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Journal articles on the topic 'Water spinach'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Jinxiu, Zhimin Sha, Yi Zhang, Zhigang Bei, and Linkui Cao. "The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 4 (July 2015): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-184.

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Zhang, J., Sha, Z., Zhang, Y., Bei, Z. and Cao, L. 2015. The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 671−679. Water and nitrogen (N) are important factors that affect crop yield. The objective of this study was to explore the interactive effect of water and nitrogen on biomass production, yield and growth responses, water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter-grown spinach. A field experiment was grown with treatments of varying water (W) and nitrogen (N) levels near Shanghai, China. Leaf area, shoot biomass and height of spinach increased with the application of N in the well-watered treatment. The highest chlorophyll content was found in spinach treated with N2 (170 kg ha−1 nitrogen). A response surface analysis was done on plant height, leaf number, leaf weight, and plant yield of each spinach plant at different water and nitrogen levels. The equation for each of the response surfaces was taken and solved for the mathematical optimum of the curves. Abundant water supply resulted in the highest spinach yield. Yield of spinach increased with N application rates but decreased when the N was excessive. Compared with the low water treatment (W3), a higher N leaching ratio was observed in the high water treatment (W1), regardless of N treatment. With the increase of N application, N use efficiency of spinach significantly decreased, while water use efficiency of spinach increased. In conclusion, water levels between 36.15 cm and 42 cm, and nitrogen applications between 86 and 152.74 kg ha−1 could be recommended as the optimal treatment for spinach growth.
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2

Ferreira, Jorge, Devinder Sandhu, Xuan Liu, and Jonathan Halvorson. "Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression." Agriculture 8, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8100163.

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Scarcity of good-quality irrigation water is a major impediment to meet food demand for a growing world population. Recycled waters may be available locally more affordably, but their higher salinity is a concern. Salinity effects on spinach mineral composition, antioxidant capacity, photosynthesis, and gene expression have not been established. Spinach cv. Raccoon was greenhouse-grown and irrigated with four levels of water salinity of electrical conductivities (ECiw) of 1.4 (control) or ranging from 3.6 to 9.4 dS m−1, combined with three levels of K (3, 5, and 7 meq L−1). Irrigation waters had 2, 20, 40, and 80 meq L−1 of NaCl. After 23 treatment days, plants significantly accumulated Na and Cl in shoots and roots with increasing salinity, regardless of the K concentration in the irrigation water. Plants exhibited no visual symptoms of salt toxicity and there were no differences in shoot growth. Plants maintained their overall concentrations of mineral nutrients, physiological parameters, and oxalic acid across salinity treatments. Leaves retained all their antioxidant capacity at 20 meq L−1 NaCl, and 74% to 66% at 40 and 80 meq L−1 NaCl, respectively. Expression analyses of ten genes, that play important role in salt tolerance, indicated that although some genes were upregulated in plants under salinity, compared to the control, there was no association between Na or K tissue concentrations and gene expression. Results clearly show that spinach maintains its growth, mineral composition, and antioxidant capacity up to ECiw = 9.4 dS m−1. As this salinity is equivalent to a soil salinity of 4.5 dS m−1, spinach can tolerate over two-fold its previously-considered salinity threshold. Thus, growers can cultivate spinach using recycled, saline, waters without detriment to shoot biomass accumulation, and nutritional value.
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3

Buhang, Nur A. O., Siti Nuryanti, and Daud K. Walanda. "Antioxidant Activity Test of Red Spinach’s Extract (Blitum rubrum) in Ethanol Solvent and Water Solvent with DPPH." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 8, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2019.v8.i3.pp153-159.

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The study of red spinach antioxidants (Blitum rubrum) in two types of solvents i.e ethanol and water has been performed. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of red spinach extract from Tinombo Selatan district, Central Sulawesi. Red spinach was macerated in ethanol and water to obtain variations of extract concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L. Free radicals used were DPPH reagents while vitamin C was used as a positive control. The measurement of absorbance of red spinach’s extract was conducted by spectrophotometric. The results showed that IC50 extract of red spinach in ethanol and water were 51.404 mg/L and 52.227 mg/L, while the value of IC50 vitamin C in ethanol and water solvent was 43.241 mg/L and 140.507 mg/L. Based on the IC50 red spinach’s extract in ethanol and water have strong antioxidant activity.
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4

Gu, Ganyu, Hsin-Bai Yin, Andrea Ottesen, Samantha Bolten, Jitendra Patel, Steve Rideout, and Xiangwu Nou. "Microbiomes in Ground Water and Alternative Irrigation Water, and Spinach Microbiomes Impacted by Irrigation with Different Types of Water." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 2 (January 2019): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-09-18-0037-r.

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Irrigation water, particularly if applied overhead, could be an important source of bacterial contamination to fresh produce. The colonization, survival, and proliferation of exogenous bacterial pathogens can be strongly influenced by the produce microbiota. In this study, spinach grown in an organic field was irrigated with ground water and potential alternative irrigation water including reclaimed wastewater, and urban runoff water, over a period of 2 weeks. Water and spinach samples were collected before and after irrigation for bacterial plate count, qPCR, and community profiling using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analyses. The average bacterial population densities on spinach (6.50 ± 0.04 log CFU/g, 7.40 ± 0.10 log 16S copies/g) were significantly higher than those in irrigation water (3.61 ± 0.12 log CFU/ml, 4.94 ± 0.13 log 16S copies/ml). The composition and relative abundance of spinach microbiomes varied with different types of irrigation waters; however, the most abundant microbial taxa on spinach were not significantly affected by the irrigation with different types of water. Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Campylobacter spp., and pathogenic Escherichia coli were not detected in this study. This study provides information on the microbial ecology of diverse bacterial communities on spinach surface after irrigation by different types of water, which can benefit future studies on the interaction of microbes on produce, and the prevention of foodborne pathogens and plant disease.
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5

Suryaningsih, Suryaningsih, Irwan Said, and Nurdin Rahman. "Analisis Kadar Kalsium (Ca) dan Besi (Fe) dalam Kangkung Air (Ipomeae aquatica forsk) dan Kangkung Darat (Ipomeae reptan forsk) Asal Palu." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 7, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2018.v7.i3.11908.

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Kangkong, or water spinach is a well-known leaf vegetable because it is delicious cheap and easily obtained. There is two types of water spinach that most consumed, water-water spinach grown in the wet and watery and land-water spinach grown in dry place or moor. Kangkong can be consumed in various type of foods, in addition, it’s also rich in vitamins, protein, carotene, amino acids, phosphorus, sitosterol and mineral materials, especially iron and calcium. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in water-water spinach (ipomeae aquatica forsk) and land-water spinach (ipomeae reptan forsk) from palu. The research was conducted using alkaline digestion using nitric acid with the SSA instrument. The data showed that the concentration of Ca in stems and leaves of water-kangkong was 15.375 mg/kg and 12.833 mg/kg, and land–kangkong was 74.666 mg/kg and 31.000 mg/kg, while the concentration of Fe in stems and leaves of water-water spinach was 301.166 mg/kg and 232.500 mg/kg, and land-water spinach was 458.000 mg/kg and 238.750 mg/kg.
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6

Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Feng H. Huang, Teddy E. Morelock, and Tahani A. Busharar. "Spinach Tissue Culture Improved with Coconut Water." HortScience 27, no. 4 (April 1992): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.4.357.

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A preliminary study has shown that the addition of 15% (v/v) coconut water (CW) to the culture medium significantly improved callus growth, shoot-regenerative capacity, and shoot growth in leaf disk cultures of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Subsequently, the influence of a range of CW concentrations, 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% (v/v), was examined. Callus weight obtained after 5 weeks showed direct relationship to the concentration of CW. This stimulator action was observed in both cultivars tested in this study, `High Pack' and `Baker'. On CW-containing medium, shoot regeneration was expedited to 4 to 5 weeks compared with 8 to 12 weeks on a CW-free medium. Callus of `Baker' induced on a CW-free medium exhibited a significant increase in shoot regeneration frequency when transferred to a regeneration medium enriched with CW, suggesting that the addition of CW to the regeneration medium only is sufficient to achieve improved regeneration.
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7

KHAMWAN, Kittima, Ancharida AKARACHARANYA, Supat CHAREONPORNWATTANA, Yong-Eui CHOI, Tatsuo NAKAMURA, Yube YAMAGUCHI, Hiroshi SANO, and Atsuhiko SHINMYO. "Genetic Transformation of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)." Plant Biotechnology 20, no. 4 (2003): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.335.

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8

Mariani, R., F. Perdana, F. M. Fadhlillah, A. Qowiyyah, and H. Triyana. "Antioxidant activity of Indonesian water spinach and land spinach (Ipomoea aquatica): A comparative study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402 (December 2019): 055091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/5/055091.

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9

Sitepu, Indrawaty, and Nurmely Violeta Sitorus. "NILAI TAMBAH PENGOLAHAN KANGKUNG HIDROPONIK MENJADI KANGKUNG RENDANG." Jurnal Agrilink 2, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36985/agrilink.v9i2.433.

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Kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang merupakan kegiatan yang dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah, menghasilkan produk yang dapat dikonsumsi, serta menambah pendapatan dan keuntungan produsen.Tujuan penelitian untuk menguraikan apa saja tahapan pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangukung rendang, menganalisis biaya produksi, penerimaan, dan pendapatan, menganalisis nilai tambah pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang, menganalisis apakah usaha pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang layak diusahakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jalan Bromo lorong Amal Medan Denai Kota Medan. Penentuan daerah penelitian dilakukan secara purposive, Metode pengambilan sampel secara sensus yaitu usaha Syifa Hidroponik dengan pengambilan data ulangan selama 2,5 bualan sebanyak 10 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian: 1) Tahapan pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang yaitu: Penyediaan bahan baku kangkung hidroponik, kangkung dihaluskan, pengadonan kangkung, telur ayam, tepung beras dan garam, kangkung dikukus, kangkung didinginkan, dipotong-potong, digoreng, pemasakan bumbu rendang, pencampuran kangkung yang digoreng dengan bumbu rendang dan pemasaran. Total biaya pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang untuk sekali produksi sebesar Rp 545.291,83, penerimaan sebesar Rp 1.500.000,00, per sekali produksi dan pendapatan sebesar Rp 954.708,17 per sekali produksi. Nilai tambah yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang tergolong tinggi dengan rasio nilai tambah 75,31% > 50%.Usaha pengolahan kangkung hidroponik menjadi kangkung rendang layak untuk diusahakan dengan nilai R/C rasio 2,75 > 1. Abstract Hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach is an activity that can increase added value, produce edible products, as well as increase producer income and profits. The purpose of the research is to describe what are the stages of processing hydroponic water spinach into rendang kangukung, analyze production costs, revenue, and income, analyze added value of processing hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach, analyzing whether the business of processing hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach is worth the effort. This research was conducted in Jalan Bromo Amal Medan Denai alley Medan City. Determination of the study area was done purposively, census sampling method that is Syifa Hydroponic business with retrieval data retrieval for 2.5 boasting as many as 10 replications. The results of the study: 1) The stages of processing hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach, namely: Provision of raw materials for hydroponic water spinach, crushed water spinach, stirring water spinach, chicken eggs, rice flour and salt, steamed water spinach, water spinach water spinach, cut into pieces, fried, fried spicy water spinach, cooking water spinach kale, chicken egg, rice flour and salt, steamed water spinach, water spinach kangkung cooled, cut, fried, cooking spices, rendang, mixing fried kale with spicy rendang and marketing. The total cost of processing hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach for one production is Rp. 545,291.83, revenue is Rp. 1,500,000.00, per production and income is Rp. 954,708.17 per production. The added value generated from the processing of hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach is classified as high with a value added ratio of 75.31%> 50%. The business of processing hydroponic water spinach into rendang water spinach is feasible to be cultivated with an R / C ratio of 2.75> 1.
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10

Hou, Chih-Yao, Ting-Khai Kong, Chia-Min Lin, and Hsiu-Ling Chen. "The Effects of Plasma-Activated Water on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water Spinach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 5304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115304.

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Toxic heavy metals accumulate in crops from the environment through different routes and may interfere with biochemical reactions in humans, causing serious health consequences. Plasma technology has been assessed for the promotion of seed germination and plant growth in several past studies. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the growth rate of plants can be increased with the application of non-thermal plasma, as well as to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in leafy vegetables (water spinach). In this study, several kinds of plasma treatments were applied, such as treatment on the seeds (PTS + NTW), irrigation water (NTS + PAW) or both (PTS + PAW). The results of the study showed that the heavy metals accumulated in water spinach were affected by the heavy metals available in the soil. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd in water spinach decreased from 0.864 to 0.543 after plasma treatment in seed or irrigating water, while the BCF of Pb was low and did not show any significant changes. Therefore, the results suggest that plasma treatment may suppress Cd absorption, but not for Pb. In this study, plasma treatment did not help to improve the product yield of water spinach planted in Cd-added soil. In the future, fertilizers can be used to supply nutrients that are not provided by plasma-activated water to support the growth of water spinach.
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11

Chen, K., R. Arora, and U. Arora. "Osmopriming of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Bloomsdale) seeds and germination performance under temperature and water stress." Seed Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.1.04.

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12

Tsia, Ping Yu, Huang Liang Li, Jen Chi Fu, Kuo Ching Chiou, Yung Tang Shen, Cheng Chih Liu, Ching I. Wu, and Cheng Kai Weng. "A Study of the Effects on Debasing Impurity, Current and pH Value in Water by Four Aquatic Plants: Taros, Water Hyacinth, Water Spinach, and Water Cabbage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3253.

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The purpose of the study was to explore if there was a significant effect on debasing impurity, current and pH value by four common aquatic plants: Taros, Water Hyacinth, Water Spinach, and Water Cabbage. The duration of the experiment was 31 days. The researchers observed and recorded the change of impurity, current and pH value. Furthermore, the researchers utilized MANOVA to analyze the data collected and to explore if there was a significant effect on purifying polluted water by four aquatic plants. According to the results, there was a significant difference on debasing impurity and pH value among the four aquatic plants. These four aquatic plants were able to debase impurity in order as Water Cabbage, Water Hyacinth, Water Spinach and Taros. The effects of debasing impurity were in order as Water Hyacinth, Water Cabbage, Taros, and Water Spinach.
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13

Singgih M, Ivan A, and Fidrianny I. "Antibacterial activity of water spinach herbs against acne-inducing bacteria." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 3481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1669.

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Acnes is commonly caused by infection by Propionibacterium acnes when the sebum is overproduced from the body. Based on previous research, water spinach extract had antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) herbs extract against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Extraction was carried out by the reflux method using three different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Antibacterial activities were assessed by using disc diffusion, microdilution, and equality to reference antibiotics. All three extracts of water spinach herbs had better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol-water spinach herbs extract had the best antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of ethanol-water spinach herbs extract on P. acnes was 1280 µg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was > 5120 µg/ml. The equivalency of ethanol-water spinach herbs extract to tetracycline hydrochloride presented 1163.87 µg ethanol extract (with density 1% extract: 0.780) equal to 1 µg tetracycline hydrochloride. All three extracts of water spinach herbs had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The ethanol extract had the best antibacterial activity against P. acnes among all three extracts.
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14

Heinrich, Aaron, Richard Smith, and Michael Cahn. "Nutrient and Water Use of Fresh Market Spinach." HortTechnology 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.3.325.

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In recent years, vegetable growers on the central coast of California have come under increasing regulatory pressure to improve nutrient management and reduce nitrate losses to ground and surface waters. To achieve this goal, growers must understand the nutrient uptake and water use characteristics of their crops. For fresh market spinach (Spinacia oleracea), production methods and cultivars have greatly changed in the last 10–15 years, and as a result, few publications are available on nutrient uptake by modern spinach production methods. This study evaluated nutrient uptake and water use by spinach to provide strategies to better manage nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation applications. In 2011, four fertilizer trials and a survey of 11 commercial fields of spinach grown on high-density plantings on 80-inch beds were conducted on the central coast of California. During the first 2 weeks of the crop cycle, N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake was 7.0, 0.6, and 7.2 lb/acre, respectively. In the subsequent 2–3 weeks before harvest the N, P, and K uptake rate was linear and was 4.3, 0.6, and 7.8 lb/acre per day, respectively. N uptake at harvest for the three commercial size categories baby, teenage, and bunch was 74, 91, and 120 lb/acre N, respectively. Of the N in aboveground biomass at harvest, 41% was left in the field following mechanical or hand harvest. Growers at 14 of 15 study sites applied on average 111% more N than was taken up in aboveground biomass at harvest. Results from four fertility trials showed that first crops of the season had low initial soil nitrate concentrations (≤10 ppm), and an at-planting fertilizer application was necessary for maximum yields. For fields following a previous crop (second- or third-cropped) with initial soil nitrate concentrations >20 ppm, at-planting and midseason fertilizer applications could be greatly reduced or eliminated without jeopardizing yield. Rooting depth and density evaluations at four sites showed that 95% of roots were located in the top 16 inches of soil at harvest. To mitigate environmentally negative N losses, the N use efficiency (NUE) can be increased by the use of soil testing done at two critical time points: at-planting and before the first midseason fertilizer application.
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15

Joshi, Pallawi, Aparna Kumari, Anil Kumar Chauhan, and Meenakshi Singh. "Development of water spinach powder and its characterization." Journal of Food Science and Technology 58, no. 9 (March 9, 2021): 3533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05058-9.

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16

Aldila, Livianinda Elza, Nafis Khuriyati, and Endy Suwondo. "Planting Scheduling of Organic Water Spinach (IpomoeaereptansPoir) Vegetables with Dynamic Simulationin CV. Tani Organik Merapi." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 8 (September 29, 2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.2016.

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One of vegetable commodity that has a high level of demand in Indonesia is water spinach (Ipomoeae reptans poir). Water spinach commodities are very important in improving people's welfare and improving farmers' income if done through good cultivation and techniques. One of the farming techniques in Indonesia that has good prospects is by organic cultivation. Organic water spinach producer in Yogyakarta is CV. Merapi Organic Farm. TOM must be able to maintain the availability of its products in order to be able to meet the demands of its customers. Therefore, this study is forecasting to find out how consumers demand organic water spinach and how to plan scheduling of organic water spinach. Forecasting is done by obtaining the most optimal ARIMA method for predicting organic kale is ARIMA (0,1,1). Based on the forecasting, it can be seen that the total demand for organic water spinach is 1128 kg. Planning for planting organic water spinach is done with a dynamic simulation, results for total amount of organic water spinach is 27297.6 plants and total land area is 225.6 m2.
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17

Jabeen, Munifa, Nudrat Aisha Akram, Muhammad Ashraf Muhammad Ashraf, and Aniqa Aziz. "Assessment of Biochemical Changes in Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Subjected to Varying Water Regimes." Sains Malaysiana 48, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4803-05.

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18

Mogren, Lars M., Andrew M. Beacham, John P. H. Reade, and James M. Monaghan. "Moderate water stress prevents the postharvest decline of ascorbic acid in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) but not in spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L.)." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96, no. 9 (October 19, 2015): 2976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7464.

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19

Schlering, Christine, Jana Zinkernagel, Helmut Dietrich, Matthias Frisch, and Ralf Schweiggert. "Alterations in the Chemical Composition of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as Provoked by Season and Moderately Limited Water Supply in Open Field Cultivation." Horticulturae 6, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6020025.

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The current use and distribution of agricultural water resources is highly prone to effects of global climate change due to shifting precipitation patterns. The production of vegetable crops in open field cultivation often requires demanding water applications, being impaired in regions where climate change will increasingly evoke water scarcity. To date, increasingly occurring precipitation-free periods are already leading to moderate water deficits during plant growth, e.g., in southern Europe. Among all vegetable crops, leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) are particularly vulnerable to limited water supply, because leaf expansion is highly dependent on water availability. Besides biomass production, water limitation might also affect the valuable nutritional composition of the produce. Therefore, we investigated the impact of moderately reduced water supply on the chemical composition of spinach, cultivated in the open field in three consecutive years. Two different water supply treatments, full and reduced irrigation, were used in a randomized block design consisting of three sets of six plots each. In the reduced water supply treatment, the total amount of supplied water, including both irrigation and natural precipitation, amounted to 90%, 94% and 96% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, of the full, optimal water supply treatment. Spinach grown under limited water supply showed significantly higher fresh biomass-based contents of polyols (e.g., inositol, glycerol), ascorbic acid, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc and manganese, as well as total flavonoids and carotenoids. Increased dry biomass-based levels were found for total inositol, zinc and manganese, as well as decreased levels for malic acid, fumaric acid, phosphate and chloride. Furthermore, we report a high seasonal variation of several minor phytochemicals, such as single flavonoids. Spinacetin derivatives, spinatoside-glucoside as well as a rather unusual hexuronylated methylenedioxy flavonoid showed highest amounts when grown under relatively low irradiation in autumn. Levels of patuletin derivatives tended to increase under high irradiation conditions during spring. In summary, the chemical composition of spinach was shown to be highly sensitive to moderately reduced water supply and seasonal variation, but the overall nutritional quality of fresh marketable spinach was only marginally affected when considering health-related constituents such as minerals, trace elements, flavonoids and carotenoids.
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20

Thompson, Thomas L., and Thomas A. Doerge. "Nitrogen and Water Rates for Subsurface Trickle-irrigated Collard, Mustard, and Spinach." HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1382.

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Three field experiments using subsurface trickle irrigation with various rates of target soil water tension (SWT) and N rates were conducted in southern Arizona during 1990–93. The experiments were conducted with collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephela Group cv. Vates), mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak cv. Southern Giant], and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Indian Summer). The interactive effects of water and N treatments on crop yield, N uptake, and unutilized fertilizer N were studied. In general, excessive irrigation (SWT <5.6 kPa) resulted in lower yield and N uptake and higher unutilized fertilizer N. Optimum SWTs were 9 kPa for collard, 8 kPa for spinach, and 6 to 10 kPa for mustard.
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21

Zhang, Jinxiu, Yi Zhang, and Linkui Cao. "Combined Effects of Water and Nitrogen on Growth, Biomass, and Quality of Spinach (Spinacia oleraceaLinn.)." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 47, no. 1 (October 16, 2015): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1104339.

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22

BAERT, LEEN, MIEKE UYTTENDAELE, MATTIAS VERMEERSCH, ELS VAN COILLIE, and JOHAN DEBEVERE. "Survival and Transfer of Murine Norovirus 1, a Surrogate for Human Noroviruses, during the Production Process of Deep-Frozen Onions and Spinach." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 1590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.8.1590.

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The reduction of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) on onions and spinach by washing was investigated as was the risk of contamination during the washing procedure. To decontaminate wash water, the industrial sanitizer peracetic acid (PAA) was added to the water, and the survival of MNV-1 was determined. In contrast to onions, spinach undergoes a heat treatment before freezing. Therefore, the resistance of MNV-1 to blanching of spinach was examined. MNV-1 genomic copies were detected with a real-time reverse transcription PCR assay in PAA-treated water and blanched spinach, and PFUs (representing infectious MNV-1 units) were determined with a plaque assay. A ≤1-log reduction in MNV-1 PFUs was achieved by washing onion bulbs and spinach leaves. More than 3 log PFU of MNV-1 was transmitted to onion bulbs and spinach leaves when these vegetables were washed in water containing approximately 5 log PFU/ml. No decline of MNV-1 occurred in used industrial spinach wash water after 6 days at room temperature. A concentration of 20 ppm of PAA in demineralized water (pH 4.13) and in potable water (pH 7.70) resulted in reductions of 2.88 ± 0.25 and 2.41 ± 0.18 log PFU, respectively, after 5 min of exposure, but no decrease in number of genomic copies was observed. No reduction of MNV-1 PFUs was observed on frozen onions or spinach during storage for 6 months. Blanching spinach (80°C for 1 min) resulted in at least 2.44-log reductions of infectious MNV-1, but many genomic copies were still present.
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Willis, Leah E., and James E. Motes. "Influence of Cold Water Priming on Spinach Seed Performance." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 600E—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.600e.

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Six experiments were conducted to determine the effect of priming on spinach seed performance. Performance was determined by percent, uniformity, and speed of germination after 10 days. In Expt. 1, performance at 22 °C was improved for primed seeds compared to unprimed seeds and germination was >90% for both primed and unprimed seeds. In Expt. 2 (incubator @ 40 °C for 16 h/30 °C for 8 h), germination was reduced for both seed treatments and primed seeds had more germination, but less uniformity than unprimed seeds. In Expt. 3 (incubator @ 40 °C for 16 h/30 °C for 8 h), initial temperatures were 40 °C for 16 h, 40 °C for 8 h, or 30 °C for 8 h. There was an interaction between priming and initial temperature for percent germination, indicating that only primed seeds varied in response to initial temperature. Priming improved percent germination but reduced uniformity and did not influence speed of germination. In Expt. 4 (growth chamber @ 40 °C for 16 h/30 °C for 8 h), priming significantly improved percent seedling emergence and speed compared to unprimed seeds but did not influence uniformity. In Expt. 5 (growth chamber @ 40 °C for 16 h/30 °C for 8 h) initial temperatures were 40 °C for 16 h, 40 °C for 8 h, or 30 °C for 8 h. Priming significantly improved seedling emergence and speed and did not affect uniformity of emergence. Seedling emergence was significantly improved for seeds planted at an initial temperature of 40 °C compared to 30 °C.
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Umar, K. J., L. G. Hassan ., S. M. Dangoggo ., and M. J. Ladan . "Nutritional Composition of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) Leaves." Journal of Applied Sciences 7, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.803.809.

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康, 群. "Preliminary Experimental Study on “Crab-Water Spinach” Symbiosis Model." Sustainable Development 10, no. 02 (2020): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/sd.2020.102021.

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Gopal, Rajeev, Aqeel Hasan Rizvi, and N. Nautiyal. "Chromium Alters Iron Nutrition and Water Relations of Spinach." Journal of Plant Nutrition 32, no. 9 (August 7, 2009): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160903094313.

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Fitriani, Herlena, Nurlailah Nurlailah, and Dinna Rakhmina. "Kandungan Asam Oksalat Sayur Bayam." Medical Laboratory Technology Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v2i2.95.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Spinach is one of vegetable that is often used as processed food by the people of Indonesia. Besides containing many nutrients, spinach also contains chemical compounds that are negative, that is oxalic acid. Oxalic acid and its salts are water soluble that can be harmful because these compounds are toxic. This study aimed to determine differences in levels of oxalic acid in spinach when the water is allowed to stand at room temperature. The type of research was pre-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Samples of spinach water were divided into 4 treatment and the level of oxalic acid was examined by using permanganometry titration method. Results of research on each treatment showed oxalic acid levels on 0 hour standing was 3753.2 mg/L, 2 hours standing was 3980.0 mg/L, 4 hours standing was 4066.5 mg/L, and the 6 hours standing was 4254.5 mg/L. Repeated ANOVA statistical test results stated there were significant differences in the levels of oxalic acid in spinach water between 0 hour standing and room temperature-standing with a significance value of p <0.05. It is concluded that there are significant differences in the levels of oxalic acid in spinach water between 0 hour standing and room temperature-standing. It is advisable to continue the research by comparing the levels of oxalic acid in spinach with different types, such as green spinach, white spinach, and red spinach.
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Chen, Lin, Liangjun Fei, Khaled Salahou Mohamed, Le Liu, Zilu Wang, Yun Zhong, and Zhiguang Dai. "The effects of ploy (γ-glutamic acid) on spinach productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in North-West China." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 11 (November 1, 2018): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/371/2018-pse.

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Recently, with the problem of low utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizers in farmland, agriculture practices have shifted towards the development of environmentally friendly nitrogen fertilizers. Ploy (γ-glutamic acid) is a new plant growth regulator with characteristics of water and fertilizer conservation. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of ploy (γ-PGA) on the yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil aggregate of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The results indicated that γ-PGA (0.1%) increased plant growth (as measured by fresh and dry plant weight). However, increasing γ-PGA significantly decreased spinach quality parameters. The nitrogen utilization and use efficiency were increased with increasing γ-PGA. Ploy was stronger in water coagulation which effectively increased soil porosity and improved soil structure. The results suggest that 0.1% of γ-PGA has positive effects on spinach growth.
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Yu, Chun-Hui, Shan-Li Wang, Prapasiri Tongsiri, Mei-Ping Cheng, and Hung-Yu Lai. "Effects of Poultry-Litter Biochar on Soil Properties and Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072536.

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Poultry-litter biochars (PLBs), which were prepared at two pyrolytic temperatures, were applied to the soils of croplands with four consecutive harvests of water spinach to assess the effects of PLBs on the soil properties and the growth of water spinach. The results show that PLB amendment resulted in an increase of soil pH. The electrical conductivity values, and the concentrations of extractable inorganic nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, and available phosphorus in the soils drastically increased in the 0.5% and 1% biochar-amended soils. However, most of the significant changes due to PLB amendment disappeared after four consecutive harvests of water spinach. The growth of water spinach was enhanced in the soils amended with PLBs, especially the one prepared at 350 °C. Nonetheless, the application of 1% PLBs to the soil resulted in an imbalance between calcium and magnesium in water spinach.
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MT, Sultan Hamdi, Ayu Adhita Damayanti, and Dewi Putri Lestari. "PENGARUH KOMBINASI PAKAN KOMERSIAL DENGAN DAUN KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea aquatica) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 8, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v8i1.2531.

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This study aimed to analyze the effect of commercial feed combination with water spinach leaves (Ipomoea aquatica) at different ratios on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This research was conducted for 35 days, located in Seteluk Atas Village, Seteluk District, West Sumbawa Regency. The common carp seeds used were 5-7 cm in size from one brood. The container used was 16 liter in size with a density of 10 fish / treatment. The method used in this study was an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, namely, P1: 100% commercial feed (control), P2: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+1), P3: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+2), P4: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+3), P5: 100% water spinach leaves. The data obtained were then calculated and analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study indicated that the use of commercial feed combination with water spinach leaves can affect growth, feed efficiency and feed conversion of common carp but did not affect the survival of common carp. Provision of 100% commercial feed (P1) and combination of commercial feed with water spinach leaves at a ratio of 1:2 (P3) had the same effect in increasing the growth of common carp, namely 1.17 g and 1.11 g, respectively.
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Hasanah, Himmatul, Joelal Achmadi, Eko Pangestu, and Ali Agus. "Supply Production of Water Spinach Waste as a Supplement and Fermentability Feed Ruminant in Klaten District, Indonesia (Case Study at Dry Season 2018)." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8788.

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This study aims to sup determine the utilization of water spinach as a substitute for forage sources, digestibility, and feed degradation. Klaten Regency is one of the producers of water spinach that has the potential to be developed as the center for producing the largest water spinach at the regional level and has a role as one of supporting the needs of ruminant animal feed at regional and regional levels during the dry season. The method used is a survey, sampling technique with stratified random sampling. The conclusion of the results of this study is the total supply of the use of water spinach reached the level of 20% resulting in higher total gas production, although it did not show a significant difference in VFA digestibility and production in vitro compared to the control. Feed digestibility increased with the addition of water spinach in a feed with a productivity average of 2.05 tons/ha of 3,947 ha of land area. The scheme (chain) of the supply of dried water spinach straw material is 41.25% for privately owned ruminants, and 58.75% is sold to middlemen by being sold to farmers outside the Klaten Regency area.
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Piccinni, Giovanni, Thomas Gerik, Evelyn Steglich, Daniel Leskovar, Jonghan Ko, Thomas Marek, and Terry Howell. "Crop Simulation and Crop Evapotranspiration for Irrigation Management of Spinach." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 971B—971. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.971b.

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Improving irrigation water management for crop production is becoming increasingly important in South Texas as the water supplies shrink and competition with urban centers in the region grows. Crop simulators and crop evapotranspiration (ET) are appealing methods for estimating crop water use and irrigation requirements because of the low investment in time and dollars required by on-site (in-field) measurement of soil and/or crop water status. We compared the effectiveness of the Crop.m.an/EPIC crop simulator and Crop-ET approaches estimating the crop water use for irrigation scheduling of spinach. In-ground weighing lysimeters were used to measure real-time spinach water use during the growing season. We related the water use of the spinach crop to a well-watered reference grass crop to determine crop coefficients (Kc) to assist in predicting accurate crop needs using available meteorological data. In addition, we ran several simulations of CropMan to evaluate the best management for growing spinach under limited water availability. Results show the possibility of saving about 61 to 74 million m3 of water per year in the 36,500 ha of irrigated farms of the Edwards aquifer region if proper irrigation management techniques are implemented in conjunction with the newly developed decision support systems. We discuss the implications of the use of these technologies for improving the effectiveness of irrigation and for reducing irrigation water requirements in South Texas.
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Mudau, Ambani R., Puffy Soundy, and Fhatuwani N. Mudau. "Response of Baby Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to Photoselective Nettings on Growth and Postharvest Quality." HortScience 52, no. 5 (May 2017): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11875-17.

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Manipulation of microenvironments by means of photoselective nettings is widely used to improve the productivity and quality of high-value vegetables. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of photoselective nettings on growth, productivity, and postharvest quality attributes of baby spinach. Baby spinach cv. Ohio was grown from seeds, and the trial was repeated. Plants were planted in an open field (control) and under closed nets, viz., black, pearl, yellow, and red nets. At harvest, baby spinach leaves were subjected to 4, 10, and 20 °C storage temperatures for 12 days. Crops grown under black nets and stored at 4 °C retained higher level of antioxidant activity (0.23 g·kg−1), whereas the least level of antioxidant activity was observed in baby spinach grown under red and yellow shade nets (0.01 g·kg−1). Similar trend was evident with flavonoid content where baby spinach leaves grown under black nets maintained high level of flavonoids at 4, 10, and 20 °C during storage period compared with other shade nets and the control. The study control showed a better potential in retaining antioxidant activity over red and yellow shade nets. Results showed that black shade nettings have the potential to reduce water loss, decay incidents, and maintain flavonoid content and antioxidant activity followed by pearl and yellow nets.
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Hasan, Zahidah, Y. Andriani, Y. Dhahiyat, A. Sahidin, and M. R. Rubiansyah. "Pertumbuhan tiga jenis ikan dan kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir) yang dipelihara dengan sistem akuaponik." Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 17, no. 2 (June 24, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.32491/jii.v17i2.357.

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This study aims to determine the growth of fish (Nile tilapia, North African catfish, and goldfish) which cultured along with water spinach in aquaponics system. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture, Ciparanje, Facul-ty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University from February to April 2016. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Treatment A: positive control, water spinach grown on soil and compost fertilizer, Treatment B: negative control, water spinach grown on soil without compost fertilizer, treatment C: aquaponics Nile tilapia and water spinach, Treatment D: aquaponics North African catfish and water spinach, and treatment E: aquaponics goldfish and water spinach. The measured parameters in this study were fish growth and water spinach growth include stem height, number of leaves, biomass as well as water quality included nitrates, ammonia and phosphates. The results showed that the highest fish growth, obtained in combination of catfish and water spinach with growth of 7.8±1.18 grams and the highest water spinach growth obtain in koi cultured with water spinach with average biomass 30.40±5.59 grams. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pertumbuhan tiga jenis ikan (lele, nila, dan koi) yang dipelihara bersama de-ngan kangkung darat dalam sistem akuaponik. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Budi daya Perikanan, Ciparanje, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Padjadjaran dari bulan Februari hingga April 2016. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan lima perla-kuan dan diulang empat kali. Perlakuan A: kontrol positif, tanaman kangkung darat ditanam menggunakan tanah dan pupuk kompos; perlakuan B: kontrol negatif, tanaman kangkung darat ditanam menggunakan tanah tanpa menggunakan pupuk kompos; perlakuan C: akuaponik dengan ikan nila dan tanaman kangkung darat; perlakuan D: akuaponik dengan ikan lele dan tanaman kangkung darat, dan perlakuan E: ikan koi dan tanaman kangkung darat. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah pertumbuhan bobot ikan, dan pertumbuhan kangkung yang meliputi tinggi batang, jumlah daun, dan biomassa panen serta kualitas air yang mencakup nitrat, ammonia, dan fosfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan bobot ikan tertinggi diperoleh pada kombinasi lele dan kangkung darat dengan pertumbuhan sebe-sar 7,8±1,18 g dan pertumbuhan tanaman kangkung tertinggi diperoleh pada pemeliharaan bersama koi yang mengha-silkan biomassa sebesar 30,40±5,59 g.
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Styawan, Anita Agustina, Muchson Arrosyid, and Eka Septiana Nugraheni. "Effect of Stir-Frying on Calcium Inside Terrestrial Water Spinach (Ipomoea Reptans Poir) with Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica Forks) with Complexometric Titration Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1477 (March 2020): 062002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1477/6/062002.

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36

Humphrey, O. S., S. D. Young, E. H. Bailey, N. M. J. Crout, E. L. Ander, E. M. Hamilton, and M. J. Watts. "Iodine uptake, storage and translocation mechanisms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 2145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00272-z.

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37

Fennell, Anne, Paul H. Li, and Albert H. Markhart III. "Influence of air and soil temperature on water relations and freezing tolerance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea)." Physiologia Plantarum 78, no. 1 (January 1990): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1990.780108.x.

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Fennell, Anne, Paul H. Li, and Albert H. Markhart. "Influence of air and soil temperature on water relations and freezing tolerance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea)." Physiologia Plantarum 78, no. 1 (January 1990): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb08713.x.

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39

Firdayati, Mayrina, Peni Astrini Notodarmojo, Barti Setiani Muntalif, Didit Trihartomo, Inat Shani Fathuna, and Kiki Somantri. "Helminth Eggs Parameter of Water Spinach Agriculture Field in Bandung." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v2i1.3553.

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The high prevalence of helminth infection in Indonesia had encouraged the government to issue the Regulation of the Minister of Health concerning the Prevention of Soil-transmitted Helminths in 2017. Researches on the presence of helminth eggs in the environment, in soil and water as a media for transmitting the disease, are very few. <strong>Aim:</strong> <strong>The aim</strong> was conducted to investigate the potential presence of helminth eggs causing STH infections in two urban agricultural areas in northern and southern part of Bandung City. <strong>Methodology and results: </strong>Samples of water from the inlet and plantation area, as well as soil and water spinach produced by both regions, were collected and analyzed for the presence of helminth eggs using modified Bailinger methods. The number of helminth eggs of 1–119 eggs/L in water, soil, and vegetable samples. <strong>Conclusion, significance, and impact study: </strong>The results confirmed that the irrigation water used in both areas has been contaminated by feces. The average number of fecal coli exceeds the allowable value for the irrigation water source based on the Grade 4 of water quality criteria in Indonesia. Variations in the number of helminth eggs found in the samples can be caused by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and soil types. The presence of helminth eggs in irrigation water and land samples exceeds the value recommended by WHO (2006) in the guidelines for the safe use of wastewater for agriculture. It can lead to an increased risk of helminth infection to consumers, agricultural workers, as well as residents around the farmland.
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Xu, Chun-Ling, Chun-Wei Jiao, Lu Yu, Hui Xie, Dong-Wei Wang, Yu Li, and Xi Cheng. "Establishment of new monoxenic culture systems for root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., on axenic water spinach roots." Nematology 17, no. 6 (2015): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002905.

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To establish optimal monoxenic culture systems for Meloidogyne spp., in vitro axenic culture methods of water spinach and tomato roots and monoxenic reproduction of the nematodes were assessed on six different media (MS-I to MS-VI), based on the standard Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The concentrations of the major elements of MS medium were amended, and the main differences among these media were concentrations of iron salts, hormone and ammonium nitrate in the macroelements. Both water spinach and tomato successfully produced roots on MS-I to MS-V media (with ammonium nitrate), but not on MS-VI (without ammonium nitrate). Water spinach produced many more roots than tomato, especially on MS-I (without hormones). Meloidogyne incognita was successfully established on in vitro roots of the two plants on MS-I to MS-V media. It was also possible to culture M. javanica and M. arenaria on water spinach root on MS-I medium. In addition, water spinach root tissues could be maintained for 8 months on MS-II and MS-V media.
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Prayogo, Prayogo. "The Comparison of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) Density Using Aquaponic System Through Reduced Concentration of Ammonia (NH3), Nitrite (NO2), Nitrate (NO3) And Its Influence On Conversion Rate and Feed Efficiency To Increase The Survival Rate And Growth Rate of African Catfish (Clarias sp.) Intensive." Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 8, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v8i2.13626.

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In intensive aquaculture farming activities will generate solid waste and liquid waste that comes from feces and leftover fish feed. The waste accumulation can lead to deterioration of water quality that affects the physiological processes, behavior, growth, and mortality of fish. Technological innovation is needed for the management of water quality and increase productivity as a result of shrinkage of cultivated land. One of the technological innovations that can be applied, namely the incorporation of fish farming with crops through Aquaponics system. This study aims to determine the effects of water spinach optimum density to absorb waste ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) optimally to increase the survival rate and growth rate of african catfish (Clarias sp.) intensive As well as to see its effect on conversion rates and feed efficiency with aquaponics system. The method used is the experimental method. The experimental research is used to determine the effect of certain variable towards a group under controlled conditions. The results of measurements of ammonia levels during P0 showed that the treatment significantly different (p <0.05) with treatment P1; P2; and P3. P3 treatment with water spinach number 40 stems provide maximum results in lowering the concentration of ammonia compared with treatment P0 (without spinach), P1 (20 water spinach), and P2 (30 water spinach). The measurement results nitrite levels during the observation showed that all treatments there were no significant differences (p> 0.05). The measurement results also showed that the nitrate content whole of observation results showed that all treatments there were no significant differences (p> 0.05). The best feed conversion ratio was found in P3 treatment of 1.08. The best feed efficiency was found in P3 treatment 92,25%. The highest survival rate was found in P3 treatment (88.69%) in maintenance medium and lowest survival rate was in P0 treatment (26,71%) without water spinach (control). The highest specific growth rate was found in P3 treatment (1.15%), while the lowest specific growth rate was in treatment P0 (0.79%).Results of water quality measurement supporting all treatments decreased and increased. The supporting water quality are temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The decrease and increase in support water quality is caused by environmental factors such as weather. Other parameters were observed in addition to supporting the water quality is water spinach plant growth. Value growth water spinach is best found in treatment P3. In the treatment P3 water spinach growth rose 5.14 cm with an initial size of 10.92 into 16.06.
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Bianchi, Andrea, Daniele Masseroni, and Arianna Facchi. "Modelling water requirements of greenhouse spinach for irrigation management purposes." Hydrology Research 48, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.079.

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Estimating water requirements of plants cultivated in greenhouse environments is crucial, both for the design of greenhouse irrigation systems and the improvement of irrigation scheduling. Spinach is one of the main vegetables sold as ‘ready-to-eat’ bagged produce; it is very sensitive to water stress and thus requires accurate irrigation. In this work, a water balance model simulating the daily irrigation need for greenhouse crops based on the FAO-56 ‘single crop coefficient’ method was designed and applied (FAO-56-GH). Two experiments were conducted on two spinach varieties grown in pots in different periods. For each experiment, four nitrogen treatments were considered. Irrigation was managed weighing the pots every day, and restoring soil water to field capacity. Crop coefficient (Kc) values were calibrated using data of the first experiment, the model was successively validated using the second dataset. Results showed a good model performance both in the validation and calibration periods (R2 = 0.80 and 0.84, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.41 and 0.21 mm day−1, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.78 and 0.83). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test revealed a scarce dependence of irrigation needs to nitrogen treatments. This study suggests the possibility of adopting the FAO-56-GH model with site-specific Kc to improve irrigation management and planning in greenhouse environments.
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Novitasari, Dolvin, Rani Sauriasari, and Maryati Kurniadi. "ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC RED DYES IN RED SPINACH SAMPLES (AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR L.)." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.04.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether synthetic red dyes are present in red spinach samples.Methods: The presence of the dyes Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine, Rhodamine B, Amaranth was determined in red spinach using reactions, followed bypaper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry. In paper chromatography analyses, analytes were eluted using n-butanol–ethanol–water (4:5:5) and isobutanol–ethanol–water (3:2:4), and in TLC-densitometry, analytes were eluted with n-butanol–ethanol–water (3:7:1).Results: No synthetic red dyes were found in the seven red spinach samples.Conclusion: The synthetic dyes Rhodamin B, amaranth, Ponceau 4R, and Karmoisin were not found as contaminants of red spinach.
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Muchena, Forbes B., Charity Pisa, Moses Mutetwa, Chido Govera, and Wonder Ngezimana. "Effect of Spent Button Mushroom Substrate on Yield and Quality of Baby Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (March 27, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6671647.

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Disposal of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) generated after mushroom cultivation is a subject of great concern. Unplanned disposal causes land, water, and air pollution together with the nuisance in the surroundings. During recent years, environmental legislation has forced mushroom growers to think about more amicable ways of SMS disposal. Hence, farmers in different corners of the country are using SMS as manure for various field crops and horticulture but without any support of the recommended rates from scientific data and therefore may not be getting the optimum benefits. This study sought to evaluate the effects of spent mushroom substrate on the yield and quality of baby spinach. The experiment was conducted in Mazowe, Zimbabwe, with 5 treatments (10 t ha−1, 20 t ha−1, 30 t ha−1 of SMS, and two controls) arranged in a CRBD and replicated 3 times. Biomass production (fresh mass, dry mass, root length, fresh root mass, and dry root mass) and sensory evaluation were determined 35 days after planting. Results showed that increasing rates of spent mushroom substrate significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the fresh yield and quality of baby spinach. Application of spent mushroom substrate beyond 30 t ha−1, however, increased the bitterness of baby spinach. The results of the study present the potential of the spent mushroom substrate as an organic fertilizer for the production of quality baby spinach.
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Reyes, Andrea, Oscar Alvarado, and Javier Alvarez-Herrera. "Effect of irrigation suspension on the growth, water state and production of spinach (Spinacia olerácea L.) plants." Agronomía Colombiana 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v36n2.67167.

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Spinach is susceptible to drought conditions, and, because of climate change, it is necessary to optimize water application to crops. Therefore, a test was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments consisting of the following irrigation suspension durations: T1: 0 d, T2: 4 d, T3: 7 d and T4: 10, with six replicates for a total of 24 experiment units (EU). Each EU consisted of 6 plants, for a total of 120 plants that were transplanted to 2 L pots with a mixture of peat and soil (2:1). The upper part of the substrate was maintained with a higher moisture content in the treatment without irrigation suspension and in the one with irrigation suspended for 4 d. An inversely proportional relationship was observed between the moisture content and the leaf water potential. The treatment without irrigation suspension recorded the highest leaf water potential value during the measurement period. There were no significant differences between the chlorophyll content in the SPAD units or for the leaf area, stomatal conductance and dry mass. The fresh mass presented significant differences and had the highest value in the treatment without suspension of irrigation.
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46

Rong, Wang, Liu Shiyu, Cai Linhao, and Lei Jiangkai. "The effect of sewage sludge application on the growth and absorption rates of Pb and As in water spinach." Open Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2016-0065.

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AbstractThis paper investigated the effect of the application of sewage sludge on the growth rates and absorption rates of Pb and As in potted water spinach. Our results indicated that application of sewage sludge promoted vegetable growth, and the dry weight of water spinach reached a maximal value (4.38 ± 0.82 g) upon 8% sludge application. We also found that the dry weights of water spinach after treatment were all greater than those of the control systems (CK). Treatment with sludge promoted the absorption of Pb and As in water spinach, with a significant (p < 0.05) increase of absorbed Pb following treatment concentrations above 10%, and a peak absorption of As at 8%. Finally, we found that concentrations of Pb and As were higher in rhizosphere-attached soil than in free pot.
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47

Fitri Dewi, M. Faisal, and Mariana. "EFISIENSI PENYERAPAN PHOSPAT LIMBAH LAUNDRY MENGGUNAKAN KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea aquatic forsk) DAN JERINGAU (Acorus calamus)." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v4i1.1452.

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Laundry waste contains high phosphate concentrations that exceeding levels in Regulation No. 82 of 2001 about Water Quality Management and Control of Water Pollution. When the waste is directly discharged into the sewers or river without treatment, it can cause water pollution and lead to eutrophication. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) and Jeringau (Acorus Calamus l) might be use to absorb phosphate in laundry waste. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of phosphate absorption by using water spinach and Jeringau. The experiments were carried out in a batch system. The results showed that the reduction efficiency of phosphate by Water spinach and Jeringau was 41.61% and 53.75%, respectively.
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Stefan, Stefan Jaghu Renggi, and Charly Mutiara. "EFESIENSI PEMUPUKAN NITROGEN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH SERTA HASIL TANAMAN KANGKUNG DARAT MELALUI APLIKASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR KRINYU (Ipomea reptans poir)." AGRICA 13, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v13i1.277.

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The problems faced are the use of inorganic fertilizers that damage the level of soil organic matter decreases, soil structure is damaged, and environmental pollution. This research utilizes liquid organic fertilizer, kirinyu because it has N elements which are high enough to provide yield of ground water spinach plants and soil physical properties. This study aims to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer efficiency on soil physical properties and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer efficiency on land kale yield. The study was arranged based on 2 factors: the outcome variable using a randomized block design (RBD) and the variable saving of Soil Physical Properties. The results of statistical analysis show that the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization on the yield of ground water spinach plants has a very significant influence on yield variables which include fresh weight of land spinach tan-1 (g) and fresh weight of water spinach ha-1 (ton). The efficiency of nitrogen fertilization on the yield of ground water spinach plants has a very significant effect with an average increase in each treatment for fresh water spinach per plant by 27.97% and the fresh weight of water spinach per hekatar by 27.97%. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilization on the physical properties of the soil in kangkung cultivation in Lokoboko village has sandy clay soil texture, has a density value of contents ranging from 1.33 g / cm - 1.37 g / cm and soil porosity 45.46% - 50.22 %. The soil color is dominated by 10 YR 2/1 Black and 10 YR 2/2 Very Dark Brown, having soil temperatures ranging from 25,250C - 26,750C.
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HAO, JIANXIONG, HUIYING LI, YANGFANG WAN, and HAIJIE LIU. "Effect of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water Treatment on the Reduction of Nitrite Levels in Fresh Spinach during Storage." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-156.

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Leafy vegetables are the major source of nitrite intake in the human diet, and technological processing to control nitrite levels in harvested vegetables is necessary. In the current work, the effect of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) on the nitrite and nitrate levels in fresh spinach during storage was studied. EOW treatment, including slightly acidic electrolyzed water and acidic electrolyzed water, was found to effectively reduce nitrite levels in fresh spinach during storage; levels in the late period were 30 to 40% lower than that of the control. However, the nitrate levels in fresh spinach during storage were not influenced by EOW treatment. The reduction of nitrite levels in EOW-treated fresh spinach during storage can be attributed to the inactivation of nitrate reductase directly and to the reduction of bacterial populations. Our results suggest that treatment with slightly acidic electrolyzed water may be a better choice to control nitrite levels in fresh vegetables during storage. This study provided a useful method to reduce nitrite levels in fresh spinach.
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Silva, Gianluigi, Septi Nurul Aini, Henrie Buchari, and Abdul Kadir Salam. "The Phytoextraction of Copper from Tropical Soil 21 Years after Amendment with Heavy-Metal Containing Waste." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 26, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2021.v26i1.11-18.

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Several particular plants are suggested to extract significant parts of heavy metals from soils and accumulate them in their roots and shoots. This research aimed to study the phytoextraction of Cu by several plants from heavy-metal contaminated tropical soils. Soil samples collected from plots treated in 1998 with 0, 15 and 60 Mg industrial waste ha-1 were planted with three different plants, i.e., caisim, water spinach, and lettuce. Plant parts (roots and shoots) and soil samples were harvested after a four-week growth period and analyzed for plant and soil Cu. The results show that the growth of plants was depressed by the increase in the soil Cu (extracted by 1 N HNO3) as affected by waste levels, with water spinach being the most progressive and produced the most significant biomass. The absorption of Cu by caisim and water spinach increased with the soil extracted Cu (linear R2 = 0.71* for caisim and 0.32* for water spinach) and accumulated greater in plant roots than that in shoots. The translocation factor (TF << 1.00) indicates that all plants were good Cu phytostabilizators rather than phytoextractors, with water spinach being the best Cu extractor.
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