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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Sanitation and Hygiene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Gomathi, Ms S., Ms P. Latha Theresa, and S. Jasmine Debora. "WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene : A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7012.

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2

M. Fitri, H. Nuraini, R. Priyanto, and Y. C. Endrawati. "Implementasi Higiene Sanitasi pada RPH Kategori I sebagai Syarat Produksi Daging Sehat." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 9, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.9.3.138-143.

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Abbatoirs have to produce meat that complied requisite of safety, healthy, wholeness and halal. Animalorigin product have to requisite basic safety product which implementated of hygine sanitation asproduction processed. The research aim was to evaluate implementation of hygine sanitation systemon 1st categrory abbatoir at Bogor Regency to complied safety and quality assurance of product.Observations on the implementation of hygienic sanitation were carried out using an evaluation matrixof the suitability of physical requirements with the criterion parameter assessment method based onthe Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 13/2010. The best suitability value (NK) of 3 wasobtained on the environmental hygiene indicator and the absence of the use of chemicals, while theother sanitation hygiene indicators were worth 2 (less appropriate). The results of testing on meat forthe content of Salmonella sp. is negative and the Total Plate Count test is between 7.1 x 103 - 5.2 x 104cfu/g below the SNI threshold (1.0 x 106 cfu/g). The test for E. coli in meat was above the threshold ofsuspected contamination from the water used. Validation of hygiene sanitation practices was carried outby means of Colliform swabs on knives, palms hand and clothing of officers. Colliform swab test of theofficer’s palm hand, which is 5.4 x 102 cfu/g, shows a value above the allowable threshold. The results ofthe evaluation of the application of sanitation and hygiene in the abattoir are quite good but still needimprovement. Priority improvements are the equipment of cleaning facilities, water quality testing andimprovement of personal hygiene understanding.
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3

Green, Joanne. "Water, sanitation and hygiene: health 101." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 126, no. 2 (March 2006): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400612600206.

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4

Curtis, V. "Water, sanitation, and hygiene at Kyoto." BMJ 327, no. 7405 (July 3, 2003): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7405.3.

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5

Hasan, AHM, Fakir Sameul Alam, Md Tufael Hossain, and Maksuda Begum. "Sanitation status of a rural area of Mymensingh." Community Based Medical Journal 7, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v7i2.55453.

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In Bangladesh majority of people live in rural area. Sanitation is important for health promotion, and disease prevention. To know sanitary condition of rural people of Mymensingh, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and the sampling technique was purposive. Data were collected on a pre-designed questionnaire by direct interviewing the respondents. Sanitation status was assessed by scoring on selected components of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. A total of 514 villagers (202 male, 312 female) participated in the study. Age of respondents ranged from 10 years to 75 years; mean age was 36.23 years with a standard deviation of ±13.736 years. Females were mostly housewives (92%), males were mostly farmers (37%). Among respondents 96% had own house, 58% had cultivable land and 26% were poor. Sanitation in this study included personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Scoring was done based on correct response on selected items of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation (80% and more: excellent, 60 to 79 percent: good, below 60 percent: bad). Personal hygiene practices included were daily bathing, hand washing with soap and water in relevant occasions, washing vegetables, fruits, covering cooked and served food. About 95% had excellent score on personal hygiene. This excellent score was more observed among respondents with increasing age, female sex, service holders, housewives and better socioeconomic condition. Environmental sanitation included safe water supply, sanitary latrine, good house, no animal in house and if present kept in cattle shed in safe distance, hygienic disposal of animal excreta and refuse. 95% had safe water supply, 75% had water seal latrine, 44% had good house and 26% had no animals. Those who kept animals only 23% kept them in cattle shed in safe distance. Hygienic disposal of animal excreta and refuse were 25% and 43.4% respectively. Environmental sanitation based on safe water supply and water seal latrine was excellent and good respectively but based on other 4 components the status was not satisfactory. Despite hardship,sanitary conditions were better thanthe results of other studies in Bangladesh and in other developing countries. Hygiene practices were praiseworthy. Improvement of socioeconomic condition and continuous health education will further improve the situation. CBMJ 2018 July: Vol. 07 No. 02 P: 34-41
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6

Sugriarta, Evino. "HYGIENE SANITASI DEPOT AIR MINUM." Jurnal Sehat Mandiri 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33761/jsm.v13i1.57.

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This study aims to investigate the implementation of sanitation hygiene in drinking water depot in Padang city. The results of this study is still 45.2% drinking water depot that has the implementation of sanitation hygiene is still not good. Most factors are still not good is the behavior of employees depot in conducting drinking water treatment. Recommendation is to supervise, provide counseling, and training for owners and employees of sanitation hygiene water depots.
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7

Budge, Sophie, Argaw Ambelu, Jamie Bartram, Joe Brown, and Paul Hutchings. "Environmental sanitation and the evolution of water, sanitation and hygiene." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 100, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.21.287137.

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8

Almedom, Astier, Ursula Blumenthal, and Lenore Manderson. "Public Health Engineering: Hygiene Evaluation Procedures." Practicing Anthropology 18, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.18.3.r34g7w5lv9g25205.

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Water and sanitation projects were among the first to which rapid appraisal methods were applied, primarily to monitor or evaluate projects where improved health status had not ensued as expected, following the provision of improved facilities. Qualitative research methods were used to identify perceived social, cultural, and behavioral barriers to full or appropriate use of these facilities. (See, for example, the World Health Organization's Minimum Evaluation Procedure (MEP) for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects [Geneva: WHO, 1983] and M. Simpson-Herbert, Methods for Gathering Socio-Cultural Data for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects [Washington, DC: UNDP/World Bank, Technology Advisory Group, 1983].) Water and sanitation-related hygiene practices are complex, however, and the relationship between the provision of infrastructure, health education, and behavior change have remained perplexing. It continues to be a major concern, too, since morbidity and mortality worldwide is associated in many ways with poor sanitation, lack of potable water, and detrimental hygiene practices.
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9

Badun, Asmawati. "The Relationship of Drinking Water Depot Sanitation with the Presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli." MIRACLE Journal Of Public Health 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36566/mjph/vol4.iss2/264.

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The coverage of sanitation in Indonesia, especially in drinking water, is known to have not been in accordance with the needs of the population. Likewise in Kendari District where drinking water facilities (depots) and the quality of the water produced do not meet health requirements. This study aims to determine the correlation of drinking water depot sanitation hygiene with the presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli bacteria in Kendari District. The type of study is observational analytic with a cross-sectional study design. The study population, namely all drinking water depots in the working area of ​​the Kendari District, amounted to 14 depots with a simple random sampling of 13 depots. Testing the data using the Fisher's Exact Test. The results of the study on sanitation hygiene of the place obtained p-value=0.014 and phi test=0.822, the results of the test on hygiene and sanitation of equipment obtained p-value=0.014 and phi test=0.822, while the sanitation hygiene of the handlers obtained p-value=0.003 and phi test=1.000. This means that there is a strong relationship between sanitation hygiene of premises, equipment and handlers with the presence of Coliform and Eschericia Coli bacteria in Kendari District. It is hoped that health center will actively conduct counseling in order to increase public insight and knowledge about sanitation hygiene of places, equipment and handlers at drinking water depots.
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10

Indasah, Indasah. "Effect of Good Hygiene Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Depot Management of Refill Drinking Water on the Quality of Drinking Water Reviewed from Most-Probable-Number Coliform in Kediri." Folia Medica Indonesiana 54, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v54i4.10705.

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Drinking water is a basic human need and must meet health requirements. Drinking water depots are a means of filling drinking water which is in the process of processing raw water using treatment and sterilization system. Drinking water depots as providers of drinking water must also meet the requirements of sanitation hygiene and personal hygiene management must also be maintained so that the water produced meets health requirements. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sanitation hygiene and personal hygiene management of refill drinking water depots on the quality of drinking water in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform in Kediri. The research design used was analytic observational with cross sectional approach. The population of all refill drinking water depots in Kediri is 57, with the sampling technique that is Simple Random Sampling, where a portion of refill drinking water depots in Kediri are 50. Data is collected by check list, questionnaire and laboratory examination. The results showed that most of the hygiene sanitation of the drinking water depot had fulfilled the requirements of 77%, the drinking water personal hygiene depot was good as much as 85% and those who met the drinking water requirements were 70%. The results of the hygiene feasibility analysis showed the value of Sig 0.000<0.05 (R=0.935) means that there was an effect of hygiene sanitation quality with water quality in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform. While the personal hygiene value of Sig 0.001 <0.05 (R = 0.528) indicates that there is a personal hygiene influence with water quality in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform. The results of Logistic Regression test showed that there were effects of sanitation hygiene and personal hygiene management of refill drinking water depots with water quality in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform with a significance value = 0.000 <a 0.05. This shows that the hygiene and the better personal hygiene at refill drinking water depots is increasingly fulfilling water quality requirements in terms of the Most Probable Number Coliform
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11

Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim, Vicky Walters, J. C. Gaillard, Sanjida Marium Hridi, and Alice McSherry. "Water, sanitation and hygiene for homeless people." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 1 (July 7, 2015): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.248.

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This short communication provides insights into water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for homeless people through a scoping study conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It investigates homeless access to WASH through the lens of a rights-based approach. It demonstrates that homeless people's denial of their right to WASH reflects their marginal position in society and an unequal distribution of power and opportunities. The study ultimately suggests a rights-based approach to work toward dealing with the root causes of discrimination and marginalisation rather than just the symptoms. For the homeless, who not only lack substantive rights, but also the means through which to claim their rights, an integrated rights-based approach to WASH offers the possibility for social inclusion and significant improvements in their life conditions. Given the unique deprivation of homelessness it is argued that in addressing the lack of access to adequate WASH for homeless people the immediate goal should be the fulfilment and protection of the right to adequate shelter.
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12

Ntozini, Robert. "Trachoma control using water, sanitation, and hygiene." Lancet Global Health 10, no. 1 (January 2022): e10-e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00500-3.

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13

Taylor, Hugh R. "Trachoma control using water, sanitation, and hygiene." Lancet Global Health 10, no. 4 (April 2022): e479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00071-7.

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14

Dickin, Sarah, Elijah Bisung, Juste Nansi, and Katrina Charles. "Empowerment in water, sanitation and hygiene index." World Development 137 (January 2021): 105158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105158.

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15

Sweetman, Caroline, and Louise Medland. "Introduction: gender and water, sanitation and hygiene." Gender & Development 25, no. 2 (May 4, 2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2017.1349867.

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16

Jiastuti, Titis. "Higiene Sanitation Management of Food and The Existence of Bacteria in The Food in RSUD Dr. Harjono Ponorogo." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 10, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v10i1.2018.13-24.

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Hygienic and healthy food into the basic principles of the organization of food in hospitals. Food service hospital dedicated to the sick and at risk of pathogen contamination of germs. Implementation of food in the hospital must comply with Kepmenkes Decree No. 1204/Menkes/SK/X/2004 on Environmental Health Requirements Hospital. The purpose of this study is the management of food hygiene sanitation Identify at Hospital Dr. Harjono Ponorogo. This study is a descriptive observational. Object of the research officer food handlers, food hygiene, sanitation management, and food microbiological test (examination of E. coli and Salmonella). Collecting data using questionnaires, observation sheets, and test laboratory. Hygiene of food handlers who do not qualify the use of personal protective equipment, training of hygiene sanitation, and health screening. Sanitation management of food that does not qualify the quality of food, the food processing and presentation of food, while 9 samples prepared food laboratory test results 5 (55.6%) positive samples of E. coli. The conclusions in Hospital Dr. Harjono Ponorogo increase efforts to hygiene of food handlers and food sanitation management. Expected medical examination should be routinely expected 2 times a year, improving sanitation facilities that support the management of food hygiene, as well as water proofing regularly twice a year.
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17

Jubayer, Ahmed, Md Hafizul Islam, and Md Moniruzzaman Nayan. "Child-sensitive water, sanitation, and hygiene composite score and its association with child nutritional outcomes in St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212210959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221095966.

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Objectives: This study aimed to outline water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices for children under 5 years of age among the households of St. Martin’s Island as well as examine the role of water, sanitation, and hygiene on child nutritional outcomes. Methods: A total of 256 children under 5 years of age were anthropometrically measured, and multiple linear regression was performed to understand the relationship between combined water, sanitation, and hygiene score and child nutritional outcomes: height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height z-scores. Results: The majority of the sampled households had improved drinking water facilities. Over one-third of the participants (36.5%) did not have access to better sanitation, and 12.4% reported defecating in open places. Just over one-third of those surveyed reported washing their hands with soap or detergents after defecation, with more than 22% of people not having access to a handwashing station on their premises. Stunting, wasting, and underweight were found to be prevalent in 34.4%, 17.6%, and 18.9% of the sampled children, respectively. Height-for-age (0.08 SDs) and weight-for-age (0.014 SDs) were greater on average in children from households with improved water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions, but weight-for-height did not significantly differ from those from WASH-unimproved households. Conclusion: Certain aspects of WASH, particularly, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices were not up to the mark in St. Martin’s Island, and consistent with findings from other studies, our study findings underlined the potential benefits of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in addressing child undernutrition.
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Admiraal, Ryan, and David Doepel. "Using baseline surveys to inform interventions and follow-up surveys: a case-study using the Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3 (May 23, 2014): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.145.

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The Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program is a partnership among the Government of Mozambique, UNICEF, and the Australian Government focused on achieving the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation in Mozambique and concentrated on five small towns in Nampula Province. Before implementation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in these towns, a baseline survey was carried out in 2012. We show how such a survey can be used to characterize the state of the three WASH sub-themes (water, sanitation, hygiene) pre-intervention, suggest possible new emphases of or modifications to proposed interventions, and inform the design of follow-up surveys to best gauge the impact of the interventions.
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Shrestha, Marina Vaidya, Naresh Manandhar, and Sunil Kumar Joshi. "Study on Knowledge and Practices of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene among Secondary School Students." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i3.21158.

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Background: Provision of adequate water supply, sanitation, hygiene and waste management in schools has a number of positive effects. The study focuses on children because disease related to water; sanitation and hygiene are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised of 220 students. Participants involved were Government school students of grades 9-10 in Sindhupalchowk and Bhaktapur. Data consisted of hygiene and hand washing practices, knowledge about sanitation and personal hygiene characteristics. Results: This study revealed that knowledge regarding water borne disease was high among Urban school students 86.5% but knowledge regarding transmission route seemed inadequate in both urban and rural students (35% and 16% respectively). The practice on hand washing was found high (94.4%).There was significant difference in the knowledge of students regarding WASH in urban and rural settings of the school (P value<0.001). Treated water facility and hand washing facilities with water was found lacking in rural schools. Schools from the urban area had proper hand washing facilities, but there was not any soap available in both the areas. Conclusions: The knowledge and practice of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) among secondary school students is still poor. The knowledge of WASH in secondary school students when compared to the rural areas, urban areas had better on the basis of knowledge score.Keywords: hygiene; knowledge; practice; water; sanitation.
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Huo, Shutong, Kai Wang, Zongchao Liu, Yuao Yang, Jia Yi Hee, Qiwei He, Rie Takesue, and Kun Tang. "Influence of Maternal Exposure to Mass Media on Growth Stunting Among Children Under Five: Mediation Analysis Through the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 8, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): e33394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/33394.

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Background The issue of malnutrition in the Democratic Republic of Congo is severe. Meanwhile, the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene program has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the rates of growth stunting among children. Objective We aimed to explore the association between maternal exposure to mass media and stunting in children through water, sanitation, and hygiene behaviors. Methods Mediation analysis was conducted using data from the 2018 Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys. Results Mothers’ exposures to television and the internet in the Democratic Republic of Congo significantly decreases the risk of stunting in children by 5% and 10%, respectively, mediated by household water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities and practices. Conclusions These findings could inform interventions and policies to reduce the rate of stunting rate children by promoting water, sanitation, and hygiene through mass media, especially through the internet and television.
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21

Shilunga, Anna P. K., Hans J. Amukugo, and Kabwebwe H. Mitonga. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary schools learners on sanitation and hygiene practices." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (July 23, 2018): 3197. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183051.

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Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene played a significant role in schools by reducing water and sanitation related diseases; subsequently improving the health and learning performance of school-aged children. However, ppeople’s knowledge and attitudes on sanitation and hygiene determine the actual practice towards it. This study aimed at assessing and describing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary school learners towards sanitation and hygiene.Methods: A quantitative, descriptive design was used. A questionnaire was used to collect data among 450 learners in 10 selected primary schools in Ohangwena region. The study population was grade five, six and seven primary school learners. A three staged probability sampling method was employed. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.Results: The result indicated that younger learners in lower school grades, has poorer knowledge, attitudes and practices towards hygiene and sanitation than older learners irrespective of their gender, school circuits or location. This is a logical conclusion because, as learners become older, they become more aware and take precautions about hygiene and sanitation issues.Conclusions: Younger learners in lower school grades, has poorer knowledge, attitudes and practices towards hygiene and sanitation irrespective of their gender, school circuits or location. The older learners become more aware, and cautious about hygiene and sanitation issues comparing to younger learners. The practice and knowledge of sanitation and hygiene are implicated by the reality of the conditions of the sanitation facilities available to them.
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Hubbard, Brian, Gabriella Lockhart, Richard J. Gelting, and Fabienne Bertrand. "Development of Haiti's rural water, sanitation and hygiene workforce." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 1 (October 22, 2013): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.089.

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In 2009 the Haitian Directorate of Potable Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) identified an inadequately trained and under-staffed rural workforce as one of their main institutional challenges. Plans to address this challenge were impacted by the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010 and the cholera outbreak of October 2010, both of which further complicated Haiti's already poor water and sanitation conditions. Recognizing the importance of DINEPA's institutional priorities, donor and technical assistance groups provided needed support to improve the country's conditions and build the rural water and sanitation workforce. This report describes how DINEPA and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated to design and implement a training program for 264 potable water and sanitation technicians for rural areas. The paper also describes the initial field activities of the newly trained technicians and the immediate impact of their work in the rural water, sanitation and hygiene sector.
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23

Molina, Victorio, Olivia Sison, John Robert Medina, Cyrille Nahla Ayes, Joseph Aaron Joe, and Vicente Balizario. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in the Philippines: Meeting National and Global Targets at the Local Level." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 24, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2021_1/01.

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As national and global water, sanitation, and hygiene targets have been set and programs have been implemented, the study aimed to assess the attainment of these targets at the local level in selected areas in Davao region, the Philippines. Randomly selected households were assessed for water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators using a modified tool that combined national guidelines and global recommendations. Validated access to improved water source for drinking was below the targets in most barangays, while validated sanitary toilet coverages in all barangays did not meet the targets. Significant difference was observed between validated and reported access to improved water and sanitation services in some barangays. Approximately 87.5% of households had a handwashing facility, but only 51.2% of which had both water and soap available. Achieving the targets is challenged by the gap in monitoring due to a decentralized health system in the Philippines. There is a need to standardize indicators and optimize the tool to allow a comprehensive assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. This will help generate local data that are in line with national guidelines and global recommendations to enhance policy and to determine priority areas for improved water, sanitation, and hygiene service delivery.
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Sesay, Bockarie Pompay, Jean Leonard Hakizimana, Adel Hussein Elduma, and Gebrekrstos Negash Gebru. "Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices Among Households, 2019 − Sierra Leone: A Community-based Cluster Survey." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221125042.

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Introduction: In Sierra Leone, diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene remain among the leading cause of morbidity and account for 20% of all death. This study assessed the water, sanitation, and hygiene services and practices at household level in Sierra Leone. Methods: A cluster survey was conducted among 1002 households in 4 districts of Sierra Leone. Data was collected on water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators, occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases at household level within 14-day prior to the survey. Chi-square test at 95% significant level was computed to compare the difference in accessing improved water sources, sanitation, and hygiene in urban and rural areas. Result: Of the 1002 households surveyed, 650 (65%) had access to improved drinking water sources. In the urban areas, 432 (88%) out of 486 households had improved drinking water source, which is higher as compared to rural areas. Only 218 (42%) out of 516 households had improved drinking water ( P < .001). Of the total households surveyed, 167 (17%) had improved sanitation with 45 (5%) having a handwashing facility. There were 173 households reporting diarrhoeal disease within 2 weeks prior to the survey, with prevalence of 17%. Conclusion: Majority of households in rural areas do not have access to improved water sources, sanitation, and handwashing facilities. This study found a high prevalence of diarrhoeal disease at the household level. It is recommended that The Ministry of Health and Sanitation work with relevant sectors to increase access to improved drinking water, sanitation, and handwashing facilities in rural areas.
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Herbst, S., S. Benedikter, U. Koester, N. Phan, C. Berger, A. Rechenburg, and T. Kistemann. "Perceptions of water, sanitation and health: a case study from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.442.

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In the Mekong Delta in the south of Vietnam about 5.7 million people lack access to safe drinking water and 10 million people in rural areas live without adequate sanitation. Between May and August, 2007 a survey was carried out in An Bin, a peri-urban ward in the Mekong Delta, to gain insight into water, sanitation and health as well as to health-related hygiene behaviour. The study employed a combination of quantitative (standardized questionnaire) and qualitative (focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews) methods. The most important features in the choice of drinking water sources are matters of hygiene and the taste of the water. The majority (74%) of the 120 households surveyed indicated their ownership of a sanitation facility, but the fish pond toilet (64%) which is predominantly utilized is considered to be unimproved sanitation. The local peri-urban population link water and hygiene to health, but sanitation instead to environmental pollution. This and other outcomes lead to the assumption that people have a basic knowledge of proper hygiene behaviour. However, hygiene measures such as hand washing are put into practice in an untimely manner, most likely due to a misconception of risks and/or a lack of background knowledge of cause–effect relationships as well as ingrained habits.
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Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen, Sirak Robele Gari, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Martin R. Evans, and Azage Gebreyohannes Gebremariam. "Determinants of Sanitation and Hygiene Status Among Food Establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022091568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220915689.

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Introduction: Despite advancements in food science and technology, foodborne disease remains one of the major public health problems. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions of food establishments are the major causes for the occurrence of foodborne disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate core determinants of sanitation and hygiene status among food establishments. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Addis Ababa city. A stratified random sampling technique was deployed to select 413 study participants. Data were collected through interview and using observational checklist. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. To analyze the data, binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. In all analysis, P-value less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study revealed that 57.4% of the food establishments were under poor sanitation status. In the multivariable analysis, presence of trained managers on hygiene and sanitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.10 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-15.45), presence of renewed licenses (AOR = 3.07 with 95% CI: 1.18-7.99), absence of bureaucratic function to obtain permission to renew the food establishment buildings (AOR = 2.43 with 95% CI: 1.25-4.70), and presence of at least 10-m distance between toilet and kitchen (AOR = 9.19, at 95% CI: 5.63-15.02) were associated significantly with sanitation and hygiene status. Conclusions: Above average of the food establishments were found to be in poor sanitation and hygiene state. Many core determinant factors that influence sanitation and hygienic status of food establishments were identified. The researchers suggest that formal training on sanitation and hygiene for managers of food establishments should be provided to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Moreover, strong food and water safety policy and strategy should be promulgated to improve sanitation and hygiene status of food establishments.
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Nordhauser, Jennifer, and Jason Rosenfeld. "Adapting a water, sanitation, and hygiene picture-based curriculum in the Dominican Republic." Global Health Promotion 27, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975919848111.

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Water, sanitation, and hygiene issues present barriers to health in rural Dominican Republic. Limited access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene accompanies a prevalence of water, sanitation, and hygiene-related diseases. To address these issues, an education and behavior change program using community health clubs has been adapted for areas at greatest risk of water, sanitation, and hygiene disease transmission. To support this initiative, a protocol was created to evaluate 147 images from a community health clubs toolkit for Dominican agricultural communities, or bateyes, to determine image comprehension and cultural appropriateness, as well as the demographic variables associated with visual literacy. A total of 112 interviews were completed across seven bateyes located near the city of La Romana; 60 images were determined to require additional adaptation. Further analyses demonstrated that age and education were significantly associated with greater visual literacy. These results reinforce that educational visual aids require testing for cultural appropriateness and that future work should be conducted to investigate factors that contribute to visual literacy.
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Nayebare, J. G., M. M. Owor, R. Kulabako, L. C. Campos, E. Fottrell, and R. G. Taylor. "WASH conditions in a small town in Uganda: how safe are on-site facilities?" Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.070.

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Abstract Inadequate hygiene coupled with the conjunctive use of the shallow subsurface as both a source of water and repository of faecal matter pose substantial risks to human health in low-income countries undergoing rapid urbanisation. To evaluate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in a small, rapidly growing town in central Uganda (Lukaya) served primarily by on-site water supply and sanitation facilities, water-point mapping, focus group discussions, sanitary-risk inspections and 386 household surveys were conducted. Household surveys indicate high awareness (82%) of domestic hygiene (e.g. handwashing, boiling water) but limited evidence of practice. WHO Sanitary Risk Surveys and Rapid Participatory Sanitation System Risk Assessments reveal further that community hygiene around water points and sanitation facilities including their maintenance is commonly inadequate. Spot sampling of groundwater quality shows widespread faecal contamination indicated by enumerated thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTCs) (Escherichia coli) ranging from 0 to 104 cfc/100 mL and nitrate concentrations that occasionally exceed 250 mg/L. As defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring programme, there are no safely managed water sources in Lukaya; ∼55% of improved water sources comprising primarily shallow hand-dug wells show gross faecal contamination by E. coli; and 51% of on-site sanitation facilities are unimproved. Despite the critical importance of on-site water supply and sanitation facilities in low-income countries to the realisation of UN Sustainable Goal 6 (access to safe water and sanitation for all by 2030), the analysis highlights the fragility and vulnerability of these systems where current monitoring and maintenance of communal facilities are commonly inadequate.
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Sari, Valensia Adetya, and Resa Rasyidah. "Peran USAID Melalui Program IUWASH-PLUS dalam Penyediaan Sanitasi dan Air Bersih di Kota Bogor Tahun 2020-2021." Al Qodiri : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Keagamaan 20, no. 2 (August 16, 2022): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53515/qodiri.2022.20.2.176-193.

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Climate crisis is a phenomenon that effecting human’s life whether in environmental sector, social sector, and even human health. That’s why a lot of people get effected especially for water and sanitation sector. IUWASH-PLUS or Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Penyehatan Lingkungan Untuk Semua is a program created by United States Agency of International Development or also known as USAID which oriented in water and sanitation hygiene sectors. This research aims to describes what are the roles of USAID in IUWASH-PLUS program especially in Bogor City in order to help The City of Bogor government to provide access of proper water and sanitation hygiene. This research uses the concept of the role of foreign aid agency to analyze the study case of this research. The research methods use in this research is descriptive qualitative with secondary data analysis method that retrieved from official websites, journals, online articles, and the previous researches. The output of this research is to analyze what are the roles of USAID in IUWASH-PLUS program to help The City of Bogor government to provide access of proper water and sanitation hygiene. Keywords : Foreign Aid Agency, USAID, Foreign Aid, IUWASH-PLUS.
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González-Rodrigo, Beatriz, Ana Esteban-Zazo, Cristina Vela-Plaza, Esnati James Chaggu, and José Antonio Mancebo. "Monitoring the Impact of National Sanitation and Hygiene Programme for Rural Communities in Chamwino (Tanzania)." Water 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050735.

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The Sustainable Development Goals promulgate access to sanitation and hygiene for all and the end to open defecation in the framework of the human right to sanitation. Tanzania has one of the lowest levels of access to sanitation, with increasing open defecation. Ending open defecation has been identified as a top priority for reducing global inequalities in WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene). In this context, the coordinated work of NGOs, universities and governments developed a hygiene and sanitation programme (UMATA), whose methodologies and lessons learnt are ready to be scaled up. This research analyses the information collected from more than 21,000 households and discusses the challenges of monitoring and tracking the degree of achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the human right to sanitation. A characterisation of the hygiene and sanitation situation and the degree of adoption of different latrine types was assessed before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the implementation of the UMATA programme using the WHO/UNICEF JMP (Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene) metrics and approach. This allowed evaluating the efficacy of the strategy implemented in Tanzania to reduce open defecation that led to a decrease from 40.7% to 9.70% in the monitored period. Finally, we discuss the critical economic factors affecting the adoption and sustainability of improved sanitation systems.
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Kweme Frederic, Bontango. "Assessment of Knowledge about Hygiene during Covid-19 Pandemic in Catchment Area of Kaziba Health Centre." Texila International Journal of Academic Research 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.04.art007.

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Introduction: Hygiene is an essential element of public health that could reduce transmission of several diseases and their consequences. In Sub-Saharan Africa, water and sanitation-related diseases are highly prevalent, causing illness, disease and even death. The main objective of this study is to assess knowledge about hygiene in context of Covid-19 in catchment area of Kaziba health centre from January to October 2021. Materials and Method: our study was descriptive and prospective cross-sectional. A random sampling was carried out to collect data through survey questionnaire with 384 participants. Data was captured in Excel spreadsheet and imported into SPSS for analysis. Results: 93.2% of households had heard about hygiene. 43.8% of households did not know correct definition of hygiene. 98.4% of households had a toilet within the courtyard which ¾ were traditional. 53.1% of toilets had cleaning material. 72.1% of households washed their hands using soap (50.5%). 68.5% of households did not know the WHO’s handwashing technique. 57.3% of households had running water. 61.2% of water well or fountain were protected. 37% of households disposed their wastewater in the public places. More than ¾ of heads of households knew waterborne diseases. Negligence of environmental sanitation was 79.2%. 66.4% of households suffered from poor hygiene-related diseases such as Covid-19 (6.5%). Conclusion: poor of knowledge about hygiene in the population of this catchment area due to the existence of certain diseases related to poor hygiene observed in our results. There is need to increase awareness channels on hygienic practices and environmental sanitation. Keywords: Covid-19, Household, Hygiene, health, Kaziba.
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Budhathoki, Chitra Bahadur. "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Situation in Nepal: A Review." Journal of Health Promotion 7 (September 8, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v7i0.25513.

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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia. Nepal has made its considerable efforts to improve the water supply and sanitation (WASH) situation in the country by formulating and enforcing a number of WASH policies, guidelines and acts for the last two decades. But WASH situation of Nepal has not been well documented so far. Aim of this article is to describe the situation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal by analyzing secondary data and information obtained from published and unpublished literature. About 97 of the total population have access to basics anitation facilities and 87 percent access to basic water supply facility. Sanitation coverage is95 percent in six Provinces and below 90 percent in Province no. 2 of Nepal. The momentum of sanitation coverage was accelerated immediately after internalization and implementation of the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan in 2011 and Nepal reaches at close to the elimination of open defecation. The gap between rich and poor in accessing to and using toilet facility has been narrowing down due to the nationwide sanitation campaigns. But there is disparity in accessing and using piped water between rich and poor. Only 25 percent of water supply systems are well functioning and 68 percent can supply water to water taps throughout year. One-fourth of the existing toilet facility across the country are poorly constructed that needs to be upgraded. The government should make consolidated and integrated efforts to reduce existing inequity in the WASH sector and enhance the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services.
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Moll, Deborah M., Rebecca H. McElroy, Raquel Sabogal, Lana F. Corrales, and Richard J. Gelting. "Health impact of water and sanitation infrastructure reconstruction programmes in eight Central American communities affected by Hurricane Mitch." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2006): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.047.

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In response to Hurricane Mitch, which struck Central America in October–November 1998, the American Red Cross (ARC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated on a 3-year evaluation of the public health impact of ARC's water, sanitation and hygiene education activities in eight study areas in Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. The evaluation compared: 1) access to and use of water and sanitation facilities, 2) the use of hygienic behaviours, and 3) diarrhoeal prevalence in children younger than 3 years of age before (February 2000) and after (February 2002) the interventions had been implemented. The evaluation included household and key informant interviews designed to measure these three components. Water quality of community water sources and household water was evaluated by measuring levels of indicator bacteria. During the final survey, an infrastructure evaluation provided a review of the design, construction, and current operation and maintenance of the water systems and latrines. The integrated water and sanitation infrastructure interventions and hygiene education programmes implemented following Hurricane Mitch effectively decreased diarrhoea prevalence in the target communities.
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Brown, J., S. Cairncross, and J. H. J. Ensink. "Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children." Archives of Disease in Childhood 98, no. 8 (June 12, 2013): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528.

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35

Khader, Yousef Saleh. "Water, sanitation and hygiene in Jordan’s healthcare facilities." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 30, no. 7 (August 14, 2017): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-10-2016-0156.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine water availability, sanitation and hygiene (WSH) services, and healthcare waste management in Jordan healthcare facilities. Design/methodology/approach In total, 19 hospitals (15 public and four private) were selected. The WSH services were assessed in hospitals using the WSH in health facilities assessment tool developed for this purpose. Findings All hospitals (100 percent) had a safe water source and most (84.2 percent) had functional water sources to provide enough water for users’ needs. All hospitals had appropriate and sufficient gender separated toilets in the wards and 84.2 percent had the same in outpatient settings. Overall, 84.2 percent had sufficient and functioning handwashing basins with soap and water, and 79.0 percent had sufficient showers. Healthcare waste management was appropriately practiced in all hospitals. Practical implications Jordan hospital managers achieved major achievements providing access to drinking water and improved sanitation. However, there are still areas that need improvements, such as providing toilets for patients with special needs, establishing handwashing basins with water and soap near toilets, toilet maintenance and providing sufficient trolleys for collecting hazardous waste. Efforts are needed to integrate WSH service policies with existing national policies on environmental health in health facilities, establish national standards and targets for the various healthcare facilities to increase access and improve services. Originality/value There are limited WSH data on healthcare facilities and targets for basic coverage in healthcare facilities are also lacking. A new assessment tool was developed to generate core WSH indicators and to assess WSH services in Jordan’s healthcare facilities. This tool can be used by a non-WSH specialist to quickly assess healthcare facility-related WSH services and sanitary hazards in other countries. This tool identified some areas that need improvements.
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Azman, Andrew S., Louise C. Ivers, Dominique Legros, Francisco J. Luquero, and Eric D. Mintz. "Safe water, sanitation, hygiene, and a cholera vaccine." Lancet 387, no. 10013 (January 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01294-5.

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Fisher, J. "Women in water supply, sanitation and hygiene programmes." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 161, no. 4 (December 2008): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.2008.161.4.223.

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Bartram, Jamie, and Sandy Cairncross. "Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health." PLoS Medicine 7, no. 11 (November 9, 2010): e1000367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367.

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39

Yasobnat, Sandul, Ravina Tadvi, Krupali Patel, and Deepak Saxena. "Water, sanitation and hygiene from One Health perspective." One Health Bulletin 2, no. 1 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2773-0344.350691.

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40

Kafle, Simrin, and Bandana Pradhan. "Situation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Diarrhoeal Disease After Open Defecation Free Declaration and Associated Factors of Makwanpur District, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 2 (July 5, 2018): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v16i2.20303.

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Background: Makwanpur district was declared Open Defecation Free in 2013 as the movement started in Nepal since 2003 to address the high burden of diarrhoeal disease among under five children. As the water supply, sanitation and hygiene situation of the district is not known after the declaration, the need for this study was visualized.Methods: It was a cross sectional study among randomly sampled 178 households using interview and observation. Water, sanitation and hygiene situation was assessed in terms of related facilities, knowledge and practices of mothers. Results were compared with the standard open defecation free criteria of Nepal. Five years trend of diarrhoeal disease was analysed from the health facility records to assess the impact of declaration.Results: Of the total households 92% had toilets and 90% had access to improved water source. About 79% mothers had high knowledge on safe water, sanitation and hygiene and 43% practiced hand washing with soap at critical times. Proper disposal of solid and liquid waste was found among 32% and 46% of households respectively. About 68% of households had good water, sanitation and hygiene situation and was found to be significantly associated with related knowledge among mothers irrespective of their economic status. Diarrhoeal disease among under five children was found declining after open defecation free declaration.Conclusions: Water, sanitation and hygiene status in the study area is found lower than the criteria for open defecation free declaration. However, diarrhoeal disease among children under five is declining after the declaration.
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Ntakirutimana, Theoneste, Malachie Tuyizere, Olivier Ndizeye, and Francois Xavier Sunday. "Status of Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Practices in Southern Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v3i1.6.

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Background Increasing access to water sanitation and promoting basic hygiene behaviours can reduce the burden of diarrheal diseases. Availability of clean water and soap enables and encourages people to wash their hands, and as a result, it reduces the likelihood of disease transmission. The study intended to assess the hygiene and sanitation practices in Southern Rwanda. Methods A mixed method with quantitative and qualitative approach was used. A random sample of 291 households was included in the study. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and observations were used. The data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results The findings show that 88% of respondents had knowledge on best practices of hand washing with soap; 83.5% of the respondents own latrines, and 38% and 26% had the will to improve their toilets roof and slabs respectively. Forty-four per cent of respondents use boiling water methods and 55% do not treat water at all. Boiling water was regarded as the main water treatment method. Conclusion The study concludes that lack of water and soaps, and hand washing facilities were among other factors that hinder hygiene and sanitation. Key words: Hygiene; sanitation practice
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AKINBULE, O. O., I. H. OMONHINMIN, C. A. OLADOYINBO, and A. T. OMIDIRAN. "FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENE PRACTICE OF STREET FOOD VENDORS IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 18, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v18i1.2041.

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Street food has been implicated in adverse health outcomes among consumers. The safety of food and hygiene practice of street food vendors are major contributing factor to these health outcomes. This study was carried out to assess food safety and hygiene practice of street food vendors in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. A validated interviewer-administered structured questionnaire adapted from Nutrition related knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire was used to obtain information from 50 respondents. Information obtained are: personal and socio-economic characteristics, food safety, personal hygiene, food hygiene and sanitary, water sanitation and environmental sanitation practices. Chi-square test was used to determine association among variables at p<0.05 using statistical package for social sciences. All the respondents were females, 68% were within 30-49 years, about half 52% were literate and earned between N10,001– N20,000 daily. Majority (62%) of the respondents used brick as vending site while 92% were stationary vendors. Majority of the respondents had adequate food safety, personal hygiene, food hygiene and sanitary practices but moderate water and environmental sanitation practices. Daily income of respondents had significant association (p<0.05) with environmental and water sanitation practices. Type of vending site had significant (p<0.05) association with food safety and environmental sanitation practices. Respondents had adequate food safety and hygiene practices in this study and this may have positive impact on the safety of the food they are vending.
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Clark, Rebecca, and Stephen W. Gundry. "The prominence of health in donor policy for water supply and sanitation: a review." Journal of Water and Health 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2004.0014.

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Improved water supply, sanitation and hygiene used in combination are effective at achieving better health for poor people in developing countries. However, donor policy has been dominated by interventions in water supply, at the expense of achieving the potential health benefits of improved sanitation and hygiene. Commitments recently made by the international community require greater emphasis on improved sanitation and hygiene and their impacts on health. This review assesses whether such a shift in emphasis is apparent in donor policy. It examines the prominence given to achieving better health in water supply and sanitation policies of three donors: the World Bank, the European Union and the Department for International Development of the British Government. It finds that health benefits are explicit and integral in recently updated policy documentation concerning water supply and sanitation. This has taken place in an environment focused on poverty reduction and demand-led, financially sustainable interventions. Mechanisms that have enabled donors to prioritise the health impacts in this environment are discussed, including adoption of an asset-based conceptualisation of poverty and a cross-sectoral approach.
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Erlinawati, D., M. R. Wibisana, D. P. E. Putra, and A. D. Titisari. "Analysis Water Quality of Springs on the East Slope of Mount Sumbing, Central Java, Indonesia for Sanitation Hygiene Purposes Based on the Physical and Chemical Properties." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012013.

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Abstract The eastern slope of Mount Sumbing has many springs used as a source of raw water for hygienic sanitation purposes. However, there has been no scientific research showing the quality of springs. Therefore the purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of springs on the eastern slopes of Mount Sumbing for community sanitation hygiene purposes based on water physical and chemical properties. Water samples were taken from several points in the study area and observed for physical parameters (TDS, smell, taste, and temperature) and chemical parameters (acidity, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfates). The results showed that from 30 samples of springs, only one spring fulfilled the Indonesia Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 in 2017. The spring located at STA 51 Kaliloro, Krajan, Kaliangkrik, Magelang Regency. There was a spring classified as deep geothermal groundwater and the others classified as shallow groundwater. Based on the acidity of water, most of the springs on the eastern slopes of Mount Sumbing could be used as hygiene sanitation by treating the water acidity and regulating the purposes of springs.
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Rana, S., HK Ghosh, MA Sattar, and MA MA. "Water Supply and Sanitation Status of Haryzon Polly Dwellers at Natunbazar Area in Mymensingh District." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 9, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v9i1.30307.

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Information was collected from various respondents through survey using prescribed questionnaire in Haryzon Polly area at Natun Bazar located under Sadar Upazila in Mymensingh district. It was found that about 56% people were dependent on deep tube-well water for their daily household purpose. The remaining 44% was dependent on tap water supply. According to the respondents, deep tube wells water were mostly used (98%) for drinking purpose and remaining 2% was used by tap water. Of them supply water was used in toilet purpose by 71% and deep tube-well water by 29%. Most of the people of Haryzon Polly at Natunbazar in Mymensingh district were conscious regarding sanitation, but a large portion of them were unaware of safe hygiene. The people dump children feces 60% in open places. Seventeen percentage children did not have any proper knowledge about sanitation. Most of the people have no proper training about sanitation. The survey also indicated that the overall hygienic condition of the respondents and sanitation condition of study area were poor in Haryzon Polly area at Natun Bazar, where both sanitary and hygiene condition were found to be acceptable condition.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 143-146 2016
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Malima, Gabriel, Hoyce Mshida, Revocatus Machunda, Francis Moyo, Joseph Banzi, Om Prasad Gautam, Mbaye Mbeguere, Kyla Smith, Sandy Cairncross, and Karoli N. Njau. "What influences individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviours in a small town? A formative research study in Babati, Tanzania." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): e0270688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270688.

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Sub-Sahara African countries face immense challenges in ensuring adequate sanitation and hygiene behaviours to the rapidly growing populations. Attempts to address these challenges require empirical evidence to inform policy and planning. We contribute toward that goal by unveiling findings of formative research conducted in Babati, a rapidly growing town in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 486 households, to unwind motives and barriers for individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviour change. We used several methods including household survey, focus group discussions, behaviour observations and spot checks. The findings revealed that households derive their motivation to invest in improved sanitation and hygiene practices from comfort, raising social status, and the need for personal safety and privacy. Other motives include fear of penalties and fines and fear of disease outbreaks, whilst the barriers include, limited water availability and accessibility, environmental factors, property rights, cultural issues, financial constraints, and a person’s attitude. Quantitative data were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene practices. The logistic regression analyses revealed that sources of water, property rights, and education level were the main determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene facilities, while household income was the main determinant for households to invest in both construction of handwashing facility and water treatment. We argue that the initiative to promote sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in small towns should focus on promoting motivation factors and abating the determinant factors identified in this study.
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Kafle, Simrin, and Bandana Pradhan. "Situation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Diarrhoeal Diseases After Open Defecation Free Declaration." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v16i2.1045.

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Background: Makwanpur district was declared Open Defecation Free in 2013 as the movement started in Nepal since 2003 to address the high burden of diarrhoeal disease among under five children. As the water supply, sanitation and hygiene situation of the district is not known after the declaration, the need for this study was visualized.Methods: It was a cross sectional study among randomly sampled 178 households using interview and observation. Water, sanitation and hygiene situation was assessed in terms of related facilities, knowledge and practices of mothers. Results were compared with the standard open defecation free criteria of Nepal. Five years trend of diarrhoeal disease was analysed from the health facility records to assess the impact of declaration.Results: Of the total households 92% had toilets and 90% had access to improved water source. About 79% mothers had high knowledge on safe water, sanitation and hygiene and 43% practiced hand washing with soap at critical times. Proper disposal of solid and liquid waste was found among 32% and 46% of households respectively. About 68% of households had good water, sanitation and hygiene situation and was found to be significantly associated with related knowledge among mothers irrespective of their economic status. Diarrhoeal disease among under five children was found declining after open defecation free declaration.Conclusions: Water, sanitation and hygiene status in the study area is found lower than the criteria for open defecation free declaration. However, diarrhoeal disease among children under five is declining after the declaration.Keywords: Diarrhoeal disease; Makwanpur; ODF; WASH.
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Hothur, Rekha, Sreedevi Arepalli, and Anusha Doddoju Veera Bhadreshwara. "A KAP study on water, sanitation and hygiene among residents of Parla village, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2019): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191823.

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Background: Ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation for rural people is the key catalyst for economic and human growth. However extreme poverty inhibits a significant portion of rural population from getting access to sanitation facilities and safe drinking water services. The study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and Practices (KAP) with regard to water, sanitation and hygienic practices and to identify the socio-demographic factors in relation.Methods: A cross-sectional study sample comprising of 236 households was conducted in the rural field practice area after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval. Proportionate sample of 20% households were taken from each ward and houses were selected by systematic random sampling method. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding water, sanitation and hygiene were assessed using pretested semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Out of 236 households majority interviewed were females 169 (71.6%), illiterate (54.2%) and unskilled workers 122 (51.7%) belonging to class V socio-economic status 165 (69.9%). Household lavatory is absent in 114 (48.3%) households. Out of 122 (51.7%) households having sanitary lavatories only 59 (48.4%) were fully utilizing them remaining 63 (51.6%) households were going to open defecation even though sanitary lavatory was present. A significant association between defecation practice and socio-economic status, education were observed.Conclusions: This study shows that even though they have sufficient knowledge on water purification, Sanitation and hygiene this was not translated into practice because of poor attitude.
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Astoeti, D. D., S. Gumiri, L. Neneng, and Ardianoor. "Relationship between water quality, sanitation and hygiene on environmental health of community settled on Kahayan River Bank, Palangka Raya." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 886, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012067.

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Abstract People in Central Kalimantan province have long depended on the rivers around their villages. Yet, reports from the local health service show that the five diseases with the most patients are related to environmental factors, such as sanitation of water reservoirs and sanitation of home yards. This study aims to analyze the relationship between water quality, sanitation, and hygiene on environmental health in settlements on the banks of the Kahayan River. Data on sanitation, hygiene, and public health status were collected through observation and interviews, while river water quality was tested in the laboratory. The water to be analyzed was taken from three spots, namely upstream and downstream of the river, which are located out of the city, and the middle of river stream in the city centre. The results showed that the quality of water, sanitation, and hygiene in the city centre did not have a significant effect on environmental health even though the Environmental Heat Risk Assessment (EHRA) in the area showed poor scores. The study concludes that waste, as well as clean and healthy living behaviour is the biggest sanitation risks for environmental health. Synchronization of programs by related agencies could facilitate the arrangement of settlements on the riverbanks.
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50

Enjelina, Weni, M. Syahnan Purba, and Zulya Erda. "The Factors Of Sanitary Hygiene Associated With The Bacteriological Quality Of Refill Water In Tanjungpinang." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24893/jkma.11.1.33-38.2016.

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The quality of drinking water in the drinking water refill depot (DAMIU) is still low. Based on the results of bacteriological testing conducted by Puskesmas in Tanjungpinang 2015, it is known that 5 samples drinking water refill (AMIU) containing coliform bacteria. This study aims to know bacteriological quality in drinking water refill and determine Factors of Hygiene sanitasion DAMIU that associated with AMIU’s bacteriological quality in Tanjungpinang city. The study design was a cross sectional study with sample of 30 DAMIU in Tanjungpinang. Sample selection is done by proportional random sampling. Data were analyzed using Chi square test. The results showed that 20% AMIU containing germs total , but for E.coli, 100% not containing. Building sanitation, processing tools sanitation and galon sanitation most of drinking water refill already eligible and not related with germs total number, only Operator hygiene that 53% eligible and related with germs total number (p value 0,017). The study conclude that 20% AMIU containing germs total. Operator hygiene factor related with germs total. To prevent the presence of germs in drinking water refill, the operator should apply hygiene behaviour and have certificate of seminar and training about hygiene and sanitary processing of DAMIU
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