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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Shuttle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Koenig, D. W., and D. L. Pierson. "Microbiology of the space shuttle water system." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0710.

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The Space Shuttle has a once-through water system that is initially filled on the ground, partially drained before launch and then refilled with fuel-cell generated water on orbit. The microbiological standard for the Space Shuttle potable water system during this study period allowed only 1 microbe of any kind per 100mL and no detectable coliforms. Contamination episodes in more than 15 years of Shuttle operation have been rare; however, for the past 24 missions, bacterial contamination has been detected in 33% of the samples collected 3d before launch. These samples have had on average 55CFU/100mL of bacteria, with the median less than 1CFU/100mL. Burkholderia cepacia has been the primary contaminant of the Shuttle water supply system both before and after flight. Water samples assessed during the STS-70 mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery were found to be contaminated (<20CFU/100mL) with B. cepacia and B. pickettii. In 1991, waste and water lines were removed from the Space Shuttle Columbia and the waste lines were found to harbor biofilms containing Bacillus spp. Nevertheless, the water systems of the four Space Shuttle vehicles provide extremely pure water.

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2

Clauss, G. F., S. Hoog, M. Vannahme, H. Gerber, F. Gasparoni, and D. Calore. "MODUS: Space Shuttle for Deep-Water Operations." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 03 (July 1, 2003): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.3.218.

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This paper presents MObile Docker for Underwater Sciences (MODUS), a specialized remotely operated vehicle (ROV) for deployment, recovery, and servicing of heavy sea bottom stations, for example, scientific observatories for deep-water application (depth rated 4,000 m). Developed, built, and tested as part of the EC-funded project GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research (GEOSTAR 2001), the new ROV system includes the operating vessel with winch and umbilical and the versatile "space shuttle" MODUS for handling the bottom station with modularized payload. The paper focuses on aspects of the development as well as open water trials and missions. Results from hydrodynamic analyses are presented to illustrate design studies for minimized structure drag and therefore minimized power requirements for thruster-driven horizontal movements. Motion analyses comprise the dynamic behavior of the ship and the entire deep-dived system considering hydroelastic effects. Due to the direct coupling, vertical excitations of the ship in the prevailing sea are substantially transmitted along the submerged umbilical to the ROV, causing potentially harmful slack cable situations. Results from numerical simulations illustrate the dynamic response of the system due to ship oscillations in random seas and the associated downtime of MODUS operations. The paper presents the latest technological and scientific applications of MODUS during its first cruises: Reaching depths of 3,700 m within the EC-funded projects GEOSTAR and BIOtechnology from the DEEP (BIODEEP) in the Mediterranean Sea demonstrates its high availability with reliable performance and low costs.

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3

Xiang, Bei Ping, Guo Fu Yin, Xiang Wei Zeng, and Hong Bin Zang. "Research on Open and Close Characteristics of Passive Shuttle-Type Anti-Water-Attack Check Valve." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 2290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.2290.

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Water-attack is very harmful to pressure pipeline system security. Passive shuttle-type anti-water-attack check valve can adjust its open and close time by hydraulic damper, and cushion the rapid change of liquid momentum in order to protect the pumps and pipelines. The structure and working principle of this passive check valve are introduced, and the dynamics model is set up. The opening and closing characteristics of the model is analyzed, and simulation comparison is done between the flow field and pressure change laws of shuttle-type check valve and those of swing check valve. The simulation result shows that the hydraulic damper works very well, the flow field of passive shuttle-type check valve is symmetrical, the forces acting on the shuttle is balanceable, and shuttle-type check valves can replace swing check valves in many fields.

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4

Landrø, Martin, Gitta Zaalberg‐Metselaar, Brynjulf Owren, and Svein Vaage. "Modeling of water‐gun signatures." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 1 (January 1993): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443339.

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A method for calculating the acoustic signal generated by a water gun is presented. The equations describing the shuttle motion and the water jet formation are derived with the assumption that the water is incompressible. The motion of the shuttle is evaluated by assuming adiabatic expansion of the air initially contained in the air chamber of the gun. The formation and dynamics of the water jets emerging from the gun ports are closely connected to the shuttle motion. The combined effect of the water motion through the gun ports and the collapse of a cavity inside the gun nozzle can explain the first part of a water‐gun signature, often referred to as the precursor. The last part of the signature is mainly an impulsive shock wave caused by the collapse of external cavities. It is assumed that the external cavities are formed due to the pressure drop behind each water jet, and that the cavities collapse due to the hydrostatic pressure. The main effect of including interaction between the external cavities is to increase the bubble period (i.e., the collapse time). Comparison between modeled and measured near‐field signatures for an S80 SODERA water gun show a difference of less than 5 percent of the energy in the measurement.

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5

Pumphrey, H. C., A. Lambert, and N. J. Livesey. "Observation of the exhaust plume from the space shuttle main engines using the microwave limb sounder." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-89-2011.

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Abstract. A space shuttle launch deposits 700 tonnes of water in the atmosphere. Some of this water is released into the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere where it may be directly detected by a limb sounding satellite instrument. We report measurements of water vapour plumes from shuttle launches made by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite. Approximately 50%–65% of shuttle launches are detected by MLS. The signal appears at a similar level across the upper 10 km of the MLS limb scan, suggesting that the bulk of the observed water is above the top of the scan. Only a small fraction at best of smaller launches (Ariane 5, Proton) are detected. We conclude that the sensitivity of MLS is only just great enough to detect a shuttle sized launch, but that a suitably designed instrument of the same general type could detect the exhausts from a large proportion of heavy-lift launches.

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6

Pumphrey, H. C., A. Lambert, and N. J. Livesey. "Observation of the exhaust plume from the space shuttle main engine using the Microwave Limb Sounder." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 4 (August 30, 2010): 3971–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-3971-2010.

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Abstract. A space shuttle launch deposits 700 t of water in the atmosphere. Some of this water is released into the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere where it may be directly detected by a limb sounding satellite instrument. We report measurements of water vapour plumes from shuttle launches made by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite. Approximately 50% of shuttle launches are detected by MLS. The signal appears at a similar level across the upper 10 km of the MLS limb scan, suggesting that the bulk of the observed water is above the top of the scan. Only a small fraction at best of smaller launches (Ariane, Proton) are detected. We conclude that the sensitivity of MLS is only just great enough to detect a shuttle sized launch, but that a suitably designed instrument of the same general type could detect the exhausts from a large proportion of heavy-lift launches.

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7

Pike, C. P., D. J. Knecht, R. A. Viereck, E. Murad, I. L. Kofsky, M. A. Maris, N. H. Tran, et al. "Release Of liquid water from the space shuttle." Geophysical Research Letters 17, no. 2 (February 1990): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl017i002p00139.

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8

Alderman, N. P., J. M. Sommers, C. J. Viasus, C. H. T. Wang, V. Peneau, S. Gambarotta, B. Vidjayacoumar, and K. A. Al-Bahily. "Photochemical water splitting mediated by a C1 shuttle." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 1 (2017): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt03658a.

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9

Meng, Hai Bo, Yong Liu, and Yong Li. "Experiment on Water Hammer Protection Performances of the Shuttle Check Valve in Multi-Pump Parallel Connection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 192 (July 2012): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.192.37.

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A suddenly pump stop in multi-pump parallel connection system could induce water hammer which may cause serious accidents. To prevent water hammer harm, comparing experiments was carried out to study the water hammer phenomenon in the lift closing check-valve adopted system and the shuttle check valve adopted system. The result indicates that, the shuttle check valve greatly cuts the peak-value produced by stop-pump water hammer impulsion, and reduces the probability of bringing a devastating water hammer accident.

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10

Evans, Michael R., Andrew K. Koeser, Guihong Bi, Susmitha Nambuthiri, Robert Geneve, Sarah Taylor Lovell, and J. Ryan Stewart. "Impact of Biocontainers With and Without Shuttle Trays on Water Use in the Production of a Containerized Ornamental Greenhouse Crop." HortTechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.1.35.

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Nine commercially available biocontainers and a plastic control were evaluated at Fayetteville, AR, and Crystal Springs, MS, to determine the irrigation interval and total water required to grow a crop of ‘Cooler Grape’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus) with or without the use of plastic shuttle trays. Additionally, the rate at which water passed through the container wall of each container was assessed with or without the use of a shuttle tray. Slotted rice hull, coconut fiber, peat, wood fiber, dairy manure, and straw containers were constructed with water-permeable materials or had openings in the container sidewall. Such properties increased the rate of water loss compared with more impermeable bioplastic, solid rice hull, and plastic containers. This higher rate of water loss resulted in most of the biocontainers having a shorter irrigation interval and a higher water requirement than traditional plastic containers. Placing permeable biocontainers in plastic shuttle trays reduced water loss through the container walls. However, irrigation demand for these containers was still generally higher than that of the plastic control containers.

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11

Hunton, D. E., and W. Swider. "Variations of water vapor concentration in the Shuttle environment." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 25, no. 2 (March 1988): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25962.

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12

Guerrero-Sanchez, Carlos, Daan Wouters, Stephanie Hoeppener, Richard Hoogenboom, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Micellar dye shuttle between water and an ionic liquid." Soft Matter 7, no. 8 (2011): 3827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0sm01352h.

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13

Dean, D. A., E. R. Huppi, D. R. Smith, R. M. Nadile, and D. K. Zhou. "Space shuttle observations of collisionally excited outgassed water vapor." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl00200.

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14

Bai, Zhifeng, and Timothy P. Lodge. "Pluronic Micelle Shuttle between Water and an Ionic Liquid." Langmuir 26, no. 11 (June 2010): 8887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9046462.

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15

Lulla, Kamlesh, and Michael Helfert. "Camcorders1in Space Shuttle Earth Observations." Geocarto International 5, no. 1 (March 1990): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049009354247.

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16

Irshad, Ahamed, and Nookala Munichandraiah. "Ir-phosphate cocatalyst for photoelectrochemical water oxidation using α-Fe2O3." RSC Advances 7, no. 35 (2017): 21430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra00102a.

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17

Dowell, George W., and Tom Coudon. "MSRC SHUTTLE BARGE SYSTEM FOR SHALLOW-WATER OIL SPILL CLEANUP." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-844.

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ABSTRACT When the U.S. Coast Guard stipulated that 20 percent of oil spill response requirement had to be capable of use in shallow water, MSRC began the design of a new system. To meet the recovery capacity requirements, early decisions mandated that the system be operable in two feet of water with a swift current, capable of beaching without damage, road transportable without permits, and comply with all Coast Guard rules for documentation and inspection. The resulting shuttle barge systems are stored, on trailers, at 15 coastal U.S. sites, and in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

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18

Pickett, J. S., N. D'Angelo, and W. S. Kurth. "Plasma density fluctuations observed during Space Shuttle Orbiter water releases." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, A9 (1989): 12081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia09p12081.

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19

Yang, Yuning, Lei Chen, Yu Jiang, Zheng Xu, Shaobo Gao, Mingxiao Li, Rui Li, and Beidou Xi. "Promoting mechanism of electronic shuttle for bioavailability of Fe(III) oxide and its environmental significance." Water Supply 20, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.073.

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Abstract The biological reduction process of Fe(III) not only strongly affects the circulation of C, N, O, P and other elements in the environment, but also plays an important role in the transformation and degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants. Most Fe(III) oxides existing in nature have low bioavailability due to their poor solubility or strongly crystalline form with stable chemical properties. Addition of a substance having redox activity can form an electron shuttle cycle between Fe(III) oxide and the microorganism, which can not only enhance the bioavailability of Fe(III) and accelerate electron transfer, but also improve the removal efficiency of contaminants. This paper compares and analyzes several common redox active substances, for their promoting effect and limiting factors of Fe(III) bioavailability. Moreover, the mechanism by which the electron shuttle promotes the bioavailability of Fe(III) oxide is discussed. This review demonstrates that the electron shuttle promotes the Fe(III) bioreaction process for the degradation and removal of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes and other pollutants, which is of great environmental significance.

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20

Wash, Carlyle H. "Meteorological applications of space shuttle photography." Geocarto International 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354197.

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21

Wood, Charles A. "Geologic applications of space shuttle photography." Geocarto International 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354198.

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22

Mujika, Iñigo, Greg McFadden, Mark Hubbard, Kylie Royal, and Allan Hahn. "The Water-Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test: A Match-Fitness Test for Water-Polo Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 1, no. 1 (March 2006): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.1.27.

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Purpose:To develop and validate an intermittent match-fitness test for water-polo players.Methods:Eight male junior players performed the Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST) twice to assess test reliability. To assess test sensitivity and validity, 104 male and female players from different competition standards and playing positions were tested. Eighteen players performed the WIST 5 times throughout a season to track fitness changes. Twelve players performed the WIST 48 hours before 4 consecutive National League games, and coaches awarded individual match-fitness scores based on game performances to assess the relationship between match fitness and test results. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (Lablood) were measured during and after each test, respectively.Results:Test–retest performance values were 216 ± 90 vs 229 ± 96 m (r = .98, P = .0001, coefficient of variation [CV] = 5.4%), peak HR 190 ± 8 vs 192 ± 10 bpm (r = .96, P = .0002, CV = 1.2%), and Lablood 7.0 ± 1.8 vs 6.4 ± 1.6 mmol/L (r = .84, P = .0092, CV = 8.8%). Significant differences were observed among different standards of play (range junior regional females 102 ± 10 m, senior international males 401 ± 30 m) and playing positions (field players 305 ± 154 m, center forwards 255 ± 118, goal keepers 203 ± 135 m). Test performance was lower in the early season (344 ± 118 m) than the remainder of the season (range 459 ± 138 to 550 ± 176 m). WIST performance and match-fitness scores correlated for all field players (r = .57, P = .054) but more highly for field players other than center forwards (r = .83, P = .0027).Conclusions:The WIST is a reliable, sensitive, and valid match-fitness test for water-polo players. It could become a useful tool to assess the effects of different interventions on match fitness.

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23

Hritz, Carrie, and T. J. Wilkinson. "Using Shuttle Radar Topography to map ancient water channels in Mesopotamia." Antiquity 80, no. 308 (June 1, 2006): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00093728.

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The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is currently producing a digital elevation model of most of the world's surface. Here the authors assess its value in mapping and sequencing the network of water channels that provided the arterial system for Mesopotamia before the petrol engine.

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24

Patel, M. S., M. S. Liew, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Ng Cheng Yee, and Andrew Whyte. "Development of Downtime Cost Calculator for Offloading Operations Influenced by Parametric Rolling." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010007.

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The stability of FPSO or offloading shuttle tanker may be affected in wave conditions which excite parametric rolling. The offloading operations are thereby ceased and eventually leads to loss in production which affects the revenue of global production, better known as downtime cost. This paper discusses downtime cost analysis of offloading operations due to parametric rolling of shuttle tanker under regular waves in Malaysian waters for three different locations. The downtime due to parametric rolling is investigated for two different water depths for which the probability of occurrence was calculated from the location specific wave scatter diagram. The results of parametric rolling of shuttle tanker along with downtime cost charts are presented. Additionally, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed and its work procedure is demonstrated in this paper. The down-time cost calculator will help the oil operator companies to analyze the economic risks involved for field developments and anticipate the loss in revenue for downtime occurrences. The developed GUI was copyrighted under literary work as intellectual property.

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25

Corbett, Jo, Martin J. Barwood, Heather C. Lunt, Andrew Milner, and Michael J. Tipton. "Water immersion as a recovery aid from intermittent shuttle running exercise." European Journal of Sport Science 12, no. 6 (November 2012): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.570380.

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26

Rutigliano, L., D. Fino, G. Saracco, V. Specchia, P. Spinelli, and L. Grizzaffi. "Electrochemical oxidation process for water condensates recycling in a shuttle orbiter." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 39, no. 11 (February 24, 2009): 2239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9831-4.

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27

Helfert, Michael R., and Charles A. Wood. "The NASA space shuttle earth observations office." Geocarto International 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354194.

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28

Helfert, Michael R., and Kamlesh P. Lulla. "Monitoring tropical environments with space shuttle photography." Geocarto International 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354199.

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29

Lulla, Kamlesh, and Michael Helfert. "Catalogs of space shuttle earth observations photography." Geocarto International 5, no. 3 (September 1990): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049009354270.

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30

Keene, Sam, Rohini Bala Chandran, and Shane Ardo. "Calculations of theoretical efficiencies for electrochemically-mediated tandem solar water splitting as a function of bandgap energies and redox shuttle potential." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 1 (2019): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01828f.

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Tandem Z-scheme solar water splitting devices composed of two light-absorbers that are connected electrochemically by a soluble redox shuttle constitute a promising technology for cost-effective solar hydrogen production.

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31

Dalton, P., M. Gould, B. Girten, L. S. Stodieck, and T. A. Bateman. "Preventing annoyance from odors in spaceflight: a method for evaluating the sensory impact of rodent housing." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 5 (November 2003): 2113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00399.2003.

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For the scientific community, the ability to fly mice under weightless conditions in space offers several advantages over the use of rats. These advantages include the option of testing a range of transgenic animals, the ability to increase the number of animals that can be flown, and reduced demands on shuttle resources (food, water, animal mass) and crew time (for water refill). Mice have been flown in animal enclosure module (AEM) hardware only once [Space Shuttle Transport System (STS)-90] and were dissected early in the mission, whereas rats have been flown in the AEM on >20 missions. This has been due, in part, to concerns that strong and annoying odors from mouse urine (vs. rat urine) will interfere with crew performance in the shuttle middeck. To screen and approve mice for flight, a method was developed to evaluate the odor containment performance of AEMs housing female C57BL/6J mice compared with AEMs housing Sprague-Dawley rats across a 21-day test period. Based on the results of this test, consensus was reached that mice could fly in the AEM hardware for up to 17 days (including prelaunch and contingency) and that the AEM hardware would likely contain odors beyond this duration. Human sensory and electronic nose analysis of the AEMs postflight demonstrated their success in containing odors from mice for the mission duration of STS-108 (13 days). Although this paper focuses specifically on odor evaluations for the space shuttle, the concern is applicable to any confined, closed-system environment for human habitation.

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32

Zhang, Jian Ping, Jian Gong Zhu, and Xiang Wei Zeng. "Discussion of the Passive Shuttle-Type Control Technology Decreasing the Accident of the Nuclear Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1158.

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Zeng Xiangwei researched the shuttle-type passive control system of pressure pipeline. He provided new technologies for specific media (such as Chemical industry, natural gas), specific environment (such as desert, forest) and operating system (such as water hammer, pulse). The significant technical difficult problem of the petroleum chemical industry, offshore platforms, nuclear power, defense, and other projects were solved. And these control components can work safely and reliably in 20 years. And this control system achieved complete-control or partial-control without outside power source. The shuttle-type passive control system of pressure pipeline expected to extend to the pressure pipeline system

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33

Son, Eun Jin, Jae Hong Kim, Jong Wan Ko, and Chan Beum Park. "Catecholamine-functionalized graphene as a biomimetic redox shuttle for solar water oxidation." Faraday Discussions 198 (2017): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00190d.

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In natural photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy through a cascaded, photoinduced charge transfer chain that consists of primary and secondary acceptor quinones (i.e., Q_A and Q_B). This leads to an exceptionally high near-unity quantum yield. Inspired by the unique multistep architecture of charge transfer in nature, we have synthesized a catecholamine-functionalized, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) film as a redox mediator that can mimic quinone acceptors in photosystem II. We used polynorepinephrine (PNE) as a redox-shuttling chemical. We also used it to coat graphene oxide (GO) and to reduce GO to RGO. The quinone ligands in PNE, which are characterized by a charge transfer involving two electrons and two protons, acted as electron acceptors that facilitated charge transfer in photocatalytic water oxidation. Furthermore, PNE-coated RGO film promoted fast charge separation in [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ and increased the activity of cobalt phosphate on photocatalytic water oxidation more than two-fold. The results suggest that our bio-inspired strategy for the construction of a forward charge transfer pathway can provide more opportunities to realize efficient artificial photosynthesis.

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Bai, Zhifeng, Yiyong He, Nicholas P. Young, and Timothy P. Lodge. "A Thermoreversible Micellization−Transfer−Demicellization Shuttle between Water and an Ionic Liquid." Macromolecules 41, no. 18 (September 23, 2008): 6615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma8011152.

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35

Lulla, Kamlesh, and Michael Helfert. "Cartographic products in space shuttle earth observations operations." Geocarto International 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049009354283.

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36

Lulla, Kamlesh. "Improvements in space shuttle photography database public access." Geocarto International 6, no. 3 (September 1991): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049109354331.

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37

Lulla, Kamlesh. "Space shuttle earth observations photography data listing process." Geocarto International 7, no. 2 (June 1992): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049209354368.

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38

Caledonia, G. E., K. W. Holtzclaw, R. H. Krech, D. M. Sonnenfroh, A. Leone, and W. A. M. Blumberg. "Mechanistic investigations of shuttle glow." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 98, A3 (March 1, 1993): 3725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92ja02192.

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39

Tannuri, Eduardo A., Leonardo K. Kubota, and Celso P. Pesce. "Adaptive Control Strategy for the Dynamic Positioning of a Shuttle Tanker During Offloading Operations." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 128, no. 3 (January 4, 2006): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2199559.

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In deep water oil production, Dynamic positioning systems (DPS) strategy has shown to be an effective alternative to tugboats, in order to control the position of the shuttle tanker during offloading operations from a FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system). DPS reduces time, cost, and risks. Commercial DPS systems are usually based on control algorithms which associate Kalman filtering techniques with proportional-derivative (PD) or optimal linear quadratic (LQ) controllers. Since those algorithms are, in general, based on constant gain controllers, performance degradation may be encountered in some situations, as those related to mass variation during the loading operation of the shuttle tanker. The positioning performance of the shuttle changes significantly, as the displacement of the vessel increases by a factor of three. The control parameters are adjusted for one specific draught, making the controller performance to vary. In order to avoid such variability, a human-based periodic adjustment procedure might be cogitated. Instead and much safer, the present work addresses the problem of designing an invariant-performance control algorithm through the use of a robust model-reference adaptive scheme, cascaded with a Kalman filter. Such a strategy has the advantage of preserving the simple structure of the usual PD and LQ controllers, the adaptive algorithm itself being responsible for the on-line correction of the controller gains, thus insuring a steady performance during the whole operation. As the standard formulation of adaptive controllers does not guarantee robustness regarding modeling errors, an extra term was included in the controller to cope with strong environmental disturbances that could affect the overall performance. The controller was developed and tested in a complete mathematical simulator, considering a shuttle tanker operating in Brazilian waters subjected to waves, wind and current. The proposed strategy is shown to be rather practical and effective, compared with the performance of constant gain controllers.

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Long, Xiu Jun, Gang Jiang, Xiang Wei Zeng, and Ke Feng Xiang. "Study on Temperature Field Characteristic and Temperature Detection of Shuttle-Type High-Temperature, High-Pressure, Anti-Erosion Special Valve." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 1277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.1277.

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Check valve is an important fluid control component of pressure pipeline system, shuttle-type high-temperature, high-pressure, anti-erosion special valve is a new type of check valve. The simulation with CFD software Fluent and analysis for its internal temperature field was done, and then make a comparison between Shuttle-type high-temperature, high-pressure, anti-erosion special valve and swing check valve, and it can be concluded that the former doesn't exist local thermal stress concentration. Ultrasonic speed in high-pressure water and steam rely on its temperature, according to this relation, it can be calculate the temperature of fluid in the valve by measuring the transit time of ultrasonic.

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Ralphe, J. Carter, Kurt Bedell, Jeffrey L. Segar, and Thomas D. Scholz. "Correlation between myocardial malate/aspartate shuttle activity and EAAT1 protein expression in hyper- and hypothyroidism." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 5 (May 2005): H2521—H2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00991.2004.

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In the heart, elevated thyroid hormone leads to upregulation of metabolic pathways associated with energy production and development of hypertrophy. The malate/aspartate shuttle, which transfers cytosolic-reducing equivalents into the cardiac mitochondria, is increased 33% in hyperthyroid rats. Within the shuttle, the aspartate-glutamate carrier is rate limiting. The excitatory amino acid transporter type 1 (EAAT1) functions as a glutamate carrier in the malate/aspartate shuttle. In this study, we hypothesize that EAAT1 is regulated by thyroid hormone. Adult rats were injected with triiodothyronine (T3) or saline over a period of 8–9 days or provided with propylthiouracil (PTU) in their drinking water for 2 mo. Steady-state mRNA levels of EAAT1 and aralar1 and citrin (both cardiac mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporters) were determined by Northern blot analysis and normalized to 18S rRNA. A spectrophotometric assay of maximal malate/aspartate shuttle activity was performed on isolated cardiac mitochondria from PTU-treated and control animals. Protein lysates from mitochondria were separated by SDS-PAGE and probed with a human anti-EAAT1 IgG. Compared with control, EAAT1 mRNA levels (arbitrary units) were increased nearly threefold in T3-treated (3.1 ± 0.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2; P < 0.05) and decreased in PTU-treated (2.0 ± 0. 3 vs. 5.2 ± 1; P < 0.05) rats. Aralar1 mRNA levels were unchanged in T3-treated and somewhat decreased in PTU-treated (7.1 ± 1.0 vs. 9.3 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) rats. Citrin mRNA levels were decreased in T3-treated and unchanged in PTU-treated rats. EAAT1 protein levels (arbitrary units) in T3-treated cardiac mitochondria were increased compared with controls (8.9 ± 0.4 vs. 5.9 ± 0.6; P < 0.005) and unchanged in PTU-treated mitochondria. No difference in malate/aspartate shuttle capacity was found between PTU-treated and control cardiac mitochondria. Hyperthyroidism in rats is related to an increase in cardiac expression of EAAT1 mRNA and protein. The 49% increase in EAAT1 mitochondrial protein level shows that malate/aspartate shuttle activity increased in hyperthyroid rat cardiac mitochondria. Although hypothyroidism resulted in a decrease in EAAT1 mRNA, neither the EAAT1 protein level nor shuttle activity was affected. EAAT1 regulation by thyroid hormone may facilitate increased metabolic demands of the cardiomyocyte during hyperthyroidism and impact cardiac function in hyperthyroidism.

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Wang, Haixia, Hengquan Yang, Huanrong Liu, Yuhong Yu, and Hongchuan Xin. "A Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposite Shuttle: pH-Triggered Phase Transfer between Oil and Water." Langmuir 29, no. 22 (April 25, 2013): 6687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la4003093.

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Wang, Li, and Hui Wang. "Synthesis of shuttle‐shaped porous CuO in water microdroplets for increased hydrazine oxidation." Micro & Nano Letters 13, no. 2 (February 2018): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2017.0493.

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Albyn, Keith, David Edwards, and John Alred. "Changes in the Optical Properties of Simulated Shuttle Waste Water Deposits: Urine Darkening." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 42, no. 1 (January 2005): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.2430.

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Tan, Frankie H. Y., Ted Polglaze, and Brian Dawson. "Comparison of Progressive Maximal Swimming Tests in Elite Female Water Polo Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 2 (June 2009): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.2.206.

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Purpose:To compare the Multistage Shuttle Swim Test (MSST), Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST) and 5 × 200 m Incremental Swimming Test (IST) responses in elite female water polo players.Methods:Fourteen Australian Women’s National Water Polo Squad members performed the MSST and WIST, and 13 players from a National Water Polo League club performed the IST, MSST and WIST on separate occasions (no goalkeepers were involved). Peak heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained for all tests. Expired air was collected following all tests for the National League players.Results:The National Squad players scored significantly better (ie, distance covered) in the MSST and WIST than the National League players (effect sizes = 1.60 to 1.79, P < .001). The MSST and WIST scores were significantly correlated (r = .80 to 0.88, P < .001). The MSST scores were significantly correlated with peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak; mL·kg−1·min−1) obtained for all tests (r = .58 to 0.59, P < .05). In contrast, there were no significant correlations between the WIST scores and VO2peak obtained for any of the tests (r = .43 to 0.52, P > .05). Differences in VO2peak for the IST, MSST and WIST were nonsignificant (P > .05).Conclusions:The MSST and WIST can discriminate players of different competition standards. The MSST can be used to estimate a player’s aerobic fitness and peak heart rate. The WIST appears to better mimic the intermittent activity pattern of the game, but its application to female players, to assess maximal intermittent endurance swimming performance, requires further evaluation.

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Klemas, Victor V., Quanan Zheng, and Xiao-Hai Yan. "Ocean Internal Wave Observations Using Space Shuttle and Satellite Imagery." Geocarto International 16, no. 2 (June 2001): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040108542194.

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Amsbury, David L. "United States manned observations of earth before the space shuttle." Geocarto International 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354193.

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Whitehead, Victor S., and Kinsell L. Coulson. "Earth scenes in polarized light observed from the space shuttle." Geocarto International 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354196.

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Nellis, M. Duane. "Shuttle imaging radar for regional land use analysis in ecuador." Geocarto International 4, no. 2 (June 1989): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106048909354215.

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Patlar, Suleyman, Hasan Yalçin, and Ekrem Boyali. "The effect of glycerol supplements on aerobic and anaerobic performance of athletes and sedentary subjects." Journal of Human Kinetics 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0065-x.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol supplementation on aerobic and anaerobicexercise performance in sedentary subjects and athletes. The glycerol supplement treatments were as follows: 40volunteers were selected and divided into two groups, sedentary and exercise groups. These two groups were furthersubdivided into two groups. The first group, the placebo (S), only consumed water; the second group (GS) consumedglycerol followed by water. Neither of these groups did any exercise for 20 days. The third and fourth groups consistedof the exercise group subjects; they were required to perform a 20-m shuttle run test every day for 20 days. The thirdgroup’s subjects, the placebo (E), only consumed water. The last group (GE) consumed glycerol followed by water. TheAstrand Cycle Ergometer Test (ACET) was performed, and the Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system was used todetermine the aerobic capacity, while the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAPT) was performed to determine the levelof anaerobic power. The 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (20MSRT) was performed after glycerol supplementationthroughout the 20 days, and the exercise periods and distances were recorded.The glycerol supplement was found to have an increasing effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance in GS, Eand GE. A similar effect was found for the covered distances and time in the same groups. However, an adverse effectwas found on body weight.

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