Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water softening; Water quality

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Water softening; Water quality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Water softening; Water quality.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Water softening; Water quality"

1

Tang, Camilla, Martin Rygaard, Per S. Rosshaug, John B. Kristensen, and Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen. "Evaluation and comparison of centralized drinking water softening technologies: Effects on water quality indicators." Water Research 203 (September 2021): 117439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117439.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Zhang, Xin, and Danny Reible. "Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening." Membranes 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040231.

Full text

Abstract:

Water softening is desirable to reduce scaling in water infrastructure and to meet industrial water quality needs and consumer preferences. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can preferentially adsorb divalent ions including calcium and magnesium and thus may be an attractive water softening technology. In this work, a process model incorporating ion exclusion effects was applied to investigate water softening performance including ion selectivity, ion removal efficiency and energy consumption in a constant voltage (CV) mode MCDI. Trade-offs between the simulated Ca2+ selectivity and Ca2+ removal efficiency under varying applied voltage and varying initial concentration ratio of Na+ to Ca2+ were observed. A cut-off CV mode, which was operated to maximize Ca2+ removal efficiency per cycle, was found to lead to a specific energy consumption (SEC) of 0.061 kWh/mole removed Ca2+ for partially softening industrial water and 0.077 kWh/m3 removed Ca2+ for slightly softening tap water at a water recovery of 0.5. This is an order of magnitude less than reported values for other softening techniques. MCDI should be explored more fully as an energy efficient means of water softening.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Bakshi, Baishali, Elise M. Doucette, and Scott J. Kyser. "Centralized softening as a solution to chloride pollution: An empirical analysis based on Minnesota cities." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0246688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246688.

Full text

Abstract:

Chloride is a key component of salt, used in many activities such as alkali production, water treatment, and de-icing. Chloride entering surface and groundwater is a concern due to its toxicity to aquatic life and potential to degrade drinking water sources. Minnesota being a hard-water state, has a high demand for water softening. Recent research has found that home-based water softeners contribute significantly to chloride loading at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of this, many WWTPs would now require water quality based effluent limits (WQBELs) to comply with the state’s chloride water quality standards (WQS), unless they install chloride treatment technologies, which are limited and cost-prohibitive to most communities. A potential solution to this problem, is shifting from home-based water softening to a system where water is softened at drinking water plants, before reaching homes, i.e. centralized softening, analyzed in this paper based on its ability to address both chloride pollution and water softening needs, at reasonable cost. We estimate lifetime costs of three alternative solutions: centralized softening, home-based softening, and a Business as Usual (BAU) or baseline alternative, using annualized 20-year loan payments and Net Present Value (NPV), applied to 84 Minnesota cities with matching data on drinking water plants and WWTPs. We find that centralized softening using either Reverse Osmosis (RO) or lime-softening technologies is the more cost-effective solution, compared to the alternative of home-based softening with end-of-pipe chloride treatment, with a cost ratio in the range 1:3–1:4. Between the two centralized softening options, we find RO-softening to be the lower cost option, only slightly more costly (1.1 cost ratio) than the BAU option. Considering additional environmental and public health benefits, and cost savings associated with removal of home-based softeners, our results provide helpful information to multiple stakeholders interested in an effective solution to chloride pollution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Du, Chuan Wei, and Guo Zhong Li. "Effect and Action Mechanism of Superplasticizer on Foamed Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1659.

Full text

Abstract:

The ordinary Portland cement was used to prepare foamed cement by the chemical foaming method. In this paper, the effect of superplasticizer on the water absorption and softening coefficient of foamed cement has been studied. The results show that the superplasticizer could improve foam structure, reduce the water absorption, and enhance the compressive strength and softening coefficient. The water resistance could be improved. When the dosage of superplasticizer was 0.3% (the quality of cement), compared with blank sample, the water absorption reduced 27.9%. When the softening coefficient was 0.68, softening coefficient increased 19.2%. The action mechanism of superplasticizer has been explored.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

MINKINA, Svetlana A., Larisa L. NEGODA, and Tatyana S. KURMAYEVA. "PREPARATION OF WATER FOR THE OPERATION OF BOILER AND HEATING NETWORKS IN THE DISTRICTS OF THE CITY OF SAMARA, CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE SAMARA REGION." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.01.9.

Full text

Abstract:

The problem of water quality is considered for the operation of boiler and heating networks in the example of the districts of the city of Samara, as well as cities and towns of the Samara region. The results of the chemical analysis of natural waters in the areas of the city of Samara, cities and towns of the Samara region are presented. As the main quality indicators in the choice of water preparation methods, the total hardness, carbonate hardness, the dry residue of the initial water, the hydrogen index are considered. Based on water quality indicators, recommendations are given on the choice of water treatment methods in boiler rooms for boilers of various types and depending on their thermal capacity. Att ention is focused on the correct choice of the softening method depending on the water quality indicators.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Topp, H., H. Russell, J. Davidson, D. Jones, V. Levy, M. Gilderdale, G. Davis, et al. "Process water treatment at the Ranger uranium mine, Northern Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 10 (May 1, 2003): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0563.

Full text

Abstract:

The conceptual development and piloting of an innovative water treatment system for process water produced by a uranium mine mill is described. The process incorporates lime/CO2 softening (Stage 1), reverse osmosis (Stage 2) and biopolishing (Stage 3) to produce water of quality suitable for release to the receiving environment. Comprehensive performance data are presented for each stage. The unique features of the proposed process are:•recycling of the lime/CO2 softening sludge to the uranium mill as a neutralant,•the use of power station off-gas for carbonation,•the use of residual ammonia as the pH buffer in carbonation; and•the recovery and recycling of ammonia from the RO reject stream.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Höll, W. H., and K. Hagen. "Partial demineralisation of drinking water using carbon dioxide regenerated ion exchangers." Water Supply 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0007.

Full text

Abstract:

CARIX is an ion exchange process which usually applies a mixed bed consisting of a weakly acidic and a strongly basic exchanger material. Carbon dioxide is applied as the only chemical for regeneration of the exchangers. As a consequence, the effluent contains only the amount of salt eliminated during the service cycle. CARIX allows a combined partial softening/dealkalisation/sulfate/nitrate of drinking water. A modification of the process uses exclusively a weakly acidic cation exchanger and allows a softening/dealkalisation. The process has been realised for drinking water treatment in five full-scale plants in Germany. Results of operation demonstrate that an excellent water quality is provided at fairly low cost.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Sun, Shi Yuan, Qing Fu Zhao, and Yuan Xue. "Development of Durable Softening and Water-Repellent PP/HDPE Heat-Bondable Composite Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.265.

Full text

Abstract:

Spinning and finishing techniques of a durable softening and water-repellent PP/HDPE heat-bondable fiber were introduced. The fiber has a core-sheath structure. PP is the core and HDPE is the sheath. The core-sheath fiber structure and spinning materials properties make the fiber have a good heat-bonding performance. During the finishing process the fiber got a durable softening and water-repellent quality by the durable waterproofing agent—a mixture of PMHS and PDMS. Experiments show that the fibers begin to melt and bond each other at 127.5°C and could keep a good water-repellent performance after being washed five circles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Chen, J. J., H. H. Yeh, I. C. Tseng, T. F. Lin, and W. L. Lai. "Upgrading conventional treatment processes for water quality improvement - a pilot study." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0165.

Full text

Abstract:

Cheng Ching Lake Water Works (CCLWW), located in southern Taiwan, draws its raw water from a eutrophic lake, which is treated by conventional processes, including pre-chlorination, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. As the taste- and odor-causing compounds from algae cannot be completely removed by conventional treatment processes, and the hardness is high, there are complaints about water quality. In searching for suitable processes to upgrade the existing facilities, a two-year pilot plant test was conducted. In total 13 processes were tested, which could be divided into three groups. The main feature of the first group was the modification of the existing conventional treatment processes, which included eliminating pre-chlorination and incorporating GAC. The second group incorporated pre- and post-ozonation, GAC bed, with or without pellet softening, into the conventional processes. The third group featured membrane processes, mainly nanofiltration (NF) and its various pretreatment processes, such as microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF). The results show that although the first group has higher removal rates of dissolved organic and disinfection by-product precursors, as measured by NPDOC and THMFP, respectively, than those from the existing full-scale plants, the improvement in taste and odour was not adequate. For the second group, the dissolved organic parameters and biostability of the finished water were further improved, and half of the total hardness could be removed by pellet softening. However, earthy and fishy odours still could be detected occasionally by flavour profile analysis. Generally speaking, the third group with processes involving NF could produce the highest quality finished water: no matter organic, inorganic, organoleptic parameters, or biostability were concerned.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Kalscheur, Kathryn N., Caroline E. Gerwe, Jihyang Kweon, Gerald E. Speitel, and Desmond F. Lawler. "Enhanced Softening: Effects of Source Water Quality on Nom Removal and Dbp Formation." Journal - American Water Works Association 98, no. 11 (November 2006): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07808.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water softening; Water quality"

1

Muyibi, Suleyman Aremu. "Factors affecting coagulation of turbid water and softening hardwater with Moringa oleifera seed extracts." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308368.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Michalíčková, Iveta. "Teplonosné látky otopných soustav." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265729.

Full text

Abstract:

Theme of diploma thesis is the heat transfer medium in heating systems. The thesis is departed to three parts. In the first part, there is a theoretical solution of heat transfer mediums. In the second part, there is a calculation solution of the project. Project solves heating of the apartment building. There are two variants of heating source and water treatment. Those variants are compared. The last part is experimental part. Theme of the experiment is quality of heating water in heating systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Aguinaldo, Jorge T. "Precipitative Softening and Ultrafiltration Treatment of Beverage Water." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3895.

Full text

Abstract:

Lime softening, chlorination, clarification and filtration have been long recognized treatment processes for beverage water specifically the carbonated soft drink (CSD) because it provides consistent water quality required for bottling plants, however these processes are becoming uneconomical and causes more problems than the benefits they offer. These processes require very large foot print, occupy large plant volume, and generate large volume of sludge which causes disposal problems. Chlorination produces trihalomethanes (THMs) and other by-products which are detrimental to health and imparts tastes to the final products. Using the newly developed submerged spiral wound ultrafiltration membranes in conjunction with lime softening may replace the conventional lime softening, clarification and filtration processes. This research was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating immersed ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with lime softening. The objectives of this research was to achieve the water quality required by the CSD bottlers; determine the relationships of operating parameters such as pH and membrane flux with trans-membrane pressure (TMP), and membrane permeability; determine the optimum dosage of lime; evaluate the operating parameters as basis for the design and construction of the full scale plant; and predict the membrane cleaning intervals. A pilot unit consisting of lime reactor and UF system was designed and built for this research. The pilot unit was operated at various pH ranging from 7.3 to 11.2 and at membrane flux rates of 15, 30 and 45 gfd. The pilot unit was also operated at the CSD bottler’s operating conditions which is pH 9.8 at flux of 30 gfd. The pilot unit operated for a total of 1800 hours. The raw water source was from city water supply. The filtrate from the pilot unit achieved alkalinity reduction to 20 to 30 mg/L preferred by CSD bottlers, with lime dosage close to the calculated value. The filtrate turbidity during the test was consistently within 0.4 to 0.5 NTU. The TMP values obtained during the test ranges from 0.1 to 2.5 psi, while the permeability values ranges from 18.19 to 29.6 gfd/psi. The increase in flux results to corresponding increase in TMP, and increase in operating pH, increases the rate of TMP. Permeability decreases with increasing operating pH. The TOC reduction ranges from 2.6 % to 15.8% with increasing operating pH. No scaling of the UF membranes was observed during the test. Thirty days UF membrane cleaning interval was predicted. The results from this research can use as the basis of designing and operating a full scale Lime Softening UF Treatment Plant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Sun, Gwo-Shing 1959. "Water quality of gray water for reuse." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191907.

Full text

Abstract:

This study was designed to evaluate the safety of gray water for reuse purposes. The physical and chemical quality of treated gray water met water reuse standards set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation purposes. The number of microorganisms in gray water significantly decreased after biological treatment and sand filtration. However, the number of fecal coliform bacteria in treated gray water was still higher than the standard for reuse as set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation. This is also true for rain water which was stored in a tank. No indigenous Salmonella were isolated from gray water. It was found that both Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, seeded into gray water, can persist for at least several days. This implied that there may be some risk associated with gray water reuse when the gray water contains these pathogenic bacteria.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Maier, Stefan Heinrich. "Modelling water quality for water distribution systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5431.

Full text

Abstract:

Maintaining water quality in distribution systems has become a prominent issue in the study of water networks. This thesis concentrates on disinfectant and particle counts as two important indicators of water quality. The models discussed in this work are based on data collected by the author. The experimental set-up and procedure are described and observations of particle counts, particle counter size distributions, monochloramine as disinfectant, temperature, heterotrophic plate counts and epifluorescence microscopy counts are reported. A model of the response of particle counts to an increase in flow is developed. This model is obtained from specification derived from the data and assumptions, and is validated by its interpretability and its fit to data. A local shear-off density and an initial biofilm shedding profile were introduced and thus a linear model for this part of the water quality dynamics could be obtained. A procedure for the identification of the parameters of the local shear-off function and for the determination of the biofilm shedding profile is presented. This profile can be used to provide information about the status of the distribution system in terms of shear-off from the biofilm on the pipe walls. Monochloramine decay dynamics are investigated. The chlorine meter data is preprocessed with the help of titration data to correct meter drift. The data is then used in calibrating two different possible chlorine models: a model with a single decay coefficient and a model with bulk decay coefficient and wall demand (as used in Epanet). Important difficulties in identifying these parameters that come about because of the structure of the models are highlighted. Identified decay coefficients are compared and tested for flow, inlet chlorine and temperature dependence. The merits and limits of the approach to modelling taken in this work and a possible generalisation are discussed. The water industry perspective and an outlook are provided.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kingdon, Lorraine B. "Water Quality Watchdogs." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295555.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

House, Margaret A. "Water quality indices." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1986. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13379/.

Full text

Abstract:

Given the present constraints on capital expenditure for water quality improvements, it is essential that best management practices be adopted whenever possible. This research provides an evaluation of existing practices in use within the water industry for surface water quality classification and assesses water quality indices as an alternative method for monitoring trends in water quality. To this end, a new family of indices have been developed and evaluated and the management flexibility provided by their application has been examined. It is shown that water-quality indices allow the reduction of vast amounts of data on a range of determinand concentrations, to a single number in an objective and reproducible manner. This provides an accurate assessment of surface water quality which will be beneficial to the operational management of surface water quality. Previously developed water quality indices and classifications are reviewed and evaluated. Two main types of index are identified: biotic indices and chemical indices. The former are based exclusively upon biological determinands/indicators and are used extensively within the United Kingdom in the monitoring of surface water quality. The latter includes a consideration of both physico-chemical and biological determinands, but with an emphasis on the former variables. Their use is still the subject of much controversy and discussion. Four main approaches to the development of chemical indices can be identified in accordance with the aims and objectives of their design. Those developed for general application are known as General Water Quality Indices (WQIs) or Indices of Pollution, with the latter based predominantly upon determinands associated with man-made pollution. Those which reflect water quality in terms of its suitability for a specific use are termed use-related; whilst planning indices are those which attempt to highlight areas of high priority for remedial action on the basis of more wide-ranging determinands. The derivation and structure of previously developed indices have been evaluated and the merits and strengths of each index assessed. In this way, nine essential index characteristics were identified, including the need to develop an index in relation to legal standards or guidelines. In addition it was recognised that one requirement of an index should be to reflect potential water use and toxic water quality in addition to general quality as reflected by routinely monitored determinands. The development of river quality classifications within the United Kingdom is reviewed and the additional management flexibility afforded by the use of an index evaluated by comparing the results produced by the SOD (1976) Index with those of the National Water Council (NWC, 1977) Classification. The latter classification is that presently used to monitor water quality in Britain. The SOD Index was found to be biased towards waters of high quality and provided no indication of potential water use or toxic water quality. Nevertheless, it displayed a number of advantages over the NWC Classification in terms of the operational management of surface water quality. It was therefore decided to develop a new family of water quality indices, each based upon legally established water quality standards and guidelines for both routinely monitored and toxic determinands and each relating water quality to a range of potential water uses, thereby indicating economic gains or losses resulting from changes in quality. Four stages in the development of a water quality index are discussed: determinand selection; the development of determinand transformations and weightings; and the selection of appropriate aggregation functions. Four separate indices have been developed as a result of this research. These may be used either independently or in combination with one another where a complete assessment of water quality is required. The first of these is a General Water Quality Index (WQI) which reflects water quality in terms of a range of potential water uses. This index is based upon nine physico-chemical and biological determinands which are routinely monitored by the water authorities and river purification boards of England, Wales and Scotland. The second, the Potable Water Supply Index (PWSI) is based upon thirteen routinely monitored determinands, but reflects water quality exclusively in terms of its suitability for use in potable water supply (PWS). The two remaining indices, the Aquatic Toxicity (ATI) and Potable Sapidity (PSI) Indices are based upon toxic determinands such as heavy metals, pesticides and hydrocarbons which are potentially harmful to both human and aquatic life. Both indices are use-related, the former reflecting the suitability of water for the protection of fish and wildlife populations; the latter, the suitability of water for use in PWS. Each index is based upon nine and twelve toxic determinands respectively. These indices were developed in as objective and rigorous a manner as possible, utilising an intensive interview and questionnaire programme with members of both the water authorities and river purification boards. Rating curves were selected as the best way in which individual determinand concentrations could be transformed to the same scale. The scales selected for the WQI and PWSI are 10 - 100 and 0 - 100 respectively, whilst those of the ATI and PSI are 0 - 10. Each has been sub-divided in such a way as to indicate not only water quality, but also possible water use. Thus, the indices reflect both current and projected changes in the economic value of a water body which would occur as a result of the implementation of alternative management strategies. The curves were developed using published water quality standards and guidelines relating to specific water uses. Therefore, they contain information on standards which must be adhered to within the United Kingdom and this adds a further dimension to their management flexibility. Determinand weightings indicating the emphasis placed by water quality experts upon individual determinands were assigned to the determinands of the WQI and PWSI. However, weightings were omitted from the ATI and PSI due to the sporadic nature of pollution events associated with these determinands. These vary spatially and temporally, both in concentration and in terms of which determinand is found to be in violation of consent conditions. Therefore, on a national scale, no one determinand could be isolated as being more important than any other. Three aggregation formulae were evaluated for use within the developed indices: the weighted and unweighted versions of an arithmetic, modified arithmetic and multiplicative formulation. Each index was applied to data collected from a series of water quality monitoring bodies covering a range of water quality conditions. In each instance, the modified arithmetic formulation was found to produce index scores which agreed most closely with a predetermined standard, normally the classifications assigned using the NWC classification. In addition, this formulation produced scores which best covered the ascribed index range. However, the multiplicative unweighted formulation was retained for use within the ATI and PSI for the detection of zero index scores, i.e. when concentrations in excess of legal limits were recorded for these toxic determinands. The results from these studies validate the ability of each index to detect fluctuations in surface water quality. Therefore, the utility of the developed indices for the operational management of surface water quality was effectively demonstrated and the flexibility and advantages of an index approach in providing additional information upon which to base management decisions was highlighted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Wang, Zhong. "Adaptive water quality control in drinking water distribution." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=1052325491.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Sangameswaran, Sivaramakrishnan. "Water quality modeling of a storm water channel." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,52.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Wang, Yuxin. "Source Water Quality Assessment and Source Water Characterization for Drinking Water Protection." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/416.

Full text

Abstract:

Source water quality plays a critical role in maintaining the quality and supply of drinking water, yet it can be negatively affected by human activities. In Pennsylvania, coal mining and treatment of conventional oil and gas drilling produced wastewaters have affected source water quality for over 100 years. The recent unconventional natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale formation produces significant volumes of wastewater containing bromide and has the potential to affect source water quality and downstream drinking water quality. Wastewater from coal-fired power plants also contains bromide that may be released into source water. Increasing source water bromide presents a challenge as even small amounts of bromide in source water can lead to carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlorinated finished drinking water. However, bromide is not regulated in source water and is not removed by conventional drinking water treatment processes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the safe bromide concentration in source water to minimize the cancer risk of trihalomethanes - a group of DBPs - in treated drinking water. By evaluating three years of water sampling data from the Monongahela River in Southwestern Pennsylvania, the present analysis reached three conclusions. First, bromide monitoring for source water quality should be taken at drinking water intake points. Water sample types (river water samples vs drinking water intake samples) can lead to different water quality conclusions and thus affect regulatory compliance decision-making. Second, bromide monitoring at drinking water intake points can serve as a predictor for changes in heavily brominated trihalomethanes concentrations in finished water. Increasing bromide in source water can serve as an early warning sign of increasing formation of heavily brominated trihalomethanes and their associated cancer risks in drinking water. Finally, this work developed a statistical simulation model to evaluate the effect of source water bromide on trihalomethane formation and speciation and to analyze the changing cancer risks in water associated with these changing bromide concentrations in the Monongahela River. The statistical simulation method proposed in this work leads to the conclusion that the bromide concentration in source water must be very low to prevent the adverse health effects associated with brominated trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water. This method can be used by water utilities to determine the bromide concentration in their source water that might indicate a need for process changes or by regulatory agencies to evaluate source water bromide issues.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Books on the topic "Water softening; Water quality"

1

Hermanson, Ronald E. Home water softening. [Pullman]: Cooperative Extension Service, Washington State University, 1991.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Lawler, Desmond F. Integrated water treatment: Softening and ultrafiltration. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation, 2003.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Kinnersley, David. Water quality. (S.l.): British Gas, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Ritter, Joseph A. Water quality. 4th ed. Denver, Colo: American Water Works Association, 2010.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Kinnersley, David. Water quality. (s.l.): British Gas, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Severn-Trent Water Authority. Water Quality Advisory Panel. Water quality. Birmingham: The Authority, 1985.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Boyd, Claude E. Water Quality. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Boyd, Claude E. Water Quality. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17446-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Boyd, Claude E. Water Quality. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4485-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Association, American Water Works, ed. Water quality. 4th ed. Denver, Colo: American Water Works Association, 2010.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Water softening; Water quality"

1

Chapra, Steven C. "Water Quality." In Handbook of Environmental Engineering, 333–49. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119304418.ch11.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Harrison, Melanie D. "Water Quality." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 729–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_121.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Engman, E. T., and R. J. Gurney. "Water quality." In Remote Sensing in Hydrology, 175–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0407-1_9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Shafie, David M. "Water Quality." In The Administrative Presidency and the Environment, 84–117. First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429487927-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Spellman, Frank R. "Water Quality." In Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 359–74. 4th edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003038351-15.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Ritchie, William, Katherine Pond, Edward J. Anthony, George Maul, Patricia L. Wiberg, Miles O. Hayes, Andrew D. Short, et al. "Water Quality." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, 1043–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_340.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Davie, Tim, and Nevil Wyndham Quinn. "Water Quality." In Fundamentals of Hydrology, 207–32. Third Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography series | Previous edition: 2008.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203933664-10.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

WILLIAMS, RICHARD, COLIN NEAL, HELEN JARVIE, ANDREW JOHNSON, PAUL WHITEHEAD, MIKE BOWES, and ALAN JENKINS. "Water Quality." In Progress in Modern Hydrology: Past, Present and Future, 240–66. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119074304.ch8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Pond, Katherine. "Water Quality." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48657-4_340-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Romaire, Robert P. "Water Quality." In Crustacean and Mollusk Aquaculture in the United States, 415–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1503-2_10.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Water softening; Water quality"

1

Prakash, Prakhar, Reid Concienne, Trevor Demayo, and Kirsten Towne. "Efficient Water Softening for Avoidance of Scales in Heavy Oil Steam Floods." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206115-ms.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Pigging of Once Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) indicated various types of scales, the most predominant of these being silicates of hardness causing ions. It was noted that scaling propensity can potentially go up with higher Steam Quality (SQ) as the reject stream gets concentrated with ions. However, models suggested that there are benefits of higher SQ in enhancing fuel savings (8%) and electricity savings (2%) when SQ was increased by 20%. The challenges of higher SQ were noted in terms of increased scaling tendency and therefore the need for improved softening. In Field D, the service cycle, the backwash cycle, and the brining cycle were optimized leading to a gain in throughput and reduction in salt consumption. Service cycle improvement gained 30 % to 130 % in throughput between two regenerations, backwash cycle improvement by fluidizing the bed to nearly 35% helped gain 10% in throughput, and reduction of brining cycle from 75 minutes to 48 minutes helped reduce salt consumption by 56% without impacting the throughput. In Field B, a six month pilot revealed that shallow shell resins where ion-exchange is more efficient due to inert core (better intra particle diffusion control) can enhance the throughput by 30% - 80% and simultaneously reduce the number of regenerations by 15 – 30%. Resin fouling is still a major challenge to contend with as oil can foul the resin and throughput can decline by 0.5 – 3 folds. In a plant operation, where there are multiple softener and brine vessels, there is a need to optimize them as a system. Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Models are used in Field C to a) Address equipment configuration optimization with impact on capital capacity expansion project scope b) Understand how net softwater delivery capacity was affected by increases in inlet hardness and c) Assess through a comparison scenario, if the large cost of addressing the valve issue in an upstream nutshell filter was worth the lost production opportunity related to unplanned downtime.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Farooq, Khalid. "Boiler Feed Water Make-Up Upgrade With Integrated Membrane System: A Case Study." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27063.

Full text

Abstract:

A major Midwest US utility power station upgraded its boiler feed water make-up system by replacing the conventional lime softening and sand/gravel bed filtration with an integrated membrane based system. The conventional system was resulting in the use of large quantities of coagulant, lime, acid and caustic to produce demineralized water. The system, besides being expensive to operate, was unable to cope with the sudden changes in the incoming raw water quality from the nearby lake. The integrated membrane (IM) system, consisting of Microfiltration and Reverse Osmosis sub-systems, significantly improved the run time of the deep bed ion-exchange as well as the pre-coat condensate polishing system. As a result of the upgrade, the plant saw reduction of over 90% in the operating cost of the boiler feed water makeup system along with higher reliability and efficiency of the overall power plant. The paper discusses the experience and the lessons learned during the implementation of the IM system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Twomey, Kelly M., and Michael E. Webber. "Evaluating the Energy Intensity of the US Public Water System." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54165.

Full text

Abstract:

Previous analyses have concluded that the United State’s water sector uses over 3% of national electricity consumption for the production, conveyance, and treatment of water and wastewater and as much as 10% when considering the energy required for on-site heating, cooling, pumping, and softening of water for end-use. The energy intensity of water is influenced by factors such as source water quality, its proximity to a water treatment facility and end-use, its intended end-use and sanitation level, as well as its conveyance to and treatment at a wastewater treatment facility. Since these requirements differ by geographic location, climate, season, and local water quality standards, the energy consumption of regional water systems vary significantly. While national studies have aggregated averages for the energy use and energy intensity of various stages of the of the US water system, these estimates do not capture the wide disparity between regional water systems. For instance, 19 percent of California’s total electricity generation is used to withdraw, collect, convey, treat, distribute, and prepare water for end-use, nearly doubling the national average. Much of this electricity is used to move water over high elevations and across long distances from water-rich to water-stressed regions of the state. Potable water received by users in Southern California has typically been pumped as far as 450 miles, and lifted nearly 2000ft over the system’s highest point in the Tehachapi Mountains. Consequently, the energy intensity of San Diego County’s water is approximately 11,000 kWh per million gallons for pumping treatment and distribution, as compared to the US average which is estimated to be in the vicinity of 1,500–2,000 kWh per million gallons. With added pressures on the state’s long-haul transfer systems from population growth and growing interest in energy-intensive desalination, this margin will likely increase. This manuscript consists of a first-order analysis to quantify the energy embedded in the US public water supply, which is the primary water source to residential, commercial, and municipal users. Our analysis finds that energy use associated with the public water supply is 4.7% of the nation’s annual primary energy and 6.1% of national electricity consumption, respectively. Public water and wastewater pumping, treatment, and distribution, as well as commercial and residential water-heating were considered in this preliminary work. End-use energy requirements associated with water for municipal, industrial, and self-supplied sectors (i.e. agriculture, thermoelectric, mining, etc.) were not included in this analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Robinson, Joseph K., Pete Stasis, and Mark Schwartz. "Water Reclamation Practices at the Pinellas County (FL) Resource Recovery Facility." In 9th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec9-109.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The Pinellas County Resource Recovery Facility (PCRRF) combusts 3,150 tons per day of municipal solid waste from Pinellas County, Florida and produces 75 megawatts (MW) of electrical generation capacity. The facility requires about 1.7 million gallons per day (MGD) of makeup water for the cooling tower and up to 200 thousand gallons per day of high-purity water for boiler makeup. The facility currently uses recovered storm water for cooling during summer months (rainy season) and treated municipal wastewater (“reclaimed water”) during the winter months (dry season). The facility currently uses potable water for boiler makeup and is planning to use reclaimed water in the future. Use of reclaimed water for plant water demands is consistent with the philosophy of resource recovery. Reclaimed water, once considered a waste product, is now a valuable resource in water-short areas such as peninsular Florida. Pinellas County’s population of over 1 million people requires water for residential, commercial and industrial purposes. Use of reclaimed water for demands at the PCRRF minimizes the impact on limited freshwater resources and can also build support for the facility among the environmental community. Reclaimed water also has economic benefits. Tampa Bay is experiencing ever-increasing potable water costs. Potable water prices are expected to outpace inflation for the next several years to fund capital improvements associated with the Tampa Bay water program. Reclaimed water is available during the winter season, and the PCRRF has the ability to procure it from two separate sources at competitive rates. During the summer months, the facility depends more on its storm water source. A lime softening pretreatment system processes the storm water prior to its use in the cooling towers. Reclaimed water for boiler makeup will require membrane treatment followed by ion exchange. Microfiltration is being evaluated to remove bacteria-size particles and prevent fouling of the reverse osmosis membranes. Potable water will be used as a backup in the event of availability or quality problems with the reclaimed water supply.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Bowman, R. W., L. C. Gramms, and R. R. Craycraft. "Water Softening of High TDS Produced Water." In International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/37528-ms.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

"Cooling Water Lime Softening Plant Optimisation." In Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares10.eap1120219.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Olivero, S., S. G. J. Heijman, J. P. A. Custers, G. Dascola, and L. C. Rietveld. "Thermosensitive demineralization hydrogel for water softening: preliminary batch and column experiments." In WATER AND SOCIETY 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws110301.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Sobotova, Lydia. "WATER QUALITY IN WATER JET TECHNOLOGY." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bc3/s12.059.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Rochon, J., M. R. Creusot, P. Rivet, C. Roque, and M. Renard. "Water Quality for Water Injection Wells." In SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/31122-ms.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Michaelsen, J., B. Bergu, J. Marrelli, and M. Theobald. "Subsea Water Injection-Water Quality Management." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/17544-ms.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Water softening; Water quality"

1

Tomberlin, Gregg, Jesse Dean, and Michael Deru. Continuous Monitoring and Partial Water Softening for Cooling Tower Water Treatment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1710165.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Garcia-Chang, Santana. Storm Water Individual Permit Water Quality Improvement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089477.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Price, Richard E., Jeffery P. Holland, Jr Gunkel, and Robert C. Water Quality Research Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada278877.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Spinka, H., and P. Jackowski. Purified water quality study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754234.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Haden, David. Water Quality Research Plans. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1283.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Haden, David. Water Quality Research Update. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2659.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Widder, Sarah H., and Michael C. Baechler. Impacts of Water Quality on Residential Water Heating Equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1110481.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Skone, Timothy J. Barnett Shale Natural Gas, Water Use and Water Quality. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1508990.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Skone, Timothy J. Conventional Offshore Natural Gas, Water Use and Water Quality. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Skone, Timothy J. Conventional Onshore Natural Gas, Water Use and Water Quality. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509022.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!