Journal articles: 'Water storage tanks'

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Zienty, Dan. "They're Water Storage Tanks?" Opflow 28, no. 11 (November 2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2002.tb01681.x.

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Hernandez, José N., and Ira M. Gabin. "Policies Protect Water Storage Tanks." Opflow 32, no. 3 (March 2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2006.tb01850.x.

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Calkins, Donald C., and Phyllis C. Ahlers. "Rehabilitation Techniques for Water Storage Tanks." Opflow 11, no. 10 (October 1985): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1985.tb00420.x.

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Sohaib, Muhammad, Manjurul Islam, Jaeyoung Kim, Duck-Chan Jeon, and Jong-Myon Kim. "Leakage Detection of a Spherical Water Storage Tank in a Chemical Industry Using Acoustic Emissions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010196.

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Spherical storage tanks are used in various industries to store substances like gasoline, oxygen, waste water, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Cracks in the storage tanks are unaccepted defects, as storage tanks can leak or spill the contained substance through these cracks. Leakage from contained hazardous substances storage tanks can contaminate the environment and may lead to fatal accidents. Therefore, the ability to detect cracks from spherical storage tanks is necessary to avoid damage to the environment and to ensure public safety. In this paper, we present a crack detection case study of a spherical tank. The detection was performed using time-domain statistical features and a machine learning algorithm. The proposed method consists of (1) extraction of statistical features from the acoustic emissions (AE) acquired from the spherical tank, and (2) classification of the nonlinear data using a support vector machine (SVM). We evaluate the proposed algorithm with AE data obtained from the spherical tank, demonstrating that the algorithm effectively discriminates between normal and crack conditions. These results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for detecting cracks in spherical storage tanks.

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Dai, Jian, Kok Keng Ang, Jingzhe Jin, Chien Ming Wang, Øyvind Hellan, and Arnstein Watn. "Large Floating Structure with Free-Floating, Self-Stabilizing Tanks for Hydrocarbon Storage." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183487.

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Hydrocarbon is a major source of energy for sustainable development. Storage of hydrocarbon products, however, requires a significant amount of land space to land-scarce countries like Singapore. This paper presents an alternative way of storing hydrocarbon in Singapore coastal waters through the innovative design of a floating hydrocarbon storage facility. The design comprises free-floating and self-stabilizing tanks enclosed by barges that form a floating hydrocarbon storage facility. The tanks are made of prestressed concrete and they are designed to be self-stabilized when floating in the sea water. Owing to the lack of available design guidelines, design requirements on the stability and motion criteria for floating storage tanks are developed based on a review of existing codes of practice and design specifications for both onshore tanks and offshore vessels. A comprehensive study on the hydrostatic performance of various proposed floating tank design concepts with different storage capacities is carried out. This paper aims to give design recommendations on the tank’s storage capacity and dimensional aspect ratios that fulfill the recommended stability requirements and motion criteria.

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Khedikar, Prof Amey R. "Seismic Analysis and Comparative Study of Elevated Storage Tank by GSDMA Guidelines." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36164.

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A container to store water in a huge amount of capacity can simply be called as the water tank. During the earthquakes, all these liquid storage tanks get collapsed or damaged heavily. 40 to 65 years is the feasible lifetime of an ESR in general. Shortage of drinking water, utilizing water, uncontrolled fires, etc are some unexpected events caused due to any damage or collapse of the tanks. Water tank parameters include various designs of tanks and different way of construction, materials, linings etc. Different materials are used for the construction and development of water tanks such as: - plastic, concrete, steel, fiberglass, etc. Therefore, to avoid all those unwanted events in the future various studies have been carried out regarding different types, shapes of water tanks. In this research, Elevated Service Reservoir (E.S.R) is being compared of shape Rectangular & Circular water tanks of capacity 5lakh litres and a total height of 18m with 3m, 4.5m staging height in Earthquake Zone V by Equivalent static analysis using STAAD.PRO software and referring GSDMA guidelines for the design of a tank and IS 1893 PART2-2014 code. By studying all the observations and results, it shows that Circular water tank is more preferable and economical for use.

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Mahmood, Abdulkhaleq K., Ali A. Kamal, and Ako R. Hama. "Study and Evaluation of Stored Drinking Water Characteristics Using Three Types of Roof Water Tanks in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol7.iss1.110.

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The scarcity of safe drinking water is one of the problems faced by the majority of cities in the world. Kirkuk city is one of these cities, which suffer from a shortage of drinking water. People have adopted the use of different rooftop tanks to overcome this problem. This research focuses on studying the effect of storage time on the five main characteristics of drinking water, which include, acid index (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity (Tr). Three types of tanks were used predominantly (galvanized metal, plastic, and aluminum tanks). By analyzing the results, the characteristics of three samples of municipal source water obtained. Three samples were taken from each tank at different periods (4, 8, and 12 days). The results showed that the storage time affected the characteristics of drinking water. These characteristics differed from one tank to another. Metal tanks showed an increase in total dissolved solids, due to the evaporation process, even as plastic and aluminum tanks showed an increase in pH. The properties of all storage water tanks changed with times, but overall, the results were within the Iraqi limitation for drinking water. It was not easy to only depend on the results of this study to believe that any one type of water tank was better than the other, as the values of most of the variables studied had varied from one type to other. However, many studies have indicated a number of health risks, and most significantly with regard to plastic tanks, which are said to contain dangerous organic compounds that can be transferred to water. Metal tanks can cause zinc leakage, caused by a number of environmental factors at high levels. Aluminum tanks also can have an effect on the water in tanks.

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Saul, A. J., and D. R. Ellis. "Sediment Deposition in Storage Tanks." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (April 1, 1992): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0193.

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The use of storage tanks in sewerage systems has increased in recent years. The primary functions of such tanks are to attenuate flow and to retain pollutants within the sewer system. The size of the required storage volume is dependent on the purpose for which the tank is to be used but the end product of any design analysis is the definition of fixed volume of storage which has to be included as part of the sewerage system. The main problem is to provide storage and effective separation of gross and suspended solids without incurring poor self cleansing and associated high maintenance costs. The work outlined in this paper involved the development of a laboratory computer controlled monitoring system for the purpose of flow visualisation and for the comparative assessment of the sediment deposition and removal performance of different geometric configurations of storage tank. These systems used sophisticated control procedures and the latter had the facility to generate a flow hydrograph of any shape and duration and to superimpose on this hydrograph a pollutograph of synthetic sediment, in this case crushed olive stone wood flour. Particular attention was focused on the optimum length to breadth ratio for a given storage volume, the configuration of the chamber floor - number, shape and gradient of dry weather flow channels and benching (gradient; the type of roof support and the effect of multiple storms on the redistribution of deposited sediment. The results of the work illustrated that very complex flow patterns were established within the storage tanks as the flow hydrograph was discharged through the system and that these flow patterns governed the sediment settlement, re-entrainment and transport processes in the tank. The velocity distribution within each chamber was a function of tank geometry, the shape, volume, and duration of the inflow hydrograph and the throughflow setting. The paper is concluded by a series of recommendations to aid the design of storage tanks.

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Roberson, J. Alan. "Thinking About Your Finished Water Storage Tanks." Journal - American Water Works Association 106, no. 7 (July 2014): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0101.

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Sabet, M. Hossein, and Otto J. Helweg. "PEAKING STORAGE TANKS FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25, no. 5 (October 1989): 1047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05420.x.

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Petersen, Kim E. "Water Storage Tanks: Your Utility's Achilles' Heel?" Opflow 19, no. 4 (April 1993): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1993.tb00327.x.

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Atkinson, Robert. "Contaminated Water Storage Tanks Create Health Concerns." Opflow 22, no. 3 (March 1996): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1996.tb00536.x.

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Evison, Lilian, and Nawal Sunna. "Microbial Regrowth in household Water Storage Tanks." Journal - American Water Works Association 93, no. 9 (September 2001): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09289.x.

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Gupta, R. K., and G. L. Hutchinson. "Solid-water interaction in liquid storage tanks." Journal of Sound and Vibration 135, no. 3 (December 1989): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460x(89)90692-5.

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Hariharan, K., K. Badrinarayana, S. Srinivasa Murthy, and M. V. Krishna Murthy. "Temperature stratification in hot-water storage tanks." Energy 16, no. 7 (July 1991): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(91)90057-s.

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Tulirinya, John, Richard O. Awichi, Fulgensia M. Kamugisha, and Moses Nagulama. "Modelling the Influence of Evaporation on Residual Chlorine in Water Storage Tanks Using CFD." East African Journal of Engineering 3, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eaje.3.1.357.

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Water storage tanks are usually utilized in water distribution systems (WDS) to meet the water demand fluctuations. Chlorine is the most common disinfectant used to disinfect water supplies. However, variations in the rate of chlorine decay in these storage tanks are one of the greatest limiting factors in ensuring adequate water treatment process and giving guarantee to its efficiency. These variations could be due to some inadequately tested mechanisms of chlorine reactions in bulk fluid, chlorine reactions with storage tank walls, and natural evaporation. This study presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling approach to assess the influence of evaporation on residual chlorine in water storage tanks. Findings indicate that an increase in the evaporation rate accelerates the rate at which residual chlorine is lost. It is concluded that temperature is the main factor influencing evaporation, which in turn causes the disappearance of residual chlorine within the water storage tanks.

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Jendželovský, Norbert, and Lenka Uhlířová. "Rectangular tank under the seismic load." MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300022.

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Tanks have been currently used for the storage of various substances, in particular as drinking water storage tanks and for storage of various technical fluids. Rectangular tanks have advantages over cylindrical tanks, such as: lower sensitivity to unilateral loads and better use of space when used in a system of tanks. The rectangular tank analyzed in this article is filled with water. During the dynamic analysis of the tank, it was loaded by an accelerogram of a natural earthquake. In the calculation, the method of direct integration over time was used, considering damping. From the accelerogram a response spectrum was generated and applied as an additional loading of the tank. The static model of the tank was created in the ANSYS program, which works on the basis of the finite element method (FEM).

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Nnaji, C. C., I. V. Nnaji, and R. O. Ekwule. "Storage-induced deterioration of domestic water quality." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.151.

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Abstract Due to the failure of municipal supply systems in many Nigerian cities, residents often resort to long storage of water in large high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks in order to reduce water stress. This paper investigated deterioration of the quality of stored water for a period of 35 days. Samples from 20 purposively selected storage tanks in Enugu, Nigeria were collected for analysis. Heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform (TC), enterococci and Escherichia coli were present in 85%, 75%, 40% and 61% of the samples, respectively. E. coli (p < 0.001) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in storage tanks that were also used for rainwater collection than those that were not. HPC and TC counts in tanks that collect rainwater were twice those of tanks that do not, while E. coli and enterococci counts in tanks that also collect rainwater were three times those of tanks that do not collect rainwater. The most significant change (p < 0.001) in E. coli concentration occurred after 15 days of storage. Cleaning of tanks caused significant reduction of TC counts (p = 0.013), E. coli (p < 0.001), HPC (p < 0.001) and enterococci (p = 0.001). Hence, prolonged storage of water causes significant deterioration of water quality.

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Xie, Ling, Liu Tian, Lulu Yang, Yifei Lv, and Qianru Li. "Review on application of phase change material in water tanks." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 2017): 168781401770359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017703596.

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Latent heat storage with phase change material is a superior way of storing thermal energy because of its high thermal storage density, isothermal nature of the storage process, and easy control. In recent years, latent heat storage systems have been increasingly used in building energy conservation, solar heating systems, and waste heat recovery systems. The water tank as a key component of solar heating systems has been widely applied in practical applications. This article first reviews the research on the water tank integrated with phase change material in terms of existing research methods and heat transfer enhancing technologies and then summarizes the applications of various phase change material–based water tanks. Finally, the further research suggestions on the phase change material–based water tank are proposed in this article. The successful completion of this review will not only deepen the understanding on the research development of phase change material–based water tank but also promote practical applications of such water tanks in solar heating systems.

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Graham, Jay P., and James VanDerslice. "The effectiveness of large household water storage tanks for protecting the quality of drinking water." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.011b.

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Many communities along the US-México border remain without infrastructure for water and sewage. Residents in these communities often collect and store their water in open 55-gallon drums. This study evaluated changes in drinking water quality resulting from an intervention that provided large closed water storage tanks (2,500-gallons) to individual homes lacking a piped water supply. After the intervention, many of the households did not change the source of their drinking water to the large storage tanks. Therefore, water quality results were first compared based on the source of the household's drinking water: store or vending machine, large tank, or collected from a public supply and transported by the household. Of the households that used the large storage tank as their drinking water supply, drinking water quality was generally of poorer quality. Fifty-four percent of samples collected prior to intervention had detectable levels of total coliforms, while 82% of samples were positive nine months after the intervention (p < 0.05). Exploratory analyses were also carried out to measure water quality at different points between collection by water delivery trucks and delivery to the household's large storage tank. Thirty percent of the samples taken immediately after water was delivered to the home had high total coliforms (>10 CFU/100 ml). Mean free chlorine levels dropped from 0.43 mg/l, where the trucks filled their tanks, to 0.20 mg/l inside the household's tank immediately after delivery. Results of this study have implications for interventions that focus on safe water treatment and storage in the home, and for guidelines regarding the level of free chlorine required in water delivered by water delivery trucks.

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Menaia, J., M. Benoliel, A. Lopes, C. Neto, E. Ferreira, E. Mesquita, and J. Paiva. "Assessment of Lisbon drinking water distribution network biofilm colonization and associated hazards." Water Supply 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.103.

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Concerns arise from the possible occurrence of pathogens in drinking water pipe biofilms and storage tank sediments. In these studies, biofilm samples from pipes and sediments from storage tanks of the Lisbon drinking water distribution system were analyzed. Protein determinations and heterotrophic counts on pipe biofilm samples were used to assess the Lisbon network sessile colonization intensity and distribution. Indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed in pipe biofilm samples, as well as in storage tanks biofilm and sediments, by using cultural methods and PCR, to assess risks. Results have shown that the Lisbon network sessile colonization is relatively weak in intensity. In addition, no meaningful hazards were apparent for both the network biofilm and the storage tanks biofilm and sediments.

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Li, Huifeng, Lijun Lu, Xiangfeng Huang, Haidong Shangguan, and Zhongqing Wei. "An optimal design strategy of decentralized storage tank locations for multi-objective control of initial rainwater quality." Water Supply 20, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 2069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.097.

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Abstract In recent years, frequent non-point source pollution has raised serious challenges for urban water environmental management. The efficiency and cost of water quality storage tanks, which can prevent and control urban pollution effectively, are significantly affected by their locations. However, few studies have determined the location of decentralized storage tanks with consideration of the characteristics of initial rainwater quality, which has led to unsatisfactory or extravagant design. Therefore, a new design strategy is proposed to optimize the locations of water quality storage tanks using the InfoWorks ICM model in this study. It includes two basic steps. Firstly, the pollution severity of each node in the corresponding subcatchment is evaluated and ranked through the matter element analysis method and analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, all the nodes are precisely sorted by their excessive multiples using the single factor index method. Its application in the design of the decentralized storage tank locations in Fuzhou, China, proved that the proposed strategy can reduce the total volume of decentralized storage tanks to 0.38 times that of a terminal tank. The strategy presented in this study may also be useful in other research on storage tank design in urban pollution prevention and control systems.

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Beithou, N. "MODIFIED ELECTRICALLY HEATED HOT WATER STORAGE TANK: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 1 (March 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0003.

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Hot water in residential buildings accounts for 37% of the energy used. In hot water storage tanks (HWST) the average water temperature decreases due to turbulent mixing. A modified design of HWSTs to extend hot water availability is proposed and tested. For this purpose two electrically heated 50 litre commercial tanks were obtained. One was equipped with a semidome to inhibit turbulent mixing. The unmodified was used for comparison. These were tested for three flow rates: 6, 8, and 10 L/min. Higher flow rates of hot water temperatures were obtained from the modified tank. To increase the heating transfer rate fins were added to the electrical heater. Water supply temperature of (60°C) was achieved 12 minutes earlier in the modified tank due to extended heat transfer area.

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Vaes, G., and J. Berlamont. "The impact of rainwater reuse on CSO emissions." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0222.

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The increasing consumption of drinking water puts a heavy burden on our future water resources. Therefore the reuse of rain water in households can be a good option to tackle this problem. On the other hand the rapidly drained rain water leads to problems in the combined sewer systems and watercourses. If the storage in the rain water tanks can be used to flatten the rain water runoff, rain water tanks can have an additional benefit. The effect of rain water tanks on the combined sewer overflow (CSO) emissions is therefore investigated with a reservoir model. Compared with storage in the combined sewer system or at the overflow, storage in rain water tanks will be more efficient in reducing the overflow emissions. However much more storage in rain water tanks must be provided to obtain the same overflow frequency as when downstream storage is used, because the storage in rain water tanks is less frequently available. When all the economical, social and environmental aspects are considered, rain water tanks can certainly be promoted as a good solution.

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Nordblom, Ola, and Lars Bergdahl. "Initiation of Stagnation in Drinking Water Storage Tanks." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 130, no. 1 (January 2004): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2004)130:1(49).

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Reineck, Karl-Heinz, Achim Lichtenfels, and Stefan Greiner. "Concrete Hot Water Tanks for Solar Energy Storage." Structural Engineering International 14, no. 3 (August 2004): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686604777963793.

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Homan, K. O., Chang Sohn, and S. L. Soo. "Thermal Performance of Stratified Chilled Water Storage Tanks." HVAC&R Research 2, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.1996.10391341.

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Rossman, Lewis A., James G. Uber, and Walter M. Grayman. "Modeling Disinfectant Residuals in Drinking-Water Storage Tanks." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121, no. 10 (October 1995): 752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:10(752).

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Al-Nimr, M. A. "Temperature distributions inside electrical hot-water storage tanks." Applied Energy 48, no. 4 (January 1994): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(94)90005-1.

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Monteiro, L., A. Pinheiro, J. Carneiro, and D. Covas. "Characterization of drinking water storage tanks in Portugal." Ingeniería del agua 25, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ia.2021.13659.

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<p>Os reservatórios de água para consumo humano permitem garantir reservas de água nos sistemas de abastecimento e gerir variações do consumo. Contudo, a sua configuração e os modos de operação podem ter implicações na qualidade da água distribuída. Este trabalho apresenta uma caracterização dos reservatórios de água em Portugal, incidindo nas características físicas e operacionais que condicionam o seu desempenho do ponto de vista da mistura e renovação da água. Foi pela primeira vez avaliada a mistura da água nos reservatórios portugueses, pela determinação das frações de volumes de renovação necessárias para garantir a mistura da água que entra em cada ciclo de enchimento com a já existente. Os resultados mostram que a mistura é garantida em cerca de 74% das células circulares e que a variação de nível necessária para tal num ciclo de enchimento é, em média, de 51%.</p>

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Kim, Mikyeong, Gippeum Bak, and Mooyoung Han. "Comparing the microbial characteristics of rainwater in two operating rainwater tanks with different surface-to-volume ratios." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.626.

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In this study, the microbial characteristics of rainwater in two tanks with different surface-to-volume ratios were investigated and compared to determine how the internal design features of storage tanks affect water quality. The particle and nutrient parameters of the rainwater, including turbidity, suspended solids, total organic carbon, and total phosphate, were lower in Tank 2, which had a surface-to-volume ratio 7.5 times greater than that of Tank 1. In addition, although the rainwater was collected from the same catchment area, the water in Tank 1 had greater numbers of bacteria, and the bacterial communities in the water differed between the two storage tanks. It appears that the differences in the inside surface structures of the rainwater tanks affected the microbial ecosystems. Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio in rainwater tanks may affect rainwater quality, because this extends the area for biofilm development. Further study of the role of biofilm in rainwater tank is required precisely, and its function needs to be considered in the design and management of rainwater tanks.

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Slavik, Irene, Keila Roberta Oliveira, Peter Batista Cheung, and Wolfgang Uhl. "Water quality aspects related to domestic drinking water storage tanks and consideration in current standards and guidelines throughout the world – a review." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (June 17, 2020): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.052.

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Abstract In many parts of the world, drinking water storage takes place in near-house or in-house tanks. This can impact drinking water quality considerably. International and numerous national standards and guidelines addressing the construction, installation and operation of domestic drinking water storage tanks are reviewed on their consideration of water quality aspects and the minimisation of health risks associated with drinking water storage. Several national and international standards and guidelines are reviewed in terms of drinking water quality requirements. Factors that have an impact on water quality in relation to the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks are summarised comprehensively. The impact of the domestic storage of drinking water on water quality, the points and locations of use, their positioning, the materials they are made of, their design and operation, as well as aspects of how they are operated and maintained is outlined and discussed in detail. Finally, the incorporation of aspects regarding water quality in drinking water storage tanks in standards and guidelines is presented and assessed. To make the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks safer and more efficient, recommendations for modifications, improvements and extensions of respective standards are made.

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Kadlec, Zdeněk, Miloš Kvarčák, Adam Thomitzek, and Martin Trčka. "Water Supply for Cooling Tertiary Containments for High Storage Tanks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (January 2016): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.391.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation of water supply for cooling tertiary containment wall. These type of tanks are used as a part of petroleum high storage tank. Minimum quantity reasonably needed is perform by heat – balance equation. The calculation in is done for the most heat stressed wall part for a case when neighbouring tank is on fire.

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Davidson, J. H., D. A. Adams, and J. A. Miller. "A Coefficient to Characterize Mixing in Solar Water Storage Tanks." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930504.

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A dimensionless coefficient is developed to characterize the level of mixing in solar water storage tanks. The MIX number, based on the height weighted energy, or moment of energy, in the tank, ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 representing a perfectly stratified (unmixed) tank and 1 representing a fully mixed tank. Limiting values are based on theoretical determinations of the maximum and minimum values of the moment of energy in a tank without mixing and a tank with complete mixing, respectively. Use of the new MIX number is illustrated by experimental data obtained in a 372-liter storage tank operated with both a conventional drop-tube inlet and a rigid, porous stratification manifold. The initial tank temperature profile, the temperature of the water entering the tank, and test duration are varied in three testing schemes. Fluid mixing is quantified by measured vertical temperature profiles and the dimensionless MIX number.

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Al-Bahry, S. N., A. E. Elshafie, R. Victor, I. Y. Mahmoud, and J. A. Al-Hinai. "Opportunistic pathogens relative to physicochemical factors in water storage tanks." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2011): 382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.054.

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Household water in Oman, as well as in other countries in the region, is stored in tanks placed on house roofs that can be subjected to physicochemical factors which can promote microbial growth, including pathogens and opportunistic pathogens which pose health risks. Water samples were collected from 30 houses in a heavily populated suburb of Muscat. The tanks used were either glass reinforced plastic (GRP), polyethylene or galvanised iron (GI). Heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, faecal coliforms and iron sulphur bacteria varied significantly in the three tanks. Yeast and mould count showed significant variations. Isolation of Aeromonas spp., fluorogenic and pathogenic Pseudomonas, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Serratia and Tatumella, and Yersinia and Legionella in biofilms varied in the three tanks. The fungi isolates in the three tanks were Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus. Nephelometric turbidity unit, threshold odour number and free chlorine varied significantly in the three tanks. True colour unit values did not show a significant difference; however, GRP tanks had algae, autotrophic and pigmented microorganisms. In addition, GI tanks had sediments and corrosion. The results of this investigation are important to evaluate the status of the present household water tanks in countries with high annual temperatures, which may affect public health.

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Karvekar, Asst Prof A. V. "Comparative Analysis & Design of Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR) By Manually & Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38108.

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Abstract: Water tanks are important public utility and industrial structure. The design and construction method used in reinforced concrete are influenced by the prevailing construction practices ,the physical property of the material and the climatic conditions water tanks are classified on the basis of their shape and position of structure storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water all tanks are designed as crack free structure to eliminate any leakage . The principle objective of this project is to plan, analysis and design a circular overhead tank of 750lakh litters capacity. In this project all structural elements of circular water tank are analysed and design by using manually and ETAB software . this project giuesin brief ,The theory behind the design of liquid retaining structures (Elevated circular water tank ) using limit state method with reference to IS: 3370 (2009)and IS456:2000 The behaviour of structure for the parameters like story drift ,displacement stiffness ,deflection ,storey shear ,base shear , area of steel ,for circular water tank are studied on ETAB software and then comparison of the results is made between manually design By this study we say that the circular water tank analysis and design on ETAB software is more economical and safe than manually design of water tank. Keywords: Circular water tank , Seismic pressure, Population Forcasting, Limit state method ,working stress method , ETAB .

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Khurshid, Hassan, and Karthik Silaipillayarputhur. "A Study on the solar radiation incident upon the overhead water tanks in Saudi Arabia with different configurations." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2018): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9530.

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Saudi Arabia is one of the warmer countries in the Middle East region. In the summer months, the ambient temperature reaches 50°C on regular basis. This high temperature has a direct effect on the elevation of water temperatures inside the domestic and commercial over-head tanks. The tanks are predominantly installed on the roof of the buildings without any shade or insulation and are exposed to the direct irradiation from the sun. The tank material is not capable of reducing the effect of solar radiation. Therefore, water gets very hot in the afternoon that it is impossible for the occupants of the residential buildings to take a shower or even wash their hands. This paper studied the effect of solar irradiation on the water temperature in the over-head storage water tanks during the summer months. The temperature rise in the water storage tank was considered for different cases, (i.e.) a free standing tank exposed to direct sun’s irradiation, a tank with shade, a tank with fiber glass insulation, and a tank having insulation along with shade. An analytical model was developed to study the effects of sun’s irradiation and the results were compared with that of experimentation. The results from the water storage tank having insulation exhibited encouraging results.

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Kim, Youngjin, and Mooyoung Han. "Rainwater storage tank as a remedy for a local urban flood control." Water Supply 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.029.

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Surcharge runoff over the capacity of drainage pipes is one of main flood breaking factors in urban area. Change into larger pipes is costly and time consuming solution. Rainwater tanks can be a sustainable solution for the control of heavy runoff. The Rainfall-Storage-Drain(RSD) model is developed for the design of rainwater tanks of flood control. Design rainfall of Huff's distribution and runoff analysis on building rooftop makes inflow curves into the tanks. Through a water balance equation, tank volume versus peak flow curves can determine the minimum tank volume needed for controlled peak flow value of a design period. The case study in Seoul City shows a tank of 29 L/m2 can control the runoff of 30-years with the drainage pipes of 10-years design period. The RSD model can give simple and easy curves to understand for tank capacity determination in a local flood condition.

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Van Meter, Kimberly J., Michael Steiff, Daniel L. McLaughlin, and Nandita B. Basu. "The socioecohydrology of rainwater harvesting in India: understanding water storage and release dynamics across spatial scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (July 7, 2016): 2629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2629-2016.

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Abstract. Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small-scale collection and storage of runoff for irrigated agriculture, is recognized as a sustainable strategy for ensuring food security, especially in monsoonal landscapes in the developing world. In south India, these strategies have been used for millennia to mitigate problems of water scarcity. However, in the past 100 years many traditional RWH systems have fallen into disrepair due to increasing dependence on groundwater. This dependence has contributed to accelerated decline in groundwater resources, which has in turn led to increased efforts at the state and national levels to revive older RWH systems. Critical to the success of such efforts is an improved understanding of how these ancient systems function in contemporary landscapes with extensive groundwater pumping and shifted climatic regimes. Knowledge is especially lacking regarding the water-exchange dynamics of these RWH tanks at tank and catchment scales, and how these exchanges regulate tank performance and catchment water balances. Here, we use fine-scale, water-level variation to quantify daily fluxes of groundwater, evapotranspiration (ET), and sluice outflows in four tanks over the 2013 northeast monsoon season in a tank cascade that covers a catchment area of 28 km2. At the tank scale, our results indicate that groundwater recharge and irrigation outflows comprise the largest fractions of the tank water budget, with ET accounting for only 13–22 % of the outflows. At the scale of the cascade, we observe a distinct spatial pattern in groundwater-exchange dynamics, with the frequency and magnitude of groundwater inflows increasing down the cascade of tanks. The significant magnitude of return flows along the tank cascade leads to the most downgradient tank in the cascade having an outflow-to-capacity ratio greater than 2. At the catchment scale, the presence of tanks in the landscape dramatically alters the catchment water balance, with runoff decreasing by nearly 75 %, and recharge increasing by more than 40 %. Finally, while water from the tanks directly satisfies ∼ 40 % of the crop water requirement across the northeast monsoon season via surface water irrigation, a large fraction of the tank water is "wasted", and more efficient management of sluice outflows could lead to tanks meeting a higher fraction of crop water requirements.

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Yan, Chengchu, Shengwei Wang, Cheng Fan, and Fu Xiao. "Retrofitting building fire service water tanks as chilled water storage for power demand limiting." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 1 (September 24, 2016): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416669553.

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Peak demand cost usually contributes a large proportion of the total electricity bills in buildings. Using existing building facilities for power demand limiting has been verified as effective measures to reduce monthly peak demands and associated costs. Fire service water tanks exist in most commercial buildings. This paper presents a comprehensive study on how to effectively retrofit existing building fire service water tanks as chilled water storage for power demand limiting. Important technical and economic factors that may affect the implementation of the proposed retrofitting are addressed. Two retrofitting schemes, i.e. a small ΔT (storage temperature difference) scheme and a large ΔT scheme are proposed for integrating the chilled water storage system into an existing all-air system and an existing air-water air conditioning system, respectively. Two optimal demand limiting control strategies, i.e. time-based control and demand-based control, are proposed for maximizing the monthly peak demand reduction of buildings with regular and variable peak occurring time, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of different retrofitting schemes in three real buildings in Hong Kong is analysed. Results show that substantial cost savings can be achieved with short payback periods (0.7–2.6 years) for the retrofits in these three buildings. Practical application: This paper presents a techno-economic analysis on retrofitting existing building fire service water tanks as chilled water storage for power demand limiting and operational cost saving. The proposed retrofitting schemes and demand limiting control strategies enable chilled water storage systems to be readily applied to most existing buildings. Building owners can benefit from the peak demand cost saving as the monthly peak demand can be significantly reduced by using chilled water storage. The extra costs involved in tank retrofits and system integrations can be paid back within three years.

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De Marchis, Mauro, Gabriele Freni, and Barbara Milici. "Experimental analysis of pressure-discharge relationship in a private water supply tank." Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 3 (March 21, 2018): 608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.135.

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Abstract In Mediterranean countries, users are often equipped with private tanks, which provide a temporary water storage capacity, able to compensate service interruptions due to either scarcity or irregularity of water supply. In the presence of private water storage, water supply is no longer linked to users' consumption and network-operating conditions can be off-design, therefore specific models have to be introduced in simulation models of water distribution networks. Here, a new mathematical model is proposed that is able to reproduce a tank's emptying/filling cycles. Specifically, by means of experimental analysis, a hyperbolic tangent law was tested to reproduce the filling process for private tanks. The flow rate is calculated by means of the classical Torricelli law, in which the float valve emitter coefficient and the valve area are calculated using a function that takes into account the water level within the private tank. The comparison obtained through the mathematical model and those observed from experiments confirmed the ability of the model to predict the flow rate balance within private tanks. The results show that the model is suitable for any length of float valve branch. The mathematical system can be easily used in a transient model to correctly estimate the supplied demand.

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Oshchepkov, M. Yu, and S. E. Frid. "Thermal stratification in storage tanks of integrated collector storage solar water heaters." Applied Solar Energy 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x15010107.

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Studziński, Andrzej, and Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik. "Water Main Failure Risk Assesment / OCENA RYZYKA AWARII MAGISTRALI WODOCIĄGOWEJ." Journal of KONBiN 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2013-0058.

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Abstract Town of Krosno is supplied with water by 3 intakes: Sieniawa, Iskrzynia and Szczepańcowa. After the treatment water flows in water mains to the water network in Krosno. The aim of his paper is qualitative risk analysis of the water main Sieniawa failures. The consequences of the failure: pressure value in the network and its duration, were described for different conditions of failures: time of failure, water demand and water storage tanks initial filling. For simulations of pipe failure water network model made in Epanet 2 program was used. The model was verified both during operation of water network and during the failure, where field data were used. The results of the simulations are corresponding to observations made during the real failures. Negative consequences appear only after emptying the water storage tanks, it results from two features of the storage tanks: they stabilize pressure in the network and for some time can provide water to the network. The time of emptying the storage tanks varies according to water demand their initial filling, it is at least 3 hours. During this time the are no sign of failure. When the storage tanks are empty reduction of pressure an shortage of water are observed on prevailing area of Krosno.

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Vérez, David, Emiliano Borri, Alicia Crespo, Gabriel Zsembinszki, Belal Dawoud, and Luisa F. Cabeza. "Experimental Study of a Small-Size Vacuum Insulated Water Tank for Building Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105329.

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Insulation of thermal energy storage tanks is fundamental to reduce heat losses and to achieve high energy storage efficiency. Although water tanks were extensively studied in the literature, the enhancement of the insulation quality is often overlooked. The use of vacuum insulation has the potential to significantly reduce heat losses without affecting the dimension of the storage system. This paper shows for the first time the results of the heat losses tests done for a 0.535 m3 water tank for residential building applications built with a double wall vacuum insulation. The different tests show that the rate of heat losses strictly depends on the temperature distribution inside the tank at the beginning of the experiment. Compared to a conventional water tank insulated with conventional materials, the U-value of the lateral surface was reduced by almost three times (from 1.05 W/K·m2 to 0.38 W/K·m2) using vacuum insulation. However, the bottom part, which is usually used to place the support parts and the piping, is the critical design part of those tanks acting as a thermal bridge with the ambient and enhancing heat losses.

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Seenithamby, Manoharan, and K. D. W. Nandalal. "Water resource development planning around village cascades: piloting of a scientific methodology in Yan Oya river basin of Sri Lanka." Water Policy 23, no. 4 (July 7, 2021): 946–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.098.

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Abstract In the dry zone of Sri Lanka experiencing hydrological and weather extremes, non-availability of validated scientific data on stream-flows and groundwater stocks for sufficient time periods, and the presence of large numbers of small and large tanks that divert the water from the streams, make water resource planning a very complex challenge. An integrated modelling exercise was carried out: first using a hydrological simulation model to assess the annual and seasonal water flows of Yan Oya basin of Anuradhapura district and its seven sub-watersheds for 30 years and their dependability; then using a water balance model to analyze the extent to which the current water demands of five selected cascades are being met from the supplies available; and assessing the scope for augmenting the existing storage capacity of the tanks to reduce the irrigation deficits. This article presents the results of the study with regard to: the basin flows and their variability; and water balance scenarios for five selected cascades, with and without modifications in tank storage capacity. The article also discusses how the results from such integrated modelling studies should be used by irrigation planners for taking water management decisions for the basin with decentralized storages like tanks.

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Sule, I. O., T. O. Agbabiaka, and A. V. Akomolafe. "Bacteriological Quality of Water Stored Exteriorly in Storage Tanks." Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 5, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2011.603.610.

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Teefy, Susan, Clifford C. Chan, Wayne Wong, and Lori Work. "NDMA formation from gaskets used in water storage tanks." Journal - American Water Works Association 106, no. 9 (September 2014): E408—E417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0081.

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Ho, Clifford K., Joshua M. Christian, Eric J. Ching, Jason Slavin, Jesus Ortega, Regan Murray, and Lewis A. Rossman. "Sediment Resuspension and Transport in Water Distribution Storage Tanks." Journal - American Water Works Association 108 (June 1, 2016): E349—E361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2016.108.0077.

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Martinson, D. B., and A. D. Lucey. "Reduction of Mixing in Jet-Fed Water Storage Tanks." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 130, no. 1 (January 2004): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2004)130:1(75).

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Homan, K. O., and S. L. Soo. "Laminar flow efficiency of stratified chilled-water storage tanks." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 19, no. 1 (February 1998): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-727x(97)10003-0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water storage tanks'

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