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1
Ward, Kate Alice. "Engineering exploration of the water supply system of Constantinople." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33033.
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Before this research study began, relatively little was understood of the water supply in Constantinople, particularly within the walls of the city. Archaeological work had focused on collecting details of 160 cisterns and a small number of channels and pipes were incidental finds in other excavations. Although no-one had considered the water supply in Constantinople as a whole, the evidence seemed to indicate a sophisticated water management system. With the available data fragmented, and the potential for more evidence limited to serendipitous finds associated with construction work, the only way to move the understanding of the water supply forward is to take a radically different perspective: civil engineers are well placed to envisage the water supply as a working system and make use of their modern design skills and tools to fill in the gaps between the fragmented data. This reimagining of the water supply system was driven by a key piece of knowledge: the water supply worked, and worked for many centuries. That fact, combined with the fragments of physical and literary evidence, the largely unchanged landscape and the fundamental physical laws governing gravity-fed water systems, are enough to start filling in the information to create a complete system. The core work in reimagining the water supply system has been developing an understanding of the physical infrastructure of the distribution system. Although the two most recent and comprehensive studies appeared to agree that there were about 159 cisterns in the city, close examination of the available data showed that there were actually 209 with the possibility of more. An evaluation of the aqueduct routes in previous studies highlighted inconsistencies with newly available evidence: alternative routes were designed that tied together the available evidence, providing a consistently downhill route, shorter and more straightforward to construct. Having established the number and spread of cisterns and the locations of the aqueducts, it was possible to create a network delivering water from the aqueduct channels to the cisterns for collection by the public. Consideration has also been given to what occurs at either end of this physical infrastructure. At the upstream end, quantifying and characterising the water source defines the water available to distribute and helps to indicate the purpose of the cisterns. At the downstream end, developing even a basic model of water consumption has enabled the distribution network to move from a static artefact to a system with a quantifiable purpose. The combination of the physical infrastructure, inflow data and demand assumptions in an agent-based model demonstrate that the decisions and assumption made within each element work together and allow a fourth element, management, to be considered. The agent-based model of the water supply enables consideration of a dynamic system and the exploration of a number of 'what if?' scenarios. This exploration concludes that the cistern-based distribution system probably developed because of fluctuations in inflow. It may have been possible for the city to use a merged arrangement on the Aqueduct of Valens inflow, but the burden of pro-active management required to make it successful suggests that a parallel arrangement is more likely. There was likely to be an interconnection between the two main aqueducts, which would have enabled the use of water stored in the largest open-air cisterns.
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Hansen, Allison Jean. "Water quality analysis of the piped water supply in Tamale, Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90019.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-56).
The United Nation's Millennium Development Goal Target 7.C is to "halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water". While the UN claimed to have met this goal, studies have shown that the "improved" sources used as a metric to track progress do not always supply safe water. One example of these improved sources is the piped water in Tamale, Ghana, which is an intermittent system. The question raised and goal of this research is to determine whether this water source is indeed safe. The Ghana Water Company Ltd. in Tamale had handwritten notebooks containing almost ten years of water quality sample data. This data was entered into a computer database so it could be analyzed for seasonal and geographic trends as well as to gain an understanding of overall water quality. From this analysis, it was concluded that seasonal trends do impact the pH and turbidity of source water which influences the water provided to consumers. In addition, 42% of samples did not comply with accepted World Health Organization guidelines for residual free chlorine concentrations. Total coliform was present in 2% of samples. Observations of environmental factors made during field work in Tamale found five "no" answers to a sanitary survey indicating at least a medium contamination risk. Overall, these observations indicate that water from the piped network in Tamale is not always safe. Contamination also happens very readily during storage due to high usage of unsafe storage containers in Tamale combined with the low chlorine residuals.
by Allison Jean Hansen.
M. Eng.
3
Germanopoulos, George. "Modelling and operational control of water supply networks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7746.
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Cox, Chad W. (Chad Wayne) 1970. "Water supply enhancement in Cyprus through evaporation reduction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80585.
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Murtaugh, Katharine A. (Katharine Ann). "Analysis of sustainable water supply options for Kuwait." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34582.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-84).
This thesis considers several options for improving the sustainability of Kuwait's water supply system. The country currently relies heavily on desalination and brackish groundwater extraction. The options considered for increasing the flux of potable water into Kuwait include expanding the desalination capacity, importing water from other countries, expanding the uses of reclaimed wastewater, and rainfall harvesting. Options for water storage are also considered, including both aquifer and surface systems. Case studies are presented which demonstrate the potential for indirect potable use of Kuwait's highly purified wastewater, and the importance of a storage reservoir as part of such a system. In order to assess the feasibility of rainfall harvesting, a model was constructed to simulate the runoff processes in the Rawdhatain drainage basin in northern Kuwait. Due to the coarse resolution of the input data, reasonable results could not be obtained using the input parameters gathered from available data.
(cont.) However, through sensitivity analysis, it was discovered that relatively minor variations in soil properties throughout the watershed could produce significant volumes of runoff during extreme rain events. Storage was considered for the small lens of fresh groundwater beneath the Rawdhatain basin or in a surface reservoir constructed in the drainage depression there. All of these options should continue to be considered as Kuwait attempts to expand its water supply in a sustainable manner, though further study will be needed especially in order to understand the hydrologic system at Rawdhatain more thoroughly.
by Katharine A. Murtaugh.
M.Eng.
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Zhang, Xin Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Modeling transient flow in intermittent water supply System." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111551.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-96).
Water distribution systems in cities throughout South Asia (and many other countries) only supply water on an intermittent basis (currently averaging less than 5hrs/day in most Indian cities). Intermittent Water Supply (IWS) creates inequities in water availability and carries public health risks associated with the ingress of contaminants from the surrounding ground through flaws in the aged piping systems. It is a major challenge to upgrade from intermittent to continuous water supply (CWS) as this involves an increase in the operating water pressures which promotes higher rates of leakage. There are currently no reliable computational models for characterizing the transient hydraulic behavior of IWS systems (including pipe filling and draining events) and hence, it is difficult to understand and control IWS systems. In a recent PhD thesis, Lieb (2015) developed an open-source code to solve the dynamics of IWS pipe networks through finite volume solution of the governing 1-D Saint Venant equations using the Preismann slot approximation. The current thesis extends and refines the algorithms proposed by Lieb to enable more robust simulations for pipe networks. Specific modification include algorithms for dry pipes and three-pipe junctions. The thesis proposes a new algorithm for representing the conservation of fluid mass, momentum and energy at a three-pipe junction which is validated by comparing computed loss coefficients with measured data reported in the literature. The research also validates predictions of mixed flow conditions (open-channel and pressured pipe flow conditions) with results from laboratory model tests. The proposed formulation has been applied to simulate a skeletonized pipe network (at a test site in Delhi), where simulations are compared with water pressures during intermittent water supply periods. The proposed analysis represents a first step towards comprehensive modeling of IWS that can be used to improve understanding and control of these systems and to manage the upgrading process for CWS operations.
by Xin Zhang.
S.M.
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Chang, Ching-Chiao. "Optimal reliability-based design of bulk water supply systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14593.
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Includes bibliographical references.Bulk water supply systems are usually designed according to deterministic design guidelines. In South Africa, design guidelines specify that a bulk storage reservoir should have a storage capacity of 48 hours of annual average daily demand (AADD), and the feeder pipe a capacity of 1.5 times AADD (CSIR, 2000). Nel & Haarhoff (1996) proposed a stochastic analysis method that allowed the reliability of a reservoir to be estimated based on a Monte Carlo analysis of consumer demand, fire water demand and pipe failures. Van Zyl et al. (2008) developed this method further and proposed a design criterion of one failure in ten years under seasonal peak conditions. In this study, a method for the optimal design of bulk water supply systems is proposed with the design variables being the configuration of the feeder pipe system, the feeder pipe diameters (i.e. capacity), and the size of the bulk storage reservoir. The stochastic analysis method is applied to determine a trade-off curve between system cost and reliability, from which the designer can select a suitable solution. Optimisation of the bulk system was performed using the multi-objective genetic algorithm, NSGA-II. As Monte Carlo sampling can be computationally expensive, especially when large numbers of simulations are required in an optimisation exercise, a compression heuristic was implemented and refined to reduce the computational effort required of the stochastic simulation. Use of the compression heuristic instead of full Monte Carlo simulation in the reliability analysis achieved computational time savings of around 75% for the optimisation of a typical system. Application of the optimisation model showed that it was able to successfully produce a set of Pareto-optimal solutions ranging from low reliability, low cost solutions to high reliability, high cost solutions. The proposed method was first applied to a typical system, resulting in an optimal reservoir size of approximately 22 h AADD and feeder pipe capacity of 2 times AADD. This solution achieved 9% savings in total system cost compared to the South African design guidelines. In addition, the optimal solution proved to have better reliability that one designed according to South African guidelines. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated the effects of changing various system and stochastic parameters from typical to low and high values. The sensitivity results revealed that the length of the feeder pipe system has the greatest impact on both the cost and reliability of the bulk system. It was also found that a single feeder pipe is optimal in most cases, and that parallel feeder pipes are only optimal for short feeder pipe lengths. The optimisation model is capable of narrowing down the search region to a handful of possible design solutions, and can thus be used by the engineer as a tool to assist with the design of the final system.
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Vlok, Gustav. "Optimal risk-based design of bulk water supply systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12211.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-124).
Bulk water supply systems generally consist of a source of water, a conveyor (feeder pipe, canal etc.) and a storage facility. Designing bulk water supply systems includes the sizing of these components to ensure a functional system...The study follows the same methods that have been used by researchers at the University of Johannesburg in recent years. A Monte Carlo simulation method is used through the use of the Mocasim II software.
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Byakika, Stephen Nyende. "Modelling of Pressurised Water Supply Networks that May Exhibit Transient Low Pressure - Open Channel Flow Conditions." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/421.
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D. Tech. (Department of Civil Engineering and Building, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of TechnologyGrowing demand for water due to increasing populations, industrialisation and water consuming lifestyles puts stress on existing water supply systems. To cater for the rising demand, water distribution networks are expanded beyond their design capacities and this creates transient “low-pressure-open-channel flow” (LPOCF) conditions. Current water supply models use “demand driven approach” (DDA) methodology which is not able to simulate transient LPOCF conditions, that poses an impediment to management/analysis of pressure-deficient networks. With a case study of the water supply network of Kampala City, LPOCF conditions were studied in this research. A “pressure/head driven approach” (PDA/HDA) was used in order to determine what demand is enabled by particular nodal pressures. Conversion of free surface to pressurised flow was analysed and modelled, with a view to clearly understanding occurrence of this phenomenon. The research demonstrated that if adequate pressures and flows are to be maintained, effectiveness of the water distribution network should be given as much attention as water production capacity. The research also indicated that when network pressures are low, the head-driven approach to water distribution modelling gives more accurate results than the traditional demand-driven methodology. Coexistence of free-surface and pressurised flow in networks prone to LPOCF conditions was confirmed and modelled. Results obtained highlighted the advantages of developing fully dynamic and transient models in the solution of transient LPOCF conditions in water distribution networks. Models developed allow application of PDA/HDA and DDA methodologies in systems that may exhibit LPOCF conditions thus enabling identification, understanding and analysis of the status of all sections of the network. These culminated in the development of a DSS to guide operational decisions that can be made to optimise network performance.
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Balakrishnan, Nandini Kavanal. "Application of artificial neural networks and colored petri nets on earthquake resilient water distribution systems." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Balakrishnan_09007dcc805e9237.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed January 21, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Salleh, Hasnul Bin Mohamad. "Evaluation of non-revenue water and leakage in public and private water supply systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/525.
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Sipos, Cristian. "Inventory, condition assessment and diagnosis water supply and sewage systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99539.
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This project describes a methodology for developing a digitized GIS-based inventory of underground municipal utilities, and recommends an approach for developing a database, which will assist with considerably improved management of buried systems and effective use of limited available resources. The study also discusses the water and sewer infrastructure debt and the total infrastructure debt in Canada. Some other issues related to the Canadian water infrastructure, such as water pricing and consumption patterns, along with the deterioration mechanisms of the underground services, are also discussed. The study focuses on the main services of water supply and sewage systems in any Canadian municipality, which presently are in an advanced state of deterioration. The steps required to develop such an inventory are reviewed and suggestions are made for condition assessment of the system using non-destructive techniques, employing simple methods, as well as more sophisticated tests in critical sectors, where further investigation is required. These methods are also summarily revised.The underground infrastructure of the McGill Downtown Campus is summarily described; it comprises the various underground features which exist in a small community, e.g. water-supply and sewage system, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telecommunication networks, etc., which are similar with Montreal's underground services, in terms of age, materials employed, workmanship and technologies available over the past 175 to 200 years. The framework for the underground infrastructure inventory is proposed for implementation in a small community such as the McGill Downtown Campus.
The long-term goal of the project is to extrapolate the McGill "model", and to enhance it such that the municipalities in Canada can implement it as a basis for development of GIS-based inventories and condition assessment, and prioritization for effective management of underground services, which include scheduling, financing and implementation of repair, rehabilitation and replacement of underground and other infrastructure.
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Larsson, Robert W. "Water supply and Dracunculus medinensis in Africa." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6763.
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The thesis examines control and eradication of Guinea worm in West Africa and investigates factors, especially water supply, related to the incidence of Guinea worm. The study was carried out in North Zou, Benin between 1987 and 1990 and in Nigeria between 1989 and 1993 during water supply and Guinea worm eradication programme execution. About 5% of villages in Nigeria, located in one half the LGAs were infected. The number of annual cases in a region was related to the previous year's cases, although 5-10% of the regions changed between infected and non-infected. Cases were not statically focused in villages. The relative risk of infection in a village based on the previous year's infection was 1.74 in North Zou. Incidence varied inversely and endemicity varied directly with village population. Villages of all sizes were infected. Prevalence varies seasonally by region. Incidence was low at high altitudes, in sandy and alluvial soils, in areas with high or low annual rainfall and in densely populated areas. Incidence was not otherwise related to rainfall, vegetation, altitude, soils, geology or distance to rivers. Incidence among Muslims and Christians was the same but varied by ethnic group. Incidence in an area was strongly related to the ratio of females to males. School attendance in endemic areas fell during the transmission period. Losses in Nigeria in 1990/91 were £16 million. Provision of improved water supply lowered incidence by 50%. Endemicity was 20% lower in villages in North Zou with water supply but endemicity did not fall immediately following provision and a difference was not seen in Nigeria. Water supply to all infected villages in Nigeria identified in 1990/91 would cost £23 million. Three possible water supply strategies were examined. Ten water supply options were considered and roof rainwater catchment was found the most promising. Factors that reduce the effective use of water supply were examined. Water supply coverage in endemic countries is 27%. The countries are among the poorest and least developed in the world. The lack of static focus of cases in villages, the low impact of water supply, and the difficulty of supplying water to all endemic areas make Guinea worm eradication by 1999 unlikely.
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Rahimi, Navid. "Modeling and mapping of MaeLa refugee camp water supply." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43879.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-97).
This thesis describes the development and use of a model, using the EPANET computer code, to simulate the three-hour intermittent MaeLa refugee camp water supply. In coordination with Aide Medicale Internationale, a field survey and pressure, flow and salt tracer testing were conducted as a basis to model the water distribution system in MaeLa, Thailand. The collected data was assembled in EPANET and controls were added to best represent the functioning of the water system and to simulate the calibration tests. The model simulated field parameters successfully despite inaccuracies in elevation due to imprecise instrumentation. The model served as a tool to further understand the dynamics of the system such as mixing in the supply tanks, connections between subsystems and system controls. The distribution model was used to evaluate three alternative scenarios to improve system performance. The objective of the first and second scenario was to increase the flow rate at taps of low supply; the third scenario aimed at adding taps to parts of the camp without easy access to running water. The first scenario consisted in opening valves to connect subsystems: it increased the flow rate at taps of large supply more so than at taps of low supply. This scenario was not recommended because it would quickly drain parts of the water supply. The second scenario consisted in adding connecting pipes between subsystems of high pressure and those of low pressure. It was recommended because it would increase the flow rate of low and medium supply taps. For the third scenario, areas of the camp without easy access to water were defined by using the result of mapping the current system and the population distribution in a Graphical Information System software.
(cont.) These new taps were successful in providing water to these areas without significantly affecting the rest of the system. An additional recommendation for increasing the water supply in the camp was found from analyzing tank level: because tanks would not drain by the end of the distribution period, it was recommended that the period of water supply be increased from 3 hour periods to 4 1/2 hours. Further study is recommended for improving the elevation accuracy of the model, running more calibration studies and running an optimization model for maximizing water supply.
by Navid Rahimi.
M.Eng.
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Manning, Jill Anna. "Water resources of west Cape Cod : an investigation of water supply and demand planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43357.
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Erickson, John Joseph. "The Effects of Intermittent Drinking Water Supply in Arraijan, Panama." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10192492.
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Over three hundred million people throughout the world receive supply from piped drinking water distribution networks that operate intermittently. This dissertation evaluates the effects of intermittent supply on water quality, pipe damage and service reliability in four study zones (one continuous and three intermittent) in a peri-urban drinking water distribution network in Arraijan, Panama. Normal water quality in all zones was good, with 97% of routine water quality grab samples from the distribution system and household taps having turbidity < 1 NTU, total coliform and E. coli bacteria concentrations < 1 MPN / 100 mL, and ? 0.3 mg/L free chlorine residual. However, negative pressures that represent a risk for contaminant intrusion and backflow were detected in three of the four study zones, and water quality during the first flush when supply resumed after an outage was sometimes degraded. High and transient pressures that could cause pipe damage were detected in study zones with intermittent pumping, but filling and emptying of distribution pipes due to intermittent supply was not associated with transient or extreme pressures. Operational challenges, including frequent infrastructure failures, difficulty monitoring the network, and a lack of system information, resulted in unreliable supply in the intermittent zones. Continuous pressure and flow monitoring methods used in this research could be helpful tools for operators of intermittent distribution networks to provide more reliable service and identify hydraulic conditions that could lead to contaminant intrusion or pipe breaks.
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Naoum, Sherif Tsanis Ioannis K. "A hydroinformatic approach to basin/coastal water management /." *McMaster only, 2003.
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Brown, Daniel. "The management of Trihalomethanes in water supply systems preferred access arrangement." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/364/.
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The formation of potentially harmful trihalomethanes (THM) when using chlorine as a disinfectant in potable water supplies has led to tighter regulatory controls and hence a need for better models for THM management. The prediction of THM concentration is difficult due to the complex and changing hydrodynamic and chemical regimes found in water treatment works (WTWs) and distribution systems. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of THM formation and chlorine decay through six water treatment works (WTWs) and distribution systems operated by Severn Trent Water Ltd and ultimately develop an efficient, robust, cost effective model for chlorine decay and THM formation. With knowledge of the bulk chlorine decay characteristics and the THM productivity of the water, this model offers a simple and straightforward tool which can be readily applied to WTWs and distribution systems alike to provide an initial assessment of the risks of total THM formation at different sites, and to identify sites and systems at risk of compliance failure. Relying only on the measurement of analytically undemanding parameters (in particular, chlorine and its decay with time), under appropriate circumstances this model offers advantages of simplicity and cost-effectiveness over other, more complex models. The model can thus be applied to assess the chemical risk under different scenarios allowing for informed decision making.
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Gao, Yongxuan 1976. "Community-based water supply : tubewell program in Lumbini Zone, Nepal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84795.
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Salgado-Castro, Rubén Orlando. "Computer modelling of water supply distribution networks using the gradient method." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/287.
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A water distribution network analysis method known as the gradient method, due to Todini (1979), has been generalised and subjected to an extensive program of testing and evaluation. The method has been extended to include pumps and some pressure regulating valves, and an original physically-based method has been proposed for modelling the latter devices. Also, a generalised version of the algorithm which considers the nodal demands as a linear function of the pressures has been introduced. The gradient method has been tested with numerous examples, showing remarkable robustness and convergence speed when compared with the most efficient traditional methods. The gradient algorithm does not break down with disconnected networks. The performance of the gradient algorithm when using seven different linear solvers, including direct and iterative methods, has been investigated. A multifrontal linear solver has been identified as the most efficient method when enough computer memory is available (routine MA27 of the Harwell Library); if storage is limited, a preconditioned (modified) conjugate gradient method is the recommended linear solver. A good compromise between memory and speed is represented by the one-way dissection method of George and Liu (1981). An automatic calibration algorithm has been proposed which estimates the true pipe resistance parameters, based on the estimation of the unmeasured piezometric heads and unmeasured flows. For the piezometric head estimation, three different methods have been proposed and compared: one based on Kriging, another based on bi-cubic splines and a third based on an original deterministic one-dimensional interpolation procedure. The latter producing the closest estimates with respect to the true values. For the estimation of the unmeasured flows, the raw (un-calibrated) network model itself is used, based on initial estimates of the pipe roughnesses, leading to an iterative procedure. The results of using the proposed calibration algorithm with a set of test examples show that the unmeasured flow estimation needs further work and an alternative approach has been suggested, which, hopefully, would lead to improvements both in the flow estimation and in the estimation of the true roughnesses.
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Kanta, Lufthansa Rahman. "Vulnerability assessment of water supply systems for insufficient fire flows." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1084.
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Engelhardt, Mark. "Development of a strategy for the optimum replacement of water mains /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe574.pdf.
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Grosso, Laura Margaret. "Computing collaboration : a study of the potential of model building to facilitate urban water supply planning in selected cities of Zimbabwe, Estonia, and Sweden /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10804.
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Papathanasiou, Michael. "Optimal reliability-based design of bulk water supply infrastructure-incorporating pumping systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20105.
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The optimal design of a bulk water supply system is centered on two major objectives: cost efficiency and the formation of a design solution that is appropriate for the conditions in which the system is to be implemented. The currently employed CSIR (2000) design guidelines utilise deterministic measures to size system components. The efficiency of following a deterministic approach to bulk water system design, involving pumping systems, was investigated. This was seen as necessary owing to the vast spectrum of influences and the interrelation of parameters that constitute a bulk water supply system. A model developed by Chang & van Zyl (2012) sought to address this inefficiency by optimizing a bulk water supply system, with the core objectives of cost and reliability. The determination of these objectives was achieved by using a capital cost model for cost determination and a stochastic model developed by Van Zyl et al. (2008) for reliability. While this produced workable results, the application was relatively limited, and applied only to non-pumped, gravity-fed flow. As such, the failure mechanisms of the supply system did not include the effects of pump failure, an important influence on overall system reliability. In addition, the costing system was based solely on capital cost and did not take into account the life-cycle cost involved with the implementation of a bulk water supply system. The investigation sought to expand the applicability of the model through the incorporation of pumping systems and life-cycle costing. It was further intended to compare the expanded model to both the model developed by Chang & van Zyl (2012) and the CSIR (2000) guidelines. A sensitivity analysis would also be performed.
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Gool, Saaligha. "Water supply and sanitation services in South Africa a cluster analysis approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5044.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Previous government policy dictated that municipal services should not be distributed equally to all South Africans. Consequently, large inequalities in access to water supply and sanitation services were created along racial and geographic lines. After 1994, government policy sort to rectify this situation, largely through pro-poor service provision policies and programs. Continuous and accurate monitoring and reporting of access statistics is crucial to ensuring that progress is made. Progress within the provinces, however, would not have been equal due to the difficulty with providing services to different regions. As such, large disparities still exist. In order to assess the current inequality, local municipalities were grouped according to access to adequate services and their progress made from 2001, using the statistical method of cluster analysis. It was discovered that provinces, with access to improved services for over 75% of households, had municipalities with similar access to adequate services; this includes Western Cape, Gauteng and Free State. For the other provinces, great inequalities were found between municipalities. Some municipalities showed a decline in access to improved services; this is despite provincial access to improved services increasing for all provinces. Cases emerged where local municipalities in the same district municipality did not show similarly changes in access to improved services. The progress between water supply and sanitation provision was dissimilar, with growth occurring in different timeframes. A large number of municipalities showed negative progress for sanitation for 2007-2011 despite the fact that the Bucket Eradication Programme – aimed at diminishing the number of bucket facilities in the country - was established in 2005. The lag in sanitation progress between 2007 and 2011 could be attributed to the fact that sanitation provision from 2007 was focussed in rural areas, which are demonstrably difficult to deliver services to; that poorly built toilets needed restoration, diverting funds from providing new facilities; and that transferring responsibility of sanitation provision from DWA to DHS in 2009 led to non-efficient functioning of the National Sanitation Programme. More provinces showed a correlation between progress made between 2001 and 2011, and prior access to adequate services for water supply than sanitation. This coupled with the fact that rural municipalities had a greater capital expenditure than other local municipalities for water supply and not for sanitation, indicates that the pro-poor initiatives have been more successful in water supply than in sanitation. This highlights that sanitation provision has been challenging and slow.
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Melvill, James Alexander. "Real-time model development for the full river system /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1999.
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Quin, Andrew. "Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Water Supply in Uganda." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26359.
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Many nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, supported by donors, have increased efforts in their rural water supply programmes within the last few decades. However, these programmes suffer from a range of challenges and problems and, according to recent figures, over half of rural inhabitants in Sub-Saharan Africa lack access to safe water supplies. In order to improve the delivery of rural water services, effective monitoring and evaluation can provide support. Uganda has recently been recognised for improving its national programme for rural water supply. Furthermore, the country has also introduced programme monitoring and evaluation. However, these undertakings have not been unproblematic. Based on interviews and a document review, this study identifies challenges and difficulties that Uganda has encountered in developing both rural water supply and the corresponding monitoring and evaluation framework. From an analysis of the results, it is apparent that both the rural water supply programme and the monitoring and evaluation frame-work are constrained by political and institutional factors at district level. As a way forward, it is suggested that the roles and responsibilities currently accorded to district politicians are re-thought. Capacity-building efforts should be expanded, and should encompass other district actors such as politicians and extension workers. Monitoring and evaluation of the rural water supply programme could be improved by strengthening its relevance at district level. While further capacity-building efforts may promote its relevance, monitoring and evaluation could also be developed together with district actors in order to better support district decision-making processes. Such actions could help in overcoming current difficulties, and could lead to better information management in support of the rural water supply programme.QC 20101124
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Correa, Karina Elena. "Reconstructing streamflow in the Upper Rio Grande River Basin." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Lan, Fujun. "Application of Optimization Techniques to Water Supply System Planning." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/323378.
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Water supply system planning is concerned about the design of water supply infrastructure for distributing water from sources to users. Population growth, economic development and diminishing freshwater supplies are posing growing challenges for water supply system planning in many urban areas. Besides the need to exploit alternative water sources to the conventional surface and groundwater supplies, such as reclaimed water, a systematic point of view has to be taken for the efficient management of all potential water resources, so that issues of water supply, storage, treatment and reuse are not considered separately, but rather in the context of their interactions. The focus of this dissertation is to develop mathematical models and optimization algorithms for water supply system planning, where the interaction of different system components is explicitly considered. A deterministic nonlinear programming model is proposed at first to decide pipe and pump sizes in a regional water supply system for satisfying given potable and non-potable user demands over a certain planning horizon. A branch-and-bound algorithm based on the reformulation-linearization technique is then developed for solving the model to global optimality. To handle uncertainty in the planning process, a stochastic programming (SP) model and a robust optimization (RO) model are successively proposed to deal with random water supply and demand and the risk of facility failure, respectively. Both models attempt to make the decision of building some additional treatment and recharge facilities for recycling wastewater on-the-site. While the objective of the SP model is to minimize the total system design and expected operation cost, the RO model tries to achieve a favorable trade-off between system cost and system robustness, where the system robustness is defined in terms of meeting given user demands against the worst-case failure mode. The Benders decomposition method is then applied for solving both models by exploiting their special structure.
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Mouritz, Mike. "Sustainable urban water systems : policy and professional praxis /." Mouritz, Mike (1996) Sustainable urban water systems: policy and professional praxis. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/211/.
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The provision of water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is an essential ingredient of cities. However, questions are being raised about the type and form of urban infrastructure, for economic and environmental reasons. Traditionally these techologies have offered linear solutions, drawing increasing volumes of water into cities and discharging waste at ever increasing levels, causing escalating stress on the environment. In addition the costs of water infrastructure provision and replacement, both in the developing and developed world, is becoming prohibitive. In response, a new paradigm has been called for and new solutions are emerging that have been labelled as Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This concept can be considered to consist of both technical and philosophical dimensions, and represents a new form of professional praxis. However, the adoption of these techniques and concepts is constrained by the inertia of the existing urban water systems. It is therefore argued that the introduction of any change must occur across a number of dimensions of the technoeconomic system of the city. These dimensions-artefacts and technical systems (i.e. the technology and knowledge systems), professional praxis and socio-political context (i.e. institutions, culture and politics) and biophysical realities and world views (i.e. the environment and underlying values) - provide a framework for analysis of the change process - both how it is occurring and how it needs to occur. This framework is used to illustrate the link between environment values and the process of technological innovation, and points to the need for the emerging values and innovations to be institutionalised into the professional praxis and socio-political context of society. Specifically, it is argued that a new form of transdisciplinary professional praxis is emerging and needs to be cultivated. A broad review of the literature, an evaluation of selected emerging technologies and three case studies are used to illustrate and argue this position. These examples show the potential economic, social and environmental benefits of IUWM and provide some insight into the potential which this approach has to influence the form and structure of the city and at the same time highlighting the institutional arrangements required to manage urban water systems.
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Carnahan, Robert. "A Roof Runoff Strategy and Model for Augmenting Public Water Supply." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3467.
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Water is the essential resource that is becoming extremely scarce worldwide. The 21st century will further stress all available water resources through the growth and expansion of developing nations. It is not only the quantity of cheap water that is being depleted, but the quality of these waters is being endangered. Florida is an example where rapid development and an exploding population are competing for shrinking groundwater resources. Current water use does not address the use of alternative supplies and reuses in the United States.
The objective of this research was to determine a strategy for augmenting existing water supplies with alternative sources that could be developed economically. Having reviewed numerous alternative sources, it was determined that runoff from roofs potentially provides a source that might meet the augmentation requirement for a small community of a population of 30,000 or less.
This research has shown that the quality of water collected from five different roof surfaces meets the drinking water standards and will not degrade the current quality of the main source of water supply. This work not only required the collection of hydrological data from the roof systems, but chemically and biological analyzes samples for contaminants. Since rainfall events vary periodically and in duration, 100,000 meteorological events were analyzed for wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall intensity, and the rainwater runoff across five roofing surfaces to analyze variables that contribute to the effects on the water quality of the source. The model establishes the economics and the public health value of this water. The research assesses the local regulatory aspects of using the water with the outcome of a working objective and rational decision matrix that will permit agencies to select an optimal and safe utilization of the water sources.
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Wolfe, Andrea N. C. (Andrea Nancy Cornell) 1977. "Microbial contamination in the Kathmandu Valley drinking water supply and Bagmati River." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9016.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-71).
The purpose of this investigation was to determine and describe the microbial drinking water quality problems in the Kathmandu Valley. Microbial testing for total coliform, E.coli, and H2S producing bacteria was performed in January 2000 on drinking water sources, treatment plants, distribution points, and consumption points. Existing studies of the water quality problems in Kathmandu were also analyzed and comparisons of both data sets characterized seasonal, treatment plant, and city sector variations in the drinking water quality. Results showed that 50% of well sources were microbially contaminated and surface water sources were contaminated in 100% of samples. No samples from drinking water treatment plant outflow were microbially contaminated; however almost 80% of samples collected at distribution points had microbial contamination and 60% were contaminated with E.coli. Drinking water quality varied little throughout the city but had significant seasonal variation. Microbial contamination in the Bagmati River was also studied and extremely high levels of microbial pollution were found. Pollution concentrations in the river are increasing over time as the population of the Valley grows rapidly. Wastewater treatment is virtually non-existent and most of the wastewater generated in the City flows untreated into the river. This causes increased pollution concentrations as the Bagmati flows downstream from the sparsely populated headwaters through the heavily urbanized Kathmandu City. Despite the high microbial pollution levels, many people use the river for washing, scavenging, and religious purposes. These activities, as well as contaminated drinking water, threaten the health of the population. Recommendations for drinking and surface water quality improvements can be divided into three areas: regulatory, policy, and technical. Laws and regulations are needed that specify those individuals and agencies who are responsible for water quality and monitoring, set water quality standards, and assign penalties to polluters. Drinking water policy must focus on fully funding programs and educating the public. Technical recommendations include separating drinking water and wastewater pipelines to eliminate leakage between the two and community or household-scale systems for both drinking water and wastewater treatment.
Andrea N.C. Wolfe.
M.Eng.
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Halmstad, Sonja. "Water Supply for Irrigation of Balda Lupaxi Bajo, Chimborazo, Ecuador." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88906.
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Denna rapport är en del av en förstudie som syftar att undersöka möjligheterna för ett bevattningsprojekt i de ecuadorianska Anderna. Rapport koncentrerar sig på vatten-tillgången för förstudien Estudio de Prefacitbilidad de un Proyecto de Riego en los Andes – el Caso de Balda Lupaxi Bajo, Chimborazo, Ecuador. Fältundersökningarna gjordes under mars till och med maj 2003 i Balda Lupaxi Bajo, en indian-by i provinsen Chimobrazo. I detta område är nederbörden bristfällig och följaktligen är skörden dålig och det är inte möjligt att bruka jorden under delar av året. Idén till projektet initierades av en bonde-förening som kallas UNASAC. UNASAC kommer att använda rapporten i sitt sökande efter finansiellt stöd för fördjupande studier och slutligen ett genomförande av projektet.
Målet med denna delrapport är att identifiera en lämplig plats för vattenuttag och att bestämma hur många hektar som kan bevattnas. Vidare presenteras ett förslag till utformning av vattenavledningen. Studien har gjorts genom fältstudier, vattenanalyser, intervjuer och bearbetning av hydrologiska och meteorologiska data.
Fyra vattenuttagsalternativ undersöktes, både flod- och grundvatten. Det mest lämpliga alternativet enligt denna studie är floden Llinllin. De andra undersökta alternativen förkastades på grund av brist på vatten, otillräcklig vattenkvalitet och höga kostnader. Llinllin-alternativet består av en direkt avledning, en öppen kanal och en sifon. Alternativet kan försörja 250 hektar av bevattnad odlingsmark under de antaganden som är gjorda i rapporten.
För att fortsätta med detta projekt måste bönderna lösa de sociala problem som finns i och mellan byarna. Kommunicationen med de närliggande byarna är nödvändig. Det finns många intressenter av Llinllin floden och det är nödvändigt att finna en hållbar lösning för vattenuttaget.
This report is a part of a prefeasiblity study to investigate the possibilities to introduce an irrigation system in a rural part of the Andes in Ecuador. The report concentrates on the water supply for the prefeasability study called Estudio de Prefacitbilidad de un Proyecto de Riego en los Andes – el Caso de Balda Lupaxi Bajo, Chimborazo, Ecuador. The field study was carried out in March to May 2003 in the indigenous village of Balda Lupaxi Bajo situated in the province of Chimborazo. In this area the precipitation is inferior throughout the year. Consequently the harvest is poor and it is not possible to cultivate during parts of the year. The project was initiated by UNASAC, an indigenous organization for farmers. UNASAC would use this report for finding finances to complete further studies and finally implement an irrigation system.
The main aims of this report are to identify a suitable site for water supply and to determine the size of the area possible to irrigate. Further, a distribution design of the water supply has been investigated. This was carried out by field studies, water analyses, interviews and processing of hydrological and meteorological data.
Four alternatives of water supply were studied, both river and ground water. The most appropriate water supply according to the study is the Llinllin River. The other investigated alternatives were rejected due to lack of water, insufficient water quality and high costs. The Llinllin River alternative consists of a direct abstraction, open channels and a siphon. This alternative can support 250 hectares under the constraints taken in this study.
In order to continue this project the farmers need to solve the social problems within and between the villages. An improvement of the communication with the nearby villages is necessary. There are many stakeholders involved in the usage of the Llinllin River and therefore it is of great importance to find a sustainable solution for the water abstraction.
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Sipos, Cristian. "GIS-inventory and condition rating of water supply system at McGill Downtown Campus." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103614.
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The research project presents a framework for developing a detailed Geographic Information System (GIS) inventory and condition rating of the water supply system at McGill Downtown Campus (MDC), based on the previous work by Sipos (2006), and Sipos and Mirza (2008). The GIS, consisting of a comprehensive geo-referenced base-map with the water supply system and other infrastructure features at MDC, was developed employing a Bentley software platform. Several non-destructive evaluation (NDE) tests were performed for detection, location and condition assessment of the water supply system at MDC. Based on the data edited in the GIS, including historical engineering data and the data acquired from in-situ NDE testing, an algorithm was developed for condition rating of the water supply pipes, incorporating 31 parameters, which can possibly contribute to the deterioration of the water pipes, and influence their service lives adversely. The rating scores provided by the algorithm were incorporated in the base map by implementing a color-coded system. An application was also developed, aimed at displaying a calculation summary of the rating score for the water pipes directly on the base-map. The project also discusses the current state of the water supply infrastructure in Canada, the related problems and needs. The various NDE methodologies which can be successfully employed for detection and condition assessment of the water supply systems are presented, along with several recommendations for use. The details for developing a schema for inventory and condition assessment, and the quantification of the influence of each parameter considered in the rating algorithm, are also provided. Condition rating of the water supply pipes at MDC is performed by implementing the proposed framework and the analysis results are discussed. The conclusions and the recommendations and the future research needs are proposed. The original contributions to the field of knowledge are also summarized. The framework is aimed at developing a powerful tool for management, operation and prioritization for repair / rehabilitation / replacement of the water supply systems in any municipality in Canada, and other infrastructure systems, provided the framework is adapted for the specific characteristics of the different infrastructure systems and the environmental, operation and other varying local conditions.Le projet de recherche propose un cadre pour développer un système d'information géographique (SIG) détaillé pour l'inventaire et l'estimation de la condition de l'aqueduc du Campus de l'Université McGill (MDC), basée sur les travaux précédents réalises par Sipos (2006) et Sipos et Mirza (2008). Les SIG, se composant d'une carte de base géo-référencée détaillée contenant le réseau d'aqueduc et autre infrastructure du MDC, a été développé utilisant une plateforme de logiciel de Bentley. Plusieurs essais d'évaluation non-destructifs (END) ont été réalisés pour la détection et l'évaluation de la condition des conduits d'aqueduc du MDC. Basé sur les données éditées dans les SIG, y compris les données historiques et les données acquises in-situ par les essais END, un algorithme a été développé pour l'estimation de la condition des conduits d'aqueduc du MDC, incorporant 31 paramètres, qui pourraient influencer sur la détérioration et, en conséquence, sur la vie utile des conduites d'eau. Les valeurs fournies par l'algorithme ont été incorporées dans la carte de base en utilisant un système de code de couleurs. Un logiciel a été également développé, destiné à présenter un résumé du calcul des valeurs fournies par l'algorithme pour les conduits d'eau, directement sur la carte de base. Le projet présente également l'état actuel de l'infrastructure d'aqueduc au Canada, les problèmes et les besoins afférents, et les diverses méthodologies END qui peuvent être utilisées pour la détection et l'évaluation de la condition des ces systèmes. Les détails pour développer un schéma pour l'inventaire et l'évaluation de la condition, avec le développement de l'algorithme et la quantification de chaque paramètre considéré dans l'algorithme, sont également fournis. L'estimation de la condition des conduits d'aqueduc au MDC est accomplie en appliquant le cadre proposé; une discussion de l'analyse est également fournie. Les conclusions et les recommandations et les futurs besoins de recherches sont proposés. Les contributions originales au champ de la connaissance sont également résumées. Le cadre vise au développement d'un outil puissant pour la gestion, l'opération et la priorisation des systèmes d'aqueduc au Canada pour la réparation / réhabilitation / remplacement, et tous autres systèmes d'infrastructure, compte tenu des modifications nécessaires pour adapter le cadre aux caractéristiques spécifiques des différents systèmes d'infrastructure et aux conditions locales variables, comme l'environnement ambiant, la modalité d'opération etc.
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Chirwa, M. P. W. "An evaluation of the minimum requirements for the design of rural water supply projects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2895.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.In this study, the minimum standards required for the design of rural piped water supply projects as set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) are evaluated with respect to capital pipe cost using the Nooightgedacht rural water supply scheme selected as a case study.
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Oliveira, Carlos A. Grassmann R. "Water supply to Portuguese regional hospitals : a contribution for the knowledge of the water consumption patterns in Portuguese regional hospitals." Thesis, Kingston University, 2010. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20337/.
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Al-Qudah, Hussein. "Optimal irrigation management under conditions of limited water supply in the Jordan Valley." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243295.
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Crawley, P. D. "Risk and reliability assessment of multiple reservoir water supply headworks systems /." Title page, contents and synopsis only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc911.pdf.
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Marobhe, Nancy. "Water Supply in Tanzania and Performance of Local Plant Materials in Purification of Turbid Water." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4781.
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Water supply services in urban and rural areas of Tanzania were reviewed and specific studies were carried out on water supply and on purification of turbid water sources using locally available plant materials in rural villages of Singida Rural District. The review showed that large proportions of urban and rural populations in Tanzania face acute water supply problems mainly due to poor planning, implementation and management of water supply projects, including an inability to address social, technical, operation and maintenance and financial issues. Laboratory-scale experiments studied the effectiveness of crude seed extracts (CSEs) and purified proteins of Vigna unguiculata (VUP), Parkinsonia aculeata (PAP) and Voandzeia subterranea (VS) seeds, which are used traditionally for clarification of turbid water. The VUP and PAP were purified from CSEs using simple and straightforward two-step ion exchange chromatography. The coagulant proteins are thermoresistant and have a wide pH range for coagulation activity. Coagulation of turbid waters with CSEs, VUP and PAP produced low sludge volumes and removed turbidity along with other inorganic contaminants in line with Tanzania drinking water quality standards. The PAP also showed antimicrobial effect against river water bacteria. Citrus fruit juice (CF) enhanced the coagulation of turbid water by CSEs and inhibited bacterial growth, rendering it useful for disinfection of water prior to drinking in rural areas. It was concluded that natural coagulants should not be regarded as a panacea for rural water supply problems, but rather a tool in the development of sustainable water supply services in Tanzania.QC 20100825
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Torres, Jacob Manuel. "Analyzing risk and uncertainty for improving water distribution system security from malevolent water supply contamination events." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2696.
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Pelletier, Geneviève. "Pump scheduling and reservoir releases for the optimization of water supply system operating costs." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10249.
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The main goal of this project was to optimize pump scheduling and reservoir releases for the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's (RMOC) water supply system. The first objective was to identify, through application of an optimization model (OM), the potential savings from improved pump scheduling for RMOC's water supply system. A computer model was designed to optimize electricity costs at RMOC's water purification plants (WPPs) using linear programming (LP) with a Borland's Quattro Pro spreadsheet and its built-in LP solver called Optimizer. The model has two levels of optimization: Level I, solving for pumping times and Level II, creating pump schedules. Model results were compiled for typical summer and winter days and monthly estimates were compared to the WPPs electricity bills. Although the model was not calibrated, energy costs were within 5% of the electricity bills. The second objective was to study the impact of different water management alternatives on energy costs. The alternatives considered were: (i) increasing operating volumes in the Billings Bridge and the Glen Cairn/Stittsville branches; (ii) increasing the treatment capacity at the Lemieux Island WPP; and (iii) considering a larger pipe size and additional smaller pumps in the Hurdman Bridge branch. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Le, Hénaff Anne-Claire. "Time-variant solar-powered electrodialysis reversal desalination for affordable off-grid clean water supply." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/132744.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, September, 2019Cataloged from the PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-96).
The goal of this research is to design affordable photovoltaic-powered electrodialysis reversal systems capable of desalinating brackish water in remote locations of developing countries, and thereby increase the availability of freshwater in water-stressed areas such as rural India. At the village scale, electrodialysis technology for brackish groundwater desalination has the potential to substantially reduce water wastage and energy consumption compared to on-grid reverse osmosis (RO) plants currently commercialized. Moreover, PV-powered systems can supply water in off-grid locations where on-grid systems cannot be installed, at no environmental cost. However, the levelized cost of water achieved by state-of-the-art PV-EDR systems is still prohibitively high for cost-constrained communities, due to the large battery capacity required to reshape the solar power profile and accommodate the inflexible power profile of the desalination load in constant operation. To reduce water cost, a novel, flexible operational strategy for PV-EDR systems is presented and experimentally validated on a full-scale pilot. By actively controlling voltage and flow rate with a dedicated hardware and software architecture, the ED power consumption is matched to the available solar power at any time. The experimental fraction of solar energy directly used reached 76%, which is 91% higher than in the constant operation case, where the PV-EDR system runs at constant voltage and flow rate. As a result, the experimental system dynamically adapted its desalination rate to the solar irradiance profile, producing freshwater in synchronization with the sun while reducing the need for batteries by 92% on average compared to the conventional operation. Because desalination efficiency decreases as a function of operating power, it is suggested that a small battery capacity would allow reshaping the direct solar power profile into a more suitable profile for water production. If optimally managed, a 3 kWh battery addition on the experimental setup is predicted to increase water production by 25%. A machine-learning-based algorithm was designed to predict the optimal battery management strategy online and is demonstrated in simulation to achieve over 99% of the ideal water production. Shifting from constant to flexible operation is expected to reduce the levelized cost of water by 22% compared to current state-of-the-art PV-EDR systems. This number was obtained by optimizing the flexible PV-EDR system design to minimize levelized cost of water (LCOW) while answering daily demand for one year for a case study village location in Chelluru, India. Most importantly, the optimal flexible PV-EDR system is shown to be cost-competitive with current on-grid community-scale RO desalination solutions in India. Cost projections for ED membrane and brine disposal show that in the future, PV-EDR could produce water at 60% of the cost of water produced with on-grid RO.
by Anne-Claire Le Hénaff.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Akosa, George. "Appraisal and evaluation of water supply and sanitation projects : Ghana as a case study." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6739.
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Existing appraisal and evaluation methodologies provide for a separate assessment of technical, financial, economic, institutional, social and environmental aspects of projects without a unifying theory to combine these aspects into a single measure of project performance. Data Envelopment Analysis is proposed as a methodology for combining project input and output factors into a single efficiency score which could be used to rank projects. The efficacy of the methodology has been demonstrated in an application to data from the water supply and sanitation sector in Ghana. This study involved the selection of ten projects in Ghana (six in water supply and four in sanitation). Each project is a representative of large urban or small urban or large rural or small rural systems in operation in Ghana. Various technologies employed in the projects include: (a) For water supply: Conventional Water Treatment Plant Boreholes with Motorised Pumps Package Water Treatment Plant Drilled Wells with Handpumps (2 projects) Hand Dug Well (b) For sanitation: Conventional Sewerage Communal Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines for an Urban Community Communal Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines for Rural Communities Traditional Pit Latrine Data on technical, financial, economic, institutional, social and environmental factors were collected in a 30-month fieldwork in Ghana. The fieldwork involved extensive travelling visiting urban and remote rural communities operating various systems in the sector. The data collected were analysed to provide the basic information for Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA requires input and output data for each project to be used in formulating linear programming models which are subsequently solved using a personal computer to provide an efficiency score for each project. Four different formulations were investigated and the results used to identify which projects could be classified as efficient given the Ghanaian context in which they are operated. Suggestions for the improvement of inefficient projects are made using the efficient projects as models. In conclusion DEA is recommended as a useful tool in appraisal and evaluation of water supply and sanitation projects to be adopted in developing countries, developing banks and other aid donor agencies. Other specific recommendations are made for the water supply and sanitation sector in Ghana.
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Habtemichael, Yonas T. "Hydrogeochemical Modeling of Saltwater Intrusion and Water Supply Augmentation in South Florida." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2438.
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The Biscayne Aquifer is a primary source of water supply in Southeast Florida. As a coastal aquifer, it is threatened by saltwater intrusion (SWI) when the natural groundwater flow is altered by over-pumping of groundwater. SWI is detrimental to the quality of fresh groundwater sources, making the water unfit for drinking due to mixing and reactions with aquifer minerals. Increasing water demand and complex environmental issues thus force water utilities in South Florida to sustainably manage saltwater intrusion and develop alternative water supplies (e.g., aquifer storage and recovery, ASR).
The objectives of this study were to develop and use calibrated geochemical models to estimate water quality changes during saline intrusion and during ASR in south Florida. A batch-reaction model of saltwater intrusion was developed and important geochemical reactions were inferred. Additionally, a reactive transport model was developed to assess fate and transport of major ions and trace metals (Fe, As) at the Kissimmee River ASR. Finally, a cost-effective management of saltwater intrusion that involves using abstraction and recharge wells was implemented and optimized for the case of the Biscayne Aquifer.
Major processes in the SWI areas were found to be mixing and dissolution-precipitation reactions with calcite and dolomite. Most of the major ions (Cl, Na, K, Mg, SO4) behaved conservatively during ASR while Ca and alkalinity were affected by carbonate reactions and cation exchange. A complex set of reactions involving thermodynamic equilibrium, kinetics and surface complexation reactions was required in the ASR model to simulate observed concentrations of Fe and As. The saltwater management model aimed at finding optimal locations and flow rates for abstraction and recharge wells. Optimal solutions (i.e., minimum total salt and total cost Pareto front) were produced for the Biscayne Aquifer for scenarios of surface recharge induced by climate change-affected precipitation. In general, abstraction at the maximum rate near the coast and artificial recharge at locations much further inland were found to be optimal. Knowledge developed herein directly supports the understanding of SWI caused by anthropogenic stressors, such as over-pumping and sea level rise, on coastal aquifers.
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Raubenheimer, Murray. "The feasibility of augmenting the Stellenbosch potable water supply by establishing a direct potable reuse plant." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31845.
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The Western Cape has suffered severe droughts over the past decade which has placed severe strain on raw water resources for both agriculture and municipal use. The crisis was due to many factors including climate change, increasing urbanisation and ageing infrastructure to name a few. The water scarcity problems will persist in the future globally unless water management authorities are able to augment existing raw water resources with a mix of desalination, groundwater and reclamation of treated effluent. The town of Stellenbosch was selected as part of a case study to determine the feasibility of implementing a direct potable reuse (DPR) plant to augment the future water resource mix from a technical, social, environmental and economic standpoint. Over the past two decades there has been a global shift towards direct and indirect potable reuse schemes to augment existing surface and groundwater resources. The shift has been accelerated by advances in treatment technology, water quality monitoring and research which have reduced the costs of potable reuse when compared to conventional water resources. The effluent from the Stellenbosch Wastewater Treatment Works was investigated as a reliable raw feed water source for the Stellenbosch DPR Plant. The Stellenbosch DPR Plant treatment train followed the multiple barrier approach to ensure high quality product water and mitigate potential risks to human health. The process design favoured granular activated carbon filtration instead of reverse osmosis due to the lower costs, inland location and brine disposal issues along with the acceptable total dissolved salt levels within the source water. The process design was developed further to determine the energy consumption, chemical consumption and process monitoring and control framework for the plant. A technical feasibility was done on three scenarios which were selected based on mix of reclaimed water and current surface water resources to supply the town of Stellenbosch with potable water. Scenario A – ‘do-nothing’ approach whereby the Stellenbosch Municipality would continue to be supplied with bulk raw water from the Theewaterskloof Dam treat it at the Paradyskloof WTW Scenario B – DPR Plant which produced potable water and injected it upstream of the Paradyskloof WTW Scenario C - DPR Plant which produced potable water and injected it downstream of the Paradyskloof WTW The research found that it would be feasible to implement a DPR scheme in Stellenbosch to improve the towns’ water security to meet future demands. The technical, social and environmental issues introduced in this research would need to be considered and developed further once a decision was made to pursue DPR. The unit costs of DPR would be higher than expanding the current raw surface water allocation and conventional water treatment works, which would have a knock-on effect on consumer tariffs. These economic costs would need to be compared to the towns risk exposure to climate change and water demands from surrounding areas within the Western Cape should they continue to abstract water from surface water resource not under their control.
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Holmberg, Kristin. "Establishing a sustainable water supply in Chonyonyo, Karagwe, Tanzania." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333299.
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The small village Chonyonyo, in the district Karagwe in the northwest of Tanzania has a shortage of safe drinking water. Women and children spend several hours a day fetching water and gathering firewood to boil the water to make it more suitable for drinking. The need of new sustainable water supply solutions is fundamental for providing more people with safe drinking water. Two water distribution alternatives was suggested by Engineers Without Borders and MAVUNO as possible solutions to supply the community with water. Alternative 1 consisted of a 10 km distribution system from an already existing groundwater well at the MAVUNO office to Chonyonyo. Alternative 2 consisted of a 3.5 km distribution system from the most neighboring valley to Chonyonyo, where no groundwater well exists today. Both alternatives would be powered by solar panels and operated six hours a day. The most sustainable distribution solution was chosen by modeling the distribution alternatives in the modeling software EPANET. Input parameters to simulate the model were position, elevation and dimension of storage tanks and pipes. Other required input parameters were absolute roughness, water withdrawal, operation hours, description of the withdrawal pattern for the water outlet and other modelling conditions such as a suitable simulation time. The selection of water distribution system was based on minimum requirements of energy used for operation weighed with lowest possible water residence time in the storage tank. Water quality analyses of the raw water source for distribution alternative 1 were performed in order to classify the water and select suitable water treatment solutions. The analyses consisted of microbiological and metal/metalloid analyses, and measurements of EC and pH. The result of the simulation showed that neither of the distribution alternatives met all the pipe design criteria. The main reason is that the system can not be constantly operated. If this criterion is excluded the optimal solution is distribution alternative 1 with an outer pipe diameter of 110 mm throughout the whole distribution system and a water residence time in the storage tank of 57.1 hours. The water quality analysis showed that the ground water source for distribution alternative 1 was affected by surface water and is thus classified as unusable because of high levels of harmful bacteria and lead. The most suitable water treatment solution due to the aspects of sustainable water supply are the microbiological barriers ultrafiltration and UV-light in combination with a treatment method to remove lead from the water.I samhället Chonyonyo i distriktet Karagwe i nordvästra Tanzania råder brist på säkert dricksvatten. Kvinnor och barn spenderar flera timmar om dagen för att hämta vatten och samla ved för att koka vattnet så att det blir säkrare att dricka. Behovet av nya hållbara vattenlösningar är fundamental för att kunna försörja fler människor med säkert dricksvatten. Två vattendistributionsalternativ lades fram av Ingenjörer utan gränser och MAVUNO som möjliga lösningar för att försörja invånarna i Chonyonyo med dricksvatten. Alternativ 1 bestod av ett 10 km distributionssystem från en befintlig grundvattenbrunn vid MAVUNO:s kontor. Alternativ 2 bestod av ett 3.5 km distributionssystem från den närmaste dalen till samhället Chonyonyo, där det inte finns någon befintlig grundvattenbrunn. Båda alternativen kommer att drivas av solpaneler och vara under drift sex timmar per dygn. Det lämpligaste distributionsalternativet valdes ut genom simulering i mjukvaran EPANET. Ingångsparametrar för simuleringen var bl.a. position, höjd och dimension på reservoarer och ledningar. Ytterligare nödvändiga parametrar var skrovlighet på ledningar, storlek på vattenuttag, antal driftstimmar, uttagmönster från vattenkranar i systemet samt andra modelleringsförhållanden såsom en lämplig simuleringstid. Valet av distributionssystem grundades på lägsta möjliga energibehov för drift viktat mot lägsta möjliga uppehållstid i vattenreservoarerna. Kvalitetsanalyser av råvattnet för distributionsalternativ 1 genomfördes för att klassificera vattnet och göra lämpliga val av vattenreningslösningar. Analyserna omfattade mätning av ett antal mikrobiologiska parametrar, metaller/metalloider samt EC och pH. Simuleringen visade att ingen av alternativen kunde uppnå alla designkriterierna. Huvudorsaken till det är att systemet endast är i drift periodvis. Bortsett från dessa kriterier var det optimala lösningen distributionsalternativ 1 med en yttre rördiameter på 110 mm genom hela systemet med en maximal uppehållstid i vattenreservoaren på ca 57 timmar. Analyserna visade att grundvattnet var ytvattenpåverkat och klassificeras som otjänligt med höga nivåer av skadliga bakterier och bly. De lämpligaste vattenreningslösningarna i förhållande till hållbarhetsaspekterna var de mikrobiologiska barriärerna ultrafiltrering och behandling med UV-ljus kombinerat med en reningsmetod för att avskilja bly från vattnet.
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Hemlin, Karl. "Development of Sensor Concept to Regulate Fuel Supply During Priming of Water to Air Heater in Production." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300905.
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The Water To Air heater (WTA) is a component that heats the interior and the engine of the truck by heating coolant through a combustion of diesel fuel. It is vital that the Water To Air heater is primed with fuel prior to using it in order for it to start when desired. Priming of the heater is done in production, which is where the trucks are built. This is done to ensure that there is fuel available to heat the coolant. However, the current priming process has too many weaknesses, it is sensitive to component changes and there are a number of uncertainties present. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the priming process and try to improve the process so that it becomes more robust. The aim is to present an alternate method that could be used to minimize the number of uncertainties and the impact of these. Several methods of how to regulate the fuel supply were studied and evaluated according to a few criteria and limitations. The first method that was tested was to try and detect fuel through a simple type of Electrical Capacitance Tomography. However, initial measurements proved that it would not be possible to use this method in order to achieve the desired result. Instead, fuel was detected by creating a prototype consisting of a photoresistor and a laser pointer. Once it had been established that fuel could be detected through this prototype, a microcontroller was programmed to automatically be able to make measurements and handle the output from the photoresistor. The developed concept is a concept that, if implemented in production, would solve many of the problems that are present with the current priming process. Many of the uncertainties would either be eliminated completely, or decreased massively. However, there is some work that remains. In order to use the proposed solution as a stand-alone system that regulates the fuel supply, it is necessary that a stop signal is implemented. Additional tests need to be performed in order to decide how the final implementation is going to work. Finally, the prototype needs some improvements.Extravärmaren (WTA) är en komponent som värmer både lastbilens hytt och motor genom förbränning av diesel. För att extravärmaren ska starta enligt önskemål så är det viktigt att bränsleslangarna fylls med diesel. Detta är gjort i produktion, vilket är där lastbilarna byggs, för att försäkra sig om att extravärmaren fungerar som den ska. Processen där bränsleslangarna fylls har dock allt för många svagheter, den är känslig mot ändringar av komponenter och det finns även ett antal osäkerheter närvarande. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka denna process och försöka förbättra processen så att den blir stabilare. Målet är att presentera en mer robust metod, som minimerar mängden och signifikansen av osäkerheter, för att fylla bränsleslangarna. Flera metoder för att kontrollera bränsletillförseln studerades och utvärderades utifrån ett antal kriterier och begränsningar. Den första metoden som testades var att försöka upptäcka bränsle genom att använda en enkel variant av elektrisk kapacitanstomografi. Initiala mätningar visade dock att det inte var möjligt att använda denna metod för att uppnå det önskade resultatet. Istället användes en prototyp bestående av en fotoresistor och en laserpekare för att upptäcka bränslet. När det hade fastställts att bränsle kunde upptäckas på detta sätt så programmerades en mikrokontroller för att automatiskt kunna läsa av och hantera resultatet från fotoresistorn. Det utvecklade konceptet skulle, om det implementeras i produktion, lösa många av de problem som är närvarande under den nuvarande processen. Många av osäkerheterna skulle antingen elimineras helt, eller reduceras tydligt. För att konceptet ska kunna implementeras i produktion krävs det dock framtida arbete. För att kunna använda den föreslagna lösningen som ett fristående system så krävs det att en stopsignal implementeras. Fler tester behöver utföras för att kunna avgöra hur den slutgiltiga lösningen skall fungera. Till sist så behöver prototypen vidareutvecklas.
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Kizito, Frank. "Development of Decision Support Tools for Urban Water Supply Management in Uganda." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Land and Water Resource Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4803.
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Tukker, Mary Jean. "Water quality information system for integrated water resource management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52054.
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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The processes of monitoring, modelling and managing the water quality of a catchmerit system including all its unique complexities and interrelationships requires an innovative tool or set of tools to help water managers with their decision making. Numerous methods and tools have been developed to analyse and model the real world. However, many of these tools require a fair degree of technical expertise and training to operate correctly and their output may have to be translated or converted to meaningful information for decision-making using a further set of analytical and graphical display tools. A more appropriate technique for management would be to combine all these functions into a single system. The objective of this research was to develop one such tool, an integrated water quality information system (WQIS). A review of the literature revealed that there has been extensive research and development of tools for the management of individual aspects of water resource distribution, augmentation and quality. However, these tools have rarely been integrated into a comprehensive information system offering decision support to a wide variety of river users and managers. Many of the literature sources also noted that a process of interactive development and integration (i.e. including the intended users in the decision of which components to include, the interface design and the graphical display and output) was vital to ensuring the information system becomes an integral part of the users routine work and decision-making. The WQIS was developed using the recommendations from numerous knowledgeable persons in response to questionnaires, interviews and a prototype demonstration. It includes the results of hydrodynamic river and reservoir simulations and the ability to perform operational river scenario testing. However, the development process is continual and always evolving based on the current or local requirements of water managers. These further developments and research needs are discussed in more detail in the conclusion.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proses om die waterkwaliteit van 'n opvanggebied, met al die unieke kompleksiteite en onderlinge verhoudings van so 'n stelsel te monitor, modelleer en bestuur, vereis 'n innoverende instrument om waterbestuurders te ondersteun in hul besluitnemings. Talle instrumente en metodes vir die ontleding en modellering van die werklikheid is reeds ontwikkel. Die gebruik van hierdie instrumente vereis gewoonlik 'n redelike mate van tegniese kundigheid en opleiding. Dit mag verder nodig wees om die uitvoer van sulke instrumente te vertaal en/of om te skakel na betekenisvolle inligting vir besluitneming deur die gebruik van bykomende analitiese en grafiese vertoon instrumente. 'n Meer toepaslike bestuurstegniek sou wees om al die funksies in 'n enkele stelsel te kombineer. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om een so 'n instrument, naamlik 'n geïntegreerde waterkwaliteit inligtingstelsel (WQIS), te ontwikkel. 'n Hersiening van bestaande literatuur het getoon dat daar omvattende navorsing en ontwikkeling van instrumente gedoen is vir die bestuur van individuele aspekte van waterbronverspreiding, waterbronaanvulling en waterkwaliteit. Integrasie van hierdie instrumente, in 'n uitgebreide stelsel wat besluitnemingsondersteuning aan 'n verskeidenheid riviergebruikers en bestuurders bied, kom egter selde voor. Verskeie literatuurbronne het ook aangedui dat 'n proses van interaktiewe ontwikkeling en integrasie (m.a.w. in agname van die voorgenome gebruikers se behoeftes in die kense van komponente, die gebruiker raakvlak ontwerp en grafiese vertoon instrumente en uitvoer) noodsaaklik is om te verseker dat die inigtingstelsel 'n integrale deel word van die gebruiker se daaglikse roetine en besluitnemingsproses. Die WQIS is ontwikkel deur gebruikmaking van die insette en aanbevelings van verskeie kenners in reaksie op vraelyste, onderhoude en 'n demonstrasie van 'n prototype. Dit sluit in die resultate van hidro-dinamiese rivier en dam simulasies en die vermoë om operasionele rivier scenario ontledings uit te voer. Die ontwikkeling is egter 'n deurlopende proses, gebaseer op huidige of plaaslike behoeftes van waterbestuurders. Hierdie verdere ontwikkelings- en navorsingsbehoeftes word meer breedvoerig in die gevolgtrekkings bespreek.
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Makhomo, Selbourne Rapoone. "Remote monitoring and evaluation of a photovoltaic (PV) groundwater pumping system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1270.
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Thesis (MTech (Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005Potable water, and especially the accessibility to it, is an essential part of everyday life. Of particular note, is the challenge that residents of remote rural African villages face in order to gain access to this basic requirement. Specifically, the rural areas in the Northern Cape (Province north of Cape Town) region in South Africa is one such example that illustrates this problem very well. In order to address the requirements for drinkable water, various types of water pumping technologies have been used. Up to now, the two competing water pumping systems, diesel and photovoltaic (PV), have been the primary technologies deployed in selected sites in the Northern Cape. The manual data collection of water pumping system data in the Northern Cape is fraught with impracticalities such as travel costs and requirements for skilled personnel. Therefore, as a preliminary step to accelerate development and testing, a local experimental laboratory PV water pumping rig was set-up within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Cape University of Technology. A short-term analysis was performed over a period of three weeks on the rig and the experimental results indicated the following: array efficiency of 16.3%, system efficiency of 15.0% and an average system efficiency of 1.47%. However, the results do indicate that long-term monitoring of PV water pumping systems can be suitable in serving to determine dynamic system performance and system life cycle costs. The purpose of this project is two-fold - firstly, to present the results on the work done on the experimental PV system.