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Chishugi, David Ushindi, Denis Jean Sonwa, Jean-Marie Kahindo, Destin Itunda, Josué Bahati Chishugi, Fiyo Losembe Félix, and Muhindo Sahani. "How Climate Change and Land Use/Land Cover Change Affect Domestic Water Vulnerability in Yangambi Watersheds (D. R. Congo)." Land 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020165.
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In the tropics, the domestic water supply depends principally on ecosystem services, including the regulation and purification of water by humid, dense tropical forests. The Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (YBR) landscape is situated within such forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Surprisingly, given its proximity to the Congo River, the YBR is confronted with water issues. As part of its ecosystem function, the landscape is expected to reduce deterioration of water quality. However, environmental consequences are increasing due to conversion of its dense forest into other types of land use/land cover (LULC) in response to human activities. It is therefore important to check how the physicochemical quality parameters of water resources are influenced by landscape parameters—and to know if the population can adapt to this water vulnerability. To do this, we analyzed the watershed typology (including morphometric and LULC characteristics) and the physical and chemical parameters of water within the principal watershed’s rivers. We also analyzed data from surveys and the Yangambi meteorological station. We found that some landscape indices related to LULC significantly influence water quality deterioration in Yangambi. On average, each person in the Yangambi landscape uses 29–43 liters of water per day. Unfortunately, this falls short of World Health Organization standards regarding some parameters. The best fitted simple linear regression model explains the variation in pH as a function of edge density of perturbed forest, edge density of crop land and patch density of dense forest up to 94%, 92% and 90%, respectively. While many researchers have identified the consequences of climate change and human activities on these water resources, the population is not well-equipped to deal with them. These results suggest that water management policies should consider the specificities of the Yangambi landscape in order to develop better mitigation strategies for a rational management of water resources in the YBR in the context of climate change.
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Steele, William, and Nicole Rowan. "Water Supply Challenges and Tmdl Development in the Santa Margarita River Watershed." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707786619440.
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Sagehashi, Masaki, Hiroko Mori, Yuta Hareyama, Kazuyuki Sakuma, Michihiro Akiba, and Masaaki Hosomi. "Integration of the rice paddy water management into a coupled surface-subsurface water flow model in the Sakuragawa River watershed (Japan)." Hydrology Research 47, no. 1 (June 6, 2015): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.162.
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Rice paddy water management was integrated into a distributed three-dimensional surface and subsurface coupling hydrological model of the Sakuragawa River watershed. This watershed is located in the Kanto Plain in Japan and includes the hillside of Mt. Tsukuba. Therefore, this watershed includes both steep mountainous areas and rice paddy-dominated flat land. Thus, water management of rice paddies is important and was calculated separately using a paddy model. The use of groundwater for rice paddy irrigation was considered as well as a water supply from outside of the watershed (Kasumigaura Lake). The model parameters were calibrated and validated with reference to the predictability of river water flow and the groundwater level. Using the calibrated model, three-dimensional streamlines, water travel time distributions, and water balance in some grids were clarified. The developed model will facilitate sustainable water resource management in the watershed.
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Brenner, A. J., L. A. Brush, J. S. Martin, K. Y. Olsson, P. L. Rentschler, and J. K. Wolf. "The huron river watershed council: grassroots organization for holistic watershed management." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0563.
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The Huron River Watershed Council is a coalition of Huron Valley residents and local governments with the mission to inspire attitudes, behaviors, and economies that protect, rehabilitate, and sustain the Huron River. Its role as the coordinator and facilitator of river protection activities has been growing rapidly in recent years. The success of the Council has been its ability to respond to local conditions and deal with the concerns expressed by local communities. Its ability to cross jurisdictional and political boundaries that inhibit other organizations enables it to address water quality issues in an innovative and holistic manner. It does this through the series of programs listed below:The “Adopt-A-Stream” network of volunteers that regularly collect data on the biological integrity of the Huron River.A wellhead protection program to help communities prevent groundwater supply contamination caused by pollution leaching into local aquifers.The facilitation of a partnership to reduce phosphorus and soil entering the river system from storm water runoff in the urbanizing middle portion of the watershed.Land use planning and natural feature preservation tools to prevent the headwaters of the Huron River from developing in an environmentally destructive way.An information and education plan to reduce non-point source pollution by targeting specific behaviors of watershed residents.
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Prihantono, Gunawan Eko, Gusfan Halik, and Entin Hidayah. "Water Allocation Efforts with Water Balance Analysis in the Jatiroto Sub-Watershed and Asem Sub Watershed, Lumajang Districts." BERKALA SAINSTEK 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bst.v9i1.22882.
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Currently, water demand is increasing, both domestic, industrial and agricultural water needs. However, the increase in water demand is not due to an increase in the water availability due to changes in land use and other factors that pose a threat to increased exploitation of water resources. So it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the water needs to anticipate the impact of drought in the Asem-Tekung-Jatirowo sub watersheds. The calculation of water supply and water demand can be carried out using the water balance method, assisted by the WEAP (Evaporation and Water Planning) program, through data integration of streamflow analysis and water user in the river reach. The results showed that the sub-watershed area showed a deficit of water in 2013, with the Jatiroto region having the highest air deficit of 1.58 million m3 or 44.2%. Based on this analysis, urgently needed a recommendation of drought anticipation strategies these are planting patterns to adjust condition of water supply, storage of water reserves, conservation of critical land, and repair of channels that are at risk of water seepage.
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Randall, C. W., and T. J. Grizzard. "Management of the Occoquan River basin: a 20-year case history." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0613.
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The high dam on the Occoquan River of Northern Virginia, United States of America, was constructed in 1957, forming a drinking water reservoir with a capacity of 37.1 × 106m3 formed by drainage from a 1 460 km2 watershed, and providing a safe yield of 189 251 m3 per day. Deteriorating water quality in the late 1960s led to a special “policy” for the watershed, designed to preserve the reservoir as a drinking water supply. Key provisions of the policy mandated replacement of the watershed's 11 publicly owned wastewater treatment works with a single advanced wastewater treatment plant (AWT), and establishment of the Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Programme. Early results from the programme established non-point nutrient pollution as a major cause of water quality deterioration and resulted in the implementation of non-point pollution controls throughout the watershed during the late 1970s. The AWT plant went on-line in July 1978. Continuous monitoring since 1973 has demonstrated both the necessity and the effectiveness of point and non-point nutrient controls for the preservation of the reservoir's water quality. The AWT plant provides excellent removal of organics and phosphorus, plus complete nitrification. The nitrates are discharged to the receiving stream to enhance conditions in the reservoir. Control policies include land-use management for the preservation of this essential water supply for 750 000 people in the Washington, D.C. suburbs. Land-use management decisions are based on the results obtained with a watershed-reservoir linked computer model which predicts water quality changes resulting from land-use changes.
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Ma, Yi, and Wei Jiang Zhang. "A Study on Joint Dispatching of Water Resource of the Dam System in Haoshuichuan Watershed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2077.
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On account of increasing contradiction between water for life, environment, agriculture and water supply in Haoshuichuan watershed, it constructs new projects for water diversion, pumping, transpiration and distribution on the base of current project layout. A unified deployment of water supply source is formed through 1 reservoir, 11 key dams and 15 medium-sized check dams which have been built in river basins. It establishes watershed water resources joint scheduling mode through application of optimization theory, and adopts MATLAB optimization toolbox for the solution of the model. The research result may provide decision-making basis for river basin agricultural layout, ecological restoration and sustainable economic development, also provide reference for joint scheduling of water sources in similar regions.
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MacDonald, Ryan J., James M. Byrne, Stefan W. Kienzle, and Robert P. Larson. "Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Snowpack in the St. Mary River Watershed, Montana." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1294.1.
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Abstract The St. Mary River watershed is an important international watershed that supplies irrigation water to large portions of southern Alberta, Canada, and northern Montana. The St. Mary River is fully allocated and users on both sides of the border are concerned regarding declining water supplies and increasing water demands under climate warming. Water supply in the St. Mary River is largely from snowpack in the mountainous portion of the watershed. This work assesses potential future changes in snowpack for the St. Mary River watershed under a range of general circulation model (GCM) derived future climate scenarios. The Generate Earth Systems Science (GENESYS) input spatial hydrometeorological model is used to simulate potential changes in spring snowpack, the onset of melt, and changes in snow extent for three 30-yr periods centered around 2025, 2055, and 2085. Results suggest an earlier spring and associated earlier onset of snowmelt and probable declines in maximum annual snow water equivalent (SWE) over the St. Mary River watershed are likely under most future climate scenarios used in this study. However, results are responsive to future climate scenarios, where a scenario with substantial global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission controls shows a much lower decline in total accumulated SWE over the St. Mary River watershed. Without substantial GHG emission reductions, the study does show that there could be significant changes in snowpack over the St. Mary River watershed in the future.
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Moon, Jin-Young, Jeffrey Apland, Solomon Folle, and David Mulla. "A Watershed Level Economic Analysis of Cellulosic Biofuel Feedstock Production with Consideration of Water Quality." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 3 (May 26, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n3p56.
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<p>National policy supports the production of renewable energy from cellulosic feedstocks such as corn stover and switchgrass. These feedstocks have contrasting impacts on water quality. In this study, the regional supply response for cellulosic biofuel from these two feedstocks is estimated for the Le Sueur Watershed in South-Central Minnesota. The impacts of the resulting agricultural production activities on water quality in this northern corn belt watershed are also estimated. The Le Sueur River is a tributary of the Minnesota River, which in turn feeds into the Mississippi. The analysis is conducted with a multi-region, endogenous supply, mathematical programming model of the agriculture sector in the watershed. A unique aspect of the analysis is the spatial detail used in the production model. Results from a previous simulation analysis conducted with the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model are used in the economic model to simulate the effects of the feedstock supply response on water quality in the Le Sueur. Sediment and nutrient losses from corn stover production make switchgrass more promising on environmental grounds, but the relatively high cost of production causes switchgrass to cover only a small part of crop land if farmers have unrestricted choice about how to supply cellulosic feedstocks.</p>
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Irmayani, I., Muh Ikbal Putera, Syahirun Alam, Suryansyah Surahman, and M. Masnur. "Land Use Potential on Water Balance Based on SWAT Method in Saddang Watershed in Bendung Benteng Irrigation System." Agrotech Journal 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v3i2.857.
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Saddang Watershed (DAS) as a large watershed in Sulawesi, rich in natural resource potential in the form of land, topography, slope, geology, soil, vegetation, climatology; rainfall, temperature, humidity, and sunshine. In maintaining and utilizing (watershed management) availability and water requirements for; humans, plants and animals. The availability and demand of water in watershed management requires the role of land in regulating agroclimatology and hydrology conditions. The water balance approach method used is SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) method of soil and water assessment tools, to determine the condition of availability and demand of water in an effort to maintain water flow conditions at all times (number and distribution) of Bendung Benteng irrigation system, which is capable of supply water for paddy field irrigation in two regencies of South Sulawesi’s paddy granaries namely Pinrang Regency and Sidrap Regency. According to the Schmidth-Fergusson climate classification, the type of climate in Saddang watershed area belongs to type C climate = slightly wet area with tropical rainforest vegetation, the average amount of rainfall ranges from 2.155 mm/year. This indicates that there is large level of rainfall every year and land use with a forest area of 676,39 or 26,41% of the watershed area, thus Saddang watershed is able to save tremendous amount of water supply. Based on the results of the water balance analysis using SWAT method, the amount of water available in the average watershed ; 3.133 mm year-1, the amount of water being flowed ; 1.040,9 mm, and stored as ground water ; 29,60 mm, as well as direct runoff ; 366,9 mm and flow coefficient of 0,45. Hence, there is 45% of the flow loss as surface stream and there is 55% of the flow stored in the watershed, and the model application is categorized as good both in conducting simulations and validating the flow discharge on Saddang River. Watershed processing classified as having good watershed conditions, because one indicator of a watershed's water performance can be seen from the river discharge fluctuation. River discharge fluctuations can be seen from the river regression coefficient (KRS), which is a number that shows ratio between maximum discharge (Qmax) and minimum discharge (Qmin). The highest discharge (Qmax) was 30.805 m³/sec while the lowest discharge (Qmin) was 994 m³/sec. The regression coefficient value (KRS) of Saddang River watershed was 26.650 m³/sec. Based on the results of the 2017 data analysis, the condition of Saddang watershed provides surplus value of 1.911.986 (m3 year-1), out of the total water availability of 2.155.273 (m3 year-1) minus the total irrigation water requirement of 243.286,50 m3 year-1, with the pattern of planting paddy-paddy-secondary crops (palawija). Therefore, Saddang watershed has the ability to store large amounts of water throughout the year
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Brox, James A., Ramesh C. Kumar, and Kenneth R. Stollery. "WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY ENHANCEMENTS IN THE GRAND RIVER WATERSHED." Canadian Water Resources Journal 21, no. 3 (January 1996): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2103275.
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Sihombing, Ariska Mia Christiwarda, Indarto Indarto, and Sri Wahyuningsih. "Assessment of Water Balance at Mayang Watershed, East Java." Geosfera Indonesia 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v6i1.23111.
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Mayang Watersheds frequently hit by floods during the rainy season and drought during the dry season. This study aims to assess the water balance by calculating water resource availability and water demand in the Mayang watershed. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used as the primary tool for the analysis. The supply of water comes only from precipitation. Demand was calculated based on the water demand for irrigation, domestic, urban, industrial, and livestock uses. The unit of time to calculate the water balance is ten days. It means that each month is divided into three-time steps. Analysis of the WEAP is based on the water demand from 2002 to 2019. The results showed that from 3rd December to 1st May, the Mayang river and its tributaries could supply all demand sites up to 100%. However, unmet demand occurs from 2nd May to 2nd December. The highest first unmet demand occurred in October, with 0.67 million m3. The management of water resources, especially in terms of distribution during the rainy season and dry season, must be considered.
Keywords: Water balance; Water supply; Water demand; Mayang; Watershed; WEAP
Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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Afidah, Shofiyatul, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Sudarno. "Monitoring of water quality in Ciujung river using remote sensing and GIS." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206019.
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Ciujung River is one of the important rivers in Banten Province and it is the main water supply for agriculture, industry and bathing. Due to extensive agricultural, urban, and industrial activities in the watershed of this ecosystem, some studies have assumed that the river is contaminated. But, there is no research related Ciujung River water quality with biological indicator and maping pollutant sources. The aim of this study is analyze : water quality of Ciujung River and influence of activities in Ciujung watershed to the water pollution in Ciujung River. Calculation Pollution Index (PI) and calculation chlorophyll-a abundance are adopted for water quality assessments. Water quality were analysed based on secondary data from BBWS C3 in January-May 2020. Chlorophyll-a abundance measured by Sentinel-2 imagery, water quality assessments result of each section presented in spasial data with GIS. Water quality map overlayed with land use map to indentify the influence of activities in Ciujung watershed to water pollution in Ciujung River. PI calculation results show that Ciujung River is moderately polluted, PI calculation result of each section is >5. Meanwhile, the abundance of chlorophyll-a can describe level of pollution in Ciujung River from biological parameters, the highest chlorophyll-a abundance is in Pamarayan (38,6) and the lowest chlorophyll-a abundance is in Jembatan Keong (18,6).
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Sudarma, I. Made, and Wayan Widyantara. "Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Ekosistem Daerah Aliran Sungai Ayung Menuju Sumberdaya Air Berkelanjutan." Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2016.v16.i02.p01.
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The sustainability of watershed ecosystem functions in managing the water system can be achieved if the utilization pattern of their territories in accordance with the rules of conservation. A decrease in quantity and quality of the river water can be an indicator that condition of the watershed have been damaged. The destruction of the watershed ecosystem as a result of various causes will be able to threaten supply of sustainable water resources. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze the perceptions and behavior of upstream communities and governments about the function and role of water conservation and watershed in their behavior in the preservation of the watershed and its relationship with the current condition of the Ayung river. The study was conducted in the area upstream of Ayung river, which is in the Belok Sidan and Plaga Village, Petang, Badung, stake holder water users Ayung River such as PDAM, AMDK, rafting and farmers, as well as the government of Badung Regency that responsible for the management and conservation of Ayung River. Results of the study found that the public perception of the functions and benefits of watershed in the conservation of water resources classified in the category of high, but was followed by actions or attitudes in the medium category. There was no real relationship between perception and action, but the action affect current watershed conditions. The role and participation of stakeholders Ayung River water users were still relatively low in the preservation of the watershed, while the government's role classified as medium has not been done in an integrated among sectors and regions. From the results of this study it is recommended that the preservation of the Ayung river through various conservation action were integrated by involving communities upstream more active through the empowerment of local knowledge and improve their welfare. Government plays an important role in moving towards unity of this act.
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Cahoon, Lawrence B. "El Niño–Southern Oscillation Effects on River Flows in the Lower Cape Fear River Watershed, North Carolina." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 128, no. 3-4 (October 1, 2012): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-128.3.74.
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Abstract Well-known responses of regional precipitation in the southeastern United States to variation in the state of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can yield similar regional responses of river discharge. Effects of ENSO on gaged river flows were examined in the lower Cape Fear River basin in southeastern North Carolina. Linear regression of monthly flows against sea surface temperatures (SST) in Niño Region 1 + 2 in the eastern equatorial Pacific identified significant effects of SST on flows, in several winter and spring months in the Black, Northeast Cape Fear, and main stem Cape Fear rivers. Major warm-phase ENSO events, as in 1997–1998, yielded almost a doubling of river discharges in the watershed, while typical cold phase events drove approximately 50% reductions in flows. River discharges have important effects on water supply for human needs, delivery of water to estuaries, and fluxes of water-borne materials to coastal waters. ENSO effects on the Cape Fear River watershed therefore have implications for adjacent estuarine and coastal ocean ecosystems at certain times.
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Sufiyan, Ibrahim, Magaji J.I, and Isa Zaharadeed. "SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND SUPPLY ON WATER FLOW IN DIFFERENT SUBBASINS OF TERENGGANU WATERSHED FROM 1973-2017." Water Conservation and Management 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2020.01.06.
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The catchment area of Terengganu has to be flooding during the monsoon season. The reason is climate change that increases water flow in most of the rivers. The analysis using ArSWAT2012 has simulated the whole watershed and the result as proven to have about 25 different sub-basins. Each sub-basin has its peculiar characteristics of Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs). Base on the morphological classification, the river has accumulated a lot of sediments. The sediment yield and concentration has been analyzed from 1973- 2017 through simulation. The study compared the simulations and found out the slide differences in the sediment loads that come in and the sediment that goes out. The sediment concentration also varies with the temporal morphological changes of the Terengganu watershed especially the river mouth.
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He, Chansheng, and L. Allan James. "Watershed science: Linking hydrological science with sustainable management of river basins." Science China Earth Sciences 64, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9723-4.
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AbstractOver the past decades, a number of water sciences and management programs have been developed to better understand and manage the water cycles at multiple temporal and spatial scales for various purposes, such as ecohydrology, global hydrology, sociohydrology, supply management, demand management, and integrated water resources management (IWRM). At the same time, rapid advancements have also been taking place in tracing, mapping, remote sensing, machine learning, and modelling technologies in hydrological research. Despite those programs and advancements, a water crisis is intensifying globally. The missing link is effective interactions between the hydrological research and water resource management to support implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at multiple spatial scales. Since the watershed is the natural unit for water resources management, watershed science offers the potential to bridge this missing link. This study first reviews the advances in hydrological research and water resources management, and then discusses issues and challenges facing the global water community. Subsequently, it describes the core components of watershed science: (1) hydrological analysis; (2) water-operation policies; (3) governance; (4) management and feedback. The framework takes into account water availability, water uses, and water quality; explicitly focuses on the storage, fluxes, and quality of the hydrological cycle; defines appropriate local water resource thresholds through incorporating the planetary boundary framework; and identifies specific actionable measures for water resources management. It provides a complementary approach to the existing water management programs in addressing the current global water crisis and achieving the UN SDGs.
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Kometa, Cordelia Givecheh. "Drivers of Watershed Degradation and its Implications on Potable Water Supply in the Menchum River Basin of Cameroon." World Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): p483. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v6n4p483.
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Current anthropogenic stresses on natural systems in the Menchum River Basin of Cameroon have remained the major contributors to watershed degradation in the region. This study examines the various drivers of watershed degradation in the basin and their implications for potable water supplies. It gives an assessment of the spatio-temporal changes in land use and its effect on water yield and erosion rates, and also assesses the probable interaction of global climate change and anthropogenic factors on water yield. The study employed a combination of field observations, informal interviews and the consultation of secondary data to investigate these drivers. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques, and presented in both qualitative and quantitative terms. A series of maps and photographs were used to portray land use and land cover changes in the basin. It was observed that population pressure and incompatible land use changes account for watershed degradation in the basin. The implications have been increased runoff and surface overland flow, a reduction in potable water quality and quantity resulting to frequent water cuts. The paper recommends the sustainable management of watersheds whereby, all critical components need to be included into the planning process for the watercourses and their catchments.
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Waspodo, Roh Santoso Budi, Siti Komariah, and Vita Ayu Kusuma Dewi. "Optimasi Sumberdaya Air dengan Program Linear (Linear Programming) di DAS Cicatih, Kabupaten Sukabumi, Jawa Barat." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2020): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.07.3.179-184.
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The used of water in Indonesia for various using disposed exceed water supply. One of the efforts to optimize limited water resources is optimimation watershed management with linear programming. Identification of surface water potential in Cicatih watershed, especially in sub-watershed of upper Cicatih, Cibojong river, estimate using GR4J model. This research using discharge data from PLTA Ubrug. Springwater identified based on data from DISTAMBEN. The observation discharge average in Cibojong river was 246 l/s/day and based on GR4J model was 2752 l/s/day. Avaiable discharge was 56241 l/s/day. Grow of the population estimated by exponent method, industry and irrigation area with regression linear. Software Lingo 8.0 was used to help optimize of wáter resources in Cicatih watershed. Based on the result, in 2025, 12 industries and 15784 ha area get the wáter allocation from surface water. About 1083817 people and 75402 ha area get from springwáter. The cost to access surface wáter is higher than in other sectors. It causes the industry to gets an allocation from surface wáter.
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Chebet, Catherine, Emmanuel C. Kipkorir, and Victor A. O. Odenyo. "Assessment of water demand dynamics in Arror watershed in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya." Journal of Water and Climate Change 10, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 642–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.126.
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Abstract Water scarcity is a serious problem worldwide, which heightens the need to understand watershed dynamics and their impact on water quantity. The study examined water demand using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model in the Arror watershed in Kenya. The primary sources of data included remotely sensed data and socio-economic data. The secondary data included climate, river discharge and soil data. Field surveys and questionnaires were used to collect socio-economic data. From the findings, the total annual water allocated (supply) for agriculture, domestic and livestock in the watershed was 10,333,441 m3, with the highest annual consumer being agriculture in the lower part of the catchment at 7,154,457 m3 for the reference scenario (1986–2012). The total mean annual demand for the same period was 10,461,123 m3 and thus a mean annual unmet demand of 127,682 m3. The highest mean monthly unmet water demand was that of agriculture in the lower part of the catchment in January (90,200 m3). Management practices that would enhance the sustainable management of water resources include construction of a reservoir and enforcement of minimum environmental flows maintenance in the river and these are recommended for the Arror watershed.
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Adegun, O., S. Odunuga, and O. S. Ajayi. "Climate, runoff and landuse trends in the Owo River Catchment in Nigeria." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 371 (June 12, 2015): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-371-137-2015.
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Abstract. The Owo River is an important surface water source in Lagos particularly to the western section. It is the source of direct water intake for water supply by Lagos State Water Corporation to Amuwo-Odofin, Ojo and parts of Badagry Local Government Areas. This paper examines the complex interactions and feedbacks between many variables and processes within that catchment and analyses the future ability of this semi-urban watershed in sustaining water supply in the face of cumulative environmental change. Stationarity analysis on rainfall, change detection analysis and morphometry analysis were combined to analyse the non-stationarity of Owo River catchment. On rainfall trend analysis, since the correlation coefficient (0.38) with test statistic of 2.17 did not satisfy the test condition we concluded that there is trend and that rainfall in the watershed is not stationary. The dominant land use impacting on the bio-geochemical fluxes is built up area (including structures and paved surfaces) which grew from about 142.92 km2 (12.20%) in 1984 to 367.22 km2 (31.36%) in 2013 recording gain of 224.3 km2 at average growth rate of 7.73 km2 per annum. Total length of streams within the catchment reduced from 622.24 km in 1964 to 556 km in 2010, while stream density reduced from 0.53 in 1964 to 0.47 in 2010 an indication of shrinking hydrological network. The observed trends in both natural and anthropogenic processes indicated non-stationarity of the hydrological fluxes within the Catchment and if this continues, the urban ecosystem services of water supply will be compromised.
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Wicaksono, Arief, Shandra S. Pertiwi, Ade Febri Sandhini P, and Prima Widayani. "Water Catchment Zone Mapping for Watershed Management in Gesing Sub-Watershed, Purworejo." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v3i2.1163.
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Water is a very important resource involved in almost all life processes on earth, especially for human life. The rapid growth of water consumption with a decrease in the quantity and quality of water sources certainly creates problems of water scarcity or even flooding, which already occurs in some areas of Indonesia. In the last decades, some areas in Purworejo District, Indonesia have experienced floods, landslides, and droughts. This condition indicates that there has been a water quantity problem in the watershed in Purworejo. This study tends to focus on water resource management in terms of management planning. The purpose of this research is to create a water catchment zone map with the integration of remote sensing methods and geographic information systems. Identification of potential water catchment considers several parameters, such as soil permeability, rainfall, soil surface type, slope, and groundwater level. The results map consists of five classes of water catchment zone in the Gesing Sub-watershed. The higher classes were found in the upper watershed and the center of the watershed, especially in the valley section of the river. The lower classes, such as in the center of the watershed were considered as suitable areas to protect the water quality. With the mapping of water catchment zone, it is expected that the government can make appropriate policies related to water resources management of each sub-watershed so that in the end the water supply problem-especially in terms of quantity-can be managed and controlled effectively.
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Barnes, P. L., and P. K. Kalita. "Watershed monitoring to address contamination source issues and remediation of the contaminant impairments." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0387.
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The Big Blue River Basin is located in southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas and consists of surface water in the Big Blue River, Little Blue River, Black Vermillion River, and various tributaries draining 24,968 km2. Approximately 75% of the land area in the basin are cultivated cropland. The Big Blue River flows into Tuttle Creek Reservoir near Manhattan, Kansas. Releases from the lake are used to maintain streamflow in the Kansas River during low flow periods, contributing 27% of the mean flow rate of the Kansas River at its confluence with the Missouri River. Tuttle Creek Reservoir and the Kansas River are used as sources of public drinking water and meet many of the municipal drinking water supply needs of the urban population in Kansas from Junction City to Kansas City. Elevated concentrations of pesticides in the Big Blue River Basin are of growing concern in Kansas and Nebraska as concentrations may be exceeding public drinking water standards and water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. Pesticides cause significant problems for municipal water treatment plants in Kansas, as they are not appreciably removed during conventional water treatment processes unless activated carbon filtering is used. Pesticides have been detected during all months of the year with concentrations ranging up to 200 μg/l. If high concentration in water is associated with high flow conditions then large mass losses of pesticides can flow into the water supplies in this basin. This paper will investigate the use of a monitoring program to assess the non-point source of this atrazine contamination. Several practices will be examined that have shown ability to remediate or prevent these impairments.
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Prajapati, M., and L. Joshi. "Incentive scheme for improving water and watershed management in Bhaktapur, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 2 (December 8, 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v2i0.22742.
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Fresh water is becoming scarce in many parts of the world. Deteriorating ecosystems, increasing population, changing lifestyles have intensified fresh water scarcity in many urban areas. Using Mahadev Khola watershed as a case, the present study investigates the reasons for decreasing fresh water availability in Bhaktapur municipality. Perceptions of water services among both upstream and downstream communities were collected; data of water supply and time series GIS data of land use change were analyzed. Growth in human population, urbanization, haphazard extraction of water in upstream and downstream areas, pollution of river, and damaged water pipes have led to reduction in fresh water availability in the municipality. Fresh water supply can be improved by implementing a carefully designed integrated water management master plan that incorporates ways to address all the causes of water scarcity. The master plan of Bhaktapur municipality could include an incentive mechanism, such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), in which downstream consumers (municipality population, farmers and industries) provide financial and/or non-financial rewards to the upstream communities for protecting and managing forest ecosystem for water-conserving activities and for not applying hazardous agrochemicals in their fields.
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Agarwal, Sunny, Jyoti P. Patil, V. C. Goyal, and Ajai Singh. "Assessment of Water Supply–Demand Using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) Model for Ur River Watershed, Madhya Pradesh, India." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 100, no. 1 (October 24, 2018): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-018-0329-0.
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Pueppke, Steven G., Wangshou Zhang, Hengpeng Li, Dongqiang Chen, and Weixin Ou. "An Integrative Framework to Control Nutrient Loss: Insights from Two Hilly Basins in China’s Yangtze River Delta." Water 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102036.
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Rapid economic development and population growth in China’s Yangtze River Delta (YRD) are exerting significant environmental pressure on the region’s land and water, especially in hilly areas where many drinking water reservoirs have been constructed. These areas, which are characterized by steep slopes and thin soils, provide critical services, including flood control, water resource supply, food production, and recreational opportunities for nearby highly developed and heavily populated areas of the delta. We contrast two of these areas—the well-studied Tianmu Lake watershed and the much larger Qiandao Lake watershed. Both face similar challenges from nitrogen and phosphorus pollution due to rapid socio-economic development, but differences in watershed size and distinctions related to political boundaries influence the range of approaches available to maintain water quality. We review experiences of controlling nutrient pollution in these watersheds as case studies, and based on that information, propose an integrated framework to minimize nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in similarly challenged watersheds. The framework, which is designed to be generalizable rather than prescriptive, emphasizes source control, delivery interception, and fate management of nutrients.
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Iryna Krylova. "CONSOLIDATION OF ENTERPRISES OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER OF UKRAINE WITHIN THE RIVER BASINS: OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS." World Science 1, no. 8(48) (August 31, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31082019/6626.
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The article describes the peculiarities of implementation of the watershed management of water resources management in Ukraine under the conditions of reforming the state water management system, the sphere of water supply and wastewater. The connection between the implementation of the basin principle of water resources management and the search for an effective model of management of water supply and wastewater enterprises are determined. The article deals with the peculiarities of the existing management of the water supply and wastewater system of the country according to the administrative-territorial principle, presents a map of Ukraine by regional division, shows the population of the regions, the number of water supply and wastewater companies operating in the regions, lists the basic water supply and wastewater enterprises. The hydrographic map of Ukraine is presented, it is stated that the modern administrative- territorial division of the territory of Ukraine does not coincide with the hydrographic boundaries of the basins of water bodies of Ukraine, which also complicates the implementation of integrated management in the water sphere. The author of the article proposes to solve the issues of management and production efficiency of water supply and wastewater enterprises by consolidation of water supply and wastewater companies within river basins, separate territories (or regionalization of water supply and wastewater services) and creation of regional water companies on their basis. The article describes the advantages of consolidation of water supply and wastewater companies and gives examples of such consolidation in Ukraine and the prospects for its further implementation.
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Simon Wang, S. Y., Robert R. Gillies, Oi-Yu Chung, and Chaopeng Shen. "Cross-Basin Decadal Climate Regime Connecting the Colorado River with the Great Salt Lake." Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0081.1.
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Abstract The 2013 federal Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study projected the water imbalance between future supply and demand to increase. The Colorado water supply (WS) exemplifies a pronounced quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) of 10–20 years throughout its historical record; however, this QDO feature is unaccounted for in the climate models used to project the future WS. Adjacent to the Colorado River, the large watershed of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) in Utah records the hydrologic QDO signal in its water surface, leading previous studies to explore the cause of decadal fluctuations in the lake elevation and assess predictability. This study reports a remarkable coherence between the Colorado WS and the GSL elevation at the 10–20-yr time scale. Analysis of precipitation and terrestrial water storage anomalies suggests a cross-basin connection in the climate and hydrometeorological variations of the Colorado WS and the GSL. The 160-yr-long and well-kept GSL elevation record makes it an effective indicator for the Colorado WS.
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Matamoros, D. E., A. van Griensven, L. van Biesen, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Development of a geographical information system for pesticide assessment on an Ecuadorian watershed." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0478.
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Banana production is very important for the Ecuadorian national income, but it is also a potential source of river pollution in the country. Current research is focusing on the use of GIS to perform pesticide assessment of a river basin that includes banana as its main agricultural activity. The Agricultural Non Point Source Model (AGNPS) is being used to perform pesticide assessment in the basin. The model structure and type of needed data was identified. By applying GIS methodology, a complete set of cartographical information was obtained to supply input data to the pesticide model. In addition, ready-to-print maps were useful by-products for farmers.
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Zhu, Zhang, Zhang, Kung, and Yushanjiang. "Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China." Water 11, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102067.
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Wetlands are sensitive indicators of climate change and have a profound impact on the supply of water resources in surrounding areas. In this study, the hydrochemical, isotopic characteristics (δ18O and δ2H) of groundwater and surface water (lake, reservoir, and river) in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, northwestern China, were investigated to reveal the relationships between various water bodies. The results suggest that the groundwater is alkaline and has pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) values less than those of surface water. Ca2+ and SO42− are the major ions in the groundwater and river water, whereas lake water and reservoir water are enriched in Na+ and SO42−. With the decrease in elevation, both groundwater and river water are affected by carbonate dissolution at high elevation and by evaporitic rock dissolution at low elevation; thus, the water surrounding Ebinur Lake is subjected to runoff affected by intense evaporation–dissolution of evaporitic rocks. The stable isotope compositions suggested that the upstream part of the river is recharged by glacial meltwater from high mountains, whereas the middle–downstream parts of the river are recharged by low-elevation precipitation. Shallow groundwater and reservoir water are mainly recharged by river water and are more enriched in the downstream part of river. Water samples were also classified according to different indices, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, volatile phenol, sulfate, Zn, Co, Cu, total hardness, and Cr6+, and results showed that most groundwater is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Except for Cr6+, the metal concentrations are within permissible limits. However, both groundwater and reservoir water are affected to some extent by nearby rivers from anthropogenic activity.
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Mideksa, Girma, and Tasisa Temesgen Tolossa. "Irrigation Water Potential and Land Suitability Assessment in Kurfa Chele-Girawa Watershed, Wabe Shebelle River Basin, Ethiopia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.139-146.2863.
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Assessing available water and land for irrigation are important for planning their use. In the watershed, stream flows from some of the rivers are not known and potential irrigable areas have not been identified. By delineating watershed boundary, irrigation suitability factors such as soil type, slope, land cover/use, and distance from the water supply were classified based on the FAO guideline for land evaluation in to S1, S2, S3 and N suitability classes independently. The irrigation potential suitability analysis of soil, slope, land cover/use and Euclidean distance indicates that 55.1 %, 95.6 %, 88.6% and 93.7% respectively are in the range of highly to marginally suitable. By weighted overlay analysis, total surface irrigation suitability potential of the study area is 54.6%, from this, the potential irrigable land obtained by multi_ criteria analysis has 45.9%. The total available flow above abstraction site is 335.7m3/s or 2.9-million-meter cube (MMC) annually.
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Yuwono, Slamet Budi, Naik Sinukaban, Kukuh Murtilaksono, and Bunasor Sanim. "Land Use Planning of Way Betung Watershed for Sustainable Water Resources Development of Bandar Lampung City." Journal of Tropical Soils 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.v16i1.77-84.
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Way Betung watershed is one of the important water resources in Lampung Province and it provides a clean water for Bandar Lampung City through a regional water supply company (PDAM). By the increase of population and economical activities of Bandar Lampung City, the need of clean water also increase, however by the time, the conditions of Way Betung watershed as water resources are declining. Therefore, to improve or to restore WayBetung watershed, a high cost is needed. The research was aimed: (a) to study the effects of Way Betung watershed land use change on the water resources of Bandar Lampung City, (b) to arrange the sustainable development of Way Betung watershed in order to maintain the availability of water resources. The sustainable developments of water resources of Way Betung watershed were arranged in five alternatives/scenarios and each alternative was related toits erosion (USLE method) and its run off volume (SCS method). The results showed that land use changes of Way Betung watershed (1991-2006) were likely to increase daily maximum discharge (Q max), to decrease daily minimum discharge (Q min), to increase fluctuation of river discharge, and to increase yearly run off coeffcient. The best sustainable development of water resources of Way Betung watershed, Lampung Province, was alternative/scenario-4 (forest as 30% of watershed areas + alley cropping in the mix garden). This alternative will decrease erosion to the level lower than tolerable soil loss and also decrease fluctuation of monthly run off.Keywords: Land use change, run off coefficient, water resources, watershed
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Taylor, P., and G. Wright. "Establishing river basin organisations in Vietnam: Red River, Dong Nai River and Lower Mekong Delta." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0557.
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River basin management is receiving considerable attention at present. Part of the debate, now occurring worldwide, concerns the nature of the organisations that are required to manage river basins successfully, and whether special-purpose river basin organisations (RBOs) are always necessary and in what circumstance they are likely to (i) add to the management of the water resources and (ii) be successful. The development of river basin management requires a number of important elements to be developed to a point where the river basin can be managed successfully. These include the relevant laws, the public and non-government institutions, the technical capabilities of the people, the understanding and motivation of people, and the technical capacity and systems, including information. A river basin organisation (or RBO) is taken to mean a special-purpose organisation charged with some part of the management of the water resources of a particular river basin. Generally speaking, such organisations are responsible for various functions related to the supply, distribution, protection and allocation of water, and their boundaries follow the watershed of the river in question. However, the same functions can be carried out by various organisations, which are not configured on the geographical boundaries of a river basin. This paper outlines recent work on river basin organisation in Vietnam, and makes some comparisons with the situation in Australia.
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Koning, C. W., K. A. Saffran, J. L. Little, and L. Fent. "Water quality monitoring: the basis for watershed management in the Oldman River Basin, Canada." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.308.
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The Oldman River flows 440 km from its headwaters in south-western Alberta, through mountains, foothills and plains into the South Saskatchewan River. Peak flows occur in May and June. Three major reservoirs, together with more than a dozen other structures, supply water to nine irrigation districts and other water users in the Oldman basin. Human activity in the basin includes forestry, recreation, oil and gas development, and agriculture, including a large number of confined livestock feeding operations. Based on the perception of basin residents that water quality was declining and of human health concern, the Oldman River Basin Water Quality Initiative was formed in 1997 to address the concerns. There was limited factual information, and at the time there was a desire for finger pointing. Results (1998–2002) show that mainstem water quality remains good whereas tributary water quality is more of a challenge. Key variables of concern are nutrients, bacteria and pesticides. Point source discharges are better understood and better regulated, whereas non-point source runoff requires more attention. Recent data on Cryptosporidium and Giardia species are providing benefit for focusing watershed management activities. The water quality data collected is providing a foundation to implement community-supported urban and rural better management practices to improve water quality.
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Wang, Weiwei, Haiwei Zhou, and Lidan Guo. "Emergency water supply decision-making of transboundary river basin considering government–public perceived satisfaction." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-191828.
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The emergency supply of transboundary water resources is a prominent problem affecting the social and economic development of basin countries. However, current water supply decisions on transboundary water resources may ignore the psychological perception of multi-stakeholders, and the evolution of emergencies increases the uncertainty of decision making. Both factors would lead to the low acceptance of water-related decisions. Utility satisfaction, perceived losses, and quantity satisfaction were selected in this paper to identify the perceived satisfaction of upstream governments, downstream governments, and the public, respectively, over multiple decision-making stages. A modeling framework combining prospect theory and the multi-stage multi-objective programming methodology was then developed to measure the perceived satisfaction of different stakeholders in a watershed under emergency. A two-stage NSGA-II and TOPSIS based approach was adopted to find the optimal compromise solution to solve the model. The framework was applied in the Lancang–Mekong River basin to provide suggestions to decision makers. Upstream decision makers must choose a moderate proportional fairness degree when making emergency decisions to maximize the perceived satisfaction of all stakeholders. Meanwhile, the perceived loss of downstream countries with low water demand should be considered first in the formulation of emergency water supply plans. Furthermore, although water supply from upstream countries can improve perceived water quantity satisfaction of downstream publics, additional actions must still be taken to change the traditional concepts of the public.
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Meng, Qingxiang, Likun Zhang, Hejie Wei, Enxiang Cai, Dong Xue, and Mengxue Liu. "Linking Ecosystem Service Supply–Demand Risks and Regional Spatial Management in the Yihe River Basin, Central China." Land 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080843.
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The continuous supply of ecosystem services is the foundation of the sustainable development of human society. The identification of the supply–demand relationships and risks of ecosystem services is of considerable importance to the management of regional ecosystems and the effective allocation of resources. This paper took the Yihe River Basin as the research area and selected water yield, carbon sequestration, food production, and soil conservation to assess changes in the supply and demand of ecosystem services and their matching status from 2000 to 2018. Risk identification and management zoning were also conducted. Results show the following: (1) The spatial distribution of the four ecosystems service supply and demand in the Yihe River Basin was mismatched. The food production supply levels in the middle and lower reaches and the upstream water yield, carbon sequestration, and soil conservation supply levels were high. However, most of the areas with high demand for ecosystem services were concentrated downstream. (2) From 2000 to 2018, the supply of water yield and carbon sequestration in the Yihe River Basin decreased, while that of food production and soil conservation increased. The demand for the four ecosystem services also increased. (3) Water yield faced considerable supply–demand risks. Fifty percent of the sub-basins were at a high-risk level, and the risk areas were concentrated in the middle and lower reaches. The three remaining services were mainly at low-risk levels. The Yihe River Basin was divided into eight types of supply–demand risk spatial management zones based on the ecosystem service supply and demand levels, which will help promote refined regional ecosystem management and sustainable development. The supply and demand assessment of ecosystem services from a risk perspective can integrate the information of natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems and provide scientific support for watershed spatial management.
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GATHENYA, MWANGI, HOSEA MWANGI, RICHARD COE, and JOSEPH SANG. "CLIMATE- AND LAND USE-INDUCED RISKS TO WATERSHED SERVICES IN THE NYANDO RIVER BASIN, KENYA." Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971100007x.
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SUMMARYClimate change and land use change are two forces influencing the hydrology of watersheds and their ability to provide ecosystem services, such as clean and well-regulated streamflow and control of soil erosion and sediment yield. The Soil Water Assessment Tool, SWAT, a distributed, watershed-scale hydrological model was used with 18 scenarios of rainfall, temperature and infiltration capacity of land surface to investigate the spatial distribution of watershed services over the 3587 km2 Nyando basin in Western Kenya and how it is affected by these two forces. The total annual water yield varied over the 50 sub-basins from 35 to 600 mm while the annual sediment yield ranged from 0 to 104 tons ha−1. Temperature change had a relatively minor effect on streamflow and sediment yield compared to change in rainfall and land surface condition. Improvements in land surface condition that result in higher infiltration are an effective adaptation strategy to moderate the effects of climate change on supply of watershed services. Spatial heterogeneity in response to climate and land use change is large, and hence it is necessary to understand it if interventions to modify hydrology or adapt to climate change are to be effective.
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Komori, Daisuke, Cherry May Mateo, Akane Saya, Shinichiro Nakamura, Masashi Kiguchi, Phonchai Klinkhachorn, Thada Sukhapunnaphan, Adisorn Champathong, Kimio Takeya, and TaikanOki. "Application of the Probability Evaluation for the Seasonal Reservoir Operation on Flood Mitigation and Water Supply in the Chao Phraya River Watershed, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0432.
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This research focuses on dam reservoir operation effective in flood mitigation and water resource reservation on a seasonal scale. Based on the relationship between discharge characteristics in the upper watershed of Chao Phraya River and flood occurrences in the lower watershed, it was clarified that the dam reservoir operation most effective in the rainy season was determining the lowest reservoir volume in August for the Sirikit Dam reservoir and in July for the Bhumibol Dam reservoir, and storing water until November. Furthermore, by the probability evaluation on the free reservoir capacities of both dams estimated from the predetermined lowest reservoir volume and inflow volume in both dams, the dam reservoir operation considering the importance of flood mitigation and water resource reservation on a seasonal scale can be achieved.
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Lillo-Saavedra, Mario, Viviana Gavilán, Angel García-Pedrero, Consuelo Gonzalo-Martín, Felipe de la Hoz, Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela, and Diego Rivera. "Ex Post Analysis of Water Supply Demand in an Agricultural Basin by Multi-Source Data Integration." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112022.
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In this work, we present a new methodology integrating data from multiple sources, such as observations from the Landsat-8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellites, with information gathered in field campaigns and information derived from different public databases, in order to characterize the water demand of crops (potential and estimated) in a spatially and temporally distributed manner. This methodology is applied to a case study corresponding to the basin of the Longaví River, located in south-central Chile. Potential and estimated demands, aggregated at different spatio-temporal scales, are compared to the streamflow of the Longaví River, as well as extractions from the groundwater system. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the availability of spatio-temporal information on the water availability and demand pairing allows us to close the water gap—i.e., the difference between supply and demand—allowing for better management of water resources in a watershed.
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Somlyódy, L., K. Buzás, A. Clement, and Z. Melicz. "Strategies for Approximating EU Legislation in Hungary: The Sajó River Case." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0506.
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The Hungarian watershed of the Sajó River (a shared river basin with Slovakia), representing about 5% of the country's population and territory was used as a case study to analyze issues of EU accession with special regard to drinking water supply and urban wastewater management. In the past the Sajó was one of the most contaminated Hungarian rivers due to industrial, transboundary and municipal emissions. For today its quality became acceptable due to industrial transformation and municipal wastewater management. The uniqueness of the problem stems from the fact that 30% of the population lives in small settlements of low level of water service. In the frame of the present study large number of water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment strategies were developed to study the solution of existing problems and to meet EU requirements. For transboundary loads several scenarios were prepared. The investment costs of alternatives were evaluated on the basis of a detailed comparison of international and national estimation techniques. Water quality impacts in terms of traditional components were assessed by using models. Affordability was analyzed and a phased development policy was recommended.
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Zhang, Hongjuan, Juan Feng, Zhicheng Zhang, Kang Liu, Xin Gao, and Zidong Wang. "Regional Spatial Management Based on Supply–Demand Risk of Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of the Fenghe River Watershed." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114112.
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The supply–demand risk assessment of ecosystem services (ES) can identify the supply–demand risk level, which is very important for the sustainable management of regional ES. In this study, taking the Fenghe River watershed (FRW) as a case, based on the status and the change trend of the supply–demand ratio of ES, and the ES supply change trend, the supply–demand risk level of food provision (FP), water yield (WY), soil retention (SR), and climate regulation (CR) are evaluated, and the risk management zones of the FRW are divided using spatial superposition. The results show that: (1) The supply and demand of SR are spatially matched, while the other three ES are spatially mismatched. (2) From 2000 to 2015, the supply amount of FP, WY, and SR increases by 11.59%, 1.25% and 55%, respectively, while the supply amount of CR decreases by 5.15%. At the same time, the demand amount of FP, WY, SR and CR increases by 39.97%, 53.88%, 36.3% and 215.5%, respectively. (3) The supply–demand ratio means of four ES in the FRW are all greater than 0, but there are some areas within that are less than 0. (4) In terms of sub-watershed scale, except for SR, there are critically endangered areas for the other three ES. Moreover, the FRW is divided into 11 supply–demand risk management zones, such as FS-WY-CR critically endangered zone, WY-CR critically endangered and FS vulnerable zone. The supply–demand risk management zones based on multiple ES can identify the risk level of each ES in each zone. These results and conclusions can provide the basis for rational allocation of resources and sustainable management of ES.
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Hawkins, Timothy W., and Bradley J. Austin. "Simulating streamflow and the effects of projected climate change on the Savage River, Maryland, USA." Journal of Water and Climate Change 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2012.016.
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The Savage River in western Maryland and its associated reservoir and watershed serves many purposes including recreation, drinking water supply, and auxiliary water supply for Washington DC. Streamflow on the Savage River was modeled using a simple hydrologic model and validated with historical streamflow observations. Future projected climate data were used to drive the model to assess the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on future streamflow. Winter streamflow is projected to increase, while spring, summer, and fall streamflow are projected to decrease. Annual streamflow totals show a slight negative trend over the coming century. Future changes in precipitation are more influential on future streamflow during the winter while temperature may be more important during the summer and fall. On an annual basis, by the year 2098, the impacts of temperature and precipitation will essentially cancel each other out resulting in only a small negative trend in annual streamflow. Increased streamflow during the winter months may not be able to compensate for decreased flow during the remainder of the year which raises concerns about the ability of the reservoir to supply water during future droughts.
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Pacheco-Vega, Raul. "Governing Urban Water Conflict through Watershed Councils—A Public Policy Analysis Approach and Critique." Water 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071849.
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Cities face substantial water governance challenges, even more so when their activities are water-intensive, as global tourism is. As the lower-most level of government, municipalities face important challenges when dealing with water stress. Designing robust urban water policy thus may require us to challenge currently popular modes of governance by river basin councils, as predicated by the integrated water resources management (IWRM) paradigm. In this paper, I conduct a public policy analysis of a case study of intra-urban water conflict in the Mexican city of San Miguel de Allende (SMA), an extremely popular tourist destination with substantive water scarcity challenges. I draw insights from an application of the Institutional Grammar Tool, IGT (as proposed by Ostrom and Crawford) on a series of textual datasets derived from ethnographic, qualitative longitudinal field research, document analysis, and elite interviews with stakeholders to explain the reasons underlying community concerns about urban water supply which have derived in conflict in San Miguel de Allende and increasingly manifested over the past few years (2017–2020). My analysis suggests that to tackle growing intra-urban antagonism derived from increasing water insecurity in San Miguel de Allende, a more localized, micro-watershed approach might be more fruitful than a traditional river basin council strategy.
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Liu, Guihua, Zhiming He, Zhaoqing Luan, and Shuhua Qi. "Intercomparison of a Lumped Model and a Distributed Model for Streamflow Simulation in the Naoli River Watershed, Northeast China." Water 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081004.
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Water supply availability has significant impacts on the biggest base for commodity grain production: The Sanjiang Plain in northeast China. The SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model and IHACRES (identification of unit hydrographs and component flows from rainfall, evapotranspiration and streamflow data) model were used for modelling streamflow variability in the upper Naoli River watershed to determine the applicability of hydrological models to the marsh rivers. Both the SWAT and IHACRES models were suitable for streamflow simulation, having R2 (coefficient of determination) and NS (Nash–Sutcliffe) values greater than 0.7, and PBIAS (percent bias) smaller than 25%. The IHACRES model was easy to use, with less data-preparation, and was found to be a better choice for runoff simulation in a watershed less affected by human activity. The simulation result was better in primeval times, i.e., 1956–1966, than the period 1967–2005, when its performance was found to be unfavorable. In contrast, the complex, processes-based SWAT model was found to be more appropriate for simultaneously simulating streamflow variability. In addition, the effects of land use change and human activities in the watershed—where agricultural activities are intensive—were evaluated. The study found that the SWAT model was potentially suitable for water resource planning and management.
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Ma, Jigang, Haofang Wang, Libin Zhao, and Song Wei. "Study on water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601006.
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Water resources optimal regulation is an important means to mitigate the shortage of water resources and promote social and economic sustainable development in regions or watershed. With the rapid development of urban population and industrial and agricultural production in recent years, the shortage of water is becoming more and more serious in Jiaodong area. The four regions with serious water shortage including Weifang, Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai in Jiaodong area are the typical research areas. In combination with the water transfer project of Yellow river to Qingdao and the south-to-north water transfer project, the water diversion is carried out to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and demand of Jiaodong area. The year of 2014 deemed as the base year and the years of 2020 and 2025 are the planning years. Based on the supply and demand analysis of water resources, an optimal regulation model is built with the minimum total water shortage considering the constraints of water supply capacity of project, water distribution capacity and minimum water supply of bleeds and so on. The optimal regulation schemes are obtained by solution model using MATLAB programming. The results show that water shortage rate of the four cities decreases significantly in annual regulation. For different planning years, guarantee rate of 50%, 75% and 95%,the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 15.35%、15.75% and 16.85% respectively in 2020, and in 2025the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 13.27%、13.26% and 14.19% respectively. Therefore the water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project can effectively mitigate water scarcity and the contradiction between water supply and demand in Jiaodong area.
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Bourque, Charles P.-A., and Quazi K. Hassan. "Vegetation Control in the Long-Term Self-Stabilization of the Liangzhou Oasis of the Upper Shiyang River Watershed of West-Central Gansu, Northwest China." Earth Interactions 13, no. 13 (December 1, 2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009ei286.1.
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Abstract This paper explores the relationship between vegetation in the Liangzhou Oasis in the Upper Shiyang River watershed (USRW) of west-central Gansu, China, and within-watershed precipitation, soil water storage, and oasis self-support. Oases along the base of the Qilian Mountains receive a significant portion of their water supply (over 90%) from surface and subsurface flow originating from the Qilian Mountains. Investigation of vegetation control on oasis water conditions in the USRW is based on an application of a process model of soil water hydrology. The model is used to simulate long-term soil water content (SWC) in the Liangzhou Oasis as a function of (i) monthly composites of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images of land surface and mean air temperature, (ii) spatiotemporal calculations of monthly precipitation and relative humidity generated with the assistance of genetic algorithms (GAs), and (iii) a 80-m-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. Modeled removal of vegetation is shown to affect within-watershed precipitation and soil water storage by reducing the exchange of water vapor from the land surface to the air, increasing the air’s lifting condensation level by promoting drier air conditions, and causing the high-intensity precipitation band in the Qilian Mountains to weaken and to be displaced upward, leading to an overall reduction of water to the Liangzhou Oasis.
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Lu, Shibao, Yizi Shang, Wei Li, Xiaohe Wu, and Hongbo Zhang. "Basic theories and methods of watershed ecological regulation and control system." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.051.
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Abstract Watershed is an important existing form of water, with various functions such as water supply, irrigation, fishery, tourism, and flood prevention, playing a major role in the daily production and lives of residents and regional social and economic development. As a brand new management objective, watershed development is a significant means for supporting and ensuring the sustainability of social, economic and environmental development. This paper elaborates the importance of preserving the ecological and hydrological connections of river systems to sustain their healthy life cycle, as a harmonious relationship is essential for the current and future watershed management. By emphasizing the importance of the watershed ecological and environmental management and restoration, on the basis of the existing research results, this paper sums up the basic concepts and connotation of the ecological operation of reservoirs, analyzing the research achievements and existing problems of ecological operation study, and resulting in a fundamental framework of ecological operation model based on the multiscale coupling mechanism, objective coordination mechanism, generative mechanism of characteristic flows and operation scheme of the rolling correction mechanism.
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Wang, Yiqi, Xiaohui Ding, Yanran Ma, and Buqing Yan. "System dynamics simulation for the coordinative development of socio-economy and environment in the Weihe River Basin, China." Water Policy 23, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 718–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.218.
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Abstract A reliable system simulation combining socio-economic development with water environment and comprehensively reflect a watershed's dynamic features is crucial. In this study, a complex system dynamics model is constructed to evaluate dynamic changes of socio-economic development and ecological environment of Weihe River Basin (WHR). Development trends of the population, economy, land resources, water demand and supply, water environment and water pollution and management are obtained from 2005 to 2030 through scenarios analysis representing different regional development orientations, namely, population growth (S1), economic leading (S2), resources saving (S3), environment leading (S4), collaborative development (S5). Compared with other scenarios, the total population and GDP will, respectively, reach 3,716.55 × 104 person and 40,077.30 × 108 yuan, and the gap between demand and supply and the amount of water pollution will, respectively, narrow to 0.56 × 108 and 12.26 × 108 cubic meters in collaborative development scenario (S5). The results reveal the collaborative development scenario (S5) can achieve not only steady population and economy growth, as well as narrow down the gap between water supply and demand, but also optimize watershed environment management of the WHR. Thus, the system dynamics model used in our research provides a powerful tool for assisting decision-making on issues of coordinative socio-economic development, environmental health protection, water resources conservation, etc., in a river basin area.
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Datok, Pankyes, Sabine Sauvage, Clément Fabre, Alain Laraque, Sylvain Ouillon, Guy Moukandi N’kaya, and José-Miguel Sanchez-Perez. "Sediment Balance Estimation of the ‘Cuvette Centrale’ of the Congo River Basin Using the SWAT Hydrological Model." Water 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101388.
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In this study, the SWAT hydrological model was used to estimate the sediment yields in the principal drainage basins of the Congo River Basin. The model was run for the 2000–2012 period and calibrated using measured values obtained at the basins principal gauging station that controls 98% of the basin area. Sediment yield rates of 4.01, 5.91, 7.88 and 8.68 t km−2 yr−1 were estimated for the areas upstream of the Ubangi at Bangui, Sangha at Ouesso, Lualaba at Kisangani, and Kasai at Kuto-Moke, respectively—the first three of which supply the Cuvette Centrale. The loads contributed into the Cuvette Centrale by eight tributaries were estimated to be worth 0.04, 0.07, 0.09, 0.18, 0.94, 1.50, 1.60, and 26.98 × 106 t yr−1 from the Likouala Mossaka at Makoua, Likouala aux Herbes at Botouali, Kouyou at Linnegue, Alima at Tchikapika, Sangha at Ouesso, Ubangi at Mongoumba, Ruki at Bokuma and Congo at Mbandaka, respectively. The upper Congo supplies up to 85% of the fluxes in the Cuvette Centrale, with the Ubangi and the Ruki contributing approximately 5% each. The Cuvette Centrale acts like a big sink trapping up to 23 megatons of sediment produced upstream (75%) annually.
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Noor, Hamzeh, Mahdi Vafakhah, Masoud Taheriyoun, and Mahnoosh Moghadasi. "Hydrology modelling in Taleghan mountainous watershed using SWAT." Journal of Water and Land Development 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0003.
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Abstract Mountainous regions in Iran are important sources of surface water supply and groundwater recharge. Therefore, accurate simulation of hydrologic processes in mountains at large scales is important for water resource management and for watershed management planning. Snow hydrology is the more important hydrologic process in mountainous watersheds. Therefore, streamflow simulation in mountainous watersheds is often challenging because of irregular topography and complex hydrological processes. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model daily runoff in the Taleghan mountainous watershed (800.5 km2) in west of Tehran, Iran. Most of the precipitation in the study area takes place as snow, therefore, modeling daily streamflow in this river is very complex and with large uncertainty. Model calibration was performed with Particle Swarm Optimization. The main input data for simulation of SWAT including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use, soil type and soil properties, and hydro-climatological data, were appropriately collected. Model performance was evaluated both visually and statistically where a good relation between observed and simulated discharge was found. The results showed that the coefficient of determination R2 and the Nash- Sutcliffe coefficient NS values were 0.80 and 0.78, respectively. The calibrated model was most sensitive to snowmelt parameters and CN2 (Curve Number). Results indicated that SWAT can provide reasonable predictions daily streamflow from Taleghan watersheds.