Journal articles: 'Water soluble fibres'

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Boguń, M., T. Mikołajczyk, G. Szparaga, and A. Kurzak. "Water-soluble nanocomposite sodium alginate fibres." Fibers and Polymers 11, no. 3 (June 2010): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-010-0398-9.

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Sun, R., J. M. Fang, L. Mott, and J. Bolton. "Fractional Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Oil Palm Trunk and Empty Fruit Bunch Fibres." Holzforschung 53, no. 3 (May 10, 1999): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.043.

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Summary The polysaccharides in oil palm trunk fibre and empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre were fractionated into cold water solubles, hot water solubles, 1% NaOH solubles, and 17.5% NaOH soluble fractions. Cellulose (approximately 42%) and hemicelluloses (approximately 33%) were the major polysaccharides in the palm trunk fibre and EFB fibre. Extractions of the lignified fibres with cold water, hot water, and 1% NaOH produced the hemicellulosic fractions, which were enriched in xylose and glucose and to a lesser extent, arabinose-, galactose-, mannose-, rhamnose-, and ribose-containing polysaccharides, together with noticeable amounts of associated lignin (4.5–31.2%). Further extraction of the delignified fibre residues with aqueous 17.5% NaOH removed the hemicellulosic fractions, which were strongly enriched in xylose-containing polysaccharides and relatively free of associated lignin (0.3–0.7%). Eight phenolic acids and aldehydes, including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, were detected in the mixtures of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of associated lignin in all the sixteen polysaccharide fractions. The results obtained showed that hemicelluloses in the cell walls of oil palm trunk and EFB fibres, are mainly bonded with lignin by syringyl units.

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Bouaziz, Amine, Manel Masmoudi, Amel Kamoun, and Souhail Besbes. "Optimization of Insoluble and Soluble Fibres Extraction fromAgave americanaL. Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/627103.

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Experimental design methodology was used to determine significant factors affecting the extraction yield of soluble and insoluble fibres fromAgave americanaL. and in second time to find optimum conditions leading to the highest yield. Results clearly indicated that the temperature, the powder to water (P/W) ratio, and the agitation speed were the most important factors influencing fibres extraction yield which increased with temperature, P/W ratio, and agitation speed. Ionic strength affected significantly soluble fibre extraction yield and was the most important factor among nonsignificant ones influencing insoluble fibres extraction yield. Then, a Box-Behnken design was carried out to maximise fibres extraction. Selected optimal conditions were temperature: 90°C; P/W ratio: 0.1625; agitation speed: 400 rpm; and ionic strength: 1.5 g/L. These conditions yielded 93.02% and 80.46% of insoluble and soluble fibres, respectively. Concentrates showed high fibres purity and good functional properties.

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Suresh, Harsha, Vincent Ho, and Jerry Zhou. "Rheological Characteristics of Soluble Fibres during Chemically Simulated Digestion and their Suitability for Gastroparesis Patients." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 2479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082479.

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Dietary fibres are an integral part of a balanced diet. Consumption of a high-fibre diet confers many physiological and metabolic benefits. However, fibre is generally avoided by individuals with gastrointestinal motility disorders like gastroparesis due to increased likelihood of exacerbated symptoms. Low-viscosity soluble fibres have been identified as a possible source of fibre tolerable for these individuals. The aim of this study is to determine the rheological properties of 10 common commercially available soluble fibres in chemically simulated digestive conditions and evaluate their suitability for individuals with mild to moderate gastroparesis, a gastric motility disorder. Rheological testing under neutral condition (distilled water pH 7) and chemically simulated gastric digestion were evaluated to determine the yield point and relative viscosity of each fibre. Our results reveal two rheological categories of soluble fibres; pseudoplastic and dilatant. Simulated digestion was shown to significantly alter the yield-points of psyllium husk, iota-carrageenan, beta-glucan, apple-fibre pectin, and inulin. Gum Arabic and partially hydrolysed guar gum showed the lowest viscosities and were not affected under simulated digestion, characteristics that make them potential candidate fibres for patients with gastroparesis. Altogether, our results demonstrate that digestion can have a significant impact on fibre viscosity and should be taken into consideration when evaluating the suitability of fibres for patients with gastric motility disorders.

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Lata Kanyal Butola, Anjali Vaaga, Neelam Gusain, and Karuna Kachhwa. "Aspects of dietary fibre in health and diseases." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 1581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4341.

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Dietary fibre is the name collectively given to the indigestible carbohydrates present in foods. These carbohydrates consist of cellulose, gum, pectin and mucilage. Enzymes of gastro-intestinal tracts in humans do not digest these fibres. Plants are the only source of dietary fibre. It is found in grains, vegetables and fruits. Dietary fibre helps to keep the digestive system healthy, and it is vital in reducing the risk of diseases such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, diverticulosis, haemorrhoids and intestinal cancer. Undigested fibres enter the large intestine where bacteria ferments them. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and short-chain fatty acids are the by-products of the fermentation. Soluble fibre and resistant starch also serve as prebiotic and supports the necessary probiotic for digestive health. In grapes, peas, beans and barley, much of the soluble fibre is extracted. When dissolved in the water, a gel-like substance is formed. Soluble fibre helps to support the growth of friendly bacteria needed to maintain a healthy intestinal system. They also help in slowing down the time taken by the food to pass through the stomach into the small intestine, which helps to slow down the absorption of glucose and controls the blood sugar levels and helps in managing diabetes mellitus and keeps you feeling fuller for a longer time. The diets with high fibre intakes are known to have beneficial health effects as they have water holding capacity, helps in adsorption of organic molecules and facilitates its excretion, hypoglycemic effects and hypercholesterolemic effect. The inclusion of fibre rich food in weight-reducing diets is found to helpful since it provides a feeling of fullness without consumption of excess calories. The present review discusses the definition, nutritional properties of dietary fibre and therapeutic functions of dietary fibres in health and diseases.

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Cameron-Smith, D., G. R. Collier, and K. O'dea. "Effect of soluble dietary fibre on the viscosity of gastrointestinal contents and the acute glycaemic response in the rat." British Journal of Nutrition 71, no. 4 (April 1994): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940163.

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The postprandial glycaemic response following a meal is reduced with the addition of soluble dietary fibre. The reductions in the glycaemia are thought to be due largely to increased viscosity of the gastrointestinal (GI) contents retarding digestion and absorption. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect that the GI tract has on the viscosity of meals containing different soluble fibres and to determine whether the glycaemic response of a meal (containing the soluble fibre) was predicted by the viscosity of the digesta in the small intestine. High carbohydrate diets containing 70 g soluble fibre (guar gum, xanthan gum or methylcellulose)/kg or 70 g insoluble fibre (wheat bran)/kg were diluted in water to a final fibre concentration of 18 g/kg. Following dilution the wheat bran diet had no measurable viscosity, while the viscosities of the soluble fibre diets were elevated. When the diets were fed to male Sprague–Dawley rats for 2 weeks the viscosities of the stomach and small intestinal digesta were not predicted by the viscosity of the diets measured before ingestion The action of the GI tract on the viscosity of the soluble fibres was investigatedin vitroby dilution of the diets with acidic and neutralizing solutions, mimicking gastric and duodenal secretions. Dilution of diets with either acidic and neutralizing solutions or saline control significantly lowered the viscosity of all diets, while alterations in the pH of the diets had little impact on the resultant viscosity. When fasted rats were orally administered with the differing diets (0.25 g carbohydrate/kg body weight), the postprandial glucose response was reduced following the soluble-fibre-containing meals when compared with the wheat bran-supplemented meal, although the reduction in glycaemia only reached statistical significance with xanthan supplementation. These results indicate that there are large changes in the viscosity of a meal containing soluble fibre following ingestion, and that dilution of the diet by GI secretions is important in determining the resultant viscosity in the small intestine. Furthermore, the large differences in viscosity of the GI contents following consumption of the diets containing the soluble fibres were not predictive of the postprandial glycaemic response.

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Pablos, Jesús L., Miriam Trigo-López, Felipe Serna, Félix C. García, and José M. García. "Water-soluble polymers, solid polymer membranes, and coated fibres as smart sensory materials for the naked eye detection and quantification of TNT in aqueous media." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 19 (2014): 2484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49260e.

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Bousoulas, J., P. A. Tarantili, and A. G. Andreopoulos. "Resole Resin as Sizing Agent for Aramid Fibres." Advanced Composites Letters 10, no. 5 (September 2001): 096369350101000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350101000505.

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A comparative study was made in order to evaluate the interfacial characteristics of treated aramid fibres and epoxy resins. Surface treatment by coating with phenolic resins was performed using the following two systems: a) alkaline aqueous solution of resole resin and b) solution of novolac resin containing hexamethylene-tetramine as cross-linking agent. After these treatments, the modified aramid fibres were used for the preparation of reinforced epoxy specimens. The flexural properties of these specimens were determined and the results were discussed taking into consideration the surface characteristics of the modified fibres, as derived from pull-out tests and contact angle measurements. It was shown that both coatings are adequate to promote interfacial adhesive bonding to epoxy matrices due to the chemical reactivity of phenolic resins to the epoxy matrix as well as to their affinity with the aramid fibre surface. Resole appeared more efficient than novolac as it produces uniform continuous films, shows increased reactivity due to its higher hydroxyl content and can be easily processed because it is soluble in alkaline water solutions.

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Toldrá, F. "Muscle Foods: Water, Structure and Functionality." Food Science and Technology International 9, no. 3 (June 2003): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013203035048.

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Main constituents of skeletal muscle are water, protein, fat, carbohydrate and other soluble compounds. The amount of water is usually found in the range 70-80%. Part of this water is found in free form while the rest is bound to proteins, especially myofibrillar proteins, through charged and polar groups. The amount of immobilised water depends on the available space within the myofibrillar structure and, in fact, the volume of myofibrils is decisive to the water-binding capacity of the muscle. Some variations exist between muscles due to the types of muscle fibres, degree of fibre contraction and pre-rigor pH. The water retention will also depend on the ultimate pH reached after rigor mortis and this will have a strong influence on the activity of muscle enzymes involved in proteolysis and lipolysis during ageing and further processing. Variations may be also expected between animal or fish species and age at slaughter. It is of primary importance to understand metabolic processes in post-mortem muscle as they will directly influence water-binding and thus, the relative amount of drip loss.

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Nierop, K. G. J., and P. Buurman. "Water-soluble organic matter in incipient podzols: accumulation in B horizons or in fibres?" European Journal of Soil Science 50, no. 4 (December 1999): 701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00263.x.

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Li, Xianglong, Yishen Lu, Teng Hou, Jing Zhou, and Bin Yang. "Centrifugally spun ultrafine starch/PEO fibres as release formulation for poorly water‐soluble drugs." Micro & Nano Letters 13, no. 12 (December 2018): 1688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5267.

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Carrillo, Artemio, Ingo Mayer, Gerald Koch, and František Hapla. "Wood Anatomical Characteristics and Chemical Composition Of Prosopis Laevigata Grown in the Northeast of Mexico." IAWA Journal 29, no. 1 (2008): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000167.

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Structural heartwood characteristics for Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Johnst., including a histometrical evaluation, were obtained by light microscopy coupled with a digitised image analysis system. The growth ring boundaries of the semi-ring-porous or diffuseporous wood are often marked by a marginal parenchyma band. Average fibre length is 975 μm, the fibres are thick-walled with a single cell wall thickness of 13 μm on average. Average diameter of the vessels which are arranged in non-specific patterns differs significantly between earlywood (116 μm) and latewood (44 μm). The topochemical distribution of lignin and phenolic deposits in the tissue was investigated by means of scanning UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP). Thereby, in heartwood tissue the deposition of extractives in vessels, pit canals, parenchyma cells, fibre lumina and partly also in the S2 layers of the fibres was detected. Monosaccharides were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by borate complex anion exchange chromatography. Holocellulose content is between 61.5 and 64.7% and Klason lignin content between 29.8 and 31.4%. Subsequent extraction of the soluble compounds was performed with petrolether, acetone/water and methanol/water by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Total extractives content in heartwood ranges between 14 to 16% on a dry weight basis. Major compounds in acetone/water extracts were identified as (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin and taxifolin, and quantitatively determined by liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV).

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Islam, Md Mofakkharul, Md Ibrahim H. Mondal, and Firoz Ahmed. "Study on prawn shell waste into chitosan and its derivatives as value added products for cellulosic fibres." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 21, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-01-2017-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize chitosan, N-octyl chitosan (NOCh) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) derivative from prawn shell wastes and identify their applications as modifiers on cellulosic fibres, jute and cotton, to develop quality textile fibres. Design/methodology/approach Chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin. NOCh was obtained by reductive amination of chitosan. Water-soluble CMCh was prepared by reacting chitosan with monochloroacetic acid in aqueous alkaline media at ambient conditions. Chitosan, NOCh and CMCh were applied on cellulosic fibres, and structure and physico-chemical characteristics of chitosan derivatives and modified fibres were investigated and analysed. Findings The molecular weight, degree of deacetylation and ash content of prepared chitosan were 1,39,958 Da, 85 and 2.33 per cent, respectively. The moisture content, water holding capacity and total nitrogen content were above 10, 450 and 6.5 per cent, respectively. Average degree of substitution of CMCh was 0.82 as determined by titrimetric analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed characteristic peaks of carbonyl group at 1,659 cm−1, –NH2 at 1,600 cm−1, symmetric stretching of C-H in the methyl group at 1,520 cm−1 and carboxylic group at 1,737 cm−1. Thermograms showed moderate thermal stability in treated fibres compared to untreated fibres. Surface morphology of the modified fibres exhibited smoother surface due to the absorption of chitosan, NOCh and CMCh. Originality/value Modification of jute and cotton by sorption of NOCh and CMCh introduced new functional groups on the fibre surface with chemical bonding, which was confirmed by FTIR. Surface morphology of the fibres was carried out by scanning electron microscopy. As the modified fibres also showed good dyeability and colour fastness as well as other properties, the chitosan derivatives as a textile modifier would be helpful to avoid synthetic petroleum-based chemical modifiers as well as to manage the environmental pollution from prawn shell waste and other toxic chemicals.

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Pang, Suh Cem, Lee Ken Voon, and Suk Fun Chin. "Controlled Depolymerization of Cellulose Fibres Isolated from Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (July 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6872893.

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Various types of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (LBW) had been successfully converted into cello-oligomers with different chain lengths via a controlled depolymerization process. Cellulose fibres isolated from LBW samples were dissolved with room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) in the presence of an acid catalyst, Amberlyst 15 DRY. The effects of reaction time on the degree of polymerization and yields of water-insoluble cello-oligomers formed were studied. Besides, the yields of water-soluble cello-oligomers such as glucose and xylose were also determined. The depolymerization of cellulose fibres isolated from LBW was observed to follow both second-order and pseudo-second order kinetics under specific conditions. As such, cello-oligomers of controllable chain lengths could be obtained by adjusting the duration of depolymerization process under optimized conditions.

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Voulgaridis, Elias, Costas Passialis, and Athanassios Grigoriou. "ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF KENAF STEMS (HIBISCUS CANNABINUS)." IAWA Journal 21, no. 4 (2000): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000259.

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From a kenaf plantation (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) established in North Greece, a number of stem sections were taken from three positions (base, middle and top) and cell morphology, anatomical appearance under SEM and basic technical properties were observed and determined. Kenaf plants had a maximum height of 2.53 m, with a mean basal diameter of 1.91 cm. The wood is the most abundant tissue with proportions up to 77% in cross-section area and up to 61.5% in weight. Wood proportions decrease, pith proportions increase and bark proportions remain constant from the base to the top of the stems. The dry density of stems ranged between 0.27–0.31 g /cm3, while that of wood ranged between 0.22–0.43 g /cm3 along the stems. The contents of hot water soluble extractives ranged between 10.6% and 20.4% and those of dichloromethane soluble extractives ranged between 0.7% and 1.2% for bark, wood and pith. Microscopic examination of stems and of macerated material showed that bark consists of thick and long (2,330 μm) fibres whilst pith consists of polygonal parenchymatous cells. Wood is diffuse- porous, fibres average 840 μm long, vessel members average 330 μm long and 45 μm in diameter and orthogonal parenchymatous cells are 90 μm long. Fibre lengths in both bark and wood increase from the base to the top of stem. Vessel diameters decrease from base to top, while vessel member lengths remain constant from base to middle but decrease at the top of the stem.

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Tarkowska, J. A. "Effect of water extract from leaves of Nerium oleander L. on mitosis." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 40, no. 4 (2015): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1971.047.

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The effect of water extract from leaves of <i>Nerium oleander</i> L. on the mitosis in meristematic cells of <i>Allium cepa</i> L. root tips has been studied. Observations were made on the changes during incubation and postincubation. Significant disturbances were observed in the development of the mitotic spindle leading to the formation of polyploid and hypoploid nuclei capable of further division. Substances contained in the water extract, and causing the disturbances, are water soluble glycosides. Introductory observations under an electron microscope indicate that the glycosides desorganize the continuous fibres of the spindle which can be considered as the direct cause of the observed disturbances.

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Fatahian, Reyhaneh, Mehdi Noori, and Ramin Khajavi. "Exrtaction of sericin from degumming process of silk fibres and its application on nonwoven fabrics." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 5, no. 1 (April 2, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v5i1.7416.

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Silk sericin is a family of water-soluble proteins extracted from the silkworm cocoon. Studies have been attempted to recycle the sericin waste sericulture to develop value-added products in biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Thus, increased production of sericin-containing wastewater from sericulture is predicted soon. In this study, some of the separation methods of sericin from silk waste water solution also extracted sericin characteristics have been investigated by FTIR. This study has determined antibacterial action of sericin in E. coli and Micrococcus luteus samples and illustrated sericin capacity as an antibacterial factor by confirming sericin on bacterial growth. Results of this study indicated discretion possibility of sericin from silk wastewater. Extracted sericin value depends on temperature and time. Characteristics of nonwoven textile coated by sericin had represented increasing of tensile and bending length and also showed that sericin with high concentration had preventive capacity of Micrococcus luteus bacterial on nonwoven textile.

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Kafi, Abdullah, Quanxiang Li, Thomas Chaffraix, Jiyi Khoo, Thomas Gengenbach, and Kevin Jean-Claude Magniez. "Surface treatment of carbon fibres for interfacial property enhancement in composites via surface deposition of water soluble POSS nanowhiskers." Polymer 137 (February 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.016.

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Zacherl, Christian, Peter Eisner, and Karl-Heinz Engel. "In vitro model to correlate viscosity and bile acid-binding capacity of digested water-soluble and insoluble dietary fibres." Food Chemistry 126, no. 2 (May 2011): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.113.

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Chikira, Makoto, Shoichi Suda, Toyotaka Nakabayashi, Yoshihito Fujiwara, Takashi Ejiri, Mitsuhide Yoshikawa, Nagao Kobayashi, and Heisaburo Shindo. "Electron spin resonance study of the binding structures of cationic water-soluble metalloporphyrins on highly oriented deoxyribonucleic acid fibres." Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 8 (1995): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dt9950001325.

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Liu, Yong, Chao Li, Yaling Liu, and Zhiyong Tang. "Helical silver(I)-glutathione biocoordination polymer nanofibres." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 2000 (October 13, 2013): 20120307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0307.

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Helical nanofibres of silver(I)-glutathione (Ag-GSH) biocoordination polymer (BCP) are fabricated by introducing dimethyl sulfoxide into the mixture solution of Ag + ions and l -GSH molecules. The prepared BCP nanofibres show hierarchical helical structures, which are constructed via twisting of small fibres. Water-soluble helices could be further cross-linked with Ca 2+ ions to form a well-dispersed aqueous suspension. When gold nanorods are adsorbed onto these helical nanofibres, the unique plasmon-induced circular dichroism characteristic is observed in the region of the local surface plasmon resonance of gold nanorods. This type of chiroptical metamaterials may have promising applications in nonlinear optics, negative refraction and biosensing.

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Park, Jae Hyeung, In Kyo Kim, Jae Young Choi, Mohammad Rezaul Karim, In Woo Cheong, Weontae Oh, and Jeong Hyun Yeum. "Electrospinning Fabrication of Polyvinyl alcohol)/Waterborne Polyurethane/Silver Composite Nanofibre Mats in Aqueous Solution for Anti-bacterial Exploits." Polymers and Polymer Composites 19, no. 9 (November 2011): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111101900905.

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Nanofibre mats of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) and nanometre silver (Ag) colloids have been fabricated by an electrospinning method in aqueous solutions. Since PVA is a water soluble and biocompatible polymer, it is one of the best materials for preparation of electrospun antibacterial nanofibre mats. WBPU was used as a filler to enhance the properties of homopolymer nanofibre. Transmission electron microscopy analyses showed a uniform distribution of silver in the fibres. In anti-bacterial tests, the PVA/WBPU/Ag composite nanofibres showed excellent anti-bacterial performance, indicating practical uses as a new preservative. Moreover, the PVA/WBPU/Ag nanofibres showed improved thermal properties.

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Maldonado, Rafael Resende, Ana Júlia Rocha Mendes Pedreira, Leonardo Buzaneli Cristianini, Maria Fernanda Guidi, Marina Oliveira Capato, Patrícia Félix Ávila, Rosana Goldbeck, and Eliana Setsuko Kamimura. "Application of soluble fibres in the osmotic dehydration of pineapples and reuse of effluent in a beverage fermented by water kefir." LWT 132 (October 2020): 109819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109819.

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Viitala, Janika, Timo Lappalainen, and Marjo Järvinen. "Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) residue analysis of foam-formed cellulose-based products." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0058.

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AbstractSurfactant residues in foam forming are related to the circulation of surfactant in the foaming process, but they may also affect the properties of the foam-formed product. In this work, residues of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), in foam-formed products were studied. Two different methods were applied for the determination of SDS: ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) and solvent extraction spectrophotometry. The dry matter content of the sample before the drying step has a significant effect on the SDS residue. Another factor that has a significant effect on the SDS residues is the amount of precipitated dodecyl sulphate (DS). It was found that SDS does not degrade in the drying phase and will remain in the salt form in the final product. SDS residue decreased when the temperature of the fibre suspension was increased. Theoretical values for SDS residues were estimated from the original surfactant concentration and the amount of water remaining in the product before the drying phase. When all the surfactant was in soluble form, measured SDS residues were close to the theoretical values, which indicates that SDS was not permanently adsorbed onto softwood cellulose fibres.

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Pan, Yuan Feng, and Hui Ning Xiao. "Rendering Rayon Fibres Antimicrobial and Thermal-Responsive via Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Functional Polymers." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1103.

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A thermal-responsive polymer was prepared by partially acetalyzing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The completely reversible polymer aggregation and dissolution occur above and below a low critical solution temperature (LCST) for the aqueous solution of the modified PVA. The partially acetalized PVA (APVA) with higher molecular weight and higher degree of acetalysis exhibited a lower LCST transition and was used as an anionic polymer for polymer complexation. Water-soluble polymer, cationic polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (CPHGH) with antimicrobial property, was also prepared. In conjunction with APVA, CPHGH created the unique antimicrobial polymer multilayers on the surfaces of rayon fibres via layer by layer (LbL) assembly. AFM images revealed that the particles generated by multilayers became larger after the material was treated at 60°C; while the roughness of the surfaces was increased as the layer number increased and then decreased. Moreover, antimicrobial tests also demonstrated that the rayon fiber assembled with (CPHGH/APVA) multilayers exhibited higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli and s. aureus.

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Albuquerque, Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de, Romina Levit, Carolina Beres, Raquel Bedani, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Susana Marta Isay Saad, and Jean Guy LeBlanc. "Tropical fruit by-products water extracts as sources of soluble fibres and phenolic compounds with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and functional properties." Journal of Functional Foods 52 (January 2019): 724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.002.

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Gilmullina, Lilia Firdavisovna, Mira Leonidovna Ponomareva, Sergey Nikolayevich Ponomarev, and Gul'naz Suleymanovna Mannapova. "METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ARABINOXYLANS IN CEREALS (REVIEW)." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2021017713.

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Arabinoxylans (AXs) – non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) is one of the most discussed main components contained in all parts of cereal plants. AXs combine bioactive and technological functions. As dietary fibres, they have physiologically beneficial properties for human health. AXs are water-soluble and insoluble in water. The structure, structure, quantity and properties of AXs depend on which part of the grain or cereal plant is extracted and which method of isolation is used. There are many different methods of preliminary and deep impact aimed at extraction of AXs from plant raw materials. The use of a simple method or complex treatment for quantitative and qualitative determination of AXs depends on objectives and possibilities. The overview provides data on AXs content of different crops, depending on the extraction method. The main classical methods of AXs extraction, their advantages, disadvantages, and possible limitations of use are described. The variants of calculation of the quantitative AXs content used by different authors are separately considered.

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Nikolić, Valentina, Slađana Žilić, Marijana Simić, and Vesna Perić. "Black soya bean and black chia seeds as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds with health benefits." Food and Feed Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ffr47-29424.

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Recent trends in healthy lifestyle and diet made functional foods rich in quality nutrients and bioactive compounds with potential health benefits highly sought after. Some cultivated plants, such as soya and chia can provide a viable source of nutraceuticals with high fibre, protein, and protective antioxidant potential. The whole-grain flours of black soya beans and black chia seeds were used in this study. Potential nutritive and health-benefitting properties of these flours were compared by assessing their chemical composition and antioxidant profile. The content of dietary fibres such as NDF, ADF, ADL and hemicellulose determined in black chia seed sample was higher than in black soya soya beans which had higher fibre content. The total protein content recorded in black soya beans was almost as twice as high (42.26±0.14%) as chia protein content (25.04±0.20%). Black soya beans had the highest content of water soluble proteins (29.00±0.13% d.m.) with NSI (nitrogen solubility index) acounting for as much as 70.96±0.31% of total proteins, while black chia seeds had the highest content of globulins (14.64±0.07% d.m.) and NSI 58.48±0.27% of total proteins. Both black soya bean and black chia contained a high amount of total phenolic compounds (830.66±5.46 and 1201.94±16.29 mg GAE/kg, respectively) and exhibited a considerable total antioxidant capacity, which makes them good contestants for functional food ingredients with potential health benefits.

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Belkhir, Zohra, Mouloud Merzoud, and Amar Benazzouk. "Mechanical behaviour of Composites based on Diss and Aflfa fibres in different matrices." MATEC Web of Conferences 330 (2020): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001051.

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The use of natural fibers in cementitious matrices has an incompatibility, which results considerable retardation of setting and very low resistances during the composite tests with natural crushed Diss, despite the fact that the fibers have considerable tensile strengths, because of the sugars and water- soluble components contained in natural plants. To improve the fibers contribution in cementitious composites, we have carried out a treatment by boiling the natural fibers to extract the substances responsible for the bad connection between fibers and the cement paste. This phenomenon of incompatibility disappears with the use of clay matrix or lime, which allows using the fibers without any treatment. We were able to determine the mechanical behavior of composites in flexion and compression by measuring stresses and deformations. Through our vast experimental program on the composites of natural fibers of Alfa and Diss in different matrices (cement and clay) and different sizes ranging from 2 to 8 cm, we have found: 1) The best resistance in bending and compression are generally reached for the composites with fibers having the dimensions between 4 and 6 cm. 2) The best bending strengths are achieved for composites with cementitious matrices, because of the good adhesion of the fibers to the matrix. 3) The best compressive strengths are achieved for clay matrix composites, which are due to the good compressibility of the clay. 4) The composites of Alfa and Diss fibers presented a very ductile behavior as well in flexion as in compression, contrary to the pure binder paste which has a brittle behavior. 5) The composites obtained have a very low density, which makes it possible to classify them as lightweight materials and have a very ductile behavior, which suggests using these materials as filling in the seismic zones.

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Garcia-Amezquita, Luis Eduardo, Viridiana Tejada-Ortigoza, Osvaldo H. Campanella, and Jorge Welti-Chanes. "Influence of Drying Method on the Composition, Physicochemical Properties, and Prebiotic Potential of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Fruit Peels." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (July 9, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9105237.

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Dietary fibre concentrates (DFC) obtained from fruit and vegetable by-products are powders, mainly obtained by dehydration, used in food formulations to increase nutritional value and to improve functional properties. The modifications of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fibres (IDF, SDF, and TDF), physicochemical properties (solubility, swelling capacity, water/oil retention capacity, pH, and tapping density), and prebiotic potential of DFC from orange, mango, and prickly pear peels obtained by freeze-drying (FD) and convective hot air-drying (HA) were studied. In vitro faecal fermentation was used to evaluate the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production as a prebiotic indicator. TDF in FD orange was 5.5 g·100 g−1 higher than that in the HA sample, whereas HA increased TDF in prickly pear (9.5 g·100 g−1). No differences in fibre composition were observed in mango DFC. The physicochemical properties mostly affected by dehydration treatment were solubility and swelling capacity. HA increased SCFA production in orange peel (48 mmol·g−1 higher) but decreased it in mango and prickly pear (15 and 19 mmol·g−1 lower). Butyrate production of HA orange DFC was comparable to that obtained with the positive control (4.5 mmol·g−1). No production of propionate or butyrate was observed after 6 h fermentation in mango samples, despite the high SDF content (≈20 g·100 g−1). A decrease of the SDF : TDF ratio produced by the drying method improved the SCFA production.

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Hussain, Shehzad, Minaxi Sharma, and Rajeev Bhat. "Valorisation of Sea Buckthorn Pomace by Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Soluble Dietary Fibre Using Response Surface Methodology." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061330.

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Sea buckthorn pomace is a valuable industrial waste/by-product obtained after juice production that contains bioactive, health-promoting dietary fibres. This pomace finds usage as animal feed or simply discarded, owed to the lack of appropriate handling or processing facilities. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of green extraction technologies such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the yield of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) from sea buckthorn pomace. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied for optimization of SDF yield. The effects of sonication temperature (60–80 °C), sonication power (100–130 W) and extraction time (30–60 min) on the yield of SDF were also investigated. Furthermore, colour measurement and hydration properties of sea buckthorn pomace powder (STP) and dietary fibre fractions (SDF and insoluble dietary fibre, IDF) were also investigated. From the RSM results, the optimal sonication temperature (67.83 °C), sonication power (105.52 W) and extraction time (51.18 min) were identified. Based on this, the modified optimum conditions were standardised (sonication temperature of 70 °C, sonication power of 105 W and extraction time of 50 min). Accordingly, the yield of SDF obtained was 16.08 ± 0.18%, which was close to the predicted value (15.66%). Sonication temperature showed significant effects at p ≤ 0.01, while sonication power and extraction time showed significant effects at p ≤ 0.05 on the yield of SDF. The result on colour attributes of STP, SDF and IDF differed (L* (STP: 54.71 ± 0.72, IDF: 72.64 ± 0.21 and SDF: 54.53 ± 0.31), a* (STP: 52.35 ± 1.04, IDF: 32.85 ± 0.79 and SDF: 43.54 ± 0.03), b* (STP: 79.28 ± 0.62, IDF: 82.47 ± 0.19 and SDF: 71.33 ± 0.50), and ∆E* (STP: 79.93 ± 0.50, IDF: 74.18 ± 0.30 and SDF: 68.40 ± 0.39)). Higher values of hydration properties such as the water holding, swelling and oil holding capacities were found in SDF (7.25 ± 0.10 g g−1, 7.24 ± 0.05 mL g−1 and 1.49 ± 0.02 g g−1), followed by IDF (6.30 ± 0.02, 5.75 ± 0.07 and 1.25 ± 0.03) and STP (4.17 ± 0.04, 3.48 ± 0.06 and 0.89 ± 0.03), respectively. Based on our results, response surface methodology is recommended to be adopted to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction to obtain maximum yield of SDF from sea buckthorn pomace. These results can be of practical usage while designing future functional food formulations using sea buckthorn pomace.

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Konn, Jonas, Andrey Pranovich, and Bjarne Holmbom. "Dissolution of fibre material in alkaline pre-treatment and refining of spruce CTMP." Holzforschung 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.007.

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Abstract The chemistry of chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) was assessed by chemical pre-treatment of spruce chips, followed by laboratory-scale refining. Pre-treatments with alkali, sulfite, alkaline sulfite and alkaline peroxide liquors were carried out at 40°C, 60°C and 80°C. The sodium hydroxide dosages were 1% and 2% and the sodium sulfite and hydrogen peroxide dosages were 2%, 4% and 6% on a dry wood basis. Process water samples were taken before and after refining. Alkali consumption in the pre-treatments and the amount and composition of released wood components were determined. A major part of the alkali was consumed in the alkaline and alkaline sulfite pre-treatments. In the alkaline peroxide pre-treatments, however, alkali consumption was considerably lower. Acetic acid was the main wood component released to the process waters in alkaline pre-treatments. Pectins, determined as galacturonic acid and rhamnose by acid methanolysis, were also released to some extent, as well as easily soluble polysaccharides. After fibre separation in refining, more hemicelluloses and pectins were released. There was a significant difference between the degree of demethylation for pectins and the degree of deacetylation for galactoglucomannans after the pre-treatments. The diffusion of chemicals into the secondary wall layers seemed to be slower than the liquor penetration into the porous middle lamella through the pit pores. Up to 10% of the pectins were dissolved in the process waters as a result of depolymerisation and extensive demethylation. The residual amount of pectins in the fibres, however, was determined to be as low as 65–70% of the initial pectin content.

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Liu, Bei Yu, Jia Ying Peng, Xiao Man Zeng, Hong Yan Zheng, and Geng Zhong. "Characterization of Dietary Fiber from Millet Brans." Applied Mechanics and Materials 140 (November 2011): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.140.278.

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The dietary fibres (DFs) were obtained by enzymatic-chemical method from glutinous and normal millet brans from China, and their main components, neutral monosaccharide composition were analyzed. Some physicochemical properties of the two DFs were evaluated also, including the swelling capacity, water holding capacity (WHC), and oil holding capacity (OHC), et al. Data showed that the total dietary fiber content of glutinous millet bran (GMB) was 76.58g/100g, of which 69.09 g/100 g was insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and 7.49g/100g was soluble dietary fiber (SDF), compared with normal millet bran (NMB), 73.18g/100g total dietary fiber, 65.55g/100g IDF and 7.63g/100g SDF, respectively. The DF extracted from the two raw materials both possess excellent properties, the SC values were 4.8mL/g and 4.61mL/g (37°C) for DFs of glutinous and normal samples, respectively. Also, both the two DFs exhibit obvious binding ability to the cholesterol at pH 7(GMB DF 8.14 mg/g, NMB DF 7.89mg/g).

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Shui-Zhong, Luo, Wu Xiang-Zhi, Xu Pei-Lin, Pan Li-Hua, Zheng Zhi, Cao Li-Li, Zhao Yan-Yan, and Jiang Shao-Tong. "Enzyme-Resistant Dextrin from Chinese Yam Starch for Potential Application in Beverage Industry: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestion." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:140-147.

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Preparation conditions, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of enzyme-resistant dextrin from Chinese yam starches, which are native, easily accessible and cheap raw materials in China, were investigated in the current study. The results showed that the enzyme-resistant fraction content in enzyme-resistant dextrin increased and the whiteness of the enzyme-resistant dextrin decreased with the increasing concentrations of hydrochloric and citric acids and the rising heating temperatures, and the prolonged heating times. Considering the manufacturing cost and the beneficial usage, the enzyme-resistant dextrin produced by heating of Chinese yam starch in the presence of hydrochloric (0.11% dsb) and citric (0.2% dsb) acids at 150°C for 60min was selected. Enzyme-resistant dextrin had a low molecular weight of about 6800 Da and rich “non-digestible” α-1,2 glycosidic bond and was well-soluble in water, stable at pH 3.0–7.0 or after heating at 85°C for 0.5 h showed, high thermal stability and high resistant to the artificial gastric juice and small intestinal fluids. These characteristics make the selected enzyme-resistant dextrin suitable for use in the soft drink industry as the soluble dietary fibres and prebiotics in the beverages. This would provide an excellent opportunity to reduce the caloric value of the beverages and exert a beneficial effect on the intestinal microflora of people consuming beverages enriched with enzyme-resistant dextrins.

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S, Gnana Prasuna, Manu Rajagopal, Pavan Kumar S, and Harinatha Chary B. "A Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical study of Kanchanara Gutika." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v11i4.1718.

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Kanchanara gutika is one of the preparations of the Ayurveda, which is used for the treatment of the Thyroid disorders. It is in use since many years with good clinical outcome. But the pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of the drug has not been carried out yet. Hence to study them this study is planned. Aim: Authentication of the raw drugs of Kanchanara gutika and phytochemical evaluation of the finished product. Materials and methods: The present study deals with the Pharmacognostical identification of the ingredients of Kanchanara Gutika and its physicochemical analysis. Thin Layer chromatography study (TLC) was also developed.Results: Pharmacognostical results showed Pippali catkin with fruit, Maricha with the epicarp and the oil globules, Sunti with oleoresins and vascular bundles, Haritaki with fibres, Amlaki with epicarp and mesocarp, Vibhithaki with stone cells and Kanchanara with xylem and phloem vessels. Qualitative studies shows that Loss of drying 33%, PH 4.72%, Water soluble matter 12%, Alcohol soluble matter 19%, Total ash 3%, Acid insoluble ash 2.5%, Dissolution time 4%, Moisture content 8%. The TLC chromatograph showed five bands at Rf 0.21(Yellow), 0.28 (Grey), 0.47 (Brown), 0.56 (Violet), 0.93 (Orange).Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study revealed genuinity of raw drugs. Physicochemical and TLC studies inferred that the formulation meets the minimum quality standards. The inference from this study may be used as reference standard in the further quality control researches.

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Ticha M, Ben, Meksi N, Drira N, and Mhenni M.F. "Clean Process: Reducing indigo by using environmentally friendly 3-hydroxybutanone on dyed cotton modified with Denitex BC 200%." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 19, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-19-02-2015-b003.

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Industrial processes in everyday life need to take into consideration environmental safety. This is the major goal of today's scientific research. Textile research is no exception. This paper illustrates a green process in which indigo is converted into its water-soluble leuco form by using a reducing agent that is ecologically friendly: 3-hydroxybutanone (C4H8O2). The effect of alkalinity and reducing temperature on the reducing power of C4H8O2 has been evaluated in the absence and presence of indigo. The dyeing quality of the modified cotton resultant of the exhaust process is studied. Cotton modification is carried out by using Denitex BC 200% in order to improve the quality of the exhaustion dyeing process. Modified cotton fibres are characterized through a morphology analysis (by using a SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The performances of the indigo dyeing process are evaluated by measuring the redox potentials generated in the medium with and without indigo, dyeing bath exhaustion (E(%)), and colour yield (K/S) of the coloured cotton at 660 nm, brightness index (B(%)) and dyeing fastness of both the untreated and modified cotton fabrics.

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Cardani, Giuliana, Maria Rosa Valluzzi, Matteo Panizza, Paolo Girardello, and Luigia Binda. "Influence of Salt Crystallization on Composites-to-Masonry Bond Evaluated on Site by Pull-Off Tests." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.338.

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A research, made in collaboration with Politecnico di Milano and University of Padua, has started with the aim of evaluating the influence of aggressive environmental conditions (moisture, temperature and soluble salts presence) on the bond between FRP/TRM and masonry substrates. Experimental tests were carried out on site on full-scale masonry models, built in open air in a polluted area in the hinterland of Milan, naturally subjected to thermal, R.H. and UV cycles; furthermore, they were artificially subjected to capillary rise of a solution of water and Sodium Sulphate so as to create salt crystallization cycles. On two different masonry substrates, representing a simple historic masonry structure, made either by soft-mud bricks or sandstone units with lime mortar, various FRP and TRM strips were vertically applied in order to evaluate the bond at three heights. TRM were applied with two different premixed inorganic matrices (pozzolanic lime based mortar and cement polymer modified mortar) and FRP with an organic matrix (epoxy resin). The fibres used were unidirectional carbon and glass fabrics for FRP, and a bidirectional carbon net for TRM. The bond was evaluated by means of pull-off tests and the first results, herein presented, show the influence of moisture presence and of salt crystallization cycles on the different used matrices.

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Singh, Sumitra, and Akash Sehrawat. "Pharmacognostical standardization and preliminary phytochemical explorations on Salvia hispanica L. seeds." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (February 15, 2019): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2375.

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Salvia hispanica L. famous as ‘chia’ is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to family Labiatae, is a richest source of alpha linolenic fatty acid. A detailed examination on chia seeds was performed. The microscopic investigationsshowed the presence of lignified fibres, epidermis cells, aleurone grains, fatty oil globules and lignified sclerides etc. Physicochemical assessment of chia seeds revealed foreign organic matter (0.76%), loss on drying (8.09%), pH (4.39), moisture content (8.96%), swelling index (8.36), foaming index (<100), total ash (7.09%), water soluble ash (1.09%), acid insoluble ash (0.48%), sulphated ash (0.94%),relative density (0.892), refractive index (1.462), acid value (1.862), saponification value (194.29), peroxide value (4.680), acetyl value (169.28) and iodine value (74.62). Elemental analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy various heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cd) and other elements (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mg) all were within limits. Chia seeds crude material as well as its extract showed no microbial contamination. High performance thin layer chromatographyfingerprinting profile of chia seeds fixed oil showed the presence of alpha linolenic acid. Work on standardization assumes imperative consequence. However,wide-ranging literature survey on this plant revealed that, more research work is required to update the standardization parameters. Therefore, findings of this study will facilitate quality control and presence of the various phytoconstituents in plant seed. Keywords: Salvia hispanica, Standardization, Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical, HPTLC fingerprints.

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Murphy, Sandra, Margit Zweyer, Rustam R. Mundegar, Dieter Swandulla, and Kay Ohlendieck. "Chemical crosslinking analysis of β-dystroglycan in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle." HRB Open Research 1 (May 30, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.12846.1.

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Background: In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, primary abnormalities in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin trigger the loss of sarcolemmal linkage between the extracellular matrix component laminin-211 and the intracellular cortical actin membrane cytoskeleton. The disintegration of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex renders the plasma membrane of contractile fibres more susceptible to micro-rupturing, which is associated with abnormal calcium handling and impaired cellular signalling in dystrophinopathy. Methods: The oligomerisation pattern of β-dystroglycan, an integral membrane protein belonging to the core dystrophin complex, was studied using immunoprecipitation and chemical crosslinking analysis. A homo-bifunctional and non-cleavable agent with water-soluble and amine-reactive properties was employed to study protein oligomerisation in normal versus dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscles. Crosslinker-induced protein oligomerisation was determined by a combination of gel-shift analysis and immunoblotting. Results: Although proteomics was successfully applied for the identification of dystroglycan as a key component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex in the muscle membrane fraction, mass spectrometric analysis did not efficiently recognize this relatively low-abundance protein after immunoprecipitation or chemical crosslinking. As an alternative approach, comparative immunoblotting was used to evaluate the effects of chemical crosslinking. Antibody decoration of the crosslinked microsomal protein fraction from wild type versus the mdx-4cv mouse model of dystrophinopathy revealed oligomers that contain β-dystroglycan. The protein exhibited a comparable reduction in gel electrophoretic mobility in both normal and dystrophic samples. The membrane repair proteins dysferlin and myoferlin, which are essential components of fibre regeneration and counteract the dystrophic phenotype, were also shown to exist in high-molecular mass complexes. Conclusions: The muscular dystrophy-related reduction in the concentration of β-dystroglycan, which forms in conjunction with its extracellular binding partner α-dystroglycan a critical plasmalemmal receptor for laminin-211, does not appear to alter its oligomeric status. Thus, independent of direct interactions with dystrophin, this sarcolemmal glycoprotein appears to exist in a supramolecular assembly in muscle.

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Murphy, Sandra, Margit Zweyer, Rustam R. Mundegar, Dieter Swandulla, and Kay Ohlendieck. "Chemical crosslinking analysis of β-dystroglycan in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle." HRB Open Research 1 (September 17, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.12846.2.

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Background: In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, primary abnormalities in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin trigger the loss of sarcolemmal linkage between the extracellular matrix component laminin-211 and the intracellular cortical actin membrane cytoskeleton. The disintegration of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex renders the plasma membrane of contractile fibres more susceptible to micro-rupturing, which is associated with abnormal calcium handling and impaired cellular signalling in dystrophinopathy. Methods: The oligomerisation pattern of β-dystroglycan, an integral membrane protein belonging to the core dystrophin complex, was studied using immunoprecipitation and chemical crosslinking analysis. A homo-bifunctional and non-cleavable agent with water-soluble and amine-reactive properties was employed to study protein oligomerisation in normal versus dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscles. Crosslinker-induced protein oligomerisation was determined by a combination of gel-shift analysis and immunoblotting. Results: Although proteomics was successfully applied for the identification of dystroglycan as a key component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex in the muscle membrane fraction, mass spectrometric analysis did not efficiently recognize this relatively low-abundance protein after immunoprecipitation or chemical crosslinking. As an alternative approach, comparative immunoblotting was used to evaluate the effects of chemical crosslinking. Antibody decoration of the crosslinked microsomal protein fraction from wild type versus the mdx-4cv mouse model of dystrophinopathy revealed oligomers that contain β-dystroglycan. The protein exhibited a comparable reduction in gel electrophoretic mobility in both normal and dystrophic samples. The membrane repair proteins dysferlin and myoferlin, which are essential components of fibre regeneration, as well as the caveolae-associated protein cavin-1, were also shown to exist in high-molecular mass complexes. Conclusions: The muscular dystrophy-related reduction in the concentration of β-dystroglycan, which forms in conjunction with its extracellular binding partner α-dystroglycan a critical plasmalemmal receptor for laminin-211, does not appear to alter its oligomeric status. Thus, independent of direct interactions with dystrophin, this sarcolemmal glycoprotein appears to exist in a supramolecular assembly in muscle.

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Odila Pereira, Joana, José Soares, Eduardo Costa, Sara Silva, Ana Gomes, and Manuela Pintado. "Characterization of Edible Films Based on Alginate or Whey Protein Incorporated with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Prebiotics." Coatings 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080493.

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Recently, edible films were shown to be an effective strategy for the delivery of functional ingredients, such as probiotics and prebiotics. With that in mind, two soluble fibres (inulin and fructooligosaccharides) were selected as prebiotic elements, in whey protein isolate (WPI) and alginate (ALG) matrices plasticized with glycerol and used for the incorporation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12. The results obtained showed that the viability of the B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 probiotic strain was maintained within the minimum threshold (106 CFU/g) necessary to act as a probiotic throughout 60 days of storage at 23 °C. The incorporation of prebiotic compounds improved B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 viability, with inulin showing the best performance, as it maintained the viability at 7.34 log CFU/g. The compositional characteristics (biopolymer type and prebiotics addition) of the film forming solutions had no significant impact upon the viability of the probiotic strain. The incorporation of probiotics and prebiotics did not modify the infrared spectra, revealing that the molecular structure of the films was not modified. The moisture content and water solubility decreased positively in WPI- and ALG-based films with the addition of prebiotics compounds. Overall, the results obtained in this work support the use of WPI films containing inulin as a good strategy to immobilize B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, with potential applications in the development of functional foods.

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Walton, Derek, and Gordon B. Curry. "Biogeochemistry of brachiopod intracrystalline proteins and amino acids." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008649.

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Brachiopods contain several classes of intracrystalline molecules, secreted during the growth of the organism, and subsequently incorporated in the shell during biomineralization. The function of these molecules is not clear, although in the Mollusca, molecules in similar sites are thought to be involved with biologically controlled mineralization. The order of amino acids, and hence the quantity of each amino acid in proteins is determined by the genome of the organism, and study of such molecules should reveal information regarding the genomes of the fossil organisms.Previous studies of fossil molecules from brachiopods have concentrated on the web of intracrystalline molecules which surrounds the crystallites of the secondary fibres of the shell. Work with Recent articulate brachiopods has shown that this web decays in less than a year, and hence any remnants of this web in the fossil record are likely to be highly degraded and unrepresentative of the original composition of the protein.In contrast to this, intracrystalline molecules will be protected, encased within the calcium carbonate of the shell and analogous in many ways to fluid inclusions found in inorganic minerals. In such sites, contaminant and degradative factors such as microorganisms and large concentrations of water will be excluded and the effects of the enclosing sediments negated. Any breakdown of the molecules will be in situ, and the detectable products analysed.In this study, intracrystalline molecules have been extracted from the shells of Recent and fossil brachiopods from the Plio-Pleistocene South Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. The molecules were analysed for free and peptide bound amino acids from both the soluble and insoluble fractions. The state of preservation of the molecules and their taxonomic specifity were analysed.It was found that, even in these protected sites, individual amino acids were up to 90% in the free state i.e. that the proteins had mostly been hydrolyzed by the action of time and any water remaining in the shell structure after 0.12 Ma. Amino acids which are particularly sensitive to degradative reactions, such as serine and threonine were totally lost from the soluble fraction. However, the use of multivariate statistical analyses on data from the soluble remains of the protein indicates that decay does not render the molecules useless for taxonomy; groupings can be made on the basis of analyses alone.Progressively older samples tend to have lower yields of amino acid in the soluble fraction, and this tends to correspond with an increase in the relative proportion of intracrystalline insoluble compounds. Although there is no direct linear relationship between the age of a sample and the proportion of insoluble compounds, older samples tend to have more insolubles. It is clear that other factors must play a part in the formation of these insoluble compounds. Preliminary studies of their amino acid composition indicates the presence of sensitive amino acids such as serine, indicating the stabilising effects of these diagenetic compounds.The degradation of amino acids follows complex decay pathways, with some decaying to non-amino compounds and others to other amino acids, the most common being alanine from the dehydration of serine. The increasing concentrations of these amino acids can be a distorting factor in molecular taxonomy from fossil molecules.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This work was completed during the tenure of a UK NERC studentship to DW (GT4/89/GS/42) and funding from the Royal Society to GBC.

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Smith, J. J. "Water-soluble grain-based fibre ingridient." Trends in Food Science & Technology 6, no. 10 (October 1995): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2244(00)89173-6.

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Ohmori, A. "New Water Soluble PVA Fibers "K-II"." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 50, no. 1 (1997): P52—P55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.50.p52.

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Theuwissen, Elke, and Ronald P. Mensink. "Water-soluble dietary fibers and cardiovascular disease." Physiology & Behavior 94, no. 2 (May 2008): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.001.

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Manandhar, Sandeep, Shailesh Vidhate, and Nandika D’Souza. "Water soluble levan polysaccharide biopolymer electrospun fibers." Carbohydrate Polymers 78, no. 4 (November 2009): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.06.023.

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47

Smith, K. F., R. J. Simpson, R. N. Oram, K. F. Lowe, K. B. Kelly, P. M. Evans, and M. O. Humphreys. "Seasonal variation in the herbage yield and nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with high or normal herbage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations grown in three contrasting Australian dairy environments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 8 (1998): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98064.

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Summary. Two lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cv. Aurora and breeding line Ba 11351, from the United Kingdom with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoot were compared with the standard cultivars, Ellett, Vedette and Kangaroo Valley, in pure grass swards under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria, and Gatton, Queensland, and under natural rainfall at Condah, Victoria, during 1995–97. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fibre, and Klason lignin concentrations of the perennial ryegrass herbage. Herbage yield and water-soluble carbohydrate differed between cultivars at each site at most harvests, with the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines usually yielding less and having higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than the 3 standard cultivars. However, the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines also had higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations at harvests where their yield was equal to the standard cultivars. The other nutritive value traits differed significantly at more than half of the 32 harvests: the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines had higher crude protein and dry matter digestibility, and lower neutral detergent fibre, the neutral detergent fibre containing less acid detergent fibre and lignin than did the standard cultivars. The high water-soluble carbohydrate lines were more susceptible to crown rust during spring and summer than the standard cultivars at Kyabram and Gatton: heavy infections reduced yield, water-soluble carbohydrate, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate may depend on only a few genes, as does rust resistance and it seems likely that high yielding, high water-soluble carbohydrate cultivars can be developed by recombination and selection.

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Dahm, Ralf, Jan van Marle, Roy A. Quinlan, Alan R. Prescott, and Gijs F. J. M. Vrensen. "Homeostasis in the vertebrate lens: mechanisms of solute exchange." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1568 (April 27, 2011): 1265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0299.

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The eye lens is avascular, deriving nutrients from the aqueous and vitreous humours. It is, however, unclear which mechanisms mediate the transfer of solutes between these humours and the lens' fibre cells (FCs). In this review, we integrate the published data with the previously unpublished ultrastructural, dye loading and magnetic resonance imaging results. The picture emerging is that solute transfer between the humours and the fibre mass is determined by four processes: (i) paracellular transport of ions, water and small molecules along the intercellular spaces between epithelial and FCs, driven by Na + -leak conductance; (ii) membrane transport of such solutes from the intercellular spaces into the fibre cytoplasm by specific carriers and transporters; (iii) gap-junctional coupling mediating solute flux between superficial and deeper fibres, Na + /K + -ATPase-driven efflux of waste products in the equator, and electrical coupling of fibres; and (iv) transcellular transfer via caveoli and coated vesicles for the uptake of macromolecules and cholesterol. There is evidence that the Na + -driven influx of solutes occurs via paracellular and membrane transport and the Na + /K + -ATPase-driven efflux of waste products via gap junctions. This micro-circulation is likely restricted to the superficial cortex and nearly absent beyond the zone of organelle loss, forming a solute exchange barrier in the lens.

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Gu, Hongbo, Jinmei He, Yudong Huang, and Zhanhu Guo. "Water soluble carboxymethylcellulose fibers derived from alkalization-etherification of viscose fibers." Fibers and Polymers 13, no. 6 (July 2012): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-012-0748-x.

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Greenway, F., S. Wang, and M. Heiman. "A novel cobiotic containing a prebiotic and an antioxidant augments the glucose control and gastrointestinal tolerability of metformin: a case report." Beneficial Microbes 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2012.0063.

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The gut microbiome plays an important role in regulation of metabolic processes, including digestion, absorption, and synthesis of bioactive molecules that signal physiological host mechanisms. Changes in the human gut microbiome are associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Water-soluble dietary fibres like inulin and beta-glucan are fermented in the colon, and beta-glucan increases viscosity. Blueberries improve insulin sensitivity through an antioxidant effect. A cobiotic, consisting of purified inulin, sugar-free blueberry pomace extract, and an oat preparation of purified beta-glucan was developed for twice a day (bid) consumption as a smoothie drink to repair the gastrointestinal dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes. A 30-year-old man presented with new onset type 2 diabetes and a fasting glucose (FBS) of 375 mg/dl. Metformin 500 mg bid was initiated and increased to 1 g bid after 1 week. During the first 9 days of metformin treatment, he developed diarrhoea, but his FBS only dropped to 325 mg/dl. The cobiotic bid was added on the 9th day of metformin treatment, and after 2 days, his FBS dropped to 175 mg/dl. After 8 weeks on metformin and the cobiotic, his blood sugar was 100 mg/dl and he lost 5.5 kg. His stools became soft and formed on the cobiotic, reverted to diarrhoea when off of it for 2 days, and returned to normal on resuming the cobiotic formulation. Metformin is a safe, effective and inexpensive generic medication favouring weight loss, recommended as initial treatment of type 2 diabetes by the American Diabetes Association. However, a 20% incidence of diarrhoea limits its tolerability. A safe food supplement that can increase the efficacy of metformin and its tolerability, as occurred in this case report, would have significant positive public health consequences. A controlled clinical trial of the cobiotic with metformin is planned.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water soluble fibres'

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