Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)"

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Gomathi, Ms S., Ms P. Latha Theresa, and S. Jasmine Debora. "WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene : A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7012.

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Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim, Vicky Walters, J. C. Gaillard, Sanjida Marium Hridi, and Alice McSherry. "Water, sanitation and hygiene for homeless people." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 1 (July 7, 2015): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.248.

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This short communication provides insights into water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for homeless people through a scoping study conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It investigates homeless access to WASH through the lens of a rights-based approach. It demonstrates that homeless people's denial of their right to WASH reflects their marginal position in society and an unequal distribution of power and opportunities. The study ultimately suggests a rights-based approach to work toward dealing with the root causes of discrimination and marginalisation rather than just the symptoms. For the homeless, who not only lack substantive rights, but also the means through which to claim their rights, an integrated rights-based approach to WASH offers the possibility for social inclusion and significant improvements in their life conditions. Given the unique deprivation of homelessness it is argued that in addressing the lack of access to adequate WASH for homeless people the immediate goal should be the fulfilment and protection of the right to adequate shelter.
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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Victor Nyamandi, Charles Siachema, Nesbert Shirihuru, Lovemore Dhoba, Alison Baggen, Trevor Kanyowa, et al. "Using the Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT) in Zimbabwe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in 50 COVID-19 Isolation Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115641.

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The availability of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is a key prerequisite for quality care and infection prevention and control in health care facilities (HCFs). In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance and urgency of enhancing WASH coverage to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and other healthcare-associated infections. As a part of COVID-19 preparedness and response interventions, the Government of Zimbabwe, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and civil society organizations conducted WASH assessments in 50 HCFs designated as COVID-19 isolation facilities. Assessments were based on the Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT), a multi-step framework to inform the continuous monitoring and improvement of WASH services. The WASH FIT assessments revealed that one in four HCFs did not have adequate services across the domains of water, sanitation, health care waste, hand hygiene, facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection, and management. The sanitation domain had the largest proportion of health care facilities with poor service coverage (42%). Some of the recommendations from this assessment include the provision of sufficient water for all users, Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM)- and disability-friendly sanitation facilities, handwashing facilities, waste collection services, energy for incineration or waste treatment facilities, cleaning supplies, and financial resources for HCFs. WASH FIT may be a useful tool to inform WASH interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Budhathoki, Chitra Bahadur. "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Situation in Nepal: A Review." Journal of Health Promotion 7 (September 8, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v7i0.25513.

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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia. Nepal has made its considerable efforts to improve the water supply and sanitation (WASH) situation in the country by formulating and enforcing a number of WASH policies, guidelines and acts for the last two decades. But WASH situation of Nepal has not been well documented so far. Aim of this article is to describe the situation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal by analyzing secondary data and information obtained from published and unpublished literature. About 97 of the total population have access to basics anitation facilities and 87 percent access to basic water supply facility. Sanitation coverage is95 percent in six Provinces and below 90 percent in Province no. 2 of Nepal. The momentum of sanitation coverage was accelerated immediately after internalization and implementation of the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan in 2011 and Nepal reaches at close to the elimination of open defecation. The gap between rich and poor in accessing to and using toilet facility has been narrowing down due to the nationwide sanitation campaigns. But there is disparity in accessing and using piped water between rich and poor. Only 25 percent of water supply systems are well functioning and 68 percent can supply water to water taps throughout year. One-fourth of the existing toilet facility across the country are poorly constructed that needs to be upgraded. The government should make consolidated and integrated efforts to reduce existing inequity in the WASH sector and enhance the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services.
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Admiraal, Ryan, and David Doepel. "Using baseline surveys to inform interventions and follow-up surveys: a case-study using the Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3 (May 23, 2014): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.145.

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The Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program is a partnership among the Government of Mozambique, UNICEF, and the Australian Government focused on achieving the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation in Mozambique and concentrated on five small towns in Nampula Province. Before implementation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in these towns, a baseline survey was carried out in 2012. We show how such a survey can be used to characterize the state of the three WASH sub-themes (water, sanitation, hygiene) pre-intervention, suggest possible new emphases of or modifications to proposed interventions, and inform the design of follow-up surveys to best gauge the impact of the interventions.
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Shrestha, Marina Vaidya, Naresh Manandhar, and Sunil Kumar Joshi. "Study on Knowledge and Practices of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene among Secondary School Students." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i3.21158.

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Background: Provision of adequate water supply, sanitation, hygiene and waste management in schools has a number of positive effects. The study focuses on children because disease related to water; sanitation and hygiene are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised of 220 students. Participants involved were Government school students of grades 9-10 in Sindhupalchowk and Bhaktapur. Data consisted of hygiene and hand washing practices, knowledge about sanitation and personal hygiene characteristics. Results: This study revealed that knowledge regarding water borne disease was high among Urban school students 86.5% but knowledge regarding transmission route seemed inadequate in both urban and rural students (35% and 16% respectively). The practice on hand washing was found high (94.4%).There was significant difference in the knowledge of students regarding WASH in urban and rural settings of the school (P value<0.001). Treated water facility and hand washing facilities with water was found lacking in rural schools. Schools from the urban area had proper hand washing facilities, but there was not any soap available in both the areas. Conclusions: The knowledge and practice of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) among secondary school students is still poor. The knowledge of WASH in secondary school students when compared to the rural areas, urban areas had better on the basis of knowledge score.Keywords: hygiene; knowledge; practice; water; sanitation.
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Charles Shapu, Ruth, Suriani Ismail, Poh Ying Lim, Norliza Ahmad, and Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi. "Effectiveness of Health Education Intervention on Water Sanitation and Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria: A Cluster Randomised Control Trial." Water 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070987.

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Poor water sanitation and hygiene practice can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education intervention using information, motivation and a behavioural skill model on water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practice among adolescent girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria. A school-based cluster randomized control trial was conducted among 417 adolescent girls (10 to 19 years old) in four schools. The KoBo collect toolbox was used for data collection from October 2019 to March 2020. The chi-squared test was used to compare the baseline differences between intervention and control groups for WASH practice. A generalized estimating equation was used to assess changes from baseline, post intervention and follow up. There was significant interaction for WASH practice during follow up. Religion, place of residence, monthly income and occupation of mother had a statistically significant effect on WASH practice among adolescent girls. Findings revealed that this health education intervention was effective in improving water sanitation and hygiene practice among adolescent girls. Furthermore, religion, place of residence, monthly income and occupation of mother were found to be associated with water sanitation and hygiene practice.
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Jacob, Boniphace, and Method Kazaura. "Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0134.

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ABSTRACTSafe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.
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Valcourt, Nicholas, Amy Javernick-Will, Jeffrey Walters, and Karl Linden. "System Approaches to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030702.

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Endemic issues of sustainability in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector have led to the rapid expansion of ‘system approaches’ for assessing the multitude of interconnected factors that affect WASH outcomes. However, the sector lacks a systematic analysis and characterization of the knowledge base for systems approaches, in particular how and where they are being implemented and what outcomes have resulted from their application. To address this need, we conducted a wide-ranging systematic literature review of systems approaches for WASH across peer-reviewed, grey, and organizational literature. Our results show a myriad of methods, scopes, and applications within the sector, but an inadequate level of information in the literature to evaluate the utility and efficacy of systems approaches for improving WASH service sustainability. Based on this analysis, we propose four recommendations for improving the evidence base including: diversifying methods that explicitly evaluate interconnections between factors within WASH systems; expanding geopolitical applications; improving reporting on resources required to implement given approaches; and enhancing documentation of effects of systems approaches on WASH services. Overall, these findings provide a robust survey of the existing landscape of systems approaches for WASH and propose a path for future research in this emerging field.
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FREEMAN, M. C., T. CLASEN, R. DREIBELBIS, S. SABOORI, L. E. GREENE, B. BRUMBACK, R. MUGA, and R. RHEINGANS. "The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: a cluster-randomized trial." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 2 (May 24, 2013): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001118.

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SUMMARYThe impact of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access on mitigating illness is well documented, although impact of school-based WASH on school-aged children has not been rigorously explored. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in Nyanza Province, Kenya to assess the impact of a school-based WASH intervention on diarrhoeal disease in primary-school pupils. Two study populations were used: schools with a nearby dry season water source and those without. Pupils attending ‘water-available’ schools that received hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP&WT) and sanitation improvements showed no difference in period prevalence or duration of illness compared to pupils attending control schools. Those pupils in schools that received only the HP&WT showed similar results. Pupils in ‘water-scarce’ schools that received a water-supply improvement, HP&WT and sanitation showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence and days of illness. Our study revealed mixed results on the impact of improvements to school WASH improvements on pupil diarrhoea.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)"

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Mpofu, Claudius. "Adopting a resilience lens in managing decentralized water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236974.

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Climate change and increased pressure on water resources through urban and peri-urban population growth present some major uncertainties to the sustainable provision of good quality water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, particularly to small-scale decentralized systems which are considered more vulnerable compared to centralized systems. The concept of “resilience” could be useful when dealing with such uncertainties. It deals with planning for shocks and stressors which could help address long-term water security and sanitation challenges. The aim of this research is to explore the relevance of the concept of resilience in dealing with uncertainties for decentralized WASH systems. Through literature review, interviews (n=22) and group discussions (n=18), the relevance of the 7 resilience principles, developed by SRC, to WASH planning for decentralized systems was explored. WHO community water and sanitation planning guidelines were reviewed to determine how resilience could add useful aspects to management of decentralised WASH systems.  Results showed that the resilience concept is important in planning and management of decentralized WASH systems, since, with the resilience principles as a basis, there is potential to involve different stakeholders to share knowledge, skills and resources across multiple scales. The three resilience principles considered most important from the 7 SRC resilience principles for decentralized WASH were identified as: 1) Broadening participation, 2) Maintenance of diversity and redundancy, and 3) Management of slow changing variables and feedbacks. Other important WASH aspects missing from the resilience principles were: 1) Contextuality, 2) Accountability, 3) Equity and human rights, 4) Monitoring and maintenance, 5) Resource capacity. Two case studies served as examples of how decentralized WASH systems are managed in a high-income country (Värmdö, Sweden) and  a low/middle income country (MSETO, Kenya). In both cases, applied resilience principles were identified together with areas of improvement. With reference to resilience, Värmdö municipality showed strength in the flow of information (connectivity) between actors but lacked integrated WASH planning guidelines and diversity of water supplies. The MSETO project exhibited strength in overlapping responsibilities (polycentric governance) but lacked management of slow changing variables and feedbacks, linked to the lack of adequate re-sources. The analysis of WHO Water Safety Plans and sanitation safety planning guidelines through the resilience framework revealed that the WHO guidelines have a heavy focus on technical aspects and lack an integrated approach involving polycentric governance and complex adaptive system thinking. There is need for the revision of the guide-lines to incorporate community social aspects, strategies of improving water availability and consideration of complex adaptive systems thinking. Municipalities and practitioners are recommended to consider resilience principles as well as the identified missing aspects in WASH planning and interventions. Further research is needed investigating necessary conditions for the application of resilience principles and important trade-offs.
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Nahalamba, Sarah Birungi. "Socioeconomic Status, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Economic Cost of Childhood Diarrheal Diseases in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7317.

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Worldwide, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children aged under 5, yet it is both preventable and treatable. Several studies have established the effects of exposure to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on diarrhea prevalence, but little was known on how the interactions of socioeconomic status and WASH influence the economic cost of treatment of diarrhea. This retrospective cross-sectional survey study was focused on assessing the correlation between socioeconomic status, WASH, and household cost of treatment of diarrhea among children aged under 5 in Uganda using the multiple exposure-multiple effect model. Secondary data from the 2015/16 Uganda National Panel Survey were used. At bivariate level of analysis, 5 of 6 independent variables (education level of mother, household expenditure, residence type, source of drinking water, and type of toilet facility) had statistically significant associations with household cost of treatment of diarrhea (p value < .05). The multivariate-hierarchical multiple linear regression indicated that only 3 of the 6 variables significantly predicated household cost of treatment of diarrhea. These were highest education level of mother (p = 0.001), source of drinking water (p = 0.022), and type of toilet facility (p = 0.012). At p value < .05, about 67% of the variation in the cost of treatment was explained by the independent variables. Households with a higher socioeconomic status incurred higher costs of treatment, although those with a lower status experienced the highest prevalence rates. Therefore, policy makers and practitioners could use these findings to employ multiple interventions to address the disease burden and cause behavior change.
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Schiedek, Leonie. "Water Governance in the SDG Era - An Analysis of National Commitments to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412137.

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The 21st century is marked by the forecast of a frightful set of crises caused by anthropogenic activities. Among them, an emerging water crisis threatens the existence of life on the planet. It is mainly triggered by a lack of good water governance. The concept of water governance refers to a range of different societal systems that are involved in the management of water resources, and the delivery of water services. However, these systems are threatened by several problems causing a mismanagement of water resources, involving corruption, deficits of democratization, or inequalities. This study examines commitments to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene provided by the Sanitation and Water for All partnership through a qualitative content analysis in order to allow an insight in current goal-setting for improved water governance. In this study, we show that even though stakeholders across geographical regions and constituencies aim at efficient governance measures, they neglect the importance of the procedural factors of good governance, for instance participation or adaptiveness. Instead they mostly focus on the outcome. Further, the study reveals that the commitments lack timely and measurable components and often do not include allocation of budgets. Although stakeholders show their intention to commit to action and work collaboratively, they often lack long-term thinking. Against the background of emerging global challenges in the water sector, most stakeholders are not yet prepared to work efficiently with new forms of governance in order to establish sustainable and resilient systems. Nevertheless, multi-stakeholder partnerships provide a basis to start a learning journey and can help to facilitate capacity development and future literacy. This thesis reveals starting points for improvement, gives practical recommendations for action and further research directions, that are necessary to explore the differences between regions and constituencies further and improve the goal-setting process in the following years.
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Hanyinda, Kelvin. "The availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals in rural Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6939.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Background and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.
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Gleaton, Arlyn Nathalia. "Perceptions of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions in Select Communities in Central America. Recommendations to Explore the Issue of Sustainability." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/243.

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Background: Estimations from the Joint Monitoring program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP, 2012) reveal that “less than five percent of water and sanitation interventions are revisited once they have been completed and less than one percent are monitored over the long term”. Since 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) has been working with the American Red Cross (ARC) to evaluate the long-term sustainability of post-disaster water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (WASH) provided in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. Sustainability assessments were conducted in 2006, 2009 and most recently in 2012. In the 2012 evaluation, a qualitative approached was included to extent the results obtained from quantitative surveys through an exploration of individual perceptions and current practices. Methodology: Key-informant interviews were conducted with the heads of household in 15 communities purposively selected. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analyzed using the computer assisted qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA10 Results: Interviewees discussed issues related to the quality, safety and adequacy of the water and sanitation infrastructure and hygiene education sessions received. Issues of corruption in the water committees and delayed repair of damaged infrastructure resulting in erratic service were frequently reported. In addition, lack of financial support, community engagement, and equity were identified by heads of household as major limitations to sustain and improve WASH interventions. Conclusions: This exploration provides valuable information to further examine the factors driving people’s adoption of hygienic practices and maintenance of water and sanitation facilities in the Central American region.
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Abad, Tent Pau. "The use of video to communicate water, sanitation and hygiene in Haiti: A comparison between SAWBO, GHMP and UNESCO’s cholera prevention initiatives." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23457.

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Health communication campaigns in developing countries can take many different forms and make use of a wide range of communication tools. One of these tools are multimedia resources such as videos. Initiatives like the Scientific Animations Without Borders (SAWBO) or the Global Health Media Project (GHMP) have been created for the only purpose of developing videos adapted to different cultures and languages in order to tackle a variety of health issues relevant to developing countries. The present study pretends to focus on the use of such videos for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) behavior in the context of cholera epidemic which hit Haiti in late 2010. By using comparative research procedures, three videos have been selected for content analysis from three different institutions: SAWBO, GHMP, and UNESCO Haiti. The results from this analysis served as guidelines for further survey analysis carried out through field questionnaires to a sample of the video’s target audience, that is, Haitian children aged from about 10 to 13 years old. The purpose of the study was to understand and compare the impact and effectiveness of these resources in transmitting disease prevention practices to the target audience. The results indicate that the videos usually coincided in the issues to inform about cholera, but differed in most of the features portrayed within the issues. Moreover, responses to the questionnaires reflected that the messages portrayed were only retained by an average half of the participants, with more or less success depending on the topic.
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Lombard-Latune, Rémi. "Innover pour les services d’assainissement en zone tropicale : approche technique par filtres plantés de végétaux et accompagnement par modélisation participative." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1035/document.

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Les Objectifs de Développement Durable visent d'ici 2030 un « accès pour tous à des services d'assainissement et d'hygiène adéquats, en mettant fin à la défécation à l'air libre ». Un service d'assainissement peut-être défini par ses composantes techniques et sociales, et leurs interactions. Dans l'optique de proposer des pistes d'améliorations des services d'assainissement en zone tropicale, les travaux de cette thèse ont porté à la fois sur des infrastructures de traitement et sur l'implication de l'ensemble des acteurs dans la définition du service. L'analyse croisée des contextes des départements d'outre-mer (DOM) français et du Sénégal a permis d'identifier des contraintes qui pèsent sur le secteur de l'assainissement en zone tropicale. Du point de vue des infrastructures de traitement, ces contraintes nous ont amenées à proposer des procédés issus de la famille des Filtres Plantés de Végétaux (FPV) comme solutions à priori pertinentes. Cette thèse présente leurs adaptations à la zone tropicale, en détaillant les choix retenus pour le dimensionnement, la conception des filtres et le choix des végétaux. Une centaine de campagnes de suivi ont été réalisées sur 7 stations pilotes en tailles réelles, à travers les 5 DOM. Les résultats montrent que malgré une plus grande compacité, le dimensionnement proposé permet de conserver des niveaux de traitement au moins comparables à ceux observés en climat tempéré. Compte tenu des contraintes climatiques et organisationnelles en milieu tropical, une analyse de leur résilience à des perturbations et de leur fiabilité de traitement a été réalisée par une étude statistique sur les données produites par l'autosurveillance réglementaire. Elle montre que les FPV sont également plus fiables que les procédés de traitement conventionnel les plus répandus pour les petites collectivités. Ce qui s'explique à la fois par la barrière physique que représente ces procédés de cultures fixées sur support fin ainsi que par des besoins en entretien plus réduits. Le deuxième axe de recherche part du constat d'un manque de concertation entre acteurs au moment de la planification de l'assainissement, étape qui préside à la construction du système d'assainissement. En particulier, les utilisateurs, leurs besoins et leurs contraintes sont très peu et mal pris en compte. La modélisation d'accompagnement pourrait permettre de créer à la fois un support (le modèle) permettant de discuter des choix techniques et de leurs conséquences, ainsi que le cadre dans lequel les différents acteurs pourraient échanger leurs points de vue et trouver un consensus soutenable. Un processus de modélisation d'accompagnement a été conçu et mis en place sur la planification de l'assainissement dans 2 zones (urbaine et rurale) du Sénégal. Il nécessitait, pour proposer des scénarios viables, d'intégrer une part non négligeable de connaissances expertes. Centré sur les populations, ce processus a permis la création d'un premier modèle générique sur l'accès à l'assainissement qui prend la forme d'un jeu de rôle. La pertinence de tels outils dans la caractérisation des besoins des usagers a été évaluée. Par ailleurs, l'attention a été portée sur l'acceptation par les usagers du service proposé et sa traduction en volonté de contribution
Sustainable Develoment Goals aim by 2030, to « achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation », by « using safely managed sanitation services ». Sanitation service can be defined by its technical and social components, and their interactions. This thesis focuses on both treatment infrastructures and involvement of all the stakeholders into service definition. Cross analysis of French Overseas Territories (FOT) and Senegal contexts, has identified common constraints that weigh on sanitation sector in tropical areas. From treatment infrastructure point of view, these constraints lead to suggest treatment wetlands systems and particularly French vertical-flow treatment wetland (FS-VFTW) to easier sludge managment, as a relevant solution. Their adaptation for tropical climate is the subjet of the first axis of our work. It aimed at defining their adaptation in terms of design, plant choices and defining the treatment wetlands type to implement according to outlet requirements. A hundred of 24h sampling campains were performed on 7 full scale demonstration plants, accross the 5 FOTs. Results show that despite more compacity, the proposed design allows maintaining performances at least similar to those observed in temperate climate. Due to climatic and organizational constraints inn tropical climate, a statistical analysis has been done to point out the resilience and reliability of the systems based on regulatory selfmonitoring data. It highlights the fact that FS-VFTWs are more reliable than most of the conventional treatment processes when applied for small size communities. Their physical barrier (filter) and their lower maintenance requirement explain this observation. The second axis of our research is based on an observed lack of consultation between stakeholders during the sanitation planning phase, which is responsible for the construction of the sanitation system. In particular, the users, their needs and their constraints are poorly and badly taken into account. Companion modeling approach could create both a support (the model) for discussing technical choices, as well as the framework within which the stakeholders could exchange points of view and find a sustainable consensus. Such a process has been developed and implemented for sanitation planning in 2 areas (urban and rural) of Senegal. Focused on household population, this process has led to create a generic model for sanitation access, embodied as a role playing game, which include a significant part of expert knowledge. The relevance of such tools in the characterization of user needs has been evaluated. In addition, attention was paid to users' acceptance of the proposed service and its translation into a willingness to contribute
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Mikaelsdotter, Carolina. "Barriers affecting women’s decision to seek care during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period in rural Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387655.

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Background: Antenatal care (ANC), facility delivery and postnatal care (PNC), are proven to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity in high burden settings. However, few rural pregnant women use these services sufficiently and it is essential to identify the barriers. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine barriers, with a focus on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), affecting women’s decision to seek care during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period in rural Kenya, and to examine if the Afya intervention helped overcome barriers. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in the Siaya County, Kenya. 25 mothers were selected by using purposive sampling for in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Assessment of WASH facilities was conducted at 5 healthcare facilities. Data were analysed by content analysis method. The “three delay model” informed the analytic process and discussion. Results: Women delayed seeking or did not attend ANC and PNC or gave birth at home, due to lack of knowledge of benefits of maternal health services and on complications; traditional and religious beliefs; embarrassed over pregnancy; busy with other life activities or of fear of HIV status and hospitals. Gender norms, distance and transport costs were the contributing factor for delaying in reaching the hospital. Unprofessional and inadequate number of staff, lack of equipment and supplies, and the water, sanitation and hygiene quality were factors delaying receiving quality care. The assessment showed on inadequate WASH facilities. Conclusion: Use of antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care in rural western Kenya is influenced by several barriers. The findings suggest a need to increase the knowledge about ANC and PNC, and to lower barriers preventing women from reaching the healthcare facility. There is also a need to improve the WASH facilities and the healthcare personnel’s treatment.
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Ritter, Rebecca Lyn. "Novel scale development to assess the role of sanitation access and use on household fecal contamination in Accra, Ghana." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3174.

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Diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of mortality of children under 5 years of age. Despite this, diarrheal disease is easily preventable through adequate water, sanitation and hygiene. Sanitation access is currently classified as “improved” or “unimproved” based on level of latrine access. This does not account for differences in human behaviors, or differences in exposure risk. A sanitation score was built using behavioral and access data in order to better classify the sanitation environment of a household. Due to low levels of sanitation access and practice of open defecation in Ghana, households in four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana were selected to participate in the data collection. Data was collected through a survey, environmental sanitary inspections and collection of hand rinse and environmental swab samples. These samples were then tested for fecal indicators, by measuring presence and concentration of E. coli and human Adenovirus. A novel sanitation score based on latrine access and use for each household was created. Hierarchical linear and logistic regression was used to compare the sanitation score to the environmental contamination as indicated by the E. coli and Adenovirus. Higher sanitation scores were significantly associated with increases in Adenovirus concentration (PR=1.6, 95%CI=1.1, 2.2). The sanitation score was not significantly associated with E. coli or presence of Adenovirus. Further development of a sanitation score variable could help to better understand sanitation environments.
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Njingana, Sikhanyisele. "Role of water as a resource in hygiene and sanitation." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6810.

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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)
Water supply and sanitation remain a huge problem in townships and rural areas of South Africa, in effect affecting the water supply, hygiene and health of marginalized communities. Following democracy in 1994, South Africa’s new government embarked on a program of eradicating backlogs in water supply and sanitation that had become endemic under apartheid in townships and rural areas. In addition, South Africa’s constitution categorically states that every citizen has a right to a minimum of basic water supply and sanitation. Internationally, access to basic water supply and sanitation are fundamental human rights. Thus the South African government aims is to ensure that all South Africans have access to basic water and sanitation services. This study investigated the quantity and quality of water and how these effect sanitation and hygiene of communities using Walmer Township in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a case study. The study used a multi-pronged methodological approach including structured interviews with a sample of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, observations and secondary information. Although the Walmer Community felt that they had access to sufficient quantity of water for their daily use and that the quality of the water was fine, the reality was that most households use less than the daily minimum amount of water per person as required in the constitution because of the distance where they have to fetch the water, which is too far to collect more water than they absolutely need. There is need for municipality to provide more stand pipes in order to reduce the distance that most households have to walk to fetch water. 80% of Walmer residents still use the bucket system, which is the issue that the community is more aggrieved about. One of the reasons the bucket system persists is the unplanned development of the Township and the type of dwellings (mostly shacks) that people still use. Also, the Township has grown and mushroomed organically as a result of the constant influx of people looking for better economic opportunities from rural areas or other urban areas. This makes it very difficult for the municipality to plan for and provide services and infrastructure as the Municipality is always playing catch-up. Worse still, the average number of people that use each bucket toilet (over 80) makes it extremely difficult to maintain the toilets clean and in functional and usable state at all times. Another problem is that the buckets, in particular those managed by the municipality, are not collected as scheduled resulting in spill-over of the toilets. Most of all, there are currently no clear arrangements around management and maintenance of the bucket toilets. Therefore the impact that the bucket system has on the residents’ health and hygiene, and the general Township environment is dire. The uncontrolled and continuing influx of people into Walmer Township has led to very high population density, with the average number of people per household up to ten. Most people of working age in these households are unemployed, which means that most households in the Township depend on social grants for survival. The high unemployment rate and dependency on social grants by most households in Walmer Township means that the community cannot afford to pay for services and therefore depend on amenities provided by the Municipality. The majority of the population of Walmer Township depends on basic services provided by the Municipality. These are provided as public amenities available to all Walmer residents, which makes them largely ‘open access’. This has resulted in poor management and poor maintenance of these amenities. The unhygienic state of most of the bucket toilets and the poor state of water stand taps is as a result of this current management arrangement. It would improve management of these public amenities if a system of locating stand taps and bucket toilets to specific households that could limit access and use to these defined groups of households was introduced. These households would then be responsible for maintaining and managing use of the specific and allocated amenities. The current management arrangements for these public amenities point to the fact that there is currently lack of participatory planning and management between the Municipality and the community. The Municipality takes top-down decisions resulting in disjuncture between the Municipality and the Community in terms of real community needs, provision of these needs, and how they should be serviced and managed.
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Books on the topic "Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)"

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International, Wetlands. Wetlands and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH): Understanding the linkages. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wetlands International, 2010.

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Water and Sanitation for Health Project (U.S.). Operational guidelines for WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) in emergencies--Bangladesh: A WASH cluster initiative. [Dhaka]: Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development & Co-operatives, 2011.

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Leniston, Margaret, Joanne Lee Kunatuba, and Kamal Khatri. Report on the WASH Workshop on Gender Awareness and Analysis: Committee Room A, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 13 September 2007. Suva, Fiji: SOPAC, 2009.

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Madagascar. La stratégie nationale de Diorano-WASH. Antananarivo]: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, 2008.

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Madagascar. La stratégie nationale de Diorano-WASH. [Antananarivo]: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, 2008.

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Action contre la faim (Association). Water, sanitation and hygiene for populations at risk. Paris: Hermann, 2005.

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Association, Ethiopian Economic, ed. Research report on spatial quity in the provision on WaSH services: Evidence from selected area-based case studies. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Economic Association, 2011.

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1947-, Feachem Richard G., and Rahaman M. Mujibur, eds. Evaluating health impact: Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene education. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 1986.

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Adams, John. Water, sanitation and hygiene standards for schools in low-cost settings. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2009.

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Rasolofomanana, Lovy. A critical look at governance in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in Madagascar: Water and sanitation for all. [Madagascar]: [publisher not identified], 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)"

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Donkor, Felix Kwabena. "Gendered Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Equality: Challenges and Opportunities." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_192-1.

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Roaf, Virginia, and Catarina de Albuquerque. "Practice Note: Why We Started Talking About Menstruation—Looking Back (and Looking Forward) with the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 475–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_37.

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Abstract In this conversation, Catarina de Albuquerque, former UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights to water and sanitation, and her former advisor, Virginia Roaf, discuss how menstrual health and menstruation have become critical to understanding the contribution that the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector can make to ensuring gender equality. They look back at country missions and the many conversations with women and girls that led to a closer examination of how stigma around menstruation limits access to education, work, and a life in dignity. WASH provides a strong entry point for addressing taboos relating to menstruation, but the authors identify that one must get past this often technical understanding to address deeply entrenched gender stereotypes.
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Donkor, Felix Kwabena, and Munyaradzi Chitakira. "The Nexus of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Sustainable Development Goals." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_175-1.

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Cawood, Sally, and Md Fazle Rabby. "Rethinking Community in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Projects in Dhaka’s Bostis." In Inclusive Urban Development in the Global South, 105–20. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041566-8.

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Joy, Anuja, Shyni Anilkumar, and C. Mohammed Firoz. "Wash (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene): Infrastructure as a Measure of Sustainable Development." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_304-1.

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Aidara, Rockaya, and Mbarou Gassama Mbaye. "Practice Note: Menstrual Hygiene Management—Breaking Taboos and Supporting Policy Change in West and Central Africa." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 529–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_40.

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Abstract This chapter shares the policies and practices enacted as a result of a pilot program in menstrual hygiene management undertaken from 2014 to 2018 in West and Central Africa. Aidara and Gassame Mbaye describe a culture of silence and taboo around menstruation. The pilot program, implemented by the UN Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) and UN Women, sought to address women’s and girls’ needs, specifically in the WASH sector. In reviewing results from the program, Aidara and Gassama Mbaye show that operational research in and with communities is key to inform public policies. The authors especially focus on the policy dialogue and sensitization efforts undertaken to promote gender equality in the WASH sector.
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McCarthy, Annie, and Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt. "Bleeding in Public? Rethinking Narratives of Menstrual Management from Delhi’s Slums." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 15–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_3.

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Abstract McCarthy and Lahiri-Dutt illuminate the menstrual experiences of women living in informal settlements in India. Beginning with a critique of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) framings of women’s menstrual practices, they argue that these approaches ignore important spatial, social, and moral meanings attached to menstruating bodies in informal settlements. To substantiate their argument, McCarthy and Lahiri-Dutt take the reader into the jhuggīs and the lives of individual women who have migrated for work to the New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (NOIDA) area in Delhi, India. The authors show how, despite the congested and cramped conditions, women traverse the structural deficits of informal living to reconfigure notions of privacy and to navigate changing gender relations.
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Oloke, David, and Dayo Olugboye. "An Overview of Management Issues in Developing a Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Delivery In Nigeria." In Water Resources in the Built Environment, 371–88. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118809167.ch27.

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O’Reilly, Kathleen, and Robert Dreibelbis. "Wash and Gender." In Equality in Water and Sanitation Services, 80–90. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315471532-5.

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Slaymaker, Tom, and Rick Johnston. "Monitoring Inequalities in Wash Service Levels." In Equality in Water and Sanitation Services, 233–49. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315471532-13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)"

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Kansal, Mitthan Lal, and Patrick C. I. Cole. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Sustainability Assessment and Its Impact on the Human Development Index (HDI) in Kailahun District of Sierra Leone." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482322.003.

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"<i>Promoting restoration of Lake Bosomtwe through spatial analysis of existing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sources in Ghana West Africa</i>." In 2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 13-15, 2020. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202000589.

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McKenzie, F., D. Watkins, Jr., and B. Barkdoll. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Independencia, Peru." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.218.

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Passos, Valeria Maria de Azeredo, Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant, Paulo Roberto Lopes Corrêa, Pedro Cisalpino Pinheiro, Maria de Fátima Marinho de Souza, and Deborah Carvalho Malta. "SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN COVID-19 MORTALITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN BELO HORIZONTE: VACCINATION PRIORITY." In XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Geriatria e Gerontologia. Zeppelini Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2447-21232021res02.

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OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that older adults (aged 60+ years) living in areas of greater social vulnerability were most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Belo Horizonte between February and October 2020. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study with analysis of mortality rates by census tracts, classified as areas of low vulnerability (1330 tracts), medium vulnerability (1460 tracts), and high/very high vulnerability (1040 tracts) according to the health vulnerability index (consisting of indicators of sanitation, garbage collection, water supply, literacy level, and race). The number of deaths from COVID-19 was obtained from the Mortality Information System from 10th to 43rd epidemiological week. The rates were age-standardized for populations of the three areas of vulnerability, based on population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. RESULTS: In Belo Horizonte, the mortality rate was 62.9 deaths per 100,000 population, ranging from 36.1 in areas of low social vulnerability to 76.6 and 101.9 in areas of medium and high/very high vulnerability, respectively. The mortality rate was 292.3 per 100,000 older persons, increasing from 179.2 in areas of low vulnerability to 353.6 and 472.6 in areas of medium and high/very high vulnerability, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this moment of organizing vaccination sessions for the population, social inequalities in mortality, even in the age group at highest risk, reinforce the principle of starting vaccination by prioritizing the most socially vulnerable areas. It is necessary to prioritize the most exposed older persons, as they usually live with on-site workers, have greater difficulty in complying with social distancing orders and with the hygiene preventive measures due to poor housing and transportation conditions, and experience limited access to health care services.
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Naik, Rishikesh. "298 Raising the bar: water, sanitation & hygiene at workplace." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.411.

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DAPKIENĖ, Midona, Nomeda SABIENĖ, and Algirdas RADZEVIČIUS. "CONTAMINATION OF THE ROOT VEGETABLES WASH WATER AND ITS TREATMENT EFFICIENCY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.010.

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Growing volume of washed vegetables in Europe and Lithuania means that more drinking water is consumed and more wastewater is produced. Farmers, who engage in washing vegetables, face the problems of wastewater treatment, wastewater storage and utilization. Wastewater released to the environment from their farms would meet hygiene and environmental protection criteria. The aim of the study was to assess the contamination of the root vegetable wash water and to evaluate the possiblity of cleaning of wastewater in the land-based treatment system consisting of one constructed wetland and two biological ponds. The contamination of wastewater, produced by washed root vegetables, in Lithuanian farms was measured according to suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Pollution of the wash water and wastewater was evaluated comparing the mean values with legislative limit values and with typical sewage contamination values. In all farms wastewater of initial root vegetables washing was treated in settling basins. Wastewater of one carrots washing farm was treated in the land-based wastewater treatment system consisting of surface flow constructed wetland and two biological ponds. Efficiency of the wastewater treatment in this system was according to suspended solids 90%, BOD7 – 97%, CODCr – 92%, total nitrogen – 98% , total phosphorus – 97%. The result shows, that the natural wastewater treatment system is suitable for farms, that wash and produce vegetables, but before releasing wastewater to the environment, it has to be settled.
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Retyono, Sugeng, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Bhisma Murti. "Biopsychosocial Determinants of Hepatitis A Outbreaks in Pacitan, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.38.

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ABSTRACT Background: Little studies have examined biopsychosocial factors associated with Hepatitis A. The purpose of this study was to biopsychosocial determinants of hepatitis a outbreaks in Pacitan, East Java. Subjects and Method: A case-control study was conducted in Pacitan, East Java, from January to February 2020. A sample of 200 adults was selected by fixed disease sampling, including (1) 50 Hepatitis A patients (case), and (2) 150 non Hepatitis A patients (control). The dependent variable was Hepatitis A. The independent variables were age, education, income, history of Hepatitis A vaccination, hand wash behavior, eating behavior, clean water availability, and latrine availability. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of Hepatitis A decreased with age ≥40 years old (b= -2.89; 95% CI= -4.46 to -1.31; p<0.001), high education (b= -1.95; 95% CI= -3.56 to -0.33; p= 0.018), high income (b= -1.93; 95% CI= -3.60 to -0.26; p= 0.023), and had Hepatitis A immunization (b= -2.60; 95% CI= -5.03 to -0.17; p= 0.036). The risk of Hepatitis A increased with poor washing hands behavior (b= 1.66; 95% CI= 0.28 to 3.05; p= 0.019), unhygienic eating behavior (b= 2.27; 95% CI= 0.88 to 3.66; p= 0.001), poor sanitation water (b= 3.12; 95% CI= 1.70 to 4.54; p<0.001), and latrine availability (b= 1.56; 95% CI= 0.35 to 2.78; p= 0.012). Conclusion: The risk of Hepatitis A decreases with age ≥40 years old, high education, high income, and had Hepatitis A immunization. The risk of Hepatitis A increases with poor washing hands behavior, unhygienic eating behavior, poor sanitation water, and latrine availability. Keywords: biopsychosocial determinants, Hepatitis A Correspondence: Sugeng Retyono. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Utami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: sugengretyono@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287758732030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.38
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Reports on the topic "Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)"

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Day, St John, Tim Forster, and Ryan Schweitzer. Water Supply in Protracted Humanitarian Crises: Reflections on the sustainability of service delivery models. Oxfam, UNHCR, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6362.

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UNHCR estimates that the average time spent by a refugee in a camp is 10 years, while the average refugee camp remains for 26 years. WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) is a crucial component of humanitarian response and longer-term recovery. Humanitarian agencies and host governments face many challenges in protracted situations and complex long-term humanitarian crises. One key issue is how water supplies should be managed in the long term. Who is best placed to operate and manage WASH services and which delivery model is the most viable? At the end of 2019, there were 15.7 million refugees in protracted situations, representing 77% of all refugees. This report takes stock of the various alternative service delivery models, to enable humanitarian and development agencies to work together to smooth the transition from emergency relief to sustainable services.
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House, Sarah. Learning in the Sanitation and Hygiene Sector. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.004.

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This SLH Learning Paper summarises the key learning from a rapid topic exploration on 'Learning in the Sanitation and Hygiene Sector'. The study looked at how people in the WASH sector learn, the processes utilised and what works best, as well as the barriers and challenges to learning. It looks at learning from communities and peer-to-peer and how the learning gets translated into action at scale. How do you think we learn best? What barriers do you see and experience that make it more difficult for us to learn? And what steps should be taking to reduce the barriers and improve how to learn more effectively? This paper shares the lessons from sector and associated actors working in low- and middle-income contexts around the world and makes recommendation on how to strengthen learning and sharing processes, as well as building capacities and confidence for learning, with the ultimate aim of turning that learning into action at scale.
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Waddington, Hugh, Birte Snilstveit, Howard White, and Lorna Fewtrell. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries. 3ie, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr0017.

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Hulland, Kristyna, Nina Martin, Robert Dreibelbis, Julia DeBruicker Valliant, and Peter Winch. What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/srs0002.

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Hulland, Kristyna, Nina Martin, Robert Dreibelbis, Julia DeBruicker Valliant, and Peter Winch. What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/srs002.

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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Zambia: Impact evaluation of the 'Urban WASH' project. Oxfam GB, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7284.

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The ‘Urban WASH' project was implemented in George and Chawama compounds in Lusaka between July 2013 and June 2017 by Oxfam and Village Water Zambia. The project aimed to improve provision and sustainable management of WASH services by engaging citizens to hold duty bearers and service providers to account. Oxfam collaborated with local institutions on an array of activities, engaging stakeholders to create a conducive environment for service provision and improving capacities and practices. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. Using a quasi-experimental evaluation design, we assessed impact among households in the intervention communities and in a comparison community. We combined the household-level quantitative assessment with analysis of community-level qualitative Key Informant Interviews, carried out with relevant institutional representatives. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Day, St John, and Tim Forster. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Post-Emergency Contexts: A study on establishing sustainable service delivery models. Oxfam, UNHCR, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.3804.

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Bolton, Laura. WASH in Schools for Student Return During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.024.

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The literature on WASH and school re-opening during the COVID-19 pandemic is dominated by guidelines with little in the way of recent evidence or lessons learned. Analysis of data from school re-openings at the end of 2020 suggests that with mitigation measures in place community infection rates should not be affected by children returning to school. Although children carry a lower risk of infection, they do have large numbers of contact in the school environment, so hygiene and distancing measures are important. The key guidelines for WASH in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic include: children and all school staff must be educated with regards to hand hygiene; hand hygiene stations must be provided at entrances and exits; hand washing must be frequent and requires sufficient water and soap; school buses should have hand hygiene measures in place; and the school environment must be disinfected daily. Environmental, or nudge-based, cues are recommended to support behaviour change in children based on pre-COVID-19 evidence. Examples include colourful footprints leading to a handwashing facility, images of eyes above handwashing facilities, embedding toys in soap, and putting pictures of germs on surfaces.
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Improving Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools:. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim200125-2.

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Foundation Funding for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. New York, NY United States: Foundation Center, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.12840.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH)' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
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