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1
Shademani, Shima, Payam Zarafshan, M. Khashehchi, M. H. Kianmehr, and S. M. Hashemy. "Conceptual design and analysis of a dredger robot for irrigation canals." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-03-2019-0065.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a solution to dredging the irrigation canals using a robotic system. Considering the importance of irrigating water, the waste within the water canals should be avoided. Irrigation canals are artificial linear structures in the landscape that are used for transporting the water. One important problem in water transferring is the waste materials flow inside the water, and in some areas, they block the main stream, reducing the effective capacity of the canal. Among the waste materials, aquatic plants are grown on the surface of the canal that needs to be removed from the canal. This removal operation is conducted using chemical, biological, ecological and physical methods with complex supply systems. In addition, robotic systems are used as such complex systems. So, a robotic system is proposed to dredging the irrigation canals. The assumed robot was manufactured in AGRINS laboratory of Tehran University. Design/methodology/approach Design procedure, dynamic modelling and simulation of this robotic system are studied. To validate the system design before its construction, ADAMS software is used to perform simulations. Finally, performance evaluation of the dredger robot in the canal is studied based on the experimental data. Findings Results show that the design procedure has been correctly fitted to the real condition. Therefore, the designed robot could be easily used to dredging irrigation canals. Practical implications The assumed robot was manufactured in AGRINS laboratory of Tehran University. Originality/value Performing a dredging operation in the canals could be conducted by a new technique considering both free sides of the canal. Therefore, in this paper, a conceptual design of a 3-wheels stair dredger robot is numerically and experimentally studied.
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Khan, Mohammad Asif. "Valuation and Pricing of Surface Water Supplies in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 939–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.939-955.
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Pakistan has the largest contiguous, well-articulated, and comprehensive irrigation system in the world, with 3 storage reservoirs, 68 small dams, 19 diversion barrages, and 45 canal commands with 12 Link Canals for inter-basin transfer of water. About 0.1 million outlets supply water to the farmers to irrigate land besides more than 600,000 tubewells. The whole irrigation network commands an area of 45 million acres (18.22 Mha) out of which 79 percent is irrigated by canals or tubewells/wells. More than half of the canal irrigated areas (58 percent) is irrigated perennially and 42 percent nonperennially [NWSR (2002)]. The average annual flow of Indus River System is approximately 151.58 million acre feet (MAF) of which presently 103.81 MAF (128.1 BCM) is being diverted to irrigate farm lands [NWSR (2002)]. The present live storage capacity of the reservoirs is about 12.5 MAF (13 percent of river flows) compared with the original capacity of 15.7 MAF. The hydropower generation is constrained by seasonal inflows to reservoirs and irrigation requirements by Indus River System Authority. The generation dictated by irrigation requirements is the highest in the months of July to October. Little more than half of the diverted flows (55 percent) become available at farm gate, 42 percent infiltrate to groundwater reservoir and balance 3 percent is lost as evaporation. Of the total water that seeps down to the groundwater reservoir, including some 27 percent of farm gate supply through field seepage, nearly 85 percent is being extracted. Groundwater owing its existence to operational canal system, supplies over 40 percent of crop water requirements of the country
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Jackson, John N. "The construction and operation of the First, Second, and Third Welland canals." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 3 (June 1, 1991): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-058.
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The Welland canals are features of great Canadian renown in terms of engineering, as transportation arteries, and through their contributions to industrial development and urban achievement. Their instigator was William Hamilton Merritt, a St. Catharines businessman. Functionally, they must be perceived as an inland extension of the St. Lawrence system of waterways. These contributions began when the First Welland Canal opened in 1829, and extend continuously up to the present. The First Welland Canal, fed from the Grand River, was constructed through the canalization of rivers north of the Niagara Escarpment, by locks across this relief barrier, and a man-made cut to the south. The canal then took advantage of the Welland and Niagara rivers to reach Lake Erie. Hardly a feature of this achievement was as anticipated and, in 1833, the route was changed by a cut direct to Lake Erie at Port Colborne. The Second Canal, opened in 1845, followed essentially the same route, but with stone locks and a new channel constructed slightly to the west of its predecessor. The Third Canal was wider and deeper. It offered fewer locks and, though retaining Port Dalhousie as its northern outlet on Lake Ontario, its alignment was now a cut east of St. Catharines and Thorold across the Ontario Plain. The Second Canal remained in use at the two ends for the smaller-sized vessels to serve St. Catharines and Thorold, and its water supply continued to power industry until hydroelectricity was obtained from the power projects on the Niagara River at Niagara Falls. Key words: Welland Canal, St. Lawrence–Great Lakes water system, William Hamilton Merritt, transportation, Grand River, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, water power, industrial location, urban growth.
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Demchuk, Olena, Pavlo Kovalchuk, Roman Kovalenko, Volodymyr Kovalchuk, and Hanna Balykhina. "System Modeling and Management of Water Resources in Ingulets Basin." Modeling, Control and Information Technologies, no. 4 (October 23, 2020): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31713/mcit.2020.24.
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Mathematical models have been developed for managing the water resources of the Ingulets River in accordance with the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive on the establishment of cost-effective water use with ensuring good or excellent ecological river status. The structural and functional diagram of the system model includes the subsystems: water supply by the Dnipro-Ingulets canal; flushing the Ingulets River from the Karachunivske reservoir and displacing the saline prism into the Dnipro River; environmental safety when discharging pollution into the river Ingulets; water supply for irrigation in the Ingulets irrigation system, prevention of soil salinization. Integrated management is carried out by subsystems, by types of management and by a system of criteria. A system of economic and environmental criteria for evaluating integrated management by the basin principle has been developed. Simulation of scenarios based on operational management is carried out. Scenarios are optimized according to the Pareto principle. An example of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed control system and its comparison with the existing regulations for flushing the Ingulets River is given.
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Zubizarreta, J. I. "Canal de Isabel II solution for remote control over small and scattered facilities." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0113.
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A description is given of the solution used by the Canal de Isabel II (CYII) in response to the need to monitor 500 small facilities scattered throughout a region covering a surface area of 8,000 km2. The system design, and the hardware and software, have been developed entirely by the CYII using easy-maintenance criteria. As most of the facilities lack an electricity supply, alternative methods are used. Energy consumption is greatly reduced by intermittent operation. Communication is by radio, making use of the company’s own networks. The theoretical bases of the intermittent operation, the overall characteristics and the experience obtained are all explained through an approach that focuses upon the part of the system that is installed in situ.
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Meaški, Hrvoje, Ranko Biondić, Jelena Loborec, and Dijana Oskoruš. "The Possibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) for Normal Functioning of the Public Water-Supply of Zagreb, Croatia." Water 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111562.
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With its quantities of groundwater, the Zagreb aquifer is an irreplaceable water-supply resource that forms the basis of the water-supply of Zagreb, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Croatia. The depth of the Zagreb aquifer system is about 100 m at the deepest part, and the two main aquifers of the aquifer system can be separated vertically by low-permeable clay deposits. In the area of the Zagreb aquifer, there are several active and reserve public water-supply sites, the largest of which are Mala Mlaka and Petruševec. The groundwater level of the Zagreb aquifer is directly related to the water levels of the Sava River, so any erosive change in the Sava riverbed decreases the groundwater levels in the aquifer. In the last 50 years, the groundwater levels in the Zagreb aquifer have decreased significantly, being most pronounced in the area of the Mala Mlaka water-supply site. This has affected the normal functioning of the public water-supply because the suction baskets of the pumps in the dug wells at the Mala Mlaka water-supply site occasionally remain partially or completely in the unsaturated aquifer zone during low groundwater levels, which reduces capacity or prevents pumping from these water-supply facilities. Immediately next to the Mala Mlaka water-supply site is the Sava-Odra Canal, which was built to protect Zagreb from flooding and into which the Sava River flows when its flow rate exceeds 2350 m3/s. This reduces the flow rate of the Sava River near Zagreb and the possibility of flooding urban areas. To prevent problems with groundwater levels at the Mala Mlaka water-supply facilities and to enable normal water-supply, even in extremely dry periods, several variants of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) are proposed here. In order to determine the optimal solution for MAR and to enable the normal functioning of one of the main sites of water-supply in the Zagreb water-supply system. Groundwater flow for the period of 2006 to 2010 was simulated for six different variants of MAR. One assumes a constant potential in the Sava-Odra Canal, three are related to recharge from the Sava-Odra Canal with different backwater levels in the infiltration facility (elevations of 114, 114.5, and 115 m a.s.l.), and two with three absorption wells upstream of the Mala Mlaka water pumping station (injection of 300 L/s each and 500 L/s each). The most favorable method to recharge artificially the Zagreb aquifer near the Mala Mlaka pumping station is achieved with an infiltration facility using an elevation of 115 m a.s.l. The use of such a facility will enable the smooth operation of the water pumping station and the possibility of increasing the pumping quantities at the Mala Mlaka water pumping station for the future development of the area.
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Bettili, Luisa, Eva Pek, and Maher Salman. "A Decision Support System for Water Resources Management: The Case Study of Mubuku Irrigation Scheme, Uganda." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226260.
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The greater competing demand for water requires an efficient use of water resources. Therefore, an optimum management is necessary in order to deal with the constraining factors. In African countries, irrigated agriculture is the largest user of surface water resources. Nevertheless, recent assessments in small-scale surface irrigation schemes resulted in poor performance indicators: Water use efficiency indicators of existing schemes are below 50 percent, owing to inadequate management modes. The paper sheds the light on the potential development of a decision-support system based knowledge with the Mapping System and Services for Canal Operation Techniques approach, merged with the MIKEHydro Basin model as a versatile and flexible framework conceived for a large variety of applications in small-scale irrigation. The model aims to improve water service, increase irrigation efficiency, comply with socio-economic objectives at country level. In order to address the prevailing heterogeneity of small-scale irrigation scheme, numerous variables are adjusted in the model, in terms of cropping patterns, climate data, and irrigation time. The evaluation of established water balance under different scenarios showed that tackling supply-driven scheduling and distributive issues significantly increases efficiency. Nevertheless, water allocation according to socio-economic objectives of food security and market security implies trading off the efficiency objectives.
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Holder, Graham K. "Sault Ste. Marie Lock reconstruction: hydraulic model studies of the stop log emergency closure and lock filling and emptying systems." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1003–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-033.
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In July 1987, a section of the southwest wall of Sault Ste. Marie Lock failed during a locking operation when a portion of limestone facing, 60 m by 8 m, separated from the rubble backing wall. Engineering investigations resulted in the selection of the Recreational Lock Option, involving either downsizing the lock chamber within the existing lock or constructing a new lock as the most viable solutions. A Dry Dock Option, where the lock would be used to store craft during the winter months, was also considered. However, this option was abandoned during the course of testing. The engineering investigations also revealed that the emergency swing dam, constructed upstream of the existing lock to protect the system should the lock gates be damaged or carried away (as happened in 1909), was in poor condition and required rehabilitation in the order of over $0.5 million. A stop log emergency system was proposed as an alternative safety device designed to stop the flow of water through the canal in the event of gate failure. Physical hydraulic model studies were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using an emergency stop log system. The tests showed that stop logs constructed with solid horizontal web plates top and bottom result in unacceptably high hydraulic downpull forces. Open truss stop logs can be deployed to stop the flow of water through the canal in the event of gate failure. The follower should also be constructed as an open truss such that the areas of steel exposed to the flow at the top and bottom of the follower are minimized. Hydraulic uplift forces that could prevent closure can be reduced by increasing the space between the stop log and the follower. Physical hydraulic model studies of the lock filling-emptying systems are described. The first and preferred option consists of downsizing the existing lock and retaining part of the existing wooden culverts and emptying system, if possible. A new filling port, filling valves, and supply culvert would be constructed upstream. In the event that the existing wooden culverts are found to be unserviceable, a second option was considered. This second option would be to fill in the wooden culverts and then construct a new filling port, filling valves, and supply culvert that would discharge into the lock through the upstream breast wall just above floor level. The existing emptying system would be retained or rebuilt. The third option, if both the filling and discharge culverts have to be condemned, would be to build a new lock. The results of the hydraulic model studies carried out to explore these three options are described.Key words: emergency closure, stop logs, follower, canal, lock, downpull, uplift, crane capacity, filling-emptying system, culverts.
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Kovalchuk, V. P., P. I. Kovalchuk, M. V. Yatsyuk, R. Yu Kovalenko, O. S. Demchuk, and H. A. Balykhina. "System model of integrated management of the water resources of the Ingulets River by a basin principal." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202001-219.
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For integrated water management in river basins in Ukraine, there is no toolkit for system modeling and selection of management structure in river basins according to environmental and economic criteria, which corresponds to the creation of water management systems under conditions of sustainable development. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop a system model of integrated water management on the example of the Ingulets River basin.
The purpose of the work is to create a system model of integrated water resources management in Ingulets River basin, which provides scenario modeling of technological solutions, their evaluation and optimization of economic criteria for efficient water use under environmental constraints and criteria for achieving a good or excellent ecological status of the river basin.
The system model is used as a toolkit, the method of decomposition of the river basin into subsystems, analysis of subsystems and their composition into a holistic model of integrated management by the basin principle. Telecommunication methods are proposed to improve monitoring. A method of scenario analysis is proposed, which performs simulation modeling of prospective management scenarios at the first level of the hierarchy, and at the second level - options are evaluated according to the criteria of cost-effective water use with environmental objectives and regulatory restrictions. For simulation modeling, a system of balance difference equations for the dynamics of water masses, mixing and spreading of pollution in rivers and reservoirs is formalized. A system of combined control for the impulse method of river washing was developed. Multicriteria optimization of variants of the control structure is carried out on the Pareto principle.
A system model has been developed for integrated water resources management in the Ingulets River basin that meets the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive on the establishment of cost-effective water use while ensuring good or excellent ecological status of rivers. The structural and functional diagram of the system model includes the subsystems: the water supply subsystem of the Dnipro-Ingulets canal; a subsystem for flushing the Ingulets River from the Karachunivske reservoir and displacing the saline prism into the Dnipro River; subsystem of environmental safety when discharging pollution into the river Ingulets; subsystem of water supply for irrigation in the Ingulets irrigation system, prevention of soil salinization. A system of technological, economic and environmental criteria for evaluating integrated management by the basin principle has been developed.
They include maintaining the water level in reservoirs, displacement of salt water prism and limitation on water quality, ensuring the ecological condition of the river, and the dynamics of water resources consumption. Technological criteria determine the maintenance of water levels in reservoirs. Cost-effective water use is estimated on the basis of the dynamics of water consumption for river washing and irrigation.
The formalized integrated management system in the Ingulets River basin includes operational water resources management and structure management. Integrated management is carried out according to subsystems, types of management and a system of criteria. For operational management the balance differential equations of water exchange in reservoirs are formalized. A two-layer model of water masses dynamics, pollutants distribution and mixing when flushing rivers from reservoirs is used.
Scenario analysis is offered to select the optimal structure of the management system. Simulation scenarios are being simulated. Scenario optimization is performed on the Pareto principle.
An example of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system and its comparison with the existing regulations for Ingulets River flushing is given.
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Benin, Dmitry, and Vera Snezhko. "Water flow regulator for irrigation canals." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403038.
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A distinctive feature of the irrigated systems of the Russian Federation is a large area of irrigated areas and a significant length of irrigation canals. With a large area of the irrigated massif on small canals, the use of electricity to regulate the throughput of network hydraulic structures is economically ineffective. Preference is given to means of hydraulic automation of water supply. Regulation of the throughput of a hydraulic structure is based on the laws of fluid flow within it. On irrigation canals in Russia, as in world practice, water-operated gates are widely used. One of the disadvantages of such gates is moving metal parts and sensors, which reduce the operational reliability of structures. A new regulator of throughput is proposed, the action of which is based on the injection effect. Compression of the flow by physical elements was replaced by the circulation of surplus water supply between the outlet section of the water supply structure and the downstream. The regulator is built into the pressure drop between the high and low order channels. Regulating the throughput of the tubular water outlet automatically begins after shutting down one or more sprinklers that take water from the lower order canal. After turning the sprinklers into operation, the regulator automatically restores the original throughput. Using the theory of jet pumps, a new method has been developed for the theoretical determination of the main hydraulic characteristics of the regulator. These include the size of the nozzle and the velocities of the injection and injection streams. The derivation of theoretical dependencies was based on the classical equations of fluid mechanics; the flow within the structure was considered quasi-one-dimensional. The obtained calculated dependencies were verified using numerical and physical modeling. The data of the physical and numerical experiment were in good agreement with the theoretical dependences. Further optimization of the controller can be performed by changing its geometric parameters.
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Khatavkar, Puneet, and Larry W. Mays. "Real-Time Operation of Water-Supply Canal Systems under Limited Electrical Power and/or Water Availability." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 146, no. 4 (April 2020): 04020012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001191.
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Shepherd, Anne, and Leonard Ortolano. "Water-Supply System Operations: Critiquing Expert-System Approach." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 122, no. 5 (September 1996): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1996)122:5(348).
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Huse, Sanjay N., Ravindra D. Kale, and V. P. Dhote. "Development of Smart Water Supply System for University Water Supply Through Automation and Real-Time Operations." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 101, no. 5 (July 30, 2020): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40031-020-00459-4.
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Watkins, David W., and David A. Moser. "Economic-Based Optimization of Panama Canal System Operations." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 132, no. 6 (November 2006): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2006)132:6(503).
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Ahmed, Naveed, Haishen Lü, Shakeel Ahmed, Ghulam Nabi, Muhammad Abdul Wajid, Aamir Shakoor, and Hafiz Umar Farid. "Irrigation Supply and Demand, Land Use/Cover Change and Future Projections of Climate, in Indus Basin Irrigation System, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168695.
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Sustainable management of canal water through optimum water allocation is the need of the modern world due to the rapid rise in water demand and climatic variations. The present research was conducted at the Chaj Doab, Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) of Pakistan, using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model. Six different scenarios were developed, and the results showed that the current available surface water is not sufficient to meet crop water demands. The Lower Jhelum Canal (LJC) command area is more sensitive to water scarcity than the Upper Jhelum Canal (UJC). The future (up to 2070) climate change scenarios for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 showed a decrease in catchment reliability up to 26.80 and 26.28% for UJC as well as 27.56 and 27.31% for LJC catchment, respectively. We concluded that scenario 3 (irrigation efficiency improvement through implementation of a high efficiency irrigation system, canal lining, reduction and replacement of high delta crops with low delta crops) was sufficient to reduce the canal water deficit in order to optimize canal water allocation. Improvement in the irrigation system and cropping area should be optimized for efficient canal water management.
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Pradafitri, Wednes Suci, Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik, and Chairil Abdini. "East Canal Flood as PDAM water resource DKI Jakarta." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187409001.
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Environmental pollution, resource degradation, and global warming are some examples of environmental problems that have occurred in various countries, including Indonesia. Poor quality, quantity, and continuity of raw water condition make water supply scarce. These problems can be overcome by an intervention to the demand and supply. One of the cities experience this condition is the province of DKI Jakarta. East Flood Canal (BKT) is one of the infrastructure facilities of DKI Jakarta province as a potential source of raw water supply. The study aims to analyze the factors affecting BKT water and the sustainability of BKT water in DKI Jakarta as the raw" water source of PDAM in terms of quality. Analysis of land use and social factors using GIS (Geographic Information System) and questionnaire methods. Analysis of the quality of BKT water using laboratory tests and literature studies. The results of this research are socio-economic activity and land use changes affect the water quality of BKT. The East Canal Flood can become the raw water source of PDAM DKI Jakarta through pre-treatment. This research is very important because it provides a new innovation in overcoming the problem of availability of raw water which is increasingly limited especially in DKI Jakarta.
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Basharat, Muhammad, S. Umair Ali, and Aftab H. Azhar. "Spatial variation in irrigation demand and supply across canal commands in Punjab: a real integrated water resources management challenge." Water Policy 16, no. 2 (October 18, 2013): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.060.
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The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is more than a century old. Water allowances and canal water distributions responded to increasing crop water requirements in a southward direction, e.g. higher water allowance in Sindh as compared to Punjab. But within a province, the canal water supplies do not address the issue of difference in irrigation demand. The consequence is unprecedented groundwater depletion in Bari Doab and waterlogging in certain other canal commands. After the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, gradually reduced flows and ultimate desiccation of eastern rivers have also contributed towards falling groundwater levels of adjoining aquifers. In this study, water allocations in the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991, annual average canal water diversions, and irrigation demand were compared for canal commands in Punjab. Rainfall was taken as an ultimate source of water that has a beneficial impact in integration with canal and groundwater. It is concluded that the efficiency of existing irrigation systems can be improved by adopting the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM). Thus, to avoid waterlogging and groundwater depletion, reallocation of canal water supplies amongst the irrigation units in Punjab, in proportion to the relative irrigation water demand and cropping intensities, is recommended.
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Kurbanov, S. O., and A. A. Sozaev. "NEW DESIGN AND PROCESS SOLUTIONS FOR WATER INTAKE STRUCTURES OF RECLAMATION SYSTEMS IN FOOTHILL AREAS." Water and Ecology 25, no. 4 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.24-31.
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Introduction. Efficient and reliable operation of water intake structures within reclamation systems in Southern Russia and the North Caucasus is a challenging issue. In this article, we address the operational reliability of reclamation water intakes in the foothill areas of small rivers. Many water intake structures built on small rivers are in poor operating condition and, therefore, need improvement and complete reconstruction. Methods. We performed analytical and field studies on the head structures of foothill reclamation systems. Based on the results, we identified the reasons for the low efficiency and reliability of old water intake structures. Since it is impossible to improve these water intake structures, new types and designs of high-performance water intakes are required. Therefore, we propose some original types of underground horizontal and underflow water intakes and determine corresponding technical parameters and performance criteria. Results. Due to low efficiency as well as high energy and material consumption of existing water intake structures, it is required to significantly reduce the cost of supplied irrigation water by introducing new types of high-performance water intake structures. Based on the studies of alluvial regimes of rivers and retention basins as well as hydraulic regimes of head water intake structures, we prepared design and process solutions that help control sediment effectively, increase the water intake coefficient, and regulate water supply to irrigation canals. The design features of new water intakes have a beneficial effect on river flows and the quality of irrigation water. Conclusion. The study results confirm the high performance and manufacturability of the proposed horizontal and underflow water intakes protected by patents for inventions. This year, our designs have been included in the state grant program for the development of standard hydraulic structures within reclamation systems.
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Huang, Y. "Integrated water resources management using engineering measures." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 366 (April 10, 2015): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-54-2015.
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Abstract. The management process of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) consists of aspects of policies/strategies, measures (engineering measures and non-engineering measures) and organizational management structures, etc., among which engineering measures such as reservoirs, dikes, canals, etc., play the backbone that enables IWRM through redistribution and reallocation of water in time and space. Engineering measures are usually adopted for different objectives of water utilization and water disaster prevention, such as flood control and drought relief. The paper discusses the planning and implementation of engineering measures in IWRM of the Changjiang River, China. Planning and implementation practices of engineering measures for flood control and water utilization, etc., are presented. Operation practices of the Three Gorges Reservoir, particularly the development and application of regulation rules for flood management, power generation, water supply, ecosystem needs and sediment issues (e.g. erosion and siltation), are also presented. The experience obtained in the implementation of engineering measures in Changjiang River show that engineering measures are vital for IWRM. However, efforts should be made to deal with changes of the river system affected by the operation of engineering measures, in addition to escalatory development of new demands associated with socio-economic development.
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Maciakowska, Zofia. "Kanał Raduni – źródło wody dla mieszkańców Gdańska." Studia Historica Gedanensia 11 (2020): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.20.007.13613.
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The Radunia Canal – a source of water for Gdańsk dwellers Gdańsk development relied heavily on possibilities to ensure potable water supplies to its dwellers and flowing water by which business facilities could be located. The first Radunia canal was built in 1338. Its location changed twice, in 1571–1572 for the last time. Only this route is known – most of it survived till now. Probably Gdańsk dwellers used water delivered by pipelines from the Radunia Canal already in the 1340s. Water was supplied to public sumps situated in the main streets of the city. The Old Town and the Old Suburb might have had similar systems, although probably of a smaller range. Access to water determined the development of the city and the location of hospitals, plants, and workshops. Researchers are divided in their opinions on the location of the first canals. It is probably true that so called small Radunia canal shown by Keyser in the Old Town is the older one of them. It seems, however, that at city foreland it was located nearer the Main Town. The location of the next canal indicated by Kloeppel seems to be the most probable. Speculations formulated by Köhler and Keyser that both canals still existed at the beginning of the 16th c. are erroneous. In 1535 a pump station (Wasserkunst) constructed over the new canal made it possible to pump water to a separate water supply system in the Main Town. Since 1539the system was enriched with water delivered to Gdańsk by pipelines from Krzyżowniki intake. Ensuring adequate water flow in canals and proper water quality was an issue of special concern for Gdańsk authorities, as „das Wasser ein publicum bonum civitatis [sei]”. Orders were issued to reduce water pollution and the tax system and adequate regulations of law made it possible to care for the state of canal embankments and formworks and to make repairs of water intakes, Wasserkunst, the water supply system and sumps.
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Cubillo, Francisco. "Management of a Complex Water Supply Network for the Stabilization of Aquatic Habitat." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (September 1, 1991): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0147.
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The detailed study of the needs and feasibility of the maintenance of the flow regimes established in the river reaches located downstream from dams is an issue which is appearing more and more often as part of the basic considerations for hydraulic and environmental planning as well as for the exploitation of hydraulic resources. The management of a complex system of reservoirs, rivers and waste treatment plants, such as in the case of the Canal de Isabel II of Madrid, regards the needs and feasibility factors as parts of the overall hydraulic planning program of its watersheds. The complexity of Madrid's hydraulic system and the influence that erroneous conclusions could exert upon determining the discharge regimes has prompted the Canal de Isabel II to adopt more technical aids than commonly used for these types of studies. It was necessary to integrate a wide range of mathematical models for water quality, resource management and instream flow, so that ultimately, each alternative could be contrasted with its corresponding economic and social costs.
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Rahman, S. S. "Technoeconomic Model for Offshore Supply Operations." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 110, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231362.
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The vital role of logistic support for maintaining uninterrupted drilling operations is well known to offshore petroleum engineers. Moreover, its importance is growing as exploration and production activities are extended to progressively deeper water and harsher weather conditions. However, no systematic approach for ensuring effective logistic support has yet been realized. A method of studying the characteristics of logistic support and of designing a system for securing effective supply to an offshore rig is proposed. It is based on event simulation modeling of offshore supply operations, together with more conventional technical and economic models for yielding economic criteria which take into account a possible interruption of drilling operations. The method has been developed through a detailed investigation of each component of the supply operation and of the inherent problems. To evaluate the feasibility of the approach, an example has been provided.
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Kim, Bong-Jae, Su-Wan Park, Tae-Yeong Kim, and Dae-Hun Jeon. "Development of a System Dynamics Computer Model for Efficient Operations of an Industrial Water Supply System." Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 26, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2012.26.3.383.
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Usman, Muhammad, Talha Mahmood, Christopher Conrad, and Habib Ullah Bodla. "Remote Sensing and Modelling Based Framework for Valuing Irrigation System Efficiency and Steering Indicators of Consumptive Water Use in an Irrigated Region." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 9535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229535.
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Water crises are becoming severe in recent times, further fueled by population increase and climate change. They result in complex and unsustainable water management. Spatial estimation of consumptive water use is vital for performance assessment of the irrigation system using Remote Sensing (RS). For this study, its estimation is done using the Soil Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) approach. Performance indicators including equity, adequacy, and reliability were worked out at various spatiotemporal scales. Moreover, optimization and sustainable use of water resources are not possible without knowing the factors mainly influencing consumptive water use of major crops. For that purpose, random forest regression modelling was employed using various sets of factors for site-specific, proximity, and cropping system. The results show that the system is underperforming both for Kharif (i.e., summer) and Rabi (i.e., winter) seasons. Performance indicators highlight poor water distribution in the system, a shortage of water supply, and unreliability. The results are relatively good for Rabi as compared to Kharif, with an overall poor situation for both seasons. Factors importance varies for different crops. Overall, distance from canal, road density, canal density, and farm approachability are the most important factors for explaining consumptive water use. Auditing of consumptive water use shows the potential for resource optimization through on-farm water management by the targeted approach. The results are based on the present situation without considering future changes in canal water supply and consumptive water use under climate change.
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Arai, Y., A. Koizumi, T. Inakazu, A. Masuko, and S. Tamura. "Optimized operation of water distribution system using multipurpose fuzzy LP model." Water Supply 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.080.
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This research is aimed at multiple-objective optimization of water operations in a water supply and distribution system. These objectives include reducing energy use while at the same time meeting water quality needs. The first objective is to propose water operations aimed at minimizing energy consumption. The second is to optimize water supply and distribution from the standpoint of water quality based on total organic carbon and the third is to attempt optimization that satisfies the first two objectives through multipurpose fuzzy linear programming (LP). This study mathematically formulates water operation planning issues focusing on reducing energy consumption and improving water quality in a water distribution system. Estimates show that a reduction in energy use of around 10% can be expected. Fuzzy LP is applied to achieve a balance among multiple objectives. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed multipurpose optimization when applied to trade-offs in water operation.
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Cubillo, F., B. Rodriguez, and T. O. Barnwell. "A System for Control of River Water Quality for the Community of Madrid Using QUAL2E." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0631.
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The Stream Water Quality Model QUAL2E has been applied to the major rivers of the Comunidad de Madrid in Spain by Canal de Isabel II. Canal de Isabel II is the company responsible for management of Madrid's water supply and waste treatment system. Initially, the model was applied in planning a waste treatment expansion program. Now, QUAL2E is being used to assist in the management of waste treatment plants and in the evaluation of river water quality controls. To facilitate interaction with the model, a comprehensive user interface specific to the Madrid network was written. This paper discusses the unique water quality problems of Madrid, shows how the QUAL2E model was calibrated and verified on the rivers of Madrid, and describes the user interface developed to allow interaction with the model by decision makers in the Regional Government.
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Cho, Yong-Sik. "Improvement of Water Quality at Dongbin Harbor with Construction of an Inland Canal, Korea." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/721395.
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The behaviors of the water body of Dongbin Harbor located at Pohang City, Gyongpook Province, in Korea were numerically simulated in this study. A canal was planned to connect the harbor and the Hyeongsan River to improve water quality inside the harbor. The current system was first simulated by using a commercial program RMA2, with respect to both tidal currents and river flow. The progress inside the harbor from a supply of fresh water from the Hyeongsan River was then predicted by using RMA4. Both the present and future conditions (before and after construction of an inland canal) were taken into consideration in numerical simulations. It is concluded that the water quality inside the harbor can be improved considerably after construction of the canal.
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Adedeji, Kazeem B., and Yskandar Hamam. "Cyber-Physical Systems for Water Supply Network Management: Basics, Challenges, and Roadmap." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229555.
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Water supply systems are dynamic in nature, owing to the effect of climate change and consumer demand uncertainties. The operation of such a system must be managed effectively to meet up with the uncertainties, thus posing a key challenge. Unfortunately, previous information and communication technology (ICT) solutions could not provide the necessary support for applications to deal with the dynamics of the changing physical environment. Nevertheless, tremendous growth in technology offers better possibilities to enhance water supply systems’ operations. As a result, development in technology in sensing and instrumentation, communication and networking, computing and control is now jointly integrated with water supply system infrastructures to enhance the water system operations. One such technological paradigm shift is the cyber-physical system (CPS). In this paper, we present the concept of the CPS in the water system context and investigate the CPS applications to water supply system monitoring. Also, the various applications of CPSs and the application domain requirements are outlined. More importantly, research studies on its application to water system monitoring are scrutinized. As such, key challenges sounding the applications in WSSs are identified. We then outline the areas of improvement for further studies.
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Silqueira, Matheus Gonçalves, Fernando das Graças Braga da Silva, Alex Takeo Yasumura Lima Silva, and Matheus David Guimarães Barbedo. "A water-energy balance application with adaptations to a brazilian water supply system." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (August 14, 2021): e380101019039. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19039.
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According to the Alliance to Save Energy, between 2 % and 3 % of the total electric energy consumed in the world is used for water pumping in supply systems, with the consumption reduction potential through energy efficiency and conservation measures being estimated at 25 %. In Brazil, the water supply sector corresponds to 2.6 % of the total energy consumed in the country, with pumping systems being responsible for over 90 % of the total energy consumption. It is extremely common to find supersized facilities with pump motor sets operating outside their ideal points, with it being a common practice to perform flow and pressure control through the installation of valves. The use of reducing valves inserts unnecessary pressure drops into the hydraulic system, increasing energy consumption. The objective of this work is to present an energy balance of a study sector of the Autonomous Water and Sewage Service (AWSS) of a municipality in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil, aiming to elucidate the electric energy consumption of the system and where the reduction in such consumption may occur. For this, we measured data such as the efficiency of the pump motor sets, calculated performance indicators and water loss indices, and applied the energy balance adapted. This work presents an application of a water-energy balance with adaptations to a Brazilian water supply system, under the perspective of the energy efficiency in lift station pump motor sets.
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Basharat, Muhammad, and Ata-Ur-Rehman Tariq. "Command-scale integrated water management in response to spatial climate variability in Lower Bari Doab Canal irrigation system." Water Policy 16, no. 2 (December 24, 2013): 374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.221.
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Design and management of the Indus Basin Irrigation System are aimed at achieving equity in canal water supply. This concept, which is more than a century old, ignores the due aspect of groundwater management in today's perspective. Recent research has proved that variation in irrigation demand and rainfall within the irrigation units has given birth to varying stresses on groundwater. In response to spatial climate variability, reallocation of canal supplies from the head towards the tail of the Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command was evaluated in this study, with the objective of achieving equitable total irrigation costs. The ensuing groundwater regime was simulated for 50 years' time with a groundwater model. A 25% reallocation from head towards tail-end improves the standard deviation of total irrigation cost equity from 1905 to 241. This command scale integration of available water resources also demonstrated a net saving in groundwater pumping cost to the tune of 7.24 to 18.9%, in comparison with existing equitable canal supplies. With this approach, at least minimal or no waterlogging in the head-end area, even during wet years, and no groundwater mining in the tail-end, even during dry periods, are anticipated. In addition, this system-scale integrated water management would increase adaptive capacity to climate change adaptation.
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Pelletier, Geneviève, and Ronald D. Townsend. "Optimization of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's water supply system operations. I. Model development." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-040.
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The principal objective of this study was to optimize pump scheduling and reservoir releases in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's (RMOC) water supply system with a view to reducing electricity-related operating costs. Pump schedules and reservoir releases for enhanced operation were obtained using a linear programming optimization model that incorporated Ottawa Hydro's electricity tariff structure for "large" users. A second objective was to investigate the impact on system operating costs of increasing (i) reservoir storage capacity, (ii) treatment plant capacity, and (iii) water demand by consumers. This paper (part I) describes the RMOC distribution system and reviews the model development. The next paper (part II) presents the analyses performed for the two study objectives, and important results. Key words: water supply system, pump scheduling, pumping costs, optimization, modelling.
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Erickson, John J., Yamileth C. Quintero, and Kara L. Nelson. "Characterizing Supply Variability and Operational Challenges in an Intermittent Water Distribution Network." Water 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082143.
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Intermittent piped water supply is common in low- and middle-income countries and is inconvenient for users, particularly when supply schedules are unreliable. In this study, supply schedules and operational challenges were characterized in intermittent areas of the Arraiján, Panama distribution network based on one year of pressure and flow monitoring in four study zones, analysis of three years of pipe break data, and observations of system operation. Service quality was found to vary among users and supply schedules were often irregular and unpredictable. Direct causes of unanticipated supply outages included pump failures, chronic pipe breaks in specific parts of the system, transmission main breaks, irregular valve operations, and treatment plant outages. The extent and duration of these outages were often increased by high rates of water loss, insufficient storage capacity, and difficulty detecting and resolving infrastructure failures. Factors associated with intermittent supply, such as intermittent pumping, appeared to be associated with a higher frequency of pipe breaks. However, the analysis did not indicate a strong general correlation between intermittent supply and pipe breaks. Pressure and flow monitoring in intermittent supply areas, similar to that undertaken in this study, could be a valuable tool to improve regular operations as well as longer-term planning and prioritization of system improvements. Water loss reduction and adequate distribution storage capacity could also mitigate the effects of operational failures. Investments in monitoring and data analysis have the potential to improve the reliability of intermittent supply in cases where continuous supply is not immediately feasible.
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Rafique, Ahmed, Steven Burian, Daniyal Hassan, and Rakhshinda Bano. "Analysis of Operational Changes of Tarbela Reservoir to Improve the Water Supply, Hydropower Generation, and Flood Control Objectives." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 7822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187822.
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In this study, a model was created with the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System and used to explore the benefits of altering the operations of Tarbela Dam in terms of reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV) for the three objectives of irrigation supply, hydropower generation, and flood control. Sensitivity analysis and logical reasoning with operators identified a feasible operational rule curve for testing using the integrated performance analysis. The reservoir performance for the altered operations was compared to the baseline performance following current operations for both historical and projected future climate and water demand conditions. Key simulation results show that the altered operations strategy tested under historical climate and water demand conditions would increase RRV by 17%, 67%, and 7%, respectively, for the water supply objective and 34%, 346%, and 22%, respectively, for hydropower generation. For projected future conditions, the proposed operations strategy would increase RRV by 7%, 219%, and 11%, respectively, for water supply and 19%, 136%, and 13% for hydropower generation. Synthesis of the results suggests significant benefits for reliability and resilience of water supply and hydropower are possible with slight operational adjustments. Overall, the integrated performance analysis supports the need to develop an optimized operations rule for Tarbela to adapt to projected climate and demand scenarios.
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Vieira, Jonas Nunes, Helena Saraiva Koenow Pinheiro, Mateus Marques Bueno, Waldir De Carvalho Junior, Nilson Rendeiro Pereira, Daniel Costa de Carvalho, and Paula Fernanda Chaves Soares. "Priority Areas for Water Resources Conservation: Study Case Canal Guandu Watershed." Aquatic Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ast.v9i1.17502.
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The environmental resilience is strictly dependent of water availability. The identification of priority areas is important to conservation aid land-use planning and urban expansion, conservation, and policy strategy. The goal was to identify priority areas aiming water provision and environmental conservation at the “Canal do Rio Guandu” watershed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. To address the goal four micro-basins included in the watershed were selected to optimize collect field data and create the criteria to define the priority levels. Based on prior literature, legacy and field data, an assessment method was proposed based on map algebra with support of Geographical Information System, gathering professional tacit knowledge with spatial data to support the selection of strategic areas. The approach based on was successful to select primarily priority areas and can contribute to regulate the local policies, pointing out areas that can connect legally protected areas with forested fragments, which presents great importance to urban and rural supply.
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Pelletier, Geneviève, and Ronald D. Townsend. "Optimization of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's water supply system operations. II. Model results and analyses." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-041.
Full textAbstract:
The principal objective of this study was to optimize pump scheduling and reservoir releases in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's (RMOC) water supply system with a view to reducing hydro-related operating costs. Basically, hourly demands are to be met with minimum pumping costs. The preceding paper (part I) describes the RMOC system and the numerical model used in the optimization analysis. This paper (part II) presents the main results obtained from the optimization and also reports on the second study objective, which was to investigate the impacts on system operating costs of increasing (i) reservoir storage capacity, (ii) treatment plant capacity, and (iii) water demand by consumers. In general, linear programming was found to be a good modelling option for generating optimized pump schedules and service reservoir releases. The analyses of water management alternatives confirmed that RMOC's water supply system was designed for maximum day water demand; however, day-to-day operations would be facilitated if present storage and (or) treatment facilities were enlarged. Economically, it would be difficult to justify construction costs from the potential energy savings obtained from this study and therefore it seems important to start managing demand. Key words: water supply system, pump scheduling, pumping costs, optimization, modelling.
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Yakubov, Maksadhon, Yusufbek Gafurov, and Lyudmila Varlamova. "Issues of rational distribution of water resources under deficit conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401046.
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Water is one expensive resource that can run out. The article discusses the issues of determining property rights, which is one of the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of the market mechanism. In Uzbekistan, the source of clean water is groundwater, which is less prone to pollution than surface water. The paper considers two systems of water consumption rights: riparian and appropriative. The features of these systems are presented. In addition, the uneven distribution of water resources across regions requires large investments in transportation through the construction of branch canals and the laying of extended water supply networks. It should be noted that the benefits of the constructed canals will vary significantly for water users depending on their location. Due to water losses when passing through the diversion canal, agents located at the beginning of the diversion canal find themselves in an advantageous position compared to other water users. At the same time, investments in the maintenance of the water distribution system, made at the beginning of the branch canal, bring benefits to all water users located downstream. One of the most well-known approaches to constructing an indicator of water scarcity is the Falkenmark water stress index.
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Wright, David A., Rodger Dawson, Celia E. Orano-Dawson, and Sharon M. Moesel. "A Test of the Efficacy of a Ballast Water Treatment System Aboard the Vessel Coral Princess." Marine Technology and SNAME News 44, no. 01 (January 1, 2007): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2007.44.1.57.
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Tests of the efficacy of a combination filtration/ultraviolet (UV) ballast water treatment (BWT) system were conducted aboard the MV Coral Princess during normal operations from Victoria, British Columbia, through the Panama Canal, to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Trials were designed to assist the maritime industry in the deployment of effective BWT systems and to inform regulatory agencies on the feasibility of testing procedures and end-point selection for compliance standards. Results showed treatment efficacy at least equivalent to ballast water exchange, although adjustment of current published standards was indicated.
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Blythe, Daren S., Dennis V. Duling, and Dar E. Gibson. "Developing a hot-water drill system for the WISSARD project: 2. In situ water production." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 68 (2014): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog68a037.
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AbstractSuccessful hot-water drilling in the Antarctic is predicated on utilization of the abundant water supply available in the form of the Antarctic ice sheet. For WISSARD (Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling) field operations, a snowmelting system was developed that could adequately provide water for a 1000 kW hot-water drill. The system employs ∼100 kW of waste heat from a 225 kW generator to melt snow for initial water (known as seed water) to prime the drill’s high-pressure pumps and water heaters; once the water heaters can be engaged in snowmelting, enough water can be supplied directly to the WISSARD drill to successfully melt a 40 cm diameter hole through 800 m of ice.
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Al-Ghafri, Abdullah. "Aflaj’s Irrigation Water Demand/Supply Ratio: Two Case Studies." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 11 (January 1, 2006): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol11iss0pp85-92.
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Due to the geographical location of Oman in an arid zone, agricultural production depends fully on irrigation. The traditional irrigation systems (Aflaj, sing. falaj) supply more than one third of water for agriculture. Falaj is defined in the context of this paper as a canal system which provides water for domestic and agricultural uses. Oman has 3,107 active Aflaj producing about 680 Mm3 of water per year. The main objective of this study was to estimate the irrigation performance of Aflaj in Oman. Falaj al-Dariz and al-Nujaid were chosen as case studies. Both Aflaj are located in an extremely arid environment, where the rainfall is low and evapotranspiration is high. The study utilized an approach to estimate the irrigation performance of Aflaj by considering the falaj as a single unit of irrigation. The irrigation demand/supply ratio (D/S) was used in the analysis as a tool of evaluation. Date palm, the dominant crop irrigated by Aflaj, was selected for the analysis. In falaj al-Dariz the date palms were slightly under irrigated on a yearly basis. On a monthly basis, in winter, the D/S was below 0.6 and in summer it was above 1.0. On the other hand, falaj al-Nujaid was supplying too much water than the date palms needed all round the year. In winter the D/S ratio was as low as 0.25. Even in summer, the D/S ratio did not much exceed 1.0.
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Narziev, Jasurbek, Bhaskar Nikam, and Furqat Gapparov. "Infrastructure mapping and performance assessment of irrigation system using GIS and remote sensing." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403005.
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Hence evaluating and improving the performance of irrigation systems is of paramount importance in Irrigation Water Management. Researchers are making many attempts to evaluate and benchmark the performance of irrigation systems. All of them have concluded that the non-availability of a detailed database limits their efforts. Keeping this in mind, an attempt is made in this pilot project titled “Infrastructure mapping and Performance Assessment of Irrigation system using GIS and Remote Sensing.” The results indicate that the Irrigation system's performance is satisfactory, but the water supply is not adequate if surface water (canal water) is the only source of irrigation. The analysis of feedback collected from farmers indicates that the positive project impacts agricultural productivity and socio-economics in the command area.
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Geldreich, Edwin E. "Better intervention strategies are needed to reduce the risk of waterborne outbreaks." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0018.
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Field investigation of 27 medium to small water systems in Ontario Province has revealed a pattern of deviations in operations that is similar to those reported in the United States over the past 25 years. In this recent Ontario survey of water utilities, the key findings were: (1) a need for full cost pricing of public water supply to consumers; (2) better understanding of water treatment train performance; and (3) a need for management driven accountability to search beyond regulatory minimum requirements for safe water quality. Much of the deteriorating state of operations was a reflection of limited financial base to support an effective management programme. In the survey, small utilities were found to suffer the most from below cost operations which forced the application of a patchwork approach to water treatment and system repairs. Furthermore, small system water plant operators had rare opportunities to take part in workshops on technical issues. These utilities need to partner with the public on water supply issues for financial support to cover daily operations, infrastructure decay and emergency repairs. Ignoring system problems or applying patchwork remedies will eventually lead to unsafe water quality if the current state of affairs is not recognized as a dangerous public health risk.
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Porter, James H., Adão H. Matonse, and Allan Frei. "The New York City Operations Support Tool (OST): Managing Water for Millions of People in an Era of Changing Climate and Extreme Hydrological Events." Journal of Extreme Events 02, no. 02 (December 2015): 1550008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500086.
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With an average daily delivery of 1.1 billion gallons ([Formula: see text]) of drinking water to approximately nine million people in New York City (NYC) and four upstate counties, the NYC Water Supply is among the world’s largest unfiltered systems. In addition to reliably supplying water in terms of quantity and quality, the city has to fulfill other flow objectives to serve downstream communities. At times, such as during extreme hydrological events, water quality issues may restrict water usage from parts of the system; the city is proactively implementing a number of programs to monitor and minimize the impact. To help guide operations and planning, NYC has developed the Operations Support Tool (OST), a decision support system that utilizes ensemble forecasts provided by the National Weather Service (NWS) Hydrologic Ensemble Forecast Service (HEFS). This paper provides an overview of OST and shows two operations case studies to illustrate how OST is used to support risk-based water supply management. As the modeling uncertainty is strongly impacted by the forecast skill, we also discuss how changes in patterns of hydrological extreme events elevate the challenge faced by water supply managers and the role of the scientific community to integrate non-stationarity approaches in hydrologic forecasting.
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Thi Thuy Linh, Nguyen, and Frederick N. F. Chou. "Mitigate water shortage by improving hydropower generation strategy of the cascade reservoir system in the Be River Basin, Vietnam." Water Supply 20, no. 8 (September 15, 2020): 3216–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.220.
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Abstract To meet increasing water consumption with limited water resources, management approaches that transfer water between purposes must be improved for sustainable development. This entails an urgent requirement for appropriate water resources management within water–energy interaction if severe water shortage occurs occasionally. This study evaluates hydropower generation policies of a cascade reservoir system in the Be River Basin in terms of security of water supply and energy production. The Generalized Water Allocation Simulation Model (GWASIM) was applied to simulate the water use of a complex system of hydropower generation and water supply. Two water allocation scenarios and six alternatives defined by varying monthly generating hours were modeled and compared. The results demonstrate that a compromise between hydropower generation and water supply can be negotiated to reduce the severity of water shortages. Different monthly hours of hydropower generation among alternatives show an effect on improving power production and reliable water supply. This study provides overall insight into the performance of a multi-purpose cascade reservoir system. It will provide a foundation for improving future study of reservoir operations in meeting the increasing demands of water and energy in Vietnam.
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Irshad, S. Mohammed. "Foreign funding-induced development, institutional weakening and access to water: a case study from Kerala, India." Water Policy 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2012): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.203.
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Water governance is a multifaceted political and administrative practice across the world. The domestic water management policies of developing societies are subjected to global water politics: institutional change due to foreign aid in Kerala's water governance proves this relationship. Foreign aid has shifted the control of rural drinking water supply from government to the community. The urban sector has shifted its operations from a subsidized to non-subsidized system. These shifts have undermined the institutional access to water and converted water to an economic good rather than a merit good. Thus, accessibility has been shifted to a price mechanism, eventually leading to the exclusion of the poor from an organized pipe water supply system and excluding the state from providing that piped water supply.
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Park, Suwan, Younghwa Kim, Kimin Kim, and Kukheon Han. "Development of computational algorithms for pump operations and their applications to the system dynamics modelling of a water supply system." Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems 34, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 162–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2017.1362400.
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Korzhakov, Alexey, Sergei Oskin, Valery Korzhakov, and Svetlana Korzhakova. "The Simulation of Heat Supply System with a Scale Formation Factor to Enable Automation of Greenhouse Geothermal Heat Supply System." Machines 9, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9030064.
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This article presents the results of the simulation of an automatic control system for the heat supply of a greenhouse complex with a geothermal heat source, conducted in order to study the possibility of geothermal heat supply system automation. Scilab version 6.1 was used for simulation. Based on the results of the simulation, the optimal mode of the automation system function of the heat exchanger primary circuit was developed and implemented. Reagentless treatment of geothermal water in the heat supply system with an acoustic–magnetic device (designed and patented by the authors of this paper) can significantly reduce the intensity of scale formation in the heat exchanger and geothermal heat supply system equipment. It provides conditions for the automation of geothermal heat supply systems of greenhouses with a surface heat exchanger. Using an automation system allows greater accuracy and reliability in maintaining the required temperature regime (18–20 °C) in the greenhouse, reduces the frequency of system shutdown for unplanned cleaning of the heat exchanger and equipment, reduces the complexity of manual operations of heat exchanger and equipment maintenance (removal of sludge, scale) and reduces the economic costs of transportation and heat consumption.
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Sikdar, P. K., and P. Sahu. "Understanding wetland sub-surface hydrology using geologic and isotopic signatures." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2009): 3143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-3143-2009.
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Abstract. This paper attempts to utilize hydrogeoloy and isotope composition of groundwater to understand the present hydrological processes prevalent in a freshwater wetland, source of wetland groundwater, surface water/groundwater interaction and mixing of groundwater of various depth zones in the aquifer. This study considers East Calcutta Wetlands (ECW) – a freshwater peri-urban inland wetland ecosystem located at the lower part of the deltaic alluvial plain of South Bengal Basin and east of Kolkata city. This wetland is well known over the world for its resource recovery systems, developed by local people through ages, using wastewater from the city. Geological investigations reveal that the sub-surface geology is completely blanketed by the Quaternary sediments comprising a succession of silty clay, sand of various grades and sand mixed with occasional gravels and thin intercalations of silty clay. Aquifer within the depths of 80 m to 120 m has the maximum potential to supply water. Groundwater mainly flows from east to west and is being over-extracted to the tune of 65×103 m3/day. δ18O and δD values of shallow and deep groundwater are similar indicating resemblance in hydrostratigraphy and climate of the recharge areas. Groundwater originates mainly from monsoonal rain with some evaporation prior to or during infiltration and partly from bottom of ponds, canals and infiltration of groundwater withdrawn for irrigation. Relatively high tritium content of the shallow groundwater indicates local recharge, while the deeper groundwater with very low tritium is recharged mainly from distant areas. At places the deeper aquifer has relatively high tritium, indicating mixing of groundwater of shallow and deep aquifers. Metals such as copper, lead, arsenic, cadmium, aluminum, nickel and chromium are also present in groundwater of various depths. Therefore, aquifers of wetland and surrounding urban areas which are heavily dependent on groundwater are vulnerable to pollution and hence surface water-groundwater interaction should be minimized by regulating tubewell operation time, introducing treated surface water supply system and artificially recharging the aquifer.
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Lyons, E., P. Zhang, T. Benn, F. Sharif, K. Li, J. Crittenden, M. Costanza, and Y. S. Chen. "Life cycle assessment of three water supply systems: importation, reclamation and desalination." Water Supply 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.534.
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The issues of water supply and management will become more and more critical as the global population increases. In order to meet future demands, water supply systems must be developed to maximize the use of locally available water. It is also important to minimize the impact of water system developments on the environment. In this study, the overall environmental impacts were compared for water importation, reclamation and seawater desalination to address the water scarcity in areas where local supplies are not sufficient. The city of Scottsdale, Arizona was chosen for this study. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed and it suggests that seawater desalination has the highest impact whereas reclamation shows a relatively lower impact. However, Importation and reclamation systems have comparable results for several damage categories. The impacts of facility operations are significantly higher than the construction phase even when the life-span of infrastructure reduces from 50 year to 10 year. Due to the high impacts associated with the energy use during plant operations, different energy mixes were analyzed for their capabilities to lower the environmental burden.
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Mosetlhe, Thapelo C., Yskandar Hamam, Shengzhi Du, and Eric Monacelli. "A Survey of Pressure Control Approaches in Water Supply Systems." Water 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061732.
Full textAbstract:
Pressure control in water distribution networks (WDNs) provides an avenue for improving both their sustainability and reliability. The complexities of the networks make the problem more challenging as various situational operations must be accounted for to ensure that the entire system performs under recommended conditions. In general, this problem is addressed by the installation of pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in WDNs and determining their appropriate settings. Researchers have proposed the utilization of several control techniques. However, the limitations of both computational and financial resources have compelled the researchers to investigate the possibility of limiting the PRVs while ensuring their control is sufficient for the entire system. Several approaches have been put forward to mitigate this sub-problem of the pressure control problem. This paper presents a review of existing techniques to solve both the localization of PRVs and their control problems. It dwells briefly on the classification of these methods and subsequently highlights their merits and demerits. Despite the available literature, it can be noted that the solution methods are yet to be harmonized. As a result, various avenues of research areas are available. This paper further presents the possible research areas that could be exploited in this domain.
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Bachagha, Nabil, Lei Luo, Xinyuan Wang, Nicola Masini, Tababi Moussa, Houcine Khatteli, and Rosa Lasaponara. "Mapping the Roman Water Supply System of the Wadi el Melah Valley in Gafsa, Tunisia, Using Remote Sensing." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020567.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, very high-resolution satellite remote-sensing tools have been progressively used in archaeological prospecting to acquire information and improve documentation. Satellite remote sensing has also benefited from technical improvements, including better spectral and spatial resolution of sensors, which have facilitated the detection and discovery of unknown archaeological areas. This paper focuses on investigations conducted using multi-spectral satellite remote-sensing data of the ancient canal systems of the Wadi el Melah Valley (WMV) in southern Tunisia. The area used to be part of a huge military defense system along the desert border. This paper describes the use of GeoEye-1 and Ziyuan-3 satellite remote-sensing data to reveal ancient Roman canals, which were part of an advanced hydraulic system devised to capture runoff water and cope with the lack of water in the area. In general, this research provides new information on some essential sections of the Roman walled defense system Limes (Fossatum) in the southern part of the empire, where we study previously undetected sites.