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1
Kupferer, David Neil 1979. "An evaluation of supercritical water oxidation technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8462.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).
Water exists in a supercritical state above its supercritical temperature, 374.2 °C, and pressure, 22.1 :MPa. When organic waste is placed in a reactor with supercritical water, the vaporization, oxidation, and destruction of the organic compounds is achievable in a short time span, typically less than one minute. This process has come to be known as Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO). Potential applications for this developing technology include: military wastes, such as chemical agents and munitions, shipboard waste, industrial wastes, such as paper mill effluent and pharmaceutical waste, and municipal waste. It is a common belief among those involved in the development of SCWO that other niche applications will surface with time. Many SCWO reactor designs have been developed to meet the needs of these varied applications. The two basic designs are the tubular and vessel design, to which many technical augmentations have been made to develop reactor designs such as the "transpiring wall reactor" and the "deep-well" reactor. The primary challenges that are inhibiting the rapid commercialization of SCWO include both engineering issues, such as corrosion, solids handling and scaling, and non-engineering issues, such as economics and public perception. Many competitive technologies exist for the treatment of hazardous wastes. The two oldest technologies that we currently utilized in the majority of waste management applications are landfilling and incineration. Other technologies being developed and improved alongside of SCWO include: bio-treatment, wet air oxidation, plasma arc treatment, and adsorption. The international market for waste management and disposal is large, and as the policies and laws of the world become more environmentally protective, the development of alternative waste destruction technologies will become imperative. This paper explores the potential of SCWO to stake a claim in the future of daily waste management practices.
by David Neil Kupferer.
M.Eng.
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Gunenc, Aynur. "Evaluation of pork meat quality by using water holding capacity and vis-spectroscopy." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18708.
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ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to investigate the use of water holding capacity (WHC) and vis-spectroscopy to classify pork meat quality. This study was carried out in two stages. In the first part, the suitability of using different WHC measuring methods (bag method at 2 and 4 days, centrifuge, cotton-rayon material and filter paper methods) to classify the pork meat samples were studied. The methods were compared to see which method was able to discriminate pork meat samples according to their defined quality classes. The meat samples were grouped into 4 quality classes, namely PFN (pale, firm and non-exudative), PSE (pale, soft and exudative), RFN (red, firm, and non-exudative), and RSE (red, soft, and exudative). The discriminant analysis using stepdisc was used to separate the quality groups. Cotton-rayon material and filter paper methods were better than the other WHC measuring methods to classify FN (Firm, Non-exudative) and SE (Soft, Exudative) groups. In the second stage, the aim was to investigate visible spectroscopy for the classification of different pork meat quality classes. Discriminant procedure was performed for grouping quality classes and stepdisc was used to select the suitable wavelengths. The results showed that it was possible to separate the P (Pale) classes of pork meat samples from the R (Red) classes of pork meat samples with an accuracy of about 85 % and chosen wavelengths were 500, 430, 550, 570 and 510 nm.RÉSUMÉ Cette étude a visé l'évaluation de la capacité de rétention d'eau (CRE) et la spectroscopie en spectre visible, pour l'évaluation de la qualité de la viande porcine. En premièr lieu, différentes méthodes pour mesurer la CRE (suspension et égouttement pour 2 ou 4 jours, centrifugation, absorption par matériau coton-rayone, ou par papier filtre), servant à classifier les échantillons de viande porcine selon des critères de qualité bien définis, furent comparées. Les échantillons de viande porcine furent regroupés en quatre classes de qualité: PFN (pâle, ferme et non-exudative), PSE (pâle, mol et exudative), et RFN (rouge, ferme et non-exu). Une analyse discriminante utilisant l'option STEPDISK servit à séparer ces quatre classes de qualité. Pour discriminer entre les viandes FN (ferme, non-exsudatif) et SE (mou, exsudatif), les méthodes de mesure de la CRE par absorption avec coton-rayone ou papier filtre furent les plus performantes. En deuxiéme lieu phase, une classification de la qualité de la viande porcine par spectroscopie en spectre visible fut visée. L'analyse discriminante servit à regrouper les échantillons en catégories de qualité, puis l'option STEPDISK a sélectionnée les longueurs d'ondes les plus appropriées. En choisissant des longueurs d'ondes de 500, 430, 550, 570, et 510 nm, il fut possible de distinguer, avec une exactitude de 85%, entre les classes P (pâle) et R (rouge) de viande porcine.
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Mancl, Karen M. "Environmental Technology Transfer to Rural China." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275426853.
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Mohammed, Afzal U. R. "Solubility enhancement of poorly water soluble drugs using liposome technology." Thesis, Aston University, 2005. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11022/.
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The aim of this work is to investigate the various parameters that could control the encapsulation of lipophilic drugs and investigate the influence of the physical properties of poorly water-soluble drugs on bilayer loading. Initial work investigated on the solubilisation of ibuprofen, a model insoluble drug. Drug loading was assessed using HPLC and UV spectrophotometric analysis. Preliminary studies focused on the influence of bilayer composition on drug loading to obtain an optimum cholesterol concentration. This was followed up by studies investigating the effect of longer alkyl chain lipids, unsaturated alkyl chain lipids and charged lipids. The studies also focused on the effects of pH of the hydration medium and addition of the single chain surfactant a-tocopherol. The work was followed up by investigation of a range of insoluble drugs including flurbiprofen, indomethacin, sulindac, mefenamic acid, lignocaine and progesterone to investigate the influence of drugs properties and functional group on liposomal loading. The results show that no defined trend could be obtained linking the drug loading to the different drug properties including molecular weight, log P and other drug specific characteristics. However, the presence of the oppositely charged lipids improved the encapsulation of all the drugs investigated with a similar effect obtained with the substitution of the longer chain lipids. The addition of the single chain surfactant a-tocopherol resulted in enhancement of drug loading and possibly is governed by the log P of the drug candidate. Environmental scanning-electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to dynamically follow the changes in liposome morphology in real time during dehydration thereby providing a alternative assay of liposome formulation and stability. The ESEM analysis clearly demonstrated ibuprofen incorporation enhanced the stability of PC:Chol liposomes.
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wilbourn, jonathan ashley. "UTILIZATION OF DEIONIZED WATER AND NON-MEAT ADJUNCTS TO COMBAT QUALITY ISSUES IN BONELESS CURED HAM ASSOCIATED WITH USING PALE RAW MATERIAL." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06292006-132100/.
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The effects of deionized water and PSE pork percentage on the quality of smoked deli ham and retorted pouched ham with and without non-meat adjuncts were evaluated. Product quality was determined through evaluation of water holding capacity, cooked color, protein-protein bind, and sensory quality. A randomized complete block design with either three or four replications was utilized to test treatment effects in three separate experiments. The retorting process showed the potential to reduce the effect of PSE meat on color that is present in raw material and smoked deli ham. In retorted ham, modified food starch and soy protein concentrate reduced (p<0.05) cook loss and starch improved color. Deionized water can be utilized to improve yields (1 %) in smoked deli hams, and 25 % pale pork can be used without negatively affecting (p>0.05) sensory or instrumental quality in a retorted pouched ham product. Modified food starch can also be utilized to increase yields in a retortable-pouched ham without significantly affecting sensory quality.
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Arora, Jaideep. "Effect of formulation and pH on rheological properties, particle size distribution, and stability of oil-in-water beverage emulsions." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86952.
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Beverage emulsions are oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions prepared by dispensing vegetable oils in an aqueous base containing hydrocolloids, preservatives, acid and colors. Stability of such emulsions, in both concentrated forms and diluted final preparations, is a requirement and physical separation (creaming) is a critical problem in the beverage industry. The main objective of this research was to investigate the concentration effects of different hydrocolloids, both individually and in combinations, at two pH levels (neutral and 3.4) on the associated rheological properties, particle size distribution, and stability of prepared o/w emulsions and determine optimal conditions for their stability in both concentrated (2 weeks) and diluted forms (2 months).Oil-in-water emulsions were made using gelatins (Types "A" and "B"), modified starch and modified Arabic gum alone and with selected viscosity builders (Xanthan gum and propylene glycol alginate), and their rheological properties, and their physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Emulsions demonstrating reasonable stability were selected and incorporated into a simulated juice base and a mimicked dairy beverage. Creaming behavior and stability of simulated beverages, containing 2% emulsion, were evaluated over a storage period of 2 months.
Viscous and elastic properties of the concentrated emulsions as well as their opacity increased with an increase in hydrocolloid concentration. Gelatin type 'A' at neutral pH and type 'B' at pH 3.4 was less stable possibly due to protein aggregation close to their iso-electric points and loss of repulsive force. Modified starch had a smaller average particle size and possessed suitable stability at both pH levels. Modified gum Arabic was more stable at neutral pH. In simulated beverages, those containing modified starch, modified gum Arabic, type 'A' gelatin-modified starch conjugates exhibited stability with no signs of creaming with thermal and high pressure pasteurization. Obtained results provide useful information for the preparation of novel stable juice and milk beverages, without the historically employed weighting agents (brominated vegetable oil, ester gum, sucrose acetate isobutyrate) for stabilizing beverages.
Les émulsions de boissons huile/eau (o/w) sont préparées en distribuant les huiles végétales dans une base aqueuse contenant des hydrocolloïdes, des agents des agents de conservation, l'acide et des couleurs. La stabilité de telles émulsions, sous les formes concentrées et diluées, est exigent et la séparation physique (écrémage) est un problème critique se posant aux industries des boissons. L'objectif principal de cette recherche était d'étudier les effets de concentration de différents hydrocolloïdes, individuellement et en conjugaisons, à deux niveaux de pH (neutre et 3.4) sur les propriétés rhéologiques, la distribution de dimension particulaire, et la stabilité associées des émulsions huile/eau (o/w) et déterminer des conditions appropriées pour leur stabilité en formes des concentrées et diluées. fr
Des émulsions huile dans eau ont préparé en utilisant les gélatines (types 'A', et 'B'), l'amidon modifié et la gomme acacia modifié seule et avec les modificateur de viscosité (gomme de xanthane et alginate de propylène glycol). Des propriétés mécaniques et physiques des émulsions préparées ont été évaluées. Les émulsions démontré la stabilité raisonnable, ont été choisies et incorporées aux boissons simulées de jus et de lait. Écrémant et la stabilité des boissons simulées, contenant l'émulsion de 2%, ont été évaluées pendant le stockage de 2 mois. Les propriétés visqueuses et élastiques des émulsions concentrées aussi bien que leur opacité ont augmenté avec une augmentation de concentration hydrocolloïde. Le type de gélatine 'A' au pH neutre et le type 'B' à pH 3.4 étaient moins stables probablement à cause de l'agrégation de protéine (près de leurs points isoélectriques) et perte de force répulsive. L'amidon modifié a eu plus petite taille de particule et une stabilité appropriée possédée aux deux niveaux de pH. La gomme acacia modifiée était plus stable au pH neutre. En boissons simulées, ceux contenant l'amidon modifié, gomme acacia modifiée, gélatine type 'A', conjugues de d'amidon modifiés ont demontré une illustrées stabilité raisonnable et sans des signes de l'écrémage. Les résultats obtenus fournissent des informations utiles pour la préparation des émulsions o/w stables (émulsions de boisson) sans addition des agents de poids réglées (e.g. huile végétale bromée, résine estérifiée, isobutyrate d'acétate de sucrose). fr
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Yoo, Juhyun. "Effect of enzyme application in temper water on wheat milling." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/524.
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Eul, Ryan C. "The impact of passive safety systems on desirability of advanced light water reactors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41267.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123).
This work investigates whether the advanced light water reactor designs with passive safety systems are more desirable than advanced reactor designs with active safety systems from the point of view of uncertainty in the performance of safety systems as well as the economic implications of the passive safety systems. Two advanced pressurized water reactors and two advanced boiling water reactors, one representing passive reactors and the other active reactors for each type of coolant, are compared in terms of operation and responses to accidents as reported by the vendors. Considering a simplified decay heat removal system that utilizes an isolation condenser for decay heat removal, the uncertainty in the main parameters affecting the system performance upon a reactor isolation accident is characterized when the system is to rely on natural convection and when it is to rely on a pump to remove the core heat. It is found that the passive system is less certain in its performance if the pump of the active system is tested at least once every five months. In addition, a cost model is used to evaluate the economic differences and benefits between the active and passive reactors. It is found that while the passive systems could have the benefit of fewer components to inspect and maintain during operation, they do suffer from a larger uncertainty about the time that would be required for their licensing due to more limited data on the reliability of their operation. Finally, a survey among nuclear energy experts with a variety of affiliations was conducted to determine the current professional attitude towards these two competing nuclear design options. The results of the survey show that reactors with passive safety systems are more desirable among the surveyed expert groups. The perceived advantages of passive systems are an increase in plant safety with a decrease in cost.
by Ryan C. Eul.
S.M.
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Parameswaran, Lalitha. "Silicon pressure sensor using wafer bonding technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12471.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1993.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105).
by Lalitha Parameswaran.
M.S.
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Devoto, Roberto J. "Micromachined infrared detector using wafer bonding technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10579.
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Ajibulu, Ayodeji Opeoluwa. "Robust adaptive model predictive control for intelligent drinking water distribution systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8193/.
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Large-scale complex systems have large numbers of variables, network structure of interconnected subsystems, nonlinearity, spatial distribution with several time scales in its dynamics, uncertainties and constrained. Decomposition of large-scale complex systems into smaller more manageable subsystems allowed for implementing distributed control and coordinations mechanisms. This thesis proposed the use of distributed softly switched robustly feasible model predictive controllers (DSSRFMPC) for the control of large-scale complex systems. Each DSSRFMPC is made up of reconfigurable robustly feasible model predictive controllers (RRFMPC) to adapt to different operational states or fault scenarios of the plant. RRFMPC reconfiguration to adapt to different operational states of the plant is achieved using the soft switching method between the RRFMPC controllers. The RRFMPC is designed by utilizing the off-line safety zones and the robustly feasible invariant sets in the state space which are established off-line using Karush Kuhn Tucker conditions. This is used to achieve robust feasibility and recursive feasibility for the RRFMPC under different operational states of the plant. The feasible adaptive cooperation among DSSRFMPC agents under different operational states are proposed. The proposed methodology is verified by applying it to a simulated benchmark drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) water quality control.
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Doyle, Paul Norman. "The effects of human activities on stream water quality case studies in New Zealand and Germany : thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Applied Science, Earth and Oceanic Sciences Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, September 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2005.
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Denham, Neil. "A mesoscale dynamics study of the phases in surfactant-water ternary systems." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2008. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/7760/.
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A mesoscale dynamics simulation using a Dissipative Particle Dynamics regime was developed to investigate the ability of small molecules to control phase structures in non-ionic surfactant-water systems. The ability to control phase structure has positive implications for potential templating applications which require ordered and stable phases with high surface curvature. The phases present in such systems were successfully modelled, the results of which compare well with experiment. Additives which decreased the surface curvature of the interfacial region included oils and long-chained alcohols. These molecules destabilised high-surface curvature phases, such as the bicontinuous cubic and mesh phases, in favour of the lamellar phase. However, the addition of anaesthetics and short-chained alcohols, which are small amphiphilic molecules, promote surface curvature, and there is an optimum chain length for maximum stability of the mesh phase. Coulombic interactions, although unsuccessfully modelled with the simulations, were found to be important through Langmuir trough investigations adding ionic and nonionic anaesthetics to non-ionic surfactant and ionic lipid monolayers, as ionic monolayer-anaesthetic combinations showed a larger increase in surface pressure compared to the non-ionic monolayer-anaesthetic combination. It is therefore very difficult to engineer phase structures for templating applications because the extreme chemical environment in the templating solution would serve to destabilise any high surface curvature these additives would stabilise.
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Wood, Georgina Victoria. "Water literacy and citizenship : education for sustainable domestic water use in the East Midlands." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14328/.
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In Britain, projected population rise and climate change threaten future water availability. UK water companies run education programmes to encourage more efficient usage, but these tend to focus on primary schools and adults, missing the opportunity to engage secondary school pupils as the next generation of homeowners and bill payers. Educational interventions also traditionally follow the theory of rational choice, envisaging learners as able to change their attitudes and behaviours in accordance with newly acquired information. Sociological research on social practices and ordinary consumption, however, sees water as playing an inconspicuous role in daily domestic activities. Technological infrastructure and prevalent social norms mould behaviour and limit the ability of water users to alter their consumption. This interdisciplinary thesis attempts to break the impasse between works from educational and sociological perspectives, using the theoretical lens of water citizenship. A review of current water education provision in the East Midlands region was undertaken, and a school-based study involving questionnaires, focus groups and exploratory lessons around water. The young people involved in the study tended to show ambivalence towards water conservation, despite general pro-environmental motivations. While some teenagers perceived they were ‘doing their bit’ for the environment, this tended to be limited to accepting and invoking ‘water saving tips’, and many teenagers eschewed water conservation altogether. These findings indicate that innovative educational programmes are needed to raise the standard of water literacy in the UK. This thesis argues firstly for making water use more ‘visible’ in daily activities, by deconstructing the routines and habits that use water, and by recognising the influences that social norms exert on water use. Secondly, it argues that educational initiatives for water literacy could develop young people’s sense of citizenship and responsibility towards water resources by connecting personal actions to impacts at local, national and global scales.
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Parameswaran, Lalitha. "Integrated silicon pressure sensors using wafer bonding technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10451.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-156).
by Lalitha Parameswaran.
Ph.D.
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Fan, Andy 1976. "Three dimensional integration technology using copper wafer bonding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37915.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-219).
With 3-D integration, the added vertical component could theoretically increase the device density per footprint ratio of a given chip by n-fold, provide a means of heterogeneous integration of devices fabricated from different technologies, and reduce the global RC delay to a non-factor in circuits by using smarter 3-D CAD tools for optimizing device placement. This thesis work will focus primarily on the development and realization of a viable 3-D flow fabricated within MTL. Specifically, the presentation will attempt on answering these questions in regards to 3-D: 1. What enabling technologies were needed for 3-D to work ? 2. Does it really work ? 3. Will the "3-D heat dissipation problem" prevent it from working ? 4. What applications is it good for ? Referring to the first item, a viable 3-D integration flow has been developed on both the wafer-and-die-level, and the enabling technologies were the following: Low temperature Cu-Cu thermocompression bonding, an aluminum-Cu based temporary laminate structure used stabilizing the handle wafer - SOI wafer bond, and tooling optimization of the die-die bonder setup in TRL.
(cont.,) Next, nominal feasibility of the 3-D flow was demonstrated by fabricating a 21-stage and 43-stage CMOS ring oscillators, where each single CMOS inverter / buffer stage was constructed by connecting NMOS-only devices from one substrate with PMOS-only devices from a separate substrate. Proof-of-concept was accomplished when all 92 Cu-Cu bonds, 204 thru-SOI Cu damascene vias, and 56 pairs of MOSFETs communicated simultaneously to produce a 2.75 MHz (43-stage) and 5.5 MHz (21-stage) oscillators, ringing rail-to-rail at 5 V Vdd under proper Vt adjustments on the SOI-PMOS using integrated backgates. Furthermore, to combat the perceived heat dissipation problem in 3-D, this work focused on using the Cu-Cu interlayer bond as heat dissipators, with Cu planes working as flux spreaders and Cu vias as direct heat conduits. Finally, 3-D RF passive integration onto existing chips can be made feasible, under certain device performance trade-offs, by using cobalt magnetic shielding, which offers at least a -10 dB throughout 0-20 GHz, with a max isolation of -24 dB at 13 GHz, at +4 dBm reference input power.
by Andy Fan.
Ph.D.
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Hannink, Ryan Christopher. "Investigation of the use of nanofluids to enhance the In-Vessel Retention capabilities of Advanced Light Water Reactors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41314.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-130).
Nanofluids at very low concentrations experimentally exhibit a substantial increase in Critical Heat Flux (CHF) compared to water. The use of a nanofluid in the In-Vessel Retention (IVR) severe accident management strategy, employed in Advanced Light Water Reactors, was investigated. A model simulating the two-phase flow and heat transfer on the reactor vessel outer surface quantified the increase in decay power that can be removed using a nanofluid, predicting that the use of a nanofluid will allow a stable operating power ~40% greater than the power allowable using water to be achieved, while holding the Minimum Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (MDNBR) constant. A nanofluid injection system that would take advantage of the enhanced CHF properties of the nanofluid in order to provide a higher safety margin than the current IVR strategy or, for given margin, enable IVR at higher core power, is proposed. A risk-informed analysis has revealed that this injection system has a reasonably high success probability of 0.99, comparable to the success probability without the injection system. Potential regulatory, environmental, and health risk issues were analyzed, and it was concluded that the current regulatory regimes are adequate for ensuring that the implementation of nanofluids in IVR will not endanger public health and safety. However, experimental verification of nanofluid CHF enhancement at prototypical IVR conditions and periodic nanofluid property testing as a surveillance requirement are needed to reduce the key uncertainties related to nanofluid performance. Finally, a periodic review of the health and environmental risks of nanofluids and, if necessary,follow-up research are ecommended to ensure the health of the public and environment.
by Ryan Christopher Hannink.
S.M.
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Ng, Kay-Yip. "A liquid-shear-stress sensor using wafer-bonding technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13434.
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Esfahani, Mehrdad Farhadian. "Development of an effective bioremediation technology for volatile monoaromatics removal from contaminated water." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730195.
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Le travail rapporté porte sur la biodégradation des composés aromatiques volatils (benzène, toluène, xylènes) en solution aqueuse. La principale question abordée est la quantification et le contrôle des transferts gaz-liquide de soluté. Il a été démontré que la séparation de la biomasse d'un liquide doit être effectuée avec une attention particulière et un protocole basé sur la centrifugation de la suspension est proposé. Une nouvelle technique pour la détermination expérimentale du coefficient d'activité à dilution infinie, également basée sur des expériences de centrifugation est présentée. Le travail principal au niveau microbien révèle que les pertes de soluté par stripping gazeux ne peuvent pas être évitées même avec l'utilisation d'un système biphasique liquide-liquide. Une approche anaérobie mettant en oeuvre une bactérie effectuant la respiration des nitrates a montré que cette technique pouvait présenter un grand intérêt lorsqu'elle est utilisée avec un milieu hétérogène.
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Wilén, Charlotte. "Optimization of a method for detection of Legionella pneumophila in water samples." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk cellbiologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450384.
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Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium which can be found in fresh water and causes Legionnaires’ disease, which can be deadly for humans depending on the condition of the infected individual. The bacterium is a gram-negative rod and can withstand severe conditions such as high temperature. Therefore, various treatments including heat and acid treatment are performed on the water to inhibit interfering microorganisms. However, to examine a larger volume of water, the water needs to pass through a filter, which can be very time consuming, and there are various variables that have a negative impact on the filtration speed. The aim of this study was to examine these variables and find the fastest setup for detection of L. pneumophila. To filtrate the water, a manifold with funnels, where you put the water, is used, and the manifold is connected to a pump. Under the funnels, steel frits are placed, and the filter is placed on the steel frits. To examine the fastest setup, different manifolds, pumps, filters, and settings were investigated by timing the water running through in the different settings. A new way of sterilization, that does not damage the steel frits was tested, and the recovery of bacteria was examined on the filters with the top filtration speed. In conclusion, the most efficient setup is the Cyclopore (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) filter, the pump from KNF and the manifold MBS1 (Whatman), and the new way of sterilizing should be used to reduce the damage of the steel frits.
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Steeples, Summer. "Rheological characterization of four Kansas hard red winter wheat flour-water dough systems." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4206.
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Barkley, Edward Robert 1977. "Wafer bonding of processed Si CMOS VLSI and GaAs for mixed technology integration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8368.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Februaru 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-94).
The successful bonding of bare thinned Si SOI wafers to bare GaAs wafers in previous research has proven to be an important first step in achieving integration of Si electronics with GaAs optoelectronic devices. The thinning of the SOI wafer has been shown to be a successful solution to the problem of the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between Si and GaAs, allowing for the potential dense integration of mixed optoelectronic and electronic technologies. This research takes the next logical step toward that end by bonding Si wafers with simulated full back-end processing to GaAs wafers. The back-end processing simulation consists of depositing 1000[Angstroms] of Al, patterning the Al into 5[mu]m serpentine lines on a 5[mu]m pitch, covering the Al with a PECVD oxide, and performing CMP planarization of the oxide. The 1000[Angstroms] variations caused by the Al layer are consistent with surface profiles taken from fully processed SOI wafers obtained from IBM. The result is that these "simulation" wafers model the difficulties presented with bonding fully processed wafers; namely the temperature constraints caused by the existence of buried Al metal and the topography created by the patterned metal. The entire process, including the bonding and post-bond anneal, is carried out at temperatures below 45° C, making it compatible with a fully processed SOI CMOS wafer. The use of dielectric CMP has become a common back-end processing step. The wafer bonding in this work relies on CMP technology to planarize PECVD oxide deposited on the bonding surface of both wafers. The combination of CMP with post CMP cleaning methods results in a PECVD oxide surface with an order of magnitude reduction in the r.m.s. roughness, rendering the surface smooth enough to facilitate wafer bonding. The future goal of this project is to bond fully processed Si CMOS wafers to GaAs wafers containing optoelectronic devices and to test the feasibility of creating interconnects through the bond interface.
by Edward Robert Barkley.
S.M.
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Zubaidi, S. L. F. "Strategic environmental assessment for municipal water demand based on climate change." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9582/.
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Accurate urban water demand forecasting plays a key role in the planning and design of municipal water supply infrastructure. The reliable prediction of water demand is challenging for water companies, specifically when considering the implications of climate change (Zubaidi et al., 2018). Several studies have documented that weather variables drive water consumption in the short-term, and it enhances the accuracy of the prediction model when it is combined with socio-economic factors. However, the impact of climate change on the municipal water demand has yet to be challenged. To surmount this challenge, more research work is needed to accurately estimate the required quantity of water with increasing water demands. Recently, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been found to be an innovative approach to predict water demand. This PhD study aims to develop a novel methodology to forecast the impact of climate change on municipal water demands for a long-term time series based on the baseline period 1980-2010. It should be highlighted that, based on our knowledge, this is the first study of substantial duration, based on data collected from 1980-2010, which focuses on the associations between monthly climate change and municipal water consumption. A new approach is therefore proposed to quantifying municipal water demands through the assessment of climatic factors, using a combination of a Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) technique, three hybrid computational intelligence algorithms and an ANN model. These hybrid algorithms include a Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA-ANN), a Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA-ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO-ANN). The SSA technique is adopted to decompose the time series of water consumption and climate variables to detect the stochastic signal for each time series. In the same context, the hybrid algorithms are used to find the best value of learning rate coefficient and the number of neurons in both hidden layers of the ANN model. Based on the performance of each hybrid algorithm, the most accurate and reliable water demand forecast model will be selected and used for estimating future water consumption. The considered environments of this study are applied in Australia and the United States from America for mitigating the uncertainty associated with the geographic location (the data of the United States of America was used to support the reliability of developing the municipal water demands prediction model). Furthermore, the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model is utilised to simulate future climate factors over three periods (2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099) based on the B1, A1B and A2 emission scenarios and seven General Circulation Models (GCMs). The future projection of these climate factors is applied directly to the impact model of water consumption to obtain the projected municipal water demand for different future periods and different greenhouse emission scenarios. The principal findings of this research are the following: from the model perspective, 1) the SSA is a powerful technique when used to remove the effect of socio-economic factors and noise, and detect the stochastic signal time series for water consumption. 2) The ANN model has better performance in term of optimising the correlation between observed and predicted water consumption when using the (LSA-ANN) algorithm. 3) The evaluation of the ANN model (using a validation data set) for Melbourne and Columbia Cities gives a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and 0.95, and the root mean square errors are 0.025 and 0.016 respectively. These findings indicate the capability of the proposed model to predict water demands with high accuracy in different continents. 4) The high performance of LARS-WG model results are found to be appropriate for the simulation of future climate variables. 5) The harmonisation between future monthly water demand (for the periods 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099) and stochastic signals of climate variables, relative to baseline period 1980-2010, emphasises the reliability of the present methodology. However, from the water demand perspective, the water percentage demand (WPD) are likely to rise in winter, drop in summer and fluctuate in both spring and autumn seasons for all periods and under all greenhouse emission scenarios. The results of WPD distribute between -3.5% and 3% for all periods and emission scenarios. The A2 scenario shows the highest and lowest values of WPDs compared to the A1B and B1 scenarios, in particular, in the 3rd period. The mean of seasonal WPD values shows that there is no dominant scenario as the best or the worst case of water demand over all future periods. The highest amount of seasonal demand happens in winter (A2 scenario, 3rd period), and the lowest amount of seasonal demand occurs in autumn (A1B scenario, 3rd period). In conclusion, this study facilitates the conception of the impact of climate change on municipal water demand from the baseline period 1980-2010.
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Gregg, Anne M. "Arsenic in drinking water: the public health implications of monitoring technologies." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1195673218.
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McNeil, Vincent Maurice. "A thin-film silicon microaccelerometer fabricated using electrochemical etch-stop and wafer bonding technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12013.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (p. 343-360).
by Vincent Maurice McNeil.
Ph.D.
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Krpo, Ana. "GIS model for assessment of land use and urban development effects on stormwater runoff Puhinui Catchment case study : thesis submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Master of Applied Science, Auckland University of Technology, February 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/KrpoA.pdf.
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Pattinson, Victoria A. "The transfer, storage and release of water colour in a reservoired catchment." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1994. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4679/.
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In recent years discoloured water has become a matter of growing concern to water resource managers. Discoloured water is a major source of consumer complaints and is expensive in capital and recurrent costs. The treatment of water discolouration is believed to be associated with a number of health issues, such as Alzheimer's disease. In particular, discoloured water, upon chlorination, is believed to produce carcinogens. The principal aim of this research has been to consider and manage water colour within an entire reservoir catchment system; Thornton Moor Reservoir, the study area, has experienced some of the highest values of colour in the Yorkshire Water Region, and has been an area of significant concern and cost to Yorkshire Water Services. Apparently homogenous subcatchments can produce marked differences in the colour of runoff data. This research has involved an investigation into the relationship between the subcatchment tributary water colour and catchment morphology. The relationships established were used to generate a predictive model for water colour such that areas of high water colour could be identified without intensive sampling. The initial phase of this study considered the transfer network involved in bringing the colour from the catchment to the reservoir. This has involved an analysis of the spatial and temporal variation of water discolouration within the catchment. The consistency of the spatial variation of water colour between the tributaries has been utilised to develop a management protocol which is presently being implemented at Thornton Moor in order to minimise the level of discolouration, whilst maintaining water supplies. Edwards (1987), describes the reservoir as the second line of defence in the protection of water supplies in direct supply reservoirs. No research to date has considered the role of the reservoir in the storage, transmission and release of discoloured water. Empirical evidence at Thornton Moor Reservoir suggests that for the majority of the year, the reservoir operates as a buffer to colour; however at certain times of the year it appears actively to increase the colour entering the treatment works. In considering the entire catchment system, it has been possible to develop a transferable staged approach to catchment management.
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Peled, Sharon. "Two approaches to white matter nuclear magnetic resonance : water diffusion and inhaled laser-polarized xenon." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10350.
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Choplain, Nicolas. "Interactions of a submerged membrane with water waves and its use in harnessing nearshore wave power." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355973/.
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Developed and developing countries need electricity, and this usage is increasing everyday. This constant increase cannot be satisfied with the current ways of electricity generation that have shown themselves to be out of phase with environmental concerns. Oceans yield great amount of energy that could be converted into electricity and the current research deals with one portion of ocean energy, wave energy. The wave energy converter studied in this thesis is a bottom-mounted, liquid-filled rectangular duct, covered with a rubber membrane and aligned head to the waves propagation direction. Two types of membrane were tested. The behaviour of this device beneath waves was investigated with two configurations: one with both its ends closed, the other one with a power take-off connected at its stern. The pressure at both ends was characterised by means of pressure transducers and the pressure inside the duct by means of laser sensors measuring the membrane displacement. Results from experiments carried out on the closed version of the duct pointed out a resonant behaviour of the system for wave frequencies at which bulges, propagating in the rubber membrane, could travel an integer number of times along the duct’s length. This resonance was characterised by pressure magnitudes at the stern up to 2.8 times that acting on the membrane from the incident wave. Moreover, the membrane displacement was for the first time mapped and the profile obtained showed characteristic nodes and antinodes. The performance of this device in harnessing wave power was evaluated by connecting a linear dashpot at its stern. Capture widths of up to 2.2 times the device width were obtained and the bandwidth of maximum power capture not limited to a single frequency. The pressure behaviour in both configurations was explained with a one dimensional theory of bulges propagating in distensible tubes with good agreement for the thicker tested membrane. On the contrary, this was not the case for the thinner membrane, suggesting that this model could not be used for configurations where bulge wavelengths are much shorter than that of the incoming wave.
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Davies, Neale. "Novel, induced flow, centrifugal water pumping system for off grid application." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2037461/.
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Water provision in rural areas represents a significant challenge, especially within the context of resource and sanitation in developing countries. High set-up costs, lack of installation expertise and reliability issues, arising from fluctuating operational conditions, have prevented many people from receiving the full benefit of automated pumping systems. The specific aim of this thesis is to assess the feasibility of using a tunable, induced flow subsystem as a means of optimising the power utilization and performance of a centrifugal pump over a wider range of operating conditions than typically expected. More generally, the research presented is undertaken to reduce the high implementation costs and localised limitations of rural water pumps by developing the theory towards a ‘’one-size-fits-all’’ pumping system. The theoretical analysis of an induced flow centrifugal pumping system is presented, coupled with the analogous electrical system. The results of simulations performed using both systems are compared to experimental results, obtained using an induced flow subsystem (IFS) test rig constructed at the University of Liverpool. All sets of results demonstrate consistent IFS characteristics, identifying its capability to maintain maximum power point (MPP) operation of the centrifugal pump irrespective of load. Further, the experimental results reveal a boost in output pressure which enables the pump to achieve an improved hydraulic power and increased operating range over the same system without an IFS. It is concluded that, through the addition of an IFS, the performance of a centrifugal pump may be decoupled from its operating head, expanding its range of serviceable conditions and demonstrating potential to develop a ‘’one-size-fits-all’’ system. Ultimately, this could offer a cheaper and more reliable supply of a resource which is vital to life in any rural location: clean water.
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Arena, Courtney Campbell. "Electro-Ionization Technology as a Treatment for Ballast Water with a Review of Methods Used to Determine Treatment Effectiveness." NSUWorks, 2005. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/128.
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This study addresses the topical issue of ballast water discharge. There is a need for best management practices to minimize the release of non-indigenous (or exotic) organisms contained in ballast tanks. The release of such biota originating from foreign ports has been shown to have significant health, ecological and economic impacts on receiving waters. One hope for the future is to develop effective treatment systems to disinfect the water prior to discharge. A preliminary study of cruise ship ballast water was conducted to assess the concentrations of in situ microorganisms (bacteria and protists) and macroinvertebrates contained in a typical ballast tank. Chemical and physical parameters were also monitored as part of this investigation. This was the first reported study of the constituents of ballast water from a cruise ship and provided valuable baseline information about the scale of treatment that would be required to reduce the number of organisms to acceptable discharge levels.
A local company (Marine Environmental Partners [MEP] Inc., Florida) embarked on the development of a novel ballast water treatment system. Research reported here focused on assessing the effectiveness (in terms of biotic kill or inactivation) of various configurations of treatment components. In this way, the company was guided towards the most effective full-scale system. Treatment options investigated included chlorination/bromination, gas ionization, filtration and coagulation in either a closed, recycling system, or via a one-pass system. The bacterial and protistan (algae and protozoa) counts in both control and treated water samples were routinely monitored by laboratory enrichment cultivation methods. Techniques appropriate for viruses and macroinvertebrates were also investigated. Since these enumeration methods are all time consuming, indirect counting methods were also investigated in an attempt to identify useful rapid detection methods for ballast treatment assessment. Methods evaluated included ATP analysis, Biological Oxygen Demand studies and epifluorescence microscopy using a commercially available fluorescent stains to distinguish live from dead bacteria.
After laboratory trials identified the most promising combination of system components, a pilot ballast water treatment system was constructed (by MEP) and installed on-board a Carnival Cruise ship, the Elation. Using enumeration methods similar to those used in the laboratory experiments, the efficacy of this novel treatment system was assessed. These shipboard tests, which were conducted over a 5 d period, showed that the complete system was capable of killing or inactivating around 95% of the indigenous bacteria in a ballast tank and slightly less of the protists (90%). Perhaps more importantly, this testing highlighted the difficulties of assessing treatment systems on board a ship. Accurate assessment of treatment technologies may require land-based testing, and discussion of this option is included.
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Li, Jujube. "A Comparative Meta-Life Cycle Inventory Analysis: Energy and Water Consumption of 3D Printing Methods vs. Conventional Manufacturing in Clothing Production." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078377.
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In the past three decades, textile fiber production has grown more than twofold, reflecting an increasing demand for both fossil and natural resources (Turley et. al., 2009, p.9) resulting in the intensification of environmental impacts such as water scarcity, abiotic depletion, and toxic pollution. Although potentially disruptive technology such as three-dimensional printing (3DP) can eliminate entire supply chain components and potentially reduce energy and water in textile and apparel production, 3DP as an application for clothing production is still at its nascent stage of development––the world’s first 3D-printed garment being created only in 2010. As prevention is preferable to mitigation, it is timely to examine key environmental impacts of potentially disruptive technology in advance of its proliferation. By using environmental management tools such as ISO14044:2006 and the life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) method to identify hotspots for two key impact areas––water and energy consumption––of prevalent 3D printing methods versus that of the conventional cut-and-sew method in clothing production, environmental sustainability parameters can then be established to target underperforming areas and improve the design, manufacture, use, and disposal of future garments. Using one standard T-shirt as a functional unit, this meta-life cycle inventory analysis will compare the energy and water demands of using three main AM techniques––selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and field guided fabrication (FGF)––against that of using the conventional cut-and-sew method to create one standard T-shirt out of six most representative materials.
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Abraham, Ernest Mensah. "Improving urban water quality for livelihoods enhancement in the Odaw-Korle river catchment of Accra, Ghana." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2011. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9134/.
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Water and environmental resources which provide opportunities for households are threatened by human activities that leads to pollution. The research objectives were to understand the contribution water makes to the livelihoods of urban and peri-urban households; the factors influencing perceptions, attitudes and behaviour in relation to surface water and environmental quality, and measures for promoting community participation in water and environmental management. Ten communities were selected in Accra and its surrounding communities to reflect different levels of infrastructure provision for the study. Four focus group discussions were held in each community, with a mixed group, men, women, and young adults. Issues which emerged were investigated further in a structured household questionnaire survey involving 443 respondents. Key informant interviews were held with the most important government and non government regulatory, research and service provision departments and organizations in water, sanitation, and the environment sectors. Water samples from some of the selected communities were analyzed in the laboratory to compare with respondents’ perceptions. Among the households surveyed, 59.14% were engaged in a water dependent occupation which contributed over 80% of household income in some cases. The study also found that perceptions of water and environment are influenced by the existing social and cultural setting. There were common concepts which helped groups to interpret and make meaning from their environment. The prospects for successful water and environmental interventions can be enhanced through an understanding of this local knowledge and perceptions. There was no clear relationship between attitudes and environmental behaviour or between attitudes and socioeconomic status. Actual behaviour was influenced by ability to pay for services, their availability and the influence of shared community norms. Although citizen participation in water and environmental management decision making is very limited at present, community collective action holds good prospects for future interventions in water and environmental management.
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Yung, Chi-Fan 1973. "A process technology for realizing integrated inertial sensors using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and aligned wafer bonding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80148.
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Ekanayake, Jagath C. "Soil water movement through swelling soils." Lincoln University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1761.
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The present work is a contribution to description and understanding of the distribution and movement of water in swelling soils. In order to investigate the moisture distribution in swelling soils a detailed knowledge of volume change properties, flow characteristics and total potential of water in the soil is essential. Therefore, a possible volume change mechanism is first described by dividing the swelling soils into four categories and volume change of a swelling soil is measured under different overburden pressures. The measured and calculated (from volume change data) overburden potential components are used to check the validity of the derivation of a load factor, ∝. Moisture diffusivity in swelling soil under different overburden pressures is measured using Gardner's (1956) outflow method. Behaviour of equilibrium moisture profiles in swelling soils is theoretically explained, solving the differential equation by considering the physical variation of individual soil properties with moisture content and overburden pressure. Using the measured volume change data and moisture potentials under various overburden pressures, the behaviour of possible moisture profiles are described at equilibrium and under steady vertical flows in swelling soils. It is shown that high overburden pressures lead to soil water behaviour quite different from any previously reported.
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Van, Schalkwyk Nico. "The combination of UASB and ozone technology in the treatment of a pectin containing wastewater from the apple juice processing industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50124.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African apple juice processing industry is growing rapidly and during the harvesting season the wastewater volumes and organic loads increase significantly with a considerable environmental impact. These larger apple juice processing wastewater (AJPWW) volumes and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads subsequently lead to faster increases in the organic loading rate (OLR) of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) wastewater treatment system and it is necessary to know if the treatment system can handle such drastic increases over short periods. The objective of the study were to evaluate the efficiency of the UASB process in the treatment of an AJPWW; to determine what effect a substrate viscosity increase, based on a pectin calcium gel has on the performance of an UASB system, and to determine what impact ozonation has on the pectin content, gelformation ability and biodegradability of the AJPWW. The ability of the UASB to maintain stability during the apple-processing season was investigated by increasing the OLR from 2.9 to over 14.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1 in 131 days. During this time the COD removal remained constant at 85%, while the pH and alkalinity remained at levels indicative of good reactor stability. It was thus concluded that the UASB reactor could operate successfully during the apple-harvesting season when wastewater volumes and organic loads increase significantly. In the study it was found that the viscosity of the AJPWW, containing 750 mq.L-1 pectin, increased from 8.5 to 47.0 cps after a 312 rnq.L-1 Ca2 + addition. This increased viscosity substrate was then fed to an UASB reactor at an OLR of 15.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1. During a 12 day increased viscosity (47 cps) feeding stage the COD removal decreased from 94 to 11%, while the reactor pH decreased from 7.5 to 4.9. During this period, pectin accumulated in the UASB and led to biomass washout and rapid UASB failure. The possible elimination of pectin by ozonation was thus investigated, and a 77% decrease in pectin content and 76% decrease in gel formation ability occurred after ozonation. The effect of pre- and post-ozonation on the efficiency of the UASB system was subsequently investigated. It was found that a 10 min pre-ozonation decreased the AJPWW COD by 19% and the total suspended content by 36%, while the soluble portion of the total COD was increased from 81.7 to 92.4%. This increase in soluble COD content should lead to increased wastewater biodegradability. The ozonated AJPWW was then used to replaced the raw non-ozonated AJPWW as reactor feed. Results showed that the COD removal increased from 78 to 90% within 24 h of starting with the ozonated feed. It was also found that the reactor stability improved after AJPWW pre-ozonation as an OLR increase from 10.0 to 16.6 kg COD.m-3.d-1 in 23 days did not detrimentally influence the stability of the reactor. This reactor effluent (COD = 465 rnq.L-1) was then post-ozonated which resulted in 64.8% COD and 79.0% colour reductions. The final effluent had a COD of 180 rnq.L-1 (98% reduction). The ability of the ozonation/digestion system as described in this study to degrade AJPWW at a higher OLR is of value to the apple industry, as it may lead to larger organic pollutant removals and thus a more effiecient treatment system. Increased reactor performance will directly improve the quality of the final wastewater produced, which in turn will have a significant impact on the treatment ability of the South African apple processing industry currently limited by the production of large wastewater volumes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die oesseisoen word groot volumes afvalwater met 'n hoe organiese lading in die vinnig groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse appelsapprosesseringsbedryf geproduseer. Dit het 'n groot impak op die omgewing. Die groter volumes appelsapprosesseringsafvalwater (ASPAW) met 'n hoë organiese lading het 'n vinniger verhoging in organiese ladingstempo's (OLT) van 'n UASB-waterbehandelingstelsel tot gevolg. Daarom is dit belangrik om te weet of die stelsel die drastiese verhoging oor kort tydperke kan hanteer. Die doel van hierdie studie was die evaluering van die effektiwiteit van die UASB-proses in die behandeling van ASPAW; om te bepaal watter effek 'n substraatviskositeitsverhoging, gebaseer op 'n pektien-kalsium-jel, op die doeltreffendheid van 'n UASB-stelsel het; en om te bepaal watter impak osonering op die pektieninhoud, jelvormingsvermoe en bioafbreekbaarheid van ASPAW het. Die vermoe van die UASB om stabiliteit te handhaaf gedurende die appelsapprosesseringseisoen is ondersoek deur die OLT van 2,9 tot bo 14,0 kg CSB.m-3.d-1 te verhoog oor 131 dae. Gedurende hierdie tyd het die chemiese suurstofbehoefte- (CSB-) verwydering konstant gebly by 85%, terwyl die pH en alkaliniteit ook op vlakke aanduidend van goeie reaktorstabiliteit gebly het. Daar is sodoende bewys dat die UASB-reaktor suksesvol kan presteer tydens die appelsapprosesseringseisoen, wanneer daar 'n beduidende verhoging in OLT plaasvind. In die studie is daar gevind dat die viskositeit van die ASPAW, wat 750 mq.L-1 pektien bevat, van 8,5 tot 47,0 cps toeneem na die byvoeging van 312 rnq.L-1 Ca2+. Hierdie verhoogde vikositeitsubstraat is tot die UASB-reaktor toegevoeg teen 'n OLT van 15,0 kg CSB.m-1.d-1. Gedurende 'n 12-dae toevoer van verhoogde viskositeit (47 cps), het die CSB-verwydering van die reaktor afgeneem van 94% na 11%, terwyl die pH gedaal het van 7,5 na 4,9. Gedurende hierdie tydperk het pektien in die UASB geakkumuleer, wat gelei het tot die uitspoel van biomassa en vinnige UASB-reaktormislukking. Die moontlike eliminasie van pektien, deur osonering, is daarom ondersoek. 'n Verlaging van 77% in pektieninhoud en 76% in jelvormingsvermoe het na osonering plaasgevind. Die effek van pre- en post-osonering op die effektiwiteit van 'n UASB-stelsel is gevolglik ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat 'n 10 minute pre-osonering die CSB van die ASPAW met 19% verlaag en die totale inhoud van gesuspendeerde vaste stowwe met 36% verlaag, terwyl die oplosbare gedeelte van die totale CSB van 81,7% tot 92,4% gestyg het. Die verhoging in oplosbare CSB-inhoud behoort tot verhoogde bioafbreekbaarheid van ASPAW te lei. Die geosoneerde ASPAW is gebruik om die rou, ongeosoneerde ASPAW as reaktorsubstraat te vervang. Die resultate het getoon dat die CSB-verwydering verhoog het van 78% na 90% na 'n 24-uur toevoer van geosoneerde substraat. Daar is ook gevind dat die reaktorstabiliteit toegeneem het na ASPAW osoneering, aangesien 'n OLT-verhoging van 10,0 na 16,6 kg.CSB.m-3.d-1 in 23 dae nie die stabiliteit van die reaktor nadelig beinvloed het nie. Hierdie reaktoruitvloeisel (CSB = 465 rnq.L-1) is hierna gepost-osoneer, wat 'n 64,8% CSB- en 79,0% kleurverlaging tot gevolg gehad. Die finale uitvloeisel het 'n CBS-inhoud van 180 rnq.L-1 gehad (98,1% verwydering). Die vermoe van die osonering-/verteringstelsel om ASPAW te degradeer teen 'n hoër OLT, soos beskryf in hierdie studie, is van waarde tot die appelsapprosesseringsbedryf, aangesien dit tot groter organiese afvalstofverwydering kan lei en dus 'n meer effektiewe behandelingstelsel tot gevolg kan hê. Verhoogde reaktordoeltreffendheid sal 'n direkte verbetering tot gevolg hê in die gehalte van die finale afvalwater wat geproduseer word, wat op sy beurt 'n beduidende impak sal hê op die behandelingsvermoe van die appelsapprosesseringsbedryf, wat tans beperk word deur die produksie van groot volumes afvalwater.
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Rezk, Ahmed Rezk Masoud. "Theoretical and experimental investigation of silica gel/water adsorption refrigeration systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3623/.
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This PhD project was set out to improve the performance of silica gel / water adsorption cooling systems using a number of investigation tools. A novel global lumped analytical simulation model has been constructed for a commercialised two-bed silica gel / water 450kW adsorption chiller. It was integrated with a genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation toolbox to determine the optimum operating conditions to obtain the optimum chiller performance. The model was used to investigate the effect of physical and operating on the chiller performance. The model was also used to investigate the effect of various adsorbent bed enhancement techniques that are presented in published literature. An experimental test facility has been designed, constructed and commissioned to study the performance of scaled down adsorbent bed modules. It has been constructed to understand the effect of the operating conditions on adsorbent-bed heat and mass transfer performance. A dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) gravimetric analyser has been used to characterise a new species of adsorbents (MOFs). These adsorbents have strong potential towards water sorption and could replace the currently applied silica gel. MOFs adsorbents have been characterised in terms of adsorption isotherms and kinetics, in addition to its cyclic analysis. It was found that HKUST-1 (copper based MOF) outperforms silica gel with 95.7% increase in the water uptake. Iron based MOF (MIL-100) was found to outperform silica gel for high evaporating temperature application.
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Ng, Warren Heng Wan. "Identification, transport and treatment of adhered deleterious substances of stormwater in an urban catchment thesis submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Earth & Oceanic Sciences Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, August 2004 /." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/NgW.pdf.
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Qanga, Enathi Jongikhaya. "Perceptions on risk management at Walter Sisulu University." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3802.
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With the rise in the complexity of business transactions and emerging prominence of worldwide corporate governance, companies are required to adhere to certain minimal standards of governance and risk management. Organisations take various kinds of risks depending on their operating environments and the gravity of their organisational needs (risk to a return trade-off). Taking risks can either provide benefits to an organisation or cause problems for it. Given the importance of risk management, studies conducted by universities throughout the world reveal serious concerns. The primary objective of this study was to establish perceptions on risk management at Walter Sisulu University (WSU). The literature review of the study provided a discussion concerning best practice as far as the COSO internal control framework, COSO enterprise risk management framework and key aspects of the Kings III report on risk assessment and risks faced by modern business. The study adopted the quantitative research approach using a case study design. A survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to a selected sample of, Campus management (Deans), Internal auditing III students, Lecturers in commerce, Head of departments and support service personnel of WSU. A random sampling procedure identified thirty three participants and all the participants completed questionnaires across all campuses at WSU. Graphic presentation from Microsoft excel, inferential and basic descriptive statistics from SPSS were used to analyze and interpret data to generate findings. The study revealed that, all principles for the COSO components on internal control, COSO- ERM and the King III report are regarded to be present at WSU. Respondent perceptions falls within the positive zone being “neutral”, “effective” and “highly effective”. The population score is probably also in the neutral zone indicating a not sure respondent’s perception on whether the component or principle is effective or not effective. The Cronbach’s Alpha was conducted to test the internal reliability and consistency of the data. A Cronbach’s Alpha of summated score of 0.974 was achieved on 84 principles that could contribute to the effectiveness of risk management. The researcher recommends creating a risk-awareness culture throughout WSU rather than a silo approach to risk management. Monitoring on the effectiveness of the system of internal control need greater attention at WSU. In addition, the alignment of risk management to institutional strategy needs to be improved, and the University needs to establish and develop an enterprise-risk management policy (ERMP) and create a platform for further studies on risk management.
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Rumsey, Ian Cooper. "An Assessment of Ammonia Emissions from Water-holding Structures for Hog Farms: Lagoon and Spray Technology and Potential Environmentally Superior Technologies." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08102004-162005/.
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Globally, the largest source of atmospheric NH3 is domestic animal waste contributing 20-35 Tg of nitrogen per year. In North Carolina, hog waste accounts for 47% of all ammonia emissions in North Carolina. This is the result of a huge increase in hog population since the 1980?s from 3 million to 10 million. Currently swine waste is managed using Lagoon and Spray Technology (LST) also known as ?conventional? technology. A LST uses anaerobic lagoons to store the hog waste, and effluent from lagoons is sprayed on surrounding crops as a source of nutrients. This technology lead to a number sources of ammonia emissions, thus there are a number of environmental problems associated with swine facilities. The need for developing sustainable solutions for managing the hog waste problem is critical for shaping the future of hog farms in North Carolina. As a result of this, an agreement between the North Carolina Attorney General and several farming companies was reached to develop environmentally superior technologies (EST?s) for swine facilities. The objective of this study was to quantitatively compare the emissions from the water-holding structures at the two LST farms (Moore farm and Stokes farm) and the three EST farms, and to evaluate the effectiveness of each technology. The three potential EST?s were (1) EKOKAN: Up-flow Bio-filtration system, located at Brown?s of Carolina # 93, (2) BEST: Solids separation/gasification for energy and ash recovery centralized system, located at Corbett # 1,3,4 farms, and (3) Super Soils: Solids separation/nitrification-denitrification/soluble phosphorus removal/solids processing system, located at Goshen Ridge farm. Measurements of NH3 flux were limited to two, two-week long periods, representing warm and cold seasons. These were obtained by using a dynamic flow-through chamber system interfaced to a mobile laboratory containing the ammonia analyzer and the data acquisition system. During the sampling period, environmental parameters such as lagoon temperature, lagoon pH, and TAN were measured, as well as meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. In order to make a comparison of LST and EST?s, an adjustment for differing environmental conditions was needed. This was achieved by the development of a conventional observational statistical model, which was developed by multiple linear regression analysis based on continuous flux measurements from two conventional farms during a warm and cold season. Ammonia emissions from both conventional and EST farms were normalized to the nitrogen excretion (E) at the hog farms to express the emissions as % E. Potential reductions in ammonia were evaluated by comparing % EEST at EST farms with %ECONV at conventional farms. Overall, all three EST?s were found to be significant in reducing ammonia emissions. Super Soils was found to be the most effective, with NH3 emission reductions of 94.7% in the warm season, and 99% in the cold season. EKOKAN was found to be the next most effective, with reductions of 71.7 % and 42.7 % for the summer and spring sampling periods, respectively. The two BEST technologies were the least effective. There were large reductions for both Corbett # 1 and Corbett # 3,4 in the fall sampling period, 71.1% and 39.6% respectively. There were through extremely low reductions in the winter sampling period, with reductions of 13.6% for Corbett # 1 and 7.5% for Corbett # 3,4, respectively.
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Nichols-Belo, Amy. "Globalization On the Ground: Health, Development, and Volunteerism in Meatu, Tanzania." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42860.
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AHEAD (Adventures in Health, Education, and Agricultural Development) is a small grass-roots non-governmental organization working in the rural Meatu, District in Northern Tanzania. The AHEAD project employs Tanzanian nurses who provide health education, child weighing and nutritional counseling, family planning, and antenatal services. AHEAD has recently developed a water quality testing initiative in order to combat unsafe water supplies using solar pasteurization. Dr. Robert Metcalf, an AHEAD volunteer offers â expertiseâ to Meatu through transfer of solar cooking technology. Each summer, AHEAD takes volunteers into this setting who bring with them both â altruisticâ and non-altruistic reasons for volunteering, economic and social capital, and a taste of the world beyond Meatu.
This thesis looks at the Summer 2001 AHEAD experience ethnographically from three perspectives: 1) as public health practice, 2) in relation to the contested domain of international â developmentâ , and 3) situated within the larger literature of non-profit and volunteer action research. These three snapshots of AHEAD suggest a project of globalization, theorized as the flow of people, goods, and information across boundaries.Master of Science
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Fuchs, Grace Frances. "How Community Concerns about Hydraulic Fracturing and Injection Wells can be Addressed Through the Application of Environmental Monitoring Technology." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556136264849063.
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Sukovich, Ninél. "Patching Domestic Water Practices in Old Havana : A Minor Field Study." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254572.
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Many citizens living in Old Havana, Cuba, do not have regular access to potable water in their homes. As a result, this thesis explores how the water infrastructure in Old Havana shapes the everyday lives of local residents. The empirical material in this study was collected during two months of minor field studies in Havana mainly through the qualitative research methods of interviews and diaries but also through observations. The results were analyzed through four main theoretical concepts: the social practice approach in technology, hydraulic citizenship, social practice theory and feminist theory. Results revealed that the local water infrastructure produces and reproduces social inequalities and domestic do-it-yourself practices. It was also revealed that women carry out most of the domestic water activities, largely due to prevailing machismo ideals and traditional gender norms. Consequently, women in Old Havana are generally more affected by water supply irregularities and malfunctioning infrastructure than men.
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Dehm, Dustin. "A Small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS) Based Method for Monitoring Wetland Inundation & Vegetation." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1556713788128588.
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An, Shu. "Characterization of bacterial diversity in three oligotrophic environments using high-throughput sequencing technology." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859417.
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Oligotrophic ecosystems can be loosely defined as environments that exhibit low ambient nutrient levels. During my thesis, I used 454 DNA pyrosequencing of partial 16S rDNA to explore the bacterial diversity in three different oligotrophic environments, including A. surface desert soil, B. Asian sandstorm dust and C. a section of the city of Paris's drinking water distribution system.A. Arid regions represent nearly 30% of the Earth's terrestrial surface. The living conditions at the surface of deserts are a challenge for microorganisms, as there is little available water and/or carbon, a very large range of temperatures and high exposure to UV irradiation from the Sun. In surface sand samples from two large Asian deserts, unexpectedly large bacterial diversity residing was revealed. Sequences belonging to the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla were the most abundant. An increase in phylotype numbers with increasing C/N ratio was noted, suggesting a possible role in the bacterial richness of these desert sand environments.B. Desert sandstorms are a meteorological phenomenon which have been postulated affect the Earth's climate and public health. We examined the particle-associated (dust and sand-associated) bacterial populations of atmospheric sand in the absence (as control) and presence of sandstorms in five Asian cities. Greater than 90% of the sequences can be classified as representing bacteria belonging to four phyla: Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Principal component analyses showed that the sandstorm-associated bacterial populations were clustered by sampling year, rather than location. Members belonging to nine bacterial genera (Massilia, Planococcus, Carnobacterium, Planomicrobium, Pontibacter, Pedobacter, Lysobacter, Sanguibacter, Ohtaekwangia) were observed to increase in sand-associated samples from sandstorms, versus the controls. C. We characterized the bacterial communities in three water and three biofilm samples from one part of the Parisian drinking water distribution system. A dramatic change in bacterial population in the water during flow through the distribution system from the water treatment plant to the exit from the reservoir was found. The richness of the bacterial population was reduced from the water treatment plant to the reservoir (from 336 to 165 OTUs for water samples leaving the reservoir and from 947 to 275 for biofilm samples in the network). Several OTUs belonging to pathogenic genera were detected in our samples, mostly in the biofilm samples, thus suggesting that the biofilms may be an important source of bacteria during water distribution to the consumers.
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Landge, Virendra Laxman. "Quality of yogurt supplemented with whey protein concentrate and effects of whey protein denaturation." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2303.
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Connell, R. J. "Unstable equilibrium : modelling waves and turbulence in water flow." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/592.
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This thesis develops a one-dimensional version of a new data driven model of turbulence that uses the KL expansion to provide a spectral solution of the turbulent flow field based on analysis of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) turbulent data. The analysis derives a 2nd order random field over the whole flow domain that gives better turbulence properties in areas of non-uniform flow and where flow separates than the present models that are based on the Navier-Stokes Equations. These latter models need assumptions to decrease the number of calculations to enable them to run on present day computers or super-computers. These assumptions reduce the accuracy of these models. The improved flow field is gained at the expense of the model not being generic. Therefore the new data driven model can only be used for the flow situation of the data as the analysis shows that the kernel of the turbulent flow field of undular hydraulic jump could not be related to the surface waves, a key feature of the jump. The kernel developed has two parts, called the outer and inner parts. A comparison shows that the ratio of outer kernel to inner kernel primarily reflects the ratio of turbulent production to turbulent dissipation. The outer part, with a larger correlation length, reflects the larger structures of the flow that contain most of the turbulent energy production. The inner part reflects the smaller structures that contain most turbulent energy dissipation. The new data driven model can use a kernel with changing variance and/or regression coefficient over the domain, necessitating the use of both numerical and analytical methods. The model allows the use of a two-part regression coefficient kernel, the solution being the addition of the result from each part of the kernel. This research highlighted the need to assess the size of the structures calculated by the models based on the Navier-Stokes equations to validate these models. At present most studies use mean velocities and the turbulent fluctuations to validate a models performance. As the new data driven model gives better turbulence properties, it could be used in complicated flow situations, such as a rock groyne to give better assessment of the forces and pressures in the water flow resulting from turbulence fluctuations for the design of such structures. Further development to make the model usable includes; solving the numerical problem associated with the double kernel, reducing the number of modes required, obtaining a solution for the kernel of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows, including the change in correlation length with time as presently the model gives instant realisations of the flow field and finally including third and fourth order statistics to improve the data driven model velocity field from having Gaussian distribution properties. As the third and fourth order statistics are Reynolds Number dependent this will enable the model to be applied to PIV data from physical scale models. In summary, this new data driven model is complementary to models based on the Navier-Stokes equations by providing better results in complicated design situations. Further research to develop the new model is viewed as an important step forward in the analysis of river control structures such as rock groynes that are prevalent on New Zealand Rivers protecting large cities.
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Mathie, Devan M. "Assessing an In-Situ Total Algae Sensor Fluorometer for Performance in Freshwater Estuaries." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1588015130835849.
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McCullough, Christina M. "Building a Replicable Flood Forecast Mitigation Support System to Simplify Emergency Decision-Making." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1301756439.
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Javadinejad, Safieh. "Vulnerability of water resources to climate change and human impact : scenario analysis of the Zayandeh Rud river basin in Iran." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7103/.
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Water supplies have been meeting strict experiments all over the world and the tendencies of reducing precipitations and rising temperatures in the arid and semi-arid of the Middle-East region (such as Iran) aggravate this condition during the last few decades. A proper water planning needs productive Integrated Water Resource Management models that can respond these complicated troubles. The aim of this study was to develop a structure for applicable and efficient risk control of water supplies through drought. This management structure combines hydrological, socio-economic and water organization models. The methodology has three factors: 1) the statistical possessions of drought characterisation and drought trend in terms of space-time were examined and thresholds of drought warning are evaluated to assist as drivers for control programmes. 2) A water-planning model was applied to combine water accessibility and demand and examine the reliability of the water system to deliver the water to demand sites during the normal and drought episodes. 3) The model was used to estimates the future impacts of climate alteration, through driving them with simulations from an ensemble of statically downscaled CMIP5 model for the severest scenario in the 21st century. Moreover, some potential management plans that decrease the future hazard of water shortage were evaluated. The methods were tested in a case study in the Zayandeh Rud River basin in Iran. The results indicated the important roles of both meteorological and anthropogenic elements on occurrence of drought and water shortages for past and future time.