hygiene and environmental sanitation programmes. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2000.

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Chaipa, Isaac. In-depth research on urban water sanitation & hygiene problems in Zimbabwe. Harare: NGO Joint Initiative for Urban Zimbabwe, 2013.

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Shordt, Kathleen. Action monitoring for effectiveness: Improving water, hygiene and environmental sanitation programmes. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2000.

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Shordt, Kathleen. Action monitoring for effectiveness: Improving water, hygiene and environmental sanitation programmes. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2000.

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Fleming, Sue. Basic water supply and sanitation. Tonga: Women's Development Training Programme, Institute of Rural Development, University of the South Pacific, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water Sanitation and Hygiene"

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Pickford, John, Peter Barker, Bob Elson, Margaret Ince, Paul Larcher, Derek Miles, Jeremy Parr, et al. "8. Hygiene, Health and Gender." In Water and Sanitation for All, 124–38. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780446363.008.

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Rudebeck, Thérèse. "Companies and Water Sanitation and Hygiene." In Corporations as Custodians of the Public Good?, 107–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13225-5_5.

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Velleman, Y., L. Blair, F. Fleming, and A. Fenwick. "Water-, Sanitation-, and Hygiene-Related Diseases." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 1–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_547-3.

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Lenton, Roberto, and Jon Lane. "Sanitation and Hygiene for All by 2050." In Toward a Sustainable Water Future, 56–65. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412077.ch06.

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Taing, Lina, and Nga Dang. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Global Health." In Handbook of Global Health, 2211–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45009-0_94.

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Taing, Lina, and Nga Dang. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Global Health." In Handbook of Global Health, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_94-1.

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Latchem, Colin. "Health care, Childcare, Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene." In Open and Distance Non-formal Education in Developing Countries, 121–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6741-9_12.

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Graham, Jay. "Sanitation and Hygiene: Taking Stock After Three Decades." In Water and Sanitation-Related Diseases and the Environment, 18–27. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118148594.ch2.

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Adams, John. "4. Emergency settlements, site selection, and planning; Hygiene promotion." In Managing Water Supply and Sanitation in Emergencies, 87–109. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855987930.004.

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Newborne, Peter, and Anu Liisanantti. "Sanitation and hygiene promotion in rural communities: the Health Extension Programme." In Achieving Water Security, 89–105. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780447636.005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water Sanitation and Hygiene"

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McKenzie, F., D. Watkins, Jr., and B. Barkdoll. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Independencia, Peru." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.218.

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Naik, Rishikesh. "298 Raising the bar: water, sanitation & hygiene at workplace." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.411.

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Lubis, Pierre Yohanes, Bahareh Shahri, and Mariano Ramirez. "HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN FOR WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE: INSIGHTS FROM JAKARTA." In Simpósio de Design Sustentável. Departamento de Design da UFPR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/8sds2021.art57.

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Ali, Banire Sunday, Isaac Akinwumi, and Solomon Isiorho. "WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN UNGWAN RIMI PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTRE, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-367449.

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Kansal, Mitthan Lal, and Patrick C. I. Cole. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Sustainability Assessment and Its Impact on the Human Development Index (HDI) in Kailahun District of Sierra Leone." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482322.003.

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"<i>Promoting restoration of Lake Bosomtwe through spatial analysis of existing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sources in Ghana West Africa</i>." In 2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 13-15, 2020. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202000589.

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Passos, Valeria Maria de Azeredo, Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant, Paulo Roberto Lopes Corrêa, Pedro Cisalpino Pinheiro, Maria de Fátima Marinho de Souza, and Deborah Carvalho Malta. "SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN COVID-19 MORTALITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN BELO HORIZONTE: VACCINATION PRIORITY." In XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Geriatria e Gerontologia. Zeppelini Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2447-21232021res02.

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OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that older adults (aged 60+ years) living in areas of greater social vulnerability were most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Belo Horizonte between February and October 2020. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study with analysis of mortality rates by census tracts, classified as areas of low vulnerability (1330 tracts), medium vulnerability (1460 tracts), and high/very high vulnerability (1040 tracts) according to the health vulnerability index (consisting of indicators of sanitation, garbage collection, water supply, literacy level, and race). The number of deaths from COVID-19 was obtained from the Mortality Information System from 10th to 43rd epidemiological week. The rates were age-standardized for populations of the three areas of vulnerability, based on population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. RESULTS: In Belo Horizonte, the mortality rate was 62.9 deaths per 100,000 population, ranging from 36.1 in areas of low social vulnerability to 76.6 and 101.9 in areas of medium and high/very high vulnerability, respectively. The mortality rate was 292.3 per 100,000 older persons, increasing from 179.2 in areas of low vulnerability to 353.6 and 472.6 in areas of medium and high/very high vulnerability, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this moment of organizing vaccination sessions for the population, social inequalities in mortality, even in the age group at highest risk, reinforce the principle of starting vaccination by prioritizing the most socially vulnerable areas. It is necessary to prioritize the most exposed older persons, as they usually live with on-site workers, have greater difficulty in complying with social distancing orders and with the hygiene preventive measures due to poor housing and transportation conditions, and experience limited access to health care services.
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Umami, Afriza, Bhisma Murti, Tegar Wahyu Yudha Pratama, Istiqlal Fithri, and Dede Nasrullah. "Factors Related to Genital Hygiene Behavior Among Female Underwent Treatment at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta, Indonesia: A Case-Control Study." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.27.

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ABSTRACT Background: Maintaining genital cleanliness is very important for women because intimate organ problems can cause female tract infections. This study aimed to find out the factors associated with genital hygiene behavior in women. Methods: A case-control study was carried out in female underwent treatment at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta, Indonesia, from December 2017 to February 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 178 participants, who consisted of 56 cases and 122 controls. The dependent variable was genital hygiene behavior. The independent variables were stress, exposure to social media regarding genital hygiene, environmental sanitation, husband’s education, and support. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis. Results: Genital hygiene behavior increased with exposure to social media related to genital hygiene (OR= 9.20; 95% CI= 3.87 to 21.87, p<0.001), good environmental sanitation (OR= 5.16; 95% CI= 2.19 to 12.14, p<0.001), high husband’s education (OR= 6.49; 95% CI= 2.23 to 18.91, p=0.001) and support (OR= 2.88; 95% CI= 1.24 to 6.67, p=0.013). While women who experienced psychological problems such as stress decreased genital hygiene behavior (OR= 0.25; 95% CI= 0.94 to 0.71, p=0.009). Conclusions: Genital hygiene behavior in women increases with exposure to social media related to genital hygiene, adequate environmental sanitation, high husbands’ income, and support. In contrast, stress decreases women’s behavior in practicing genital hygiene. Keywords: Genital hygiene behavior, social media, environmental sanitation, stress, husband’s education, and support. Corresponding author: Afriza Umami, MPH. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Dóm tér 10 H-6720, Hungary. E-mail: umami.afriza@med.u-szeged.hu DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.27
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Artina, Vienna, and Wijayanti Prabandasari. "Hygiene and Sanitation at Street Vendors That Sell Around Monas." In Asia Tourism Forum 2016 - the 12th Biennial Conference of Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Asia. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/atf-16.2016.28.

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Indasah. "EFFECT OF COMMUNITY LEAD TOTAL SANITATION ON PERSONAL HYGIENE AND LATRINE OWNERSHIP." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Graduate Studies in Public Health, Graduate Program, Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126. Telp/Fax: (0271) 632 450 ext.208 First website:http//:s2ikm.pasca.uns.ac.id Second website: www.theicph.com. Email: theicph2016@gmail.com, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2016.026.

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Reports on the topic "Water Sanitation and Hygiene"

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Waddington, Hugh, Birte Snilstveit, Howard White, and Lorna Fewtrell. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries. 3ie, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr0017.

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Hulland, Kristyna, Nina Martin, Robert Dreibelbis, Julia DeBruicker Valliant, and Peter Winch. What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/srs0002.

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Hulland, Kristyna, Nina Martin, Robert Dreibelbis, Julia DeBruicker Valliant, and Peter Winch. What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/srs002.

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Barasa, Violet, and Linda Waldman. Exploring the Intersection of Sanitation, Hygiene, Water, and Health in Pastoralist Communities in Northern Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.004.

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This paper explores access to water, sanitation, and health in pastoral communities in northern Tanzania. It argues that the concept of gender, used on its own, is not enough to understand the complexities of sanitation, hygiene, water, and health. It explores pastoralists’ views and perspectives on what is ‘clean’, ‘safe’, and ‘healthy’, and their need to access water and create sanitary arrangements that work for them, given the absence of state provision of modern water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. Although Tanzania is committed to enhancing its citizens’ access to WASH services, pastoral sanitation and hygiene tend to be overlooked and little attention is paid to complex ways in which access to ‘clean’ water and ‘adequate sanitation’ is structured in these communities. This paper offers an intersectional analysis of water and sanitation needs, showing how structural discrimination in the form of a lack of appropriate infrastructure, a range of sociocultural norms and values, and individual stratifiers interact to influence the sanitation and health needs of pastoralist men, women, boys, and girls.
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Myers, Emily, Yuna Baek, Gayathri V. Ramani, and Jessica Heckert. Not just a drop in the bucket: Measuring women’s empowerment in water, sanitation, and hygiene. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.135066.

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Day, St John, and Tim Forster. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Post-Emergency Contexts: A study on establishing sustainable service delivery models. Oxfam, UNHCR, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.3804.

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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in DRC: Impact evaluation of the ‘Sustainable WASH in Fragile Contexts (SWIFT 1)’ project. Oxfam GB, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8717.

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Between April 2014 and March 2018, the SWIFT Consortium, led by Oxfam with Tearfund and ODI as members, carried out the 'SWIFT 1' project in DRC and Kenya to provide access to water and sanitation and to promote basic hygiene practices. In DRC, the consortium worked with implementing partners HYFRO, CEPROSSAN, and PPSSP in rural and semi-urban areas in three eastern provinces – North Kivu, South Kivu and Maniema. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. It focuses on measuring benefits attributable to additional activities the project carried out in rural areas, above and beyond the national ‘Villages et Ecoles Assainis’ (VEA) approach. Using a quasi-experimental evaluation design, impact is assessed among individuals and their households in intervention and comparison communities in Kirotshe and Mweso Health Zones in North Kivu. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Sierra Leone: Impact evaluation of the ‘Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts’ project. Oxfam GB, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8401.

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Between October 2016 and March 2019, the Freetown WASH Consortium, led by Oxfam with Against Hunger, Concern Worldwide and Save the Children as members, carried out the 'Improved WASH Services in Western Area Urban (WAU) and Western Area Rural (WAR) Districts' project. Broadly, the project aimed to improve the availability, accessibility, affordability and sustainability of integrated water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, in alignment with the Government of Sierra Leone's national agenda on Ebola recovery and increased preparedness against possible future outbreaks. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. Using a quasi-experimental, mixed method evaluation design, impact is assessed among individuals, households and communities in intervention and comparison areas. Community-level factors contributing to better individual- and household-level outcomes are explored. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Roelen, Keetie, and Karol Rodriguez. Comprehensive Social Protection Programming: What is the Potential for Improving Sanitation Outcomes? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.001.

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Millions of people around the world do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities, undermining progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 that calls for adequate and equitable sanitation for all. Efforts to improve sanitation outcomes have been rapidly accelerated in the past decade alongside an expansion of different financial incentives or subsidies to promote access to services and motivate sanitation behaviour. In parallel, social protection has become part and parcel of development policy, with many low- and middle-income countries now offering some form of cash transfers to those most vulnerable. Comprehensive interventions that couple financial transfers with complementary support such as behaviour change communication, training, or coaching have also grown increasingly popular. Despite similarities between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) subsidy schemes and social protection interventions, these policy areas have largely developed in silos and limited cross-sectoral learning has taken place. This paper begins to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the potential for comprehensive social protection in addressing sanitation outcomes and drawing out policy implications for the social protection and WASH communities. It does so by focusing on a social protection programme in the context of extreme poverty in rural Haiti.
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Srivastava, Shilpi, Jeremy Allouche, Roz Price, and Tina Nelis. Bringing WASH into the Water–Energy–Food Nexus in Humanitarian Settings. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.006.

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This paper examines the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus in a humanitarian context, with a specific focus on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). It highlights the complex and non-linear interactions that WASH has with other areas of the WEF nexus. In doing so, it blends the social dimensions (access, safety, consumption, and use) with the WEF resource dimensions (availability and resource sustainability), including a further emphasis on sanitation as a key, but often ignored, element of the WEF nexus. Drawing on the case of the Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh, we examine how household-level access to WASH shapes and is shaped by use, access, and availability of energy and food, and finally their effects on host–refugee interactions. We find that there are implicit and explicit links between WASH and WEF. Moreover, any small intervention in any of the WEF areas has positive knock-on effects on the other resources, especially in enhancing resource access and use. We conclude that bottom-up perspectives on these interlinkages with active participation from both host and refugee households are required to understand the implicit and explicit connections across WASH and the WEF nexus in humanitarian contexts. We also argue that sanitation is a key element of the WEF nexus and should not be ignored within the predominant resource-centric framing of the WEF.
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