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Gomathi, Ms S., Ms P. Latha Theresa, and S. Jasmine Debora. "WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene : A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7012.
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Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim, Vicky Walters, J. C. Gaillard, Sanjida Marium Hridi, and Alice McSherry. "Water, sanitation and hygiene for homeless people." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 1 (July 7, 2015): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.248.
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This short communication provides insights into water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for homeless people through a scoping study conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It investigates homeless access to WASH through the lens of a rights-based approach. It demonstrates that homeless people's denial of their right to WASH reflects their marginal position in society and an unequal distribution of power and opportunities. The study ultimately suggests a rights-based approach to work toward dealing with the root causes of discrimination and marginalisation rather than just the symptoms. For the homeless, who not only lack substantive rights, but also the means through which to claim their rights, an integrated rights-based approach to WASH offers the possibility for social inclusion and significant improvements in their life conditions. Given the unique deprivation of homelessness it is argued that in addressing the lack of access to adequate WASH for homeless people the immediate goal should be the fulfilment and protection of the right to adequate shelter.
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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Victor Nyamandi, Charles Siachema, Nesbert Shirihuru, Lovemore Dhoba, Alison Baggen, Trevor Kanyowa, et al. "Using the Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT) in Zimbabwe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in 50 COVID-19 Isolation Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115641.
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The availability of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is a key prerequisite for quality care and infection prevention and control in health care facilities (HCFs). In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance and urgency of enhancing WASH coverage to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and other healthcare-associated infections. As a part of COVID-19 preparedness and response interventions, the Government of Zimbabwe, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and civil society organizations conducted WASH assessments in 50 HCFs designated as COVID-19 isolation facilities. Assessments were based on the Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT), a multi-step framework to inform the continuous monitoring and improvement of WASH services. The WASH FIT assessments revealed that one in four HCFs did not have adequate services across the domains of water, sanitation, health care waste, hand hygiene, facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection, and management. The sanitation domain had the largest proportion of health care facilities with poor service coverage (42%). Some of the recommendations from this assessment include the provision of sufficient water for all users, Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM)- and disability-friendly sanitation facilities, handwashing facilities, waste collection services, energy for incineration or waste treatment facilities, cleaning supplies, and financial resources for HCFs. WASH FIT may be a useful tool to inform WASH interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Budhathoki, Chitra Bahadur. "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Situation in Nepal: A Review." Journal of Health Promotion 7 (September 8, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v7i0.25513.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia. Nepal has made its considerable efforts to improve the water supply and sanitation (WASH) situation in the country by formulating and enforcing a number of WASH policies, guidelines and acts for the last two decades. But WASH situation of Nepal has not been well documented so far. Aim of this article is to describe the situation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal by analyzing secondary data and information obtained from published and unpublished literature. About 97 of the total population have access to basics anitation facilities and 87 percent access to basic water supply facility. Sanitation coverage is95 percent in six Provinces and below 90 percent in Province no. 2 of Nepal. The momentum of sanitation coverage was accelerated immediately after internalization and implementation of the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan in 2011 and Nepal reaches at close to the elimination of open defecation. The gap between rich and poor in accessing to and using toilet facility has been narrowing down due to the nationwide sanitation campaigns. But there is disparity in accessing and using piped water between rich and poor. Only 25 percent of water supply systems are well functioning and 68 percent can supply water to water taps throughout year. One-fourth of the existing toilet facility across the country are poorly constructed that needs to be upgraded. The government should make consolidated and integrated efforts to reduce existing inequity in the WASH sector and enhance the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services.
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Admiraal, Ryan, and David Doepel. "Using baseline surveys to inform interventions and follow-up surveys: a case-study using the Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3 (May 23, 2014): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.145.
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The Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program is a partnership among the Government of Mozambique, UNICEF, and the Australian Government focused on achieving the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation in Mozambique and concentrated on five small towns in Nampula Province. Before implementation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in these towns, a baseline survey was carried out in 2012. We show how such a survey can be used to characterize the state of the three WASH sub-themes (water, sanitation, hygiene) pre-intervention, suggest possible new emphases of or modifications to proposed interventions, and inform the design of follow-up surveys to best gauge the impact of the interventions.
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Shrestha, Marina Vaidya, Naresh Manandhar, and Sunil Kumar Joshi. "Study on Knowledge and Practices of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene among Secondary School Students." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i3.21158.
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Background: Provision of adequate water supply, sanitation, hygiene and waste management in schools has a number of positive effects. The study focuses on children because disease related to water; sanitation and hygiene are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised of 220 students. Participants involved were Government school students of grades 9-10 in Sindhupalchowk and Bhaktapur. Data consisted of hygiene and hand washing practices, knowledge about sanitation and personal hygiene characteristics. Results: This study revealed that knowledge regarding water borne disease was high among Urban school students 86.5% but knowledge regarding transmission route seemed inadequate in both urban and rural students (35% and 16% respectively). The practice on hand washing was found high (94.4%).There was significant difference in the knowledge of students regarding WASH in urban and rural settings of the school (P value<0.001). Treated water facility and hand washing facilities with water was found lacking in rural schools. Schools from the urban area had proper hand washing facilities, but there was not any soap available in both the areas. Conclusions: The knowledge and practice of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) among secondary school students is still poor. The knowledge of WASH in secondary school students when compared to the rural areas, urban areas had better on the basis of knowledge score.Keywords: hygiene; knowledge; practice; water; sanitation.
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Charles Shapu, Ruth, Suriani Ismail, Poh Ying Lim, Norliza Ahmad, and Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi. "Effectiveness of Health Education Intervention on Water Sanitation and Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria: A Cluster Randomised Control Trial." Water 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070987.
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Poor water sanitation and hygiene practice can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education intervention using information, motivation and a behavioural skill model on water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practice among adolescent girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria. A school-based cluster randomized control trial was conducted among 417 adolescent girls (10 to 19 years old) in four schools. The KoBo collect toolbox was used for data collection from October 2019 to March 2020. The chi-squared test was used to compare the baseline differences between intervention and control groups for WASH practice. A generalized estimating equation was used to assess changes from baseline, post intervention and follow up. There was significant interaction for WASH practice during follow up. Religion, place of residence, monthly income and occupation of mother had a statistically significant effect on WASH practice among adolescent girls. Findings revealed that this health education intervention was effective in improving water sanitation and hygiene practice among adolescent girls. Furthermore, religion, place of residence, monthly income and occupation of mother were found to be associated with water sanitation and hygiene practice.
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Jacob, Boniphace, and Method Kazaura. "Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0134.
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ABSTRACTSafe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.
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Valcourt, Nicholas, Amy Javernick-Will, Jeffrey Walters, and Karl Linden. "System Approaches to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030702.
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Endemic issues of sustainability in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector have led to the rapid expansion of ‘system approaches’ for assessing the multitude of interconnected factors that affect WASH outcomes. However, the sector lacks a systematic analysis and characterization of the knowledge base for systems approaches, in particular how and where they are being implemented and what outcomes have resulted from their application. To address this need, we conducted a wide-ranging systematic literature review of systems approaches for WASH across peer-reviewed, grey, and organizational literature. Our results show a myriad of methods, scopes, and applications within the sector, but an inadequate level of information in the literature to evaluate the utility and efficacy of systems approaches for improving WASH service sustainability. Based on this analysis, we propose four recommendations for improving the evidence base including: diversifying methods that explicitly evaluate interconnections between factors within WASH systems; expanding geopolitical applications; improving reporting on resources required to implement given approaches; and enhancing documentation of effects of systems approaches on WASH services. Overall, these findings provide a robust survey of the existing landscape of systems approaches for WASH and propose a path for future research in this emerging field.
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FREEMAN, M. C., T. CLASEN, R. DREIBELBIS, S. SABOORI, L. E. GREENE, B. BRUMBACK, R. MUGA, and R. RHEINGANS. "The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: a cluster-randomized trial." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 2 (May 24, 2013): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001118.
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SUMMARYThe impact of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access on mitigating illness is well documented, although impact of school-based WASH on school-aged children has not been rigorously explored. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in Nyanza Province, Kenya to assess the impact of a school-based WASH intervention on diarrhoeal disease in primary-school pupils. Two study populations were used: schools with a nearby dry season water source and those without. Pupils attending ‘water-available’ schools that received hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP&WT) and sanitation improvements showed no difference in period prevalence or duration of illness compared to pupils attending control schools. Those pupils in schools that received only the HP&WT showed similar results. Pupils in ‘water-scarce’ schools that received a water-supply improvement, HP&WT and sanitation showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence and days of illness. Our study revealed mixed results on the impact of improvements to school WASH improvements on pupil diarrhoea.
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Osama Al-Jailani, Fadhl Al-Nozaily, Tarek Al-Hibshi, and Zamzam Mubarak. "Evaluation of WASH at Sana’a University as per IWRM Perspective." Journal of Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20428/jst.25.2.3.
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The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is considered to be a key in achieving a sustainable improved WASH sector. Water supply and sanitation are among the most essential sectors of development Enhancement of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social, economic conditions and health. Students are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in schools and universities, so this may contribute to reduce in getting the right learning opportunities. Due to the importance of the WASH sector in improving the community’s level and standards, this paper will help to assess the WASH at Sana’a University.A multi-disciplinary approach to reach the objective targeted in this paper has been used; an intensive literature review has been done, a closedended questionnaire was developed with the help of some INGOs standards such as WHO, UNICEF and Sphere to collect the required data from the beneficiaries, a checklist was developed and used to acquire the requireddata and information from the fields and meet face-to-face with the key informants of each faculty, and all the collected data and information are analyzed with the help of Kobo Toolbox. The findings of the research showed that water shortages and inadequate sanitation were due to weak infrastructure although its own a very strong infrastructure; systems were not repaired or maintained and fell into disuse. In addition, the water supply shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, physical contaminatedexisting water sources, lack of communication between university officials, and the obstacles to (WASH) sector which include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, and unclear roles and responsibilities. The recommendation was based on the findings and related issues with water institution, water sector and resource, sanitation, and hygiene in addition to NGOs to support the university WASH infrastructure.Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sana’a University, KoboToolbox and IWRM.
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Setty, Karen, Ryan Cronk, Shannan George, Darcy Anderson, Għanja O’Flaherty, and Jamie Bartram. "Adapting Translational Research Methods to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 22, 2019): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204049.
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Translational research applies scientific techniques to achieve practical outcomes, connecting pure research and pure practice. Many translational research types have arisen since the mid-1900s, reflecting the need to better integrate scientific advancement with policy and practice. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) development efforts have aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve service delivery; thus, associated research has a strong orientation toward applied studies that use diverse methods to support decision-making. Drawing from knowledge that emerged to support other professional fields, such as manufacturing and clinical healthcare, we characterize different types of translational research and clarify nomenclature and principles. We describe study approaches relevant to translational research questions, and offer overarching recommendations, specific examples, and resources for further study as practical advice to professionals who seek to apply translational methods to WaSH problems. To enhance collective outcomes, professionals should mindfully align projects within the translational spectrum. We further recommend overarching good practices such as documenting intervention adaptations, overtly considering contextual factors, and better distinguishing efficacy from effectiveness research by replicating studies in different contexts. By consciously improving the compatibility and linkages between WaSH science and practice, this guide can accelerate urgently needed progress toward global development goals.
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Sternlieb, Faith R., and Melinda Laituri. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Indicators: Measuring Hydrophilanthropic Quality." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 145, no. 1 (September 9, 2010): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2010.00082.x.
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Patel, Krupali, Pachillu Kalpana, Poonam Trivedi, Sandul Yasobant, and Deepak Saxena. "Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene in HCFs: which tool to follow?" Reviews on Environmental Health 34, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0001.
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Abstract Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is important to improve and maintain the quality of health care services. Improving and managing WASH services require strong and consistent monitoring mechanisms to measure progress and direct efforts where needs are greatest. Although several tools are available to assess WASH in health care facilities (HCFs), there is always a dilemma among the program managers to select an appropriate tool for the assessment of WASH. Thus, it was aimed to perform a descriptive review of all available WASH assessment tools and assist in reaching a consensus for an optimal tool to assess WASH in HCFs. For this descriptive review, PubMed, ScopeMed and Google Scholar were used to search all available tools for the assessment of WASH. All the tools available online since 1991 till July 2018 were included in the review. Globally, nine different WASH assessment tools were retrieved. The majority of them have their self-limitations on the basis of 11 selected indicators and were examined in all the retrieved tools. There are variability and overlapping components within the specific tools. Very few survey instruments including human resource (HR), supply, budget, patient/staff satisfaction and documentation for appropriateness of WASH were found to be neglected. The majority of instruments were based on the subjective assessment of WASH validating with microbiological surveillance and photo documentation. The descriptive review suggests that various tools are available for the assessment of WASH but none of them seem to be complete with all indicators and to have consensus for the elements. Therefore, there is a need to develop a robust and comprehensive tool for the assessment of WASH in HCFs.
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Dery, Florence, Elijah Bisung, Sarah Dickin, and Michelle Dyer. "Understanding empowerment in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): a scoping review." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.077.
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Abstract In low- and middle-income countries, a common component of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions is the goal of empowerment of beneficiaries, particularly poor households. Empowerment is viewed as an important development goal in itself, as well as a way to obtain improved WASH outcomes. However, empowerment is a complex and multi-dimensional concept, and it is often not clear how it is defined in WASH sector programming. This scoping review explores how concepts of empowerment have been used in the WASH sector and delineates relevant empowerment dimensions. Medline, Embase, and Global Health databases were searched for in the peer-reviewed literature published in English. A total of 13 studies were identified. Five major interrelated empowerment dimensions were identified: access to information, participation, capacity building, leadership and accountability, and decision-making. This review provides researchers and practitioners with a greater understanding of dimensions of empowerment that are relevant for strengthening WASH interventions, as well as tracking progress toward gender and social equality outcomes over time. This understanding can help ensure inclusive WASH service delivery to achieve gender-sensitive Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for universal water and sanitation access. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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Mai, Vu Quynh, Hoang Thi Ngoc Anh, Hoang Thao Anh, and Hoang Van Minh. "Review of Public Financing for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sectors in Vietnam." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022093839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220938396.
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Background: Vietnam declared its national roadmap towards Sustainable Development Goals number 6 by 2030. However, specific supporting programmes and financial means to proceed with the roadmap have not been passed on. Evidence on the financing for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) being allocated or spent has not been well documented in Vietnam. This study aimed to obtain an overview and assessed the public funding across the WASH sector of Vietnam in 3 fiscal years 2016, 2017, and 2018. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for information about the public financing for WASH at both national and sub-national levels. An activity-based costing approach was applied to determine WASH-related public expenditure. Fourteen focus group discussions with key stakeholders were used to identify the WASH activities and to access financial reports of these relevant institutions. TrackFin methodology was used to assemble the public financing for WASH in Vietnam. Results: The public expenditure of WASH declined by about 30.7% over the 3 fiscal years, from US $2016 million in 2016 to US $1397 million in 2018. Meanwhile, this expenditure allocated to the poor or mountainous areas increased by 3 folds. The highest proportion of WASH public funding was invested in sanitation through large network systems (59.07% of the total public expenditure), whereas the lowest was in hygiene promotion and handwashing facilities. The domestic budget was still the main source of public financing for WASH services, with 2 largest shares coming from government revenues (47.24%) and repayable loans (20.49%). Conclusion: The main source of financing for WASH was from the government, yet its public expenditure has been decreased. A refined roadmap with specific steps for a sustainable WASH financing system in Vietnam, particularly to leverage government and private sector resources, is required to ensure no one is left behind.
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Oduro-Kwarteng, S., I. Monney, and I. Braimah. "Human resources capacity in Ghana's water, sanitation and hygiene sector: analysis of capacity gaps and policy implications." Water Policy 17, no. 3 (October 25, 2014): 502–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.293.
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Adequate human resources (HR) capacity in the water and sanitation sector plays a pivotal role in improving and sustaining access to potable water and improved sanitation. This study highlights the HR capacity and gaps in Ghana's water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. It is based on data collected from five public sector organisations, six non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 14 private sector institutions and 12 training institutions. The results indicate that the proportion of technical HR was high (75%) in water service delivery, while technical personnel in the sanitation sub-sector was low (2%), leading to low sanitation coverage and ineffective sanitation service delivery. The female proportion ranged from 16 to 44% (average of 22%). There was a shortage of technical personnel in the public WASH sector due to unattractive working conditions, attrition and lack of qualified graduates to fill vacant positions. Average annual graduates' supply from non-technical programmes to the WASH sector is five times more than that from technical programmes. There was a lack of commitment to implement policies on developing adequate HR capacity in the WASH sector due to weak institutional arrangement. There is the need to develop policies on HR career progression and capacity building programmes as well as gender-sensitive recruitment policies for the WASH sector.
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Sabogal, Raquel I., Elizabeth Medlin, Gonzalo Aquino, and Richard J. Gelting. "Sustainability of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in Central America." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 1 (October 21, 2013): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.130.
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The American Red Cross and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated on a sustainability evaluation of post-hurricane water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in Central America. In 2006 and 2009, we revisited six study areas in rural El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua to assess sustainability of WASH interventions finalized in 2002, after 1998's Hurricane Mitch. We used surveys to collect data, calculate indicators and identify factors that influence sustainability. Regional sustainability indicator results showed there was a statistically significant decline in access to water. The presence of sanitation facilities had not changed since the beginning of the project; however, maintenance and use of latrines declined but continued to meet the goal of 75% use after 7 years. The hygiene indicator, hand washing, initially declined and then increased. Declines in water access were due to operational problems related to storm events and population changes. Sanitation facilities were still present and sometimes used even though they reached or surpassed their original design life. Changes in hygiene practices appeared related to ongoing hygiene promotion from outside organizations. These results provide useful input for making WASH programs more sustainable and informing future, more in-depth research into factors influencing sustainability.
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Sridhar, M. K. C., O. T. Okareh, and M. Mustapha. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Some Selected LGAs in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (August 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6532512.
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Access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities is a basic necessity for human livelihood, survival, and well-being. Adequate WASH facilities provision is a critical issue to most developing countries around the world including Nigeria. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding WASH are integral to effective and sustainable WASH facilities provision. This study assessed the level of knowledge, behavior, and practices towards water, sanitation, and hygiene in Kaduna state, Nigeria, with a view to ensuring sustainable WASH facilities intervention in the region. Data collection tools included spot check observation and questionnaire involving 854 participants, selected from five local government areas (LGAs): Chikun, Kajuru, Soba, Kachia, and Zango Kataf. From the results, major drinking water sources were surface waters (52.5%) and unprotected hand dug wells (44.8%); only 46.2% treated their water supply and few (16.6%) used chlorination method. Pit latrine toilets were the major (76.5%) excreta disposal means, and open defecation practices were widespread (41.4%). Level of personal and environmental hygiene understanding was fairly good in all the local government areas, and 65.4% claimed to use water and soap for washing hands after defecation. Incidence of water related diseases is generally low in the area. Despite the commendable findings in the study areas, communities are still at risk due to lack of safe water supply and poor practices of home treatment and excreta disposal. Therefore provision of WASH facilities and WASH education is fundamental for ensuring public health in the study area.
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Malolo, Rossanie, Save Kumwenda, Kondwani Chidziwisano, Christabel Kambala, and Tracy Morse. "Social outcomes of a community-based water, sanitation and hygiene intervention." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.264.
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Abstract Social benefits of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions are less documented compared to health benefits such as the reduction of diarrheal diseases. Although most decisions in WASH investments are based on potential health outcomes, interventions may also lead to social benefits, such as income generation, increased school enrollment, improved levels of dignity, self-esteem and civic pride, which can have a significant value both personally and to the wider community. This qualitative case study was used to assess the perceived social outcomes of purposively selected stakeholders from a WASH intervention study in Malawi. In-depth Interviews (n = 10), focus group discussions (n = 4) and key informants interviews (n = 10) were conducted with caregivers (male and female), community leaders, traditional leaders and community coordinators. Thematic analysis identified eight social outcomes: formation and strengthening of relationships (n = 32), becoming role models to community members (n = 23), women empowerment (n = 20), time-saving (n = 17), change of status (n = 12), receiving awards (n = 12), reduced medical costs (n = 11) and obtaining new skills (n = 7). Social capital among caregivers was also found to be high. No negative outcomes from the intervention were reported. WASH interventions have multiple, important, but difficult to quantify social benefits which should be measured, reported and considered in WASH investment decision-making.
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Ashinyo, Mary Eyram, Kingsley E. Amegah, Stephen Dajaan Dubik, Gloria Ntow-Kummi, Maxwell Kudzo Adjei, Joyce Amponsah, John T. Ayivase, et al. "Evaluation of water, sanitation and hygiene status of COVID-19 healthcare facilities in Ghana using the WASH FIT approach." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 3 (April 9, 2021): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.254.
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Abstract Access to improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is essential for the delivery of high-quality care in healthcare facilities and the prevention of hospital-acquired infections such as the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. In addition, unimpeded access to WASH facilities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment centres (TCs) is central in facilitating compliance with infection prevention and control protocols. However, data for the WASH status of COVID-19 TCs in Ghana are limited. We evaluated the WASH status of seven COVID-19 TCs in Ghana using the WHO/UNICEF water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT). The water domain had the highest number of indicators meeting standards with an average percentage score of 90.5% (range: 66.7–100%) across the seven TCs, followed by management (66.9%) and hygiene (58.7%). The TCs performed poorly in the sanitation and healthcare waste domain, with an average percentage score of 44.6% (range: 22.2–75%). These findings highlight the challenges being faced by COVID-19 TCs in implementing WASH services. Specific WASH interventions are urgently required to strengthen WASH services in the COVID-19 TCs. This should precede the prioritisation of resources to WASH infrastructure in the treatment facilities coupled with actions that involve all stakeholders.
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Mukherjee, Subham, Trude Sundberg, and Brigitta Schütt. "Assessment of Water Security in Socially Excluded Areas in Kolkata, India: An Approach Focusing on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene." Water 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030746.
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Water security is essential not only to ensure the availability and accessibility of water for drinking, producing food, washing, but also to maintain both human and environmental health. The 2011 Census of India reveals that 17.4% of urban households in India live in deprived areas in urban landscapes which are designated as slums in the Census dataset. The increasing number of people living in these areas poses serious challenges to the provision of basic urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services. Perceived susceptibility of risks from contaminated water and lack of proper sanitation and hygiene will be addressed in the light of social exclusion factors. This study attempts to assess the present situation of water, sanitation and required hygiene provisions within the areas defined as slums by the Census of India 2011 in Kolkata, India. Based on the results obtained from the datasets from the census, and a household survey, we identified a lack of supplies associated with WaSH provisions in these areas of Kolkata. The WaSH provisions in the slum areas of Kolkata city are facing various issues related to regularity, quality and quantity of supplied water. Additionally, there is poor maintenance of existing WaSH services including latrine facilities and per capita allocation of a sustainable water security among the slum dwellers. By adding to our understanding of the importance of factors such as gender, religions, and knowledge of drinking water in deprived areas, the study analyses the links between both physical and social issues determining vulnerability and presence of deprivation associated with basic WaSH provisions as human rights of slum communities.
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Hsan, Kamrul, Shabnam Naher, Mark D. Griffiths, Hakimul Hasan Shamol, and Mohammad Azizur Rahman. "Factors associated with the practice of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.038.
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Abstract The Rohingya people are now living in overcrowded refugee camps and makeshift settlements with low standards of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This study was conducted to examine WASH practices and associated risk factors among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The present study comprised 350 participants with data collected via a semi-structured questionnaire. Most respondents (84%) did not have good knowledge concerning WASH. Furthermore, 50.3% had unsafe WASH practices, 38.6% had fair WASH practices, and 11.1% had safe WASH practices. WASH practices were significantly associated with age, education, marital status, and WASH knowledge. The implementation of an effective WASH awareness program is required along with improved water supply and sanitation to improve WASH practices among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.
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Abu, Thelma Zulfawu, and Susan J. Elliott. "When It Is Not Measured, How Then Will It Be Planned for? WaSH a Critical Indicator for Universal Health Coverage in Kenya." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 8, 2020): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165746.
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The quality and safety of healthcare facility (HCF) services are critical to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) and yet the WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring program for water supply, sanitation and hygiene report indicates that only 51% and 23% of HCF in Sub-Saharan Africa have basic access to water and sanitation, respectively. Global commitments on improving access to water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning (WaSH) in HCF as part of implementing UHC have surged since 2015. Guided by political ecology of health theory, we explored the country level commitment to ensuring access to WaSH in HCFs as part of piloting UHC in Kisumu, Kenya. Through content analysis, 17 relevant policy documents were systematically reviewed using NVIVO. None of the national documents mentioned all the component of WaSH in healthcare facilities. Furthermore, these WaSH components are not measured as part of the universal health coverage pilot. Comprehensively incorporating WaSH measurement and monitoring in HCFs in the context of UHC policies creates a foundation for achieving SDG 6.
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Uprety, Sital, Juliet Iwelunmor, Nora Sadik, Bipin Dangol, and Thanh H. Nguyen. "A Qualitative Case Study of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Resources after the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/112916eqs212m.
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The 2015 Nepal earthquake destroyed over half a million buildings including the drinking water and sanitation infrastructures, causing the displacement of around 2.8 million people. However, knowledge of how individuals coped with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) inadequacies following the earthquake remains incomplete. We conducted focus group discussions and detailed interviews with 30 participants in the affected areas of Kavrepalanchowk and a temporary settlement in Bhaktapur to assess their response and access to WASH after the earthquake. The data were analyzed based on the cultural empowerment domain of the PEN-3 cultural model. Results show that responses to WASH include the provision of water from public and private resources (positive response), the provision of chlorine tablets for treating drinking water (unique response), and limited water supply for household chores and limited sanitation and hygiene resources (negative response). These findings underscore the need to understand how individuals and households cope with WASH following an earthquake. It also highlights the need for targeted interventions focused on building community resilience in addition to providing critical relief efforts.
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Nayebare, J. G., M. M. Owor, R. Kulabako, L. C. Campos, E. Fottrell, and R. G. Taylor. "WASH conditions in a small town in Uganda: how safe are on-site facilities?" Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.070.
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Abstract Inadequate hygiene coupled with the conjunctive use of the shallow subsurface as both a source of water and repository of faecal matter pose substantial risks to human health in low-income countries undergoing rapid urbanisation. To evaluate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in a small, rapidly growing town in central Uganda (Lukaya) served primarily by on-site water supply and sanitation facilities, water-point mapping, focus group discussions, sanitary-risk inspections and 386 household surveys were conducted. Household surveys indicate high awareness (82%) of domestic hygiene (e.g. handwashing, boiling water) but limited evidence of practice. WHO Sanitary Risk Surveys and Rapid Participatory Sanitation System Risk Assessments reveal further that community hygiene around water points and sanitation facilities including their maintenance is commonly inadequate. Spot sampling of groundwater quality shows widespread faecal contamination indicated by enumerated thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTCs) (Escherichia coli) ranging from 0 to 104 cfc/100 mL and nitrate concentrations that occasionally exceed 250 mg/L. As defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring programme, there are no safely managed water sources in Lukaya; ∼55% of improved water sources comprising primarily shallow hand-dug wells show gross faecal contamination by E. coli; and 51% of on-site sanitation facilities are unimproved. Despite the critical importance of on-site water supply and sanitation facilities in low-income countries to the realisation of UN Sustainable Goal 6 (access to safe water and sanitation for all by 2030), the analysis highlights the fragility and vulnerability of these systems where current monitoring and maintenance of communal facilities are commonly inadequate.
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Tripathy, Radha Madhab, Geeta Chand Acharya, and Nivedita Karmee. "Assessment of wash practices among women in urban slums of Berhampur, Odisha: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 11 (October 27, 2017): 4846. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174931.
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Background: Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) is a pre- condition for people to acquire good health, well-being and benefit from economic development. WASH constitutes both provision of water and sanitation facilities and hygiene promotion. The study objective is to assess the practices and existing perceptions of water, sanitation and hygiene among women in urban slums of Berhampur.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 400 women (households) residing in urban slums of Berhampur from August2016-January 2017 by simple random sampling. Data was collected using a predesigned pretested questionnaire.Results: Out of the total, 62.3% respondents depended on public tap as major source of drinking water , 31.5% purified water before drinking , 68.5% allowed water to stand for a day before use , 86.5% practiced hand wash before meal , 33.2% practiced open defecation, 7% and74% used soap and water for handwashing before meal and after defecation respectively, 68.3% threw liquid wastes haphazardly, 59.8% threw solid wastes haphazardly into drains, 78.5% respondents children had a history of diarrhoea in the past 6 months and 86.8% had flies menace in their houses.Conclusions: Components such as purification of water (31.5%), open defecation (33.2%), hand washing with soap and water before meal (7%), indiscriminate disposal of waste suggest a long way to go to achieve the targets of SDG -6. Adequate IEC activities are needed for effective WASH Strategy implementation.
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Haftu, Desta, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Desalegn Ajema, Genet Gedamu, and Eskezyiaw Agedew. "Water, sanitation and hygiene practice and associated factors among HIV infected people in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 4 (May 10, 2017): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.373.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected people have substantially greater need for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Many opportunistic infections cause high morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) than in immune competent populations. The objective of the study was to assess WASH practices and associated factors among PLHIV. A cross-sectional study design was conducted. Bivariate and multivariate logistic model was employed. According to this study, 97 (23.5%) of the households have unimproved water status, 221 (53.5%) of the households have unimproved sanitation status and 171 (41.4%) of the households have poor hygiene practice. Diarrhoea [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 16; 95% confidence interval (CI): (6, 44)] was associated with water status of the clients. Occupational status [AOR = 8.9; 95% CI: (2, 38)], wealth index [AOR = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.12, 0.4)], frequency of body washing [AOR = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.12, 0.4)] and hand washing device availability [AOR = 4.4; 95% CI: (2.5, 8)] were significantly associated with hygienic practice. It was concluded that the magnitude of the problem regarding WASH practices in HIV infected people in the study area was high. Health education and integrated additional support for the provision of WASH practices is needed.
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Burton, Jasmine, Devika Patel, Grace Landry, Sarah M. Anderson, and Emma Rary. "Failure of the “Gold Standard”: The Role of a Mixed Methods Research Toolkit and Human-Centered Design in Transformative WASH." Environmental Health Insights 15 (January 2021): 117863022110183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211018391.
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From preventing cholera and diarrhea by reducing exposure to human waste, to reducing transmission of COVID-19 through handwashing, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) can save lives. Numerous global health initiatives have been created to combat the spread of infectious diseases. However, according to the Sanitation and Hygiene Fund, “decades of under investment in sanitation and hygiene have made this sector the weakest link in our efforts to achieve the [Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)].” There appear to be various reasons for the lag in global attention to, funding toward, and innovation around WASH-related diseases. Firstly, WASH is comprised of three interrelated components, water, sanitation, and hygiene, each of which has its own subset of indicators, priorities, and infrastructure, thus making streamlined communications and impact measurement within the sector incredibly complex. Secondly, WASH is a field that bridges many sectors, and there has historically been a lack of understanding of where responsibility lies to consistently fund and execute WASH interventions, programming, and policymaking. Additionally, public health research and funding tend to favor evaluations using randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are often referred to as the “gold standard.” RCTs, like all single evaluative methods, have limitations which may not effectively capture the complexity of WASH interventions and their subsequent multi-sectoral outcomes. In some cases “it may be infeasible (or unethical) to randomize communities to a [WASH] intervention” which would prohibit the research from reaching the current “gold standard” threshold for academic rigor and subsequent funding. A new concept called “Transformative WASH” has recently emerged in the WASH sector as a result of three RCTs and calls for a “comprehensive package of WASH interventions” to effectively improve health and social outcomes. We believe that the current definition of the “gold standard” in academic research is failing the WASH sector and does not align with “Transformative WASH.” Rather, the “gold standard” should instead be a mixed methods research toolkit that utilizes Human-Centered Design (HCD) practices, and proxy methods such as “participatory design” or “Behavior Centered Design theory” to better design and evaluate WASH interventions.
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Reese, Heather, Sheela S. Sinharoy, and Thomas Clasen. "Using structural equation modelling to untangle sanitation, water and hygiene pathways for intervention improvements in height-for-age in children <5 years old." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 6 (October 9, 2019): 1992–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz202.
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Abstract Background Despite a strong theoretical rationale for combining water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) interventions to improve child health, study findings are heterogeneous with little understanding of the mechanisms for these effects. Our study objective was to demonstrate the utility of structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess intervention effects on height-for-age z score (HAZ) through the complex system of WaSH pathways. Methods We used data from a matched cohort effectiveness evaluation of a combined on-premise piped water and improved sanitation intervention in rural Odisha, India. Height/length was measured in children 0–59 months old (n = 1826) from 90 matched villages in February–June 2016. WaSH behaviours and infrastructure were assessed through household surveys and observation, respectively. We used SEM to calculate the standardized path coefficients and the total contributions of WaSH pathways to HAZ. Results Intervention improvements on HAZ were through the sanitation pathway (coverage → use β: 0.722; use → HAZ β: 0.116), with piped water coverage indirectly affecting HAZ through improved sanitation use (β: 0.148). Although the intervention had a positive association with handwashing station coverage, there was no evidence of a total hygiene pathway effect on HAZ or further direct effects through the water pathways. Conclusions This study demonstrates the utility of SEM to assess the mechanisms through which combined WaSH interventions impact HAZ as a system of pathways, providing a more nuanced assessment than estimation of the total intervention effect. Our finding, that water impacts HAZ through the sanitation pathway, is an important and actionable insight for WaSH programming.
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Momberg, D. J., L. E. Voth-Gaeddert, B. C. Ngandu, L. Richter, J. May, S. A. Norris, and R. Said-Mohamed. "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with growth between birth and 1 year of age in children in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Baby WASH study." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (September 21, 2020): 798–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.085.
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Abstract Interventions to reduce undernutrition and improve child growth have incorporated improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as part of disease transmission prevention strategies. Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH interventions are most effective at improving growth. This study drew cross-sectional data from a longitudinal cohort study and used hierarchical regression analyses to assess associations between WASH factors: water index, sanitation, hygiene index, and growth: height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum among infants a priori born healthy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Household access to sanitation facilities that were not safely managed was associated with a decrease in HAZ scores at 1 month (β = −2.24) and 6 months (β = −0.96); a decrease in WAZ at 1 month (β = −1.21), 6 months (β = −1.57), and 12 months (β = −1.92); and finally, with WHZ scores at 12 months (β = −1.94). Counterintuitively, poorer scores on the hygiene index were associated with an increase at 1 month for both HAZ (β = 0.53) and WAZ (β = 0.44). Provision of safely managed sanitation at household and community levels may be required before improvements in growth-related outcomes are obtained.
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Ram Mohan, M. P., and Anvita Dulluri. "Constitutional mandate and judicial initiatives influencing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programmes in India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 4 (August 19, 2017): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.135.
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Abstract This paper undertakes a thorough review of the legislative and policy framework of water supply and sanitation in India within the larger backdrop of the universal affirmation of right to water and sanitation under the UN WASH initiatives, first articulated under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Recognizing the proactive role played by the Indian judiciary in this regard, the paper examines various patterns of judicial reasoning in realising the right to water and sanitation as Constitutional rights of citizens. The paper observes that through a consistent ‘rights-based’ approach, the Indian judiciary has systematically articulated and achieved the objectives of the UN WASH initiatives long before they were spelled out under the MDGs. The paper highlights the need for the Government to recognise and incorporate judicial insights in implementing developmental projects under the WASH initiatives.
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Kurian Baby, V., and V. Ratna Reddy. "How effective are the new WASH security guidelines for India? An empirical case study of Andhra Pradesh." Water Policy 15, no. 4 (March 4, 2013): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.147.
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India has been making policies relating to the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector since independence. The 2010 policy guidelines for the water and sanitation sectors have embarked on a new path of water security by identifying and emphasizing the importance of hitherto nagging bottlenecks in sustainable service delivery. This paper attempts to assess these policy guidelines critically and suggest ways to make them effective from the point of view of putting them into operation. This paper argues the following. (i) WASH sector financing needs to be addressed directly with realistic assessment of unit costs and their composition. (ii) Within the WASH sector sanitation needs special focus in terms of planning and allocations. Treating sanitation as an add-on to water would not be enough to improve the sanitation and hygiene conditions. The approach to sanitation needs to be focused on creating demand at the household level, segregating private and public responsibilities in this regard. (iii) Although the new guidelines try to bring a much needed balance between the cost components of new capital investment, they are not clear about post-construction support, especially capital maintenance and ring fencing the allocations towards O&M (operations and maintenance), as well as emphasizing that capital maintenance is critical for sustainable service delivery.
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McMichael, Celia. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030359.
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Many schools in low-income countries have inadequate access to water facilities, sanitation and hygiene promotion. A systematic review of literature was carried out that aimed to identify and analyse the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (WASH) in schools in low-income countries. Published peer reviewed literature was systematically screened during March to June 2018 using the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. There were no publication date restrictions. Thirty-eight peer reviewed papers were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The papers were analysed in groups, based on four categories of reported outcomes: (i) reduction of diarrhoeal disease and other hygiene-related diseases in school students; (ii) improved WASH knowledge, attitudes and hygiene behaviours among students; (iii) reduced disease burden and improved hygiene behaviours in students’ households and communities; (iv) improved student enrolment and attendance. The typically unmeasured and unreported ‘output’ and/or ‘exposure’ of program fidelity and adherence was also examined. Several studies provide evidence of positive disease-related outcomes among students, yet other assessments did not find statistically significant differences in health or indicated that outcomes are dependent on the nature and context of interventions. Thirteen studies provide evidence of changes in WASH knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, such as hand-washing with soap. Further research is required to understand whether and how school-based WASH interventions might improve hygiene habits and health among wider family and community members. Evidence of the impact of school-based WASH programs in reducing student absence from school was mixed. Ensuring access to safe and sufficient water and sanitation and hygiene promotion in schools has great potential to improve health and education and to contribute to inclusion and equity, yet delivering school-based WASH intervention does not guarantee good outcomes. While further rigorous research will be of value, political will and effective interventions with high program fidelity are also key.
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Desye, Belay. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Impacts, Challenges, and Mitigation Strategies." Environmental Health Insights 15 (January 2021): 117863022110294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211029447.
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Background: In order to protect public health during the outbreaks of infectious diseases including the pandemic COVID-19, provision of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services is important. The challenges of inaccessible WASH services along with the pandemic COVID-19 in low-income countries can lead to a devastating problem. Method: A systematic search of published articles was identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, on relevant studies of COVID-19 and WASH services. Published articles were identified using abstracts and titles of the articles, followed by assessed for eligibility, and screening of the full text reports of relevant studies. Results: Electronic database search identified 798 articles from which 28 full text articles were included in the systematic review. A lack of access to WASH services in households, schools, health care facilities, and other public spaces were the main identified COVID-19 related public health risks. A lack of adequate data and financial shortages were the challenges for mitigating the problems of COVI-19 and WASH services. Conclusion: This systematical review identified the impacts and challenges of COVID-19 in the provision of WASH services. The results implied that COVID-19 has significant impacts on WASH services that can affect the health of the public. Therefore, strengthening and ensuring access to WASH services are important for preventing COVID-19 and realizing human rights. Community engagement also can be used to support for prevention and control of COVID-19. Countries need to be expand their investment in WASH services as an important mechanism for mitigating COVID-19.
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Egbinola, Christiana Ndidi, and Amobichukwu Chukwudi Amanambu. "Water supply, sanitation and hygiene education in secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 29, no. 29 (September 1, 2015): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2015-0023.
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Abstract Access to potable water supply, sanitation and hygiene education remains relatively low both in the urban and rural areas in developing countries. The main aim of the study was to get an overview of the condition of the water and sanitary facilities in schools and of hygiene education. The method of investigation involved systematic random sampling with the use of questionnaires and interviews with the students and teachers and onsite inspection of the sanitation facilities available within the schools. The results revealed that 24% of schools used W/C while 76% of schools used pit toilets, of which 88% were ordinary pit toilets and 12% VIP. The number of toilets within the schools ranged between 0 and 14 revealing a 185:1 student to toilet ratio within the study area, but ranged widely from 83:1 to 510:1 between schools. The study, however, revealed the absence of wash hand basins in 77% of the schools and no soap in 88% of the schools with wash hand basins. Investing in clean water, sanitation and hygiene education in these public schools should become a priority for governments in developing countries and School Sanitation and Hygiene Education program (SSHE) should be adopted and implemented across schools in Nigeria.
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Vishnupriya, S., Satish Prasad, Jyoti Bala Kasav, Kate Trout, Shruti Murthy, Krishna Mohan Surapaneni, and Ashish Joshi. "Water and sanitation hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among school settings in rural Chennai." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (December 18, 2014): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.052.
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This pilot cross-sectional study was conducted to assess water and sanitation hygiene-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among rural school students in Chennai, South India in September 2013. A convenient sample of 80 participants (70 children and 10 staff members) was enrolled in the study. The inclusion criteria included participants residing in rural areas and studying in a government school. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic and school characteristics and water and sanitation hygiene (WASH)-related KAP. The mean age of the students was 14 years (SD = 2) and half of them were females. The school had a government drinking water supply and did not use any water treatment/purification method. The majority of the participants had correct WASH-related knowledge. However, one-third of the students reported diarrheal episodes in the school due to unsafe drinking water. There was disparity in the response of the students compared to the staff about toilet facilities in the school. This study concluded that there is a need for multifaceted intervention that will facilitate adequate water and sanitation hygiene practices among school children through the availability of proper sanitation infrastructure and family-centered education.
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Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T., James A. Platts-Mills, Jean Gratz, Jixian Zhang, Lawrence H. Moulton, Kuda Mutasa, Florence D. Majo, et al. "Impact of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Enteric Infections in Rural Zimbabwe: The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz179.
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Abstract Background We assessed the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) interventions on enteric infections in the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial in rural Zimbabwe. Methods We tested stool samples collected at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age and during diarrhea using quantitative molecular diagnostics for 29 pathogens. We estimated the effects of the WASH, IYCF, and combined WASH + IYCF interventions on individual enteropathogen prevalence and quantity, total numbers of pathogens detected, and incidence of pathogen-attributable diarrhea. Results WASH interventions decreased the number of parasites detected (difference in number compared to non-WASH arms, –0.07 [95% confidence interval, –.14 to –.02]), but had no statistically significant effects on bacteria, viruses, or the prevalence and quantity of individual enteropathogens after accounting for multiple comparisons. IYCF interventions had no significant effects on individual or total enteropathogens. Neither intervention had significant effects on pathogen-attributable diarrhea. Conclusions The WASH interventions implemented in SHINE (improved pit latrine, hand-washing stations, liquid soap, point-of-use water chlorination, and clean play space) did not prevent enteric infections. Transformative WASH interventions are needed that are more efficacious in interrupting fecal–oral microbial transmission in children living in highly contaminated environments.
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Wayland, Joshua. "Constraints on foreign aid effectiveness in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) sector." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.095.
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Abstract Numerous studies have sought to empirically test the effectiveness of foreign aid as a tool for international development, with often inconsistent or contradictory results. New sources of disaggregated aid data now allow researchers to test the impact of individual sectors of aid on sector-specific outcomes. The paper investigates the effectiveness of foreign aid in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) sector and seeks to identify constraints on WaSH aid effectiveness in recipient countries. Multilevel latent growth, dynamic panel, and instrumental variable regression models were estimated on a panel dataset comprising 125 recipient countries over 20 years. WaSH aid was consistently associated with improved health outcomes in middle-income countries; no effect on those outcomes was observed in low-income countries. Potential constraints on the effectiveness of WaSH aid – including political, economic, institutional, and technical constraints – were examined using subgroup analysis. The effectiveness of WaSH aid was found to have been constrained by government ineffectiveness and regulatory quality in recipient countries. Countries with large rural populations also appear to have benefitted less from WaSH aid than more urbanized recipient countries.
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Chattopadhyay, Shyama Prasad. "TRAINING ON WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE (WASH) TO THE FRONTLINE WORKERS (FLWS) IN A RURAL SET UP." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i8.2017.2207.
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Water and Sanitation is one of the primary drivers of public health. Poor hygiene, inadequate quantities and quality of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities cause millions of the India’s poorest people to die from preventable diseases each year. The MPTAST has been extending technical assistance to the State Government of Madhya Pradesh to improve their water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) planning, delivery, and monitoring mechanisms, and to accelerate the sanitation coverage through a community-led approach. One of the key components of technical assistance under the WASH program was to provide training to Front Line Workers (FLWs) as they play an important role to assist the communities in raising awareness & motivation. This awareness & motivation of the community members would be created a demand for WASH services to access & leverage govt. support schemes and funds under the Govt. of India flagship program “Swachh Bharat Mission”. The IIHMR on behalf of MPWASH were organized district/block/ cluster/section wise training of FLWs in selected 7 Districts of Eastern Madhya Pradesh and covered around 98% of target. It was expected that WASH training to FLWs will bring lot of positive changes in orientation & motivating the community people at Village level.
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Torres-Slimming, Paola A., Carlee Wright, Cesar P. Carcamo, Patricia J. Garcia, IHACC Research Team, and Sherilee L. Harper. "Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: A Mixed Methods Study of Health-Related Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) for Indigenous Shawi in the Peruvian Amazon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132429.
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Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG-6) addresses poor water quality, inadequate sanitation, and improper hygiene, all of which negatively impact health and disproportionately impact Indigenous Peoples’ health. Understanding and responding to local contexts is critical to effectively improve water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); however, in-depth understanding of local knowledge, practices, and perceptions are often overlooked. As such, this study described the knowledge, practices, and perceptions of WASH held by residents of two Indigenous Shawi communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Quantitative data were collected via a cross-sectional survey and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were collected via interviews, PhotoVoice, focus group discussions, and participatory transect walks, and analyzed using a constant comparative approach to thematic analysis. Emergent themes included characterizing water sources, collection methods, and consumption patterns; knowledge, perceptions, and practices related to WASH; and knowledge and perceptions of health issues related to WASH. This study provides insight into the ongoing challenges related to WASH in Indigenous communities in the Peruvian Amazon and highlights the need to prioritize interventions that will advance WASH-related SDGs.
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Andres, Luis, Clarissa Brocklehurst, Jonathan Grabinsky, George Joseph, and Michael Thibert. "Measuring the Affordability of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Services: A New Approach." Water Economics and Policy 06, no. 03 (April 14, 2020): 2050002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x20500022.
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One common method for assessing the affordability of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is to compare a household’s reported WASH expenditure, as a proportion of total household expenditure, to a predefined threshold. Another common method is to subtract this reported WASH expenditure from the household’s total income (or expenditure), and then compare that result against a minimum amount needed to purchase other basic goods and services. The innovative, alternative approach to determining affordability introduced in this paper borrows from the method commonly used to draw the monetary poverty line. This offers five advantages over the common methods of investigating the affordability of WASH services. First, it defines a “basket” of WASH services that accounts for the type and level of WASH services that a household receives (and that involves a threshold quality of service, deemed necessary for health and well-being). Second, it makes use of the actual costs of service, therefore moving away from household estimates of WASH expenditure that tend to be inadequate and rarely reflect actual costs. Third, it considers both initial fixed costs and recurring consumption costs, each of which pose their own unique challenges to affordability. Fourth, it makes use of household-level data on access to WASH services, which allows for the grouping of households into categories with distinct policy implications. Finally, this approach facilitates scenario analyses, whereby the impact of different pricing policies can be assessed. This approach is then applied to rural Nigeria, using data from the General Household Survey (GHS) 2015–16, to demonstrate its utility as a tool to better focus policy reform on the actual affordability constraints of the unserved.
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Gizaw, Zemichael, and Ayenew Addisu. "Evidence of Households’ Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Performance Improvement Following a WASH Education Program in Rural Dembiya, Northwest Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022090310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220903100.
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Background: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) promotion is a viable solution to prevent enteric infections. It focuses on hygiene education, where a number of theoretical models have emerged which attempt to guide behavior change interventions. This study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effectiveness WASH education program on households’ WASH performance in rural Dembiya, northwest Ethiopia. Method: An uncontrolled before-and-after intervention study was conducted. Baseline and endline surveys were done among 225 and 302 randomly selected households with under-5 children, respectively, using a structured questionnaire and observational checklists. Percent point change was used to see the effect of the intervention. Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to test for statistically significant percentage point changes on the basis of P < .05. Result: Access to adequate sanitation was significantly improved from 43.1% at the baseline to 50.7% at the endline ( P < .05). Access to protected water sources was high at the baseline (73.8%) and remained high (81.1%) at the endline ( P < .05). Significant proportion of households (58.3%) practiced good drinking water handling at the endline compared with the baseline (6.7%) ( P < .001). Practice of home-based water treatment was improved at the endline (47%) compared with the baseline (7.6%) ( P < .001). The general hygienic condition of children was significantly improved at the end of the intervention compared with the conditions before the intervention ( P < .05). At the end of the intervention, mothers’ hand washing practice was improved to 68.2% from 24.4% at the baseline ( P < .001). Moreover, 52.4% and 69.5% of the households at the baseline and endline, respectively, had good food safety practice ( P < .05). Conclusion: The proportion of households who practiced water safety, basic sanitation, good personal hygiene, and basic food safety measures significantly increased at the endline. This significant increment clearly showed that our WASH interventions were effective to improve households’ WASH performance in rural Dembiya. The local health office need, therefore, strengthens the WASH education program.
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Berhe, Abera Aregawi, Abraham Desta Aregay, Alemnesh Araya Abreha, Asfawosen Berhe Aregay, Ataklti Weldegebrial Gebretsadik, Degnesh Zigta Negash, Equbay Gebru Gebreegziabher, Kiros Ghebremedhin Demoz, Kiros Ajemu Fenta, and Nega Bezabih Mamo. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene among Rural Residents in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (March 19, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5460168.
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Background. Poor hygienic practices, inadequate water supply, and poor sanitary conditions play a major role in the spread of infectious diseases. Lack of knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) on WASH is one of the most imperative causes for transmission of infectious diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of rural residents on water, sanitation, and hygiene in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018. Multistage cluster sampling technique was used to collect data from 759 households in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge, attitude, and practice on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Descriptive data analysis was done to present the study findings. Results. The response rate was 99.6%, and 574 (75.9%) of the respondents were females. Good knowledge, favorable attitude, and good practice on WASH were observed in 42.2% (95% CI: 38.7%, 45.7%), 48.5% (95% CI: 44.9%, 52.0%), and 49.2% (95% CI: 45.6%, 52.7%) of the respondents, respectively. Conclusions. Poor knowledge, unfavorable attitude, and poor practice on WASH were common amongst the residents in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Therefore, the health extension programs at primary health care should be revitalized in a way that can enhance the interventional measures to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice on WASH.
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Hadwen, Wade L., Bronwyn Powell, Morgan C. MacDonald, Mark Elliott, Terence Chan, Wolfgang Gernjak, and William G. L. Aalbersberg. "Putting WASH in the water cycle: climate change, water resources and the future of water, sanitation and hygiene challenges in Pacific Island Countries." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (April 8, 2015): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.133.
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The Pacific region presents some of the lowest water and sanitation coverage figures globally, with some countries showing stagnating or even declining access to improved water and sanitation. In addition, Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are among the most vulnerable countries on the globe to extreme and variable climatic events and sea-level rise caused by climate change. By exploring the state of water and sanitation coverage in PICs and projected climatic variations, we add to the growing case for conserving water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions within a holistic integrated water resource management (IWRM) framework. PICs face unique challenges of increasing variability in rainfall (leading to drought and flooding), increasing temperatures, and likely higher than average sea-level rise, all of which impact on freshwater security. Add to this geographic and economic isolation, and limited human and physical resources, and the challenge of WASH provision increases dramatically. In this setting, there is a stronger case than ever for adopting a holistic systems understanding, as promoted by IWRM frameworks, to WASH interventions so that they consider past and current challenges as well as future scenarios.
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Hall, Nina Lansbury. "Challenges of WASH in remote Australian Indigenous communities." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.154.
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Abstract Health and well-being are influenced by access and quality to safe drinking water, wastewater treatment, and hygiene practices and settings. This is recognised in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals for water and health. As a signatory to the UN Goals, Australia has a commitment to ensure the access and quality of these resources is attained for all, including Indigenous Australians living in remote communities. This research sought to identify the status of water, sanitation and hygiene services within remote communities on mainland Australia. Interviews were conducted with representatives of organisations providing water, sanitation and/or hygiene to communities. The quality and access of WASH services in remote Indigenous communities were revealed in this research as lacking at times in many communities. The qualitative results indicate that drinking water supplies can be contaminated by microbes or naturally occurring chemicals, wastewater treatment can be poorly maintained with irregular monitoring, and the health of residents is negatively impacted by crowding in houses, which affects residents' ability to maintain healthy hygiene levels of people, clothing, bedding and infrastructure. Effective responses require a collaborative and systemic approach by the respective government agencies responsible that effectively partner with – and adequately fund – Indigenous communities to provide options that are ‘fit for purpose, place and people’.
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Dey, Digbijoy, A. T. M. Ridwanul Haque, Babar Kabir, and Sharmin Farhat Ubaid. "Fecal indicator and Ascaris removal from double pit latrine content." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (August 22, 2016): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.214.
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Since May 2006, the BRAC Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme in Bangladesh has enabled more than 30 million people to achieve hygienic sanitation, contributing to an increase in sanitation coverage from 33 to 83% in programme areas and rapid progress towards universal access. In rural areas, most families have single pit latrines that need to be emptied when full. Since 2007, BRAC has promoted the use of hygienic double-pit latrines. Use of double-pit latrines, where appropriate, is also recommended in the Bangladeshi Draft National Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy. More than 800,000 double-pit latrines are in use in BRAC WASH areas, delaying the need for emptying and allowing time for the fecal matter to decompose while the resting pit is sealed. This paper focuses on a study undertaken by BRAC WASH to treat and safely use fecal material from double pit latrines as an organic fertilizer for rice and other crops. The study investigated the removal of pathogens from pit waste through simple solar drying and conducted analysis on nutrient properties of fecal sludge. The study showed a significant positive impact on developing organic fertilizer from fecal sludge.
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Connolly, Susan, and Marni Sommer. "Cambodian girls' recommendations for facilitating menstrual hygiene management in school." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (August 17, 2013): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.168.
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Inadequate school water and sanitation facilities in many low-income countries, including Cambodia, are problematic for pubescent girls as they reach menarche and must subsequently manage monthly menses while attending school. This comparative case study explored girls' own suggestions for improving the pubertal guidance they receive in the classroom, and for modifications of existing school water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in order to better meet schoolgirls' menstrual hygiene management needs. Key findings included girls' recommendations for teaching methodologies that encourage questions and practical content regarding puberty and menstrual management before the onset of menarche, and WASH-specific recommendations for the increased availability of water and sanitary materials in toilet stalls and greater privacy from boys and other girls. Incorporating girls' recommendations into WASH, health and education related policy and programming in low-income countries would allow girls to comfortably and confidently manage menses within the school environment.
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Avelar, Lourdes Johanna, Yao-Yi Chiang, Robert O. Vos, Jose Jesus Rico, Yanyi Qian, Xiaozhe Yin, and Kate Vavra-Musser. "Los Angeles Homelessness and the Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-18-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Homelessness is a problem increasingly visible in many urban and rural communities that have rendered these marginalized people invisible. In Los Angeles County, approximately 53,000 people experience homelessness in a single-night, 4,294 of which reside in downtown’s “Skid Row” (LASHA, 2018). In the past months, cases of hepatitis A and murine typhus outbreaks have been reported in Skid Row. These infectious diseases are associated with poor living environments and inadequate access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services (WaSH). Therefore, this study addresses homelessness using water insecurity as a lens to look beyond the provisioning of housing (a long-term goal). More specifically, it examines the consequences of water insecurity in the health and lives of people experiencing homelessness using 134 in-depth interviews and surveys collected in July&ndash;August 2018. The data we collected were abstracted and analysed in R studio to test for associations between differences in poor access to WaSH and demographic factors, and then visualized in ArcGIS Pro using Hot Spot analysis. The study findings highlight that 56% of all study participants reported difficulty accessing basic WaSH services. Of this total, 65% of women participants reported statistically significant differences in access to showers compared to men (<i>p</i>&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.05). Additionally, racial differences were reported in the sample, with Hispanic/Latinx and mixed-racial groups having more difficulty in accessing laundry services, drinking water, and showers. Furthermore, temporal differences existed in access to WaSH services, with people resorting to use public spaces (sidewalks, alleyways, and buckets inside their tents) more often at night than morning-time, due to a lack of public facilities remaining open and available throughout the day. Since the data collection took place in the summer time, 43% of participants reported experiencing dehydration, but also diarrhoea (24.39%), and skin infections (20.33%), all which are attributed to their reduced access to WaSH services. Overall, the information gathered from this study provides a deeper understanding of the existing inequities in access to services. It also demonstrates that there is a need for better public policies to address homelessness with more equitable solutions including gender, race, age, and immigration status. In conclusion, increasing access to WaSH resources can be a form of an immediate intervention provided to the homeless in order to 1) restore their human dignity, 2) improve their living environments, which would then lead to 3) the reduction of future health outbreaks and cost of medical emergency services.</p>
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Saja, Aslam, and Prasad Bhagwan Sevekari. "Needs and vulnerability assessment (NAVA) indicators for specific hazards in the context of Sri Lanka." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.105.
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Development of a four hazard-specific toolkit (drought, flood, landslide and chronic kidney diseases of unknown aetiology) for needs and vulnerability assessment in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector included community consultations with district, divisional and community stakeholders in four selected districts of Sri Lanka, which are highly prone to the respective hazards. Existing global WASH tools such as sphere and global WASH cluster indicators are contextualized, and the toolkit covers three different displacement scenarios: no displacement, temporary displacement (short and medium term), and camp-based displacement. This toolkit focuses on four key sections of WASH: water supply, sanitation, waste management and control, and hygiene practices and promotion. The toolkit consists of a set of indicators in the areas of WASH that are relevant to the selected scenario in the Sri Lankan context for the specific hazard, a checklist for initial and rapid assessment before and after disasters, and some guide notes for the field works.