Journal articles: 'Water-supply – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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Assefa, Yonas, Mukand Babel, Janez Sušnik, and Victor Shinde. "Development of a Generic Domestic Water Security Index, and Its Application in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Water 11, no. 1 (2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010037.

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Water security is a global concern because of the growing impact of human activities and climate change on water resources. Studies had been performed at global, country, and city level to assess the water security issues. However, assessment of water security at a domestic scale is lacking. This paper develops a new domestic water security assessment framework accounting for water supply, sanitation, and hygiene through twelve indicators. Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are central to key water-related sustainable development goals. The framework is subsequently applied to the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From the domestic water security assessment of Addis Ababa, the water supply dimension was found to be of good level, whereas the sanitation and hygiene dimensions were of poor and fair level, respectively, indicating both a challenge and an opportunity for development. Because the analysis is spatially explicit at the city-branch level (in Addis), variation in domestic water security performance across Addis Ababa can be assessed, allowing efficient targeting of scant resources (financial, technical, personnel). Analysis further shows that a lack of institutional capacity within the utility, existing infrastructure leading to ‘lock-in’ and hindering maintenance and upgrade initiatives, and an unreliable power supply are the main issues leading to poor domestic water security in the study city. These areas should be tackled to improve the current situation and mitigate future problems. The developed framework is generic enough to be applied to other urban and peri-urban areas, yet provides planners and policy makers with specific information on domestic water security considering water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and accounting for within-city variability. This work could therefore have practical applicability for water service providers.

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Boche, Bekele, Tidenek Mulugeta, and Tadesse Gudeta. "Assessment of Inventory Management Practices at the Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice Volume 9 (October 2020): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s269421.

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Debebe, Dawit, Fiseha Behulu, and Zerihun Getaneh. "Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (2020): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.248.

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Abstract Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.

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Kifle Arsiso, Bisrat, Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Gerrit Hendrik Stoffberg, and Tsegaye Tadesse. "Climate change and population growth impacts on surface water supply and demand of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Climate Risk Management 18 (2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.08.004.

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Eridadi, Hosea Mutanda, Inagaki Yoshihiko, Esayas Alemayehu, and Moses Kiwanuka. "Evaluation of willingness to pay toward improving water supply services in Sebeta town, Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 2 (2021): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.204.

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Abstract Sebeta town is one of the rapidly growing towns in Ethiopia. Its closeness to Addis Ababa city has attracted industrial, urban development, and population growth. This development has created problems with drinking water shortages in the community. This study aimed at determining the household's willingness to pay (WTP) amount toward improving water supply services and analyzing the influencing factors of WTP. A contingent valuation (CV) technique was applied in quantifying the households' WTP and the influencing factors toward the program. The field observations, key informant interviews, and household questionnaire interviews from 250 respondents out of the targeted 280 were employed in collecting field data. Results from CV revealed that 66% of the households were WTP toward improving the water supply services beyond their current monthly water bills. Households were WTP about 20 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) above the average current water bill of 161 ETB. The binary logistic model results statistically demonstrated that independent variables of gender, age, marital status, education level, years in Sebeta, and average monthly income were significantly influencing the household's WTP at p = 0.01 and 0.05. This study provides vital hints for further research and baseline information for local administration and communities about the water supply in the area and holistic appropriation of water tariffs in line with government policy.

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Bussi, Gianbattista, Paul G. Whitehead, Li Jin, et al. "Impacts of Climate Change and Population Growth on River Nutrient Loads in a Data Scarce Region: The Upper Awash River (Ethiopia)." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031254.

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Assessing the impact of climate change and population growth on river water quality is a key issue for many developing countries, where multiple and often conflicting river water uses (water supply, irrigation, wastewater disposal) are placing increasing pressure on limited water resources. However, comprehensive water quality datasets are often lacking, thus impeding a full-scale data-based river water quality assessment. Here we propose a model-based approach, using both global datasets and local data to build an evaluation of the potential impact of climate changes and population growth, as well as to verify the efficiency of mitigation measures to curb river water pollution. The upper Awash River catchment in Ethiopia, which drains the city of Addis Ababa as well as many agricultural areas, is used as a case-study. The results show that while decreases in runoff and increases in temperature due to climate change are expected to result in slightly decreased nutrient concentrations, the largest threat to the water quality of the Awash River is population growth, which is expected to increase nutrient loads by 15 to 20% (nitrate) and 30 to 40% (phosphorus) in the river by the second half of the 21st century. Even larger increases are to be expected downstream of large urban areas, such as Addis Ababa. However, improved wastewater treatment options are shown to be efficient in counteracting the negative impact of population growth and returning water pollution to acceptable levels.

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Yilkal, E., F. Zewge, and B. S. Chandravanshi. "Assessment of the quality of bottled water marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 33, no. 1 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v33i1.3.

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Urkato, Samuel, and Hio-Jung Shin. "Environmental Management Challenges of Emerging Industrial Firms: Evidence from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia." American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, no. 3 (2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i3.390.

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In developing economies like Ethiopia, emerging industries are mostly subject to state protection, as a prominent rationale articulated by Hamilton (1791). However, they are less responsive to environmental health degradation caused by their effluent. In this paper, Akaki River pollution in Addis Ababa city is thought-out to understand how those industries aligning the river bank are polluting the environment and how local policy is responding to regulate it. By using secondary information, focus group discussion and key informant interview, this study describes that Ethiopian environmental policy, which addresses state and market approaches, is silent to protect the pollution. However, the societies in the catchment areas, whom lack proper property right of the river, are seriously vulnerable to family health since they use the polluted river water for smallholder farming, drinking, and other domestic activities. Moreover, the weak performance of this policy is a burden for other sectoral policies such as health and agriculture. Empirical studies for river pollution impact are further needed.

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Chekole, Solomon Dargie, Walter Timo de Vries, Pamela Durán-Díaz, and Gebeyehu Belay Shibeshi. "Performance Evaluation of the Urban Cadastral System in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Land 9, no. 12 (2020): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120505.

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The cadastral system is a land management and land administration tool to provide a safe and reliable real property registration system. In Ethiopia, however, the attempts to implement a reliable urban cadastral system have not been successful, which translates into a deficient land administration system. This paper is an evaluation of the performance of the urban cadastral system of Addis Ababa, based on the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model. The nine criteria of the model were used as independent and dependent variables. Data were collected through interviews, Likert-type questionnaires, and focus group discussions, and validated with method-to-method technique. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques (ordinal logistics regression model) were employed. In order to ascertain reliability of the data, Cronbach’s alpha reliability test was performed in SPSS, and a coefficient of 0.883 was calculated, confirming that the items (questions) have relatively high internal consistency. According to the statistical result from the independent variables, the people result criteria estimated the achievement of cadastral organization at most (1.724). The societal result predicted with a coefficient of 0.281 less. This indicates that the people criterion determines more importantly than other variables. Overall, the independent variables scored the performance of the cadastral organization 24.92 out of 40 points. Findings from interviews and group discussion also confirmed that the most bottlenecks for the organizational achievement are the strategic plan, quality of leadership, bureaucratic processes, and supply of resources. Therefore, we suggest that the responsible authorities need to pay more attention to the enabler criteria (especially, the design of policy and strategy, quality of leadership, provision of resource and partnership, and the process), in order to improve the achievements of the urban cadastral system organization.

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Duffy, Shane. "A case series of bleeding due to Leech infestation from the Gimbie region, Ethiopia." Tropical Doctor 38, no. 1 (2008): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2007.060162.

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We present a case series of patients who presented to Gimbie Adventist Hospital (GAH), Western Wollege, Ethiopia. GAH is located in the town of Gimbie in the Western Wollega province of Ethiopia, about 450 km west of Addis Ababa. Gimbie zone is 9° north of the equator at 2000 m. There are ‘area’ wells, which supply only a minority of the population. The patients presented with bleeding of unknown aetiology and supportive care was the initial management. Leech infestation was found to be the cause of the bleeding. In Western Ethiopia in a patient presenting with bleeding of unknown aetiology, leech infestation is an important differential diagnosis.

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Yedeme, Kokebe, Melese Hailu Legese, Almaz Gonfa, and Somson Girma. "Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Public Swimming Pools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010098.

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Background: From swimming pools, bathers may acquire many potential pathogens or may be affected by the physicochemical characteristics of water used during bathing. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the physicochemical and microbiological quality of public swimming pools located at different hotels and recreation center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out from February to May, 2016. Nine hotels and one recreation center which recognized to have public swimming services were included. A total of 60 swimming pool water samples from 10 swimming pools were collected at deeper, shallow and intake point twice on a weekly basis using a 250 ml sterile bottle containing sodium thiosulphate. PH, residual chlorine and temperature of samples were recorded at the time of collection. Sample containing bottles were transported in ice box to microbiological laboratory and analyzed on the same day. Standard cultural and biochemical methods were used for isolation and characterization of the main microbial groups. Total viable count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count and E. coli were determined. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: Average PH and temperature of swimming pool water samples were 7.1 and 29oC respectively. Of all analyzed water samples, 58.4% (n=35/60) of them had PH range of 7.2-7.8, 58.3% (n=35/60) of samples had temperature in the range of 21oC-32oC and 25% (n=15/60) of water samples had residual chlorine in the range of 2-3mg/l. 73.3% (n=44/60) of the samples had a total viable count below 200 MPN/ml and 70% (n-42/60) of the samples had Total Coliform Count values less than 2 MPN/100 ml. Moreover, 66.7% (n=40/60) of the samples had fecal coliform counts falling below 1 MPN /100 ml. E. coli was absent in 70% (n=42/60) of the samples while it was present in 30% (n=18/60) of the samples. Conclusion: PH, residual chlorine and temperature value of majority of the swimming pools’ water samples were within the acceptable limit. Regarding microbial quality, most swimming pools’ water samples complied to the WHO standard. Swimming pools that did not comply to the standard both in physicochemical levels and microbial quality need improvement due to their significant health implication.

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De Risi, Raffaele, Fatemeh Jalayer, Francesco De Paola, et al. "From flood risk mapping toward reducing vulnerability: the case of Addis Ababa." Natural Hazards 100, no. 1 (2019): 387–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03817-8.

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Abstract Flood risk maps for the built environment can be obtained by integrating geo-spatial information on hazard, vulnerability and exposure. They provide precious support for strategic urban planning and decision-making. These maps, generated in a probabilistic framework, can consider various sources of uncertainty in the flood risk assessment such as the occurrence of extreme flooding events, future land use and land cover, characteristics of the buildings, and exposure to flooding. This paper investigates how these maps can be used in complicated urban context such as developing countries, where engineers are forced to work with scarce or little data. Specifically, a detailed investigation on the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has been conducted. Although the city of Addis Ababa is undergoing extensive formal housing development, it is most likely that the informal settlements will continue to constitute a significant portion of urban housing landscape in the years to come. Recent research findings and field work from a large project (FP7-CLUVA) are employed in order to provide a quantified basis for decision-making between alternative adaptation strategies for informal buildings in Addis Ababa. Risk maps, obtained by up-scaling more accurate risk assessment results at neighborhood level, are adopted for risk zoning of the urban residential texture within the city. This provides risk-based criteria for both identifying suitable flood adaptation strategies and prioritizing between viable risk mitigation measures.

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Liben, Samuel, and Matiwos Ensermu. "Forecasting Tourist Arrivals and Supply and Demand Gap Analysis for Hotel Sector in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Business and Economics (The) 5, no. 2 (2016): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejbe.v5i2.5.

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Moges, S. A., M. T. Taye, P. Willems, and M. Gebremichael. "Exceptional pattern of extreme rainfall variability at urban centre of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Urban Water Journal 11, no. 7 (2013): 596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2013.831914.

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van den Berg, Harold, Bettina Rickert, Seada Ibrahim, et al. "Linking water quality monitoring and climate-resilient water safety planning in two urban drinking water utilities in Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 6 (2019): 989–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.059.

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Abstract Unsafe drinking water is a recognized health threat in Ethiopia, and climate change, rapid population growth, urbanization and agricultural practices put intense pressure on availability and quality of water. Climate change-related health problems due to floods and waterborne diseases are increasing. With increasing insight into impacts of climate change and urbanization on water availability and quality and of required adaptations, a shift towards climate-resilient water safety planning was introduced into an Ethiopian strategy and guidance document to guarantee safe drinking water. Climate-resilient water safety planning was implemented in the urban water supplies of Addis Ababa and Adama, providing drinking water to 5 million and 500,000 people, respectively. Based on the risks identified with climate-resilient water safety planning, water quality monitoring can be optimized by prioritizing parameters and events which pose a higher risk for contaminating the drinking water. Water quality monitoring was improved at both drinking water utilities and at the Public Health Institute to provide relevant data used as input for climate-resilient water safety planning. By continuously linking water quality monitoring and climate-resilient water safety planning, utilization of information was optimized, and both approaches benefit from linking these activities.

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Adane, Metadel, Bezatu Mengistie, Girmay Medhin, Helmut Kloos, and Worku Mulat. "Piped water supply interruptions and acute diarrhea among under-five children in Addis Ababa slums, Ethiopia: A matched case-control study." PLOS ONE 12, no. 7 (2017): e0181516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181516.

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Endale, Yohannes Tesfaye, Argaw Ambelu, Geremew Sahilu G., Bernd Mees, and Gijs Du Laing. "Exposure and health risk assessment from consumption of Pb contaminated water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Heliyon 7, no. 9 (2021): e07946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07946.

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Assefa, Thomas, Girum Abebe, Indra Lamoot, and Bart Minten. "Urban food retailing and food prices in Africa: the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (2016): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-02-2015-0009.

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Purpose Despite the large interest in urban food markets, there are, however still relatively few good studies that have empirically documented the functioning of retail markets in developing countries, especially in Africa. The purpose of this paper is to look in particular at the case of Addis Ababa, a city of more than four million people and the capital of Ethiopia, one of the most populous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. To better understand urban food retail, the authors rely on a large primary survey. Design/methodology/approach To better understand urban food retail, the authors rely on a large primary survey. Based on a stratified sampling scheme representative for the city as a whole, 1,226 urban food retail outlets were interviewed in March and April 2012. Findings The authors find increasing differentiation in food retail markets in recent years. Despite the prohibition of foreign direct investment in food retail, a domestic modern private retail sector is quickly emerging. However, its share is still very small and, in contrast to roll-outs of modern retail in other countries, it has not yet entered the cereal sector, which remains in the hands of local flour mills, cereal shops, and cooperative retail outlets. The importance of cooperative retail is growing even more rapidly. It is especially important for those products where supply chains are controlled by the government. On the high-end, domestic private modern retail outlets deliver high-quality products at significantly higher prices, ceteris paribus. At the other side, the authors see cooperative retail that delivers food at significantly lower – and subsidized – prices. However, the latter shops are characterized by typical price control problems, reflected in regular lack of supplies and queuing. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to the city of Addis Ababa and it seems useful if similar studies could be conducted in other cities in Africa. Originality/value Despite the large interest in urban food markets, there are still relatively few good studies that have empirically documented the functioning of retail markets in developing countries, especially in Africa. The paper therefore contributes to fill this lacuna by studying urban food retail markets using new and unique data for Africa.

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Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen, Sirak Robele Gari, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Martin R. Evans, and Azage Gebreyohannes Gebremariam. "Determinants of Sanitation and Hygiene Status Among Food Establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022091568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220915689.

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Introduction: Despite advancements in food science and technology, foodborne disease remains one of the major public health problems. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions of food establishments are the major causes for the occurrence of foodborne disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate core determinants of sanitation and hygiene status among food establishments. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Addis Ababa city. A stratified random sampling technique was deployed to select 413 study participants. Data were collected through interview and using observational checklist. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. To analyze the data, binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. In all analysis, P-value less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study revealed that 57.4% of the food establishments were under poor sanitation status. In the multivariable analysis, presence of trained managers on hygiene and sanitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.10 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-15.45), presence of renewed licenses (AOR = 3.07 with 95% CI: 1.18-7.99), absence of bureaucratic function to obtain permission to renew the food establishment buildings (AOR = 2.43 with 95% CI: 1.25-4.70), and presence of at least 10-m distance between toilet and kitchen (AOR = 9.19, at 95% CI: 5.63-15.02) were associated significantly with sanitation and hygiene status. Conclusions: Above average of the food establishments were found to be in poor sanitation and hygiene state. Many core determinant factors that influence sanitation and hygienic status of food establishments were identified. The researchers suggest that formal training on sanitation and hygiene for managers of food establishments should be provided to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Moreover, strong food and water safety policy and strategy should be promulgated to improve sanitation and hygiene status of food establishments.

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Akele, Ephrem Sisay, and Mekonnen Maschal Tarekegn. "Assessment of Dioxin and Furan Emission Levels and Management Practices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Health and Pollution 7, no. 15 (2017): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.85.

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Introduction. An increase in population and related increased demand for health services, expansion of industries, and increasing transportation demands have increased the emission of dioxin and furan persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objective. This study aimed to identify sources of dioxin and furan emissions, quantify their release into various environmental medias and assess related management practices. Methods. The standard United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2005) toolkit guide and default emission factor were used to identify the main anthropogenic sources and to quantify the amount of released dioxin and furan. Stratified random sampling techniques were applied to assess current management practices. Results. Nine main groups of dioxin and furan emission sources were identified. The emission of each source group was calculated by the activity rate data multiplied by an emission factor. The results found that about 138.85 g toxic equivalent(TEQ)/a(TEQ/year)of dioxin and furan were released to air, water, residue (materials remaining as sludge after sewage treatment or in the form of ash after incineration activity) and soil. Waste disposal activities recorded the largest release of dioxin and furan, accounting for 68.30 g TEQ/a of dioxin and furan to water and residue, 34.00 g TEQ/a to air and 0.64 g TEQ/a emitted into soil. Conclusions. Several sources of dioxin and furan emission were identified and the present study found that their management is inadequate. Waste disposal services are especially inadequate and generate higher amounts of dioxin and furan gasses. In addition, the organizations that are responsible for the release of dioxin and furan have no awareness of their release and inadequate management practices. The present study points to the need for reformulation of the national legal management framework, adoption of best available technology for disposal services such as incinerators with flue gas management, increasing public and stakeholders' awareness and participation and capacitating the responsible government organizations. Competing Interests. The authors declare no financial competing interests.

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Abe, Mentamir, Mesafint Abeje Tiruneh, and Kidanemariam Beyene. "Blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals working at heath centers in Nefas Silk Lafto sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 9 (2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20203550.

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Background: Accessibility of a safe and adequate blood transfusion is a challenge worldwide and even more critical in Africa. Even though blood donation is lifesaving practice, current blood supply is far less compared to the demand in Ethiopia. However, there is limited information in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals working at heath center in Nefas Silk Lafto sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among health professionals working at health centers in Nefas Silk Lafto sub city, Addis Ababa from 23 August 2019 to 20 September 2019. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected used self-administered structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for data analysis. Results: 459 health professionals were included in the study with a response rate of 98.4%. Only 157 (34.2%) of them donated blood in the last five years. Age (AOR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.79), blood collection site (AOR=3.46, 95% CI: 2.03, 5.89), blood collection working (AOR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.44) and knowledge (AOR=0.32, 95% CL: 0.14, 0.76) were significantly associated with blood donation practice.Conclusions: Blood donation practice was low. Age of health professionals, blood collection site, blood collection working hour and knowledge were significantly associated with blood donation practice. Therefore, establish fixed and mobile collection site and convenient time for blood donors and awareness creation is crucial.

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LAMMI, D. K., and Z. TESFAYE. "An Exploration of Environmental Practices in the Hospitality Industry. Evidence from Hotels in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 2 (2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.2(50).05.

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Hotels create unforeseen damages to the environment by depleting natural resources and driving out wastes. Studies have rarely been conducted to investigate the nexus between hotels and the environment in Ethiopia. This study aims to explore environmental practices among Addis Ababa hotels. The quantitative research design was applied to the study. The data were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics. The totels' environmental practice indicators were examined under the themes of water-saving, energy-saving, green purchase, and waste management. Within these themes, the installation of energy-efficient bulbs, installation of a key card for light; using energy-efficient appliances; regular maintenances of water and electric facilities; the installing of dual toilet and other low flow water technologies; placing of dustbins; sorting and disposing of solid wastes, and buying of local products were implemented to a certain extent. The study implicates the requirement of intervention to make hotel operation environmentally sustainable.

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Cardenas, Helena, and Dale Whittington. "Magnitude and Distribution of Electricity and Water Subsidies for Households with Private Connections in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Water Economics and Policy 07, no. 01 (2021): 2150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x21500041.

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This paper presents the first detailed analysis of the combined effects of increasing block tariff (IBT) structures for both electricity and water in an urban area of a developing country. In Addis Ababa, an IBT has been used to calculate households’ monthly bills for electricity and water services. This study estimates the magnitude of combined water and electricity subsidies received by households with private connections to both the electricity grid and the piped network water in 2016, and it evaluates the distribution of these subsidies among wealth groups. Customer billing data supplied by utility companies are matched with socioeconomic information collected through a household survey. Results show that the combined subsidies are large. The average household receives a subsidy of USD 26 per month, about 6% of household income. The findings also show that both electricity and water subsidies under the IBT disproportionately accrue to richer households. The poorest quintile receives 12% of the total subsidies for electricity and water services, while the richest quintile receives 31%. The IBT used in the water sector performed worse in terms of targeting of subsidies to poor households than the IBT used in the electricity sector.

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Thewodros, Bekele, and Leta Seyoum. "Bacteriological physicochemical quality of recreational water bodies: Case studies from Addis Ababa and Oromiya region Ethiopia." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 8, no. 7 (2014): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2013.1536.

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Adugna, Dagnachew, Larissa Larsen, Brook Lemma, and Geremew Sahilu. "Low-Cost Stormwater Filtration System to Improve Urban Water Quality: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 09, no. 06 (2017): 692–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.96046.

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Jemberie, Mengistu A., and Assefa M. Melesse. "Urban Flood Management through Urban Land Use Optimization Using LID Techniques, City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 13 (2021): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131721.

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In recent years, many urban areas in Ethiopia have experienced frequent flood events as a result of climate change and urban sprawl. Unplanned and unsustainable poor urban storm water management strategies will aggravate the impact and frequency of flood occurrence. In this study, impacts of urbanization and climate change on generated flood magnitude are analyzed using the urban hydrological model of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Low Impact Development (LID) sustainable land use optimization techniques. Three rainfall distribution patterns (TS1, TS2 and TS3) in combination with rainfall duration periods of 10, 30 and 60 min and a pessimistic climate change scenario of RCP 4.5 compared to RCP 8.5 are used for the analysis purpose for selected infiltration and storage LID techniques (Bio-Retention Cell, Infiltration Trench and Rain Barrel). The study results showed that combined LID techniques have a significant impact on urban flood reduction of up to 75%. This significant amount of flood reduction is greater than the amount of excess flood magnitude which occurred as a result of climate change using the most pessimistic climate change scenario. The study results also confirmed that rainfall patterns have a significant impact on peak discharge for shorter rainfall durations. This study highly recommends using cost effective, easy and environmental adaptive and sustainable LID techniques for urban flood management in addition to existing drainage structures.

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Debela, Tamene Hailu, Abebe Beyene, Esubalew Tesfahun, Abiti Getaneh, Addisu Gize, and Zeleke Mekonnen. "Fecal contamination of soil and water in sub-Saharan Africa cities: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 18, no. 2 (2018): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2017.10.003.

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Weldegebriel, Yirgaalem, Bhagwan Singh Chandravanshi, and Taddese Wondimu. "Concentration levels of metals in vegetables grown in soils irrigated with river water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 77 (March 2012): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.011.

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Daba, Mekonnen H., Gebiaw T. Ayele, and Songcai You. "Long-Term Homogeneity and Trends of Hydroclimatic Variables in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (November 24, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8861959.

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Understanding long-term trends in hydroclimatic variables is important for future sustainable water resource management as it could show the possible regime shifts in hydrology. The main objective of this study was to analyze the homogeneity and trends of hydroclimatic data of Upper Awash Sab-Basin (UASB) in Oromia, Ethiopia, by employing homogeneity tests and Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests. The data consist of 18 rainfall stations, 8 temperature stations, and 8 flow gauging stations across the UASB. Homogeneity and trends in streamflow, rainfall, and temperature variables were analyzed for the time period 1980 to 2017. In order to analyze homogeneity of hydroclimatic variables, we used four homogeneity tests (Pettitt’s test, Buishand’s test, standard normal homogeneity test, and von Neumann ratio test) at 5% significance level. Based on the outputs of four homogeneity tests, the results were classified into three categories, namely, “useful,” “doubtful,” and “suspect” to select the homogeneity stations. Mann-Kendall (Z) and Sen’s slope tests (Q) were applied for the selected homogeneous time series to detect the trend and magnitude of changes in hydroclimatic variables. The result showed that most of the stations in annual rainfall and streamflow data series were classified as useful. It is found that 58% of the rainfall stations were homogeneous. It is highlighted that 3 out of 8 discharge gauging stations have an inhomogeneity as they failed from one or a combination of the four tests. The MK revealed significant decreasing trends of annual rainfall in Addis Alem (Q = −19.81), Akaki (Q = −5.60), Hombole (Q = −9.49), and Ghinch (Q = −12.38) stations. The trend of annual temperature was a significant increasing trend in Addis Ababa Bole (Q = 0.05), Addis Ababa Tikur Ambessa (Q = 0.03), Tulu Bolo (Q = 0.07), and Addis Alem (Q = 0.06) stations. The results of discharge showed a significant increasing trend in Bega at Mojo (Q = 0.17) and Hombole (Q = 0.03) gauging stations. In general, the results obtained from discharge, rainfall, and temperature series indicated that most of the stations exhibited no trends in both annual and seasonal time series. It can be concluded that decreases in average annual rainfall totals and increases in mean annual temperature will probably drive sub-basin scale changes in discharge. We believe that the results obtained can fill information gaps on homogeneity and trends of hydroclimatic variables, which is very crucial for future water resource planning and management in the face of climate change.

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Yard, Ellen, Tesfaye Bayleyegn, Almaz Abebe, et al. "Metals Exposures of Residents Living Near the Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/935297.

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Background. The Akaki River in Ethiopia has been found to contain elevated levels of several metals. Our objectives were to characterize metals exposures of residents living near the Akaki River and to assess metal levels in their drinking water.Methods. In 2011, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 101 households in Akaki-Kality subcity (near the Akaki River) and 50 households in Yeka subcity (distant to the Akaki River). One willing adult in each household provided urine, blood, and drinking water sample.Results. Urinary molybdenum (p<0.001), tungsten (p<0.001), lead (p<0.001), uranium (p<0.001), and mercury (p=0.049) were higher in Akaki-Kality participants compared to Yeka participants. Participants in both subcities had low urinary iodine; 45% met the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for being at risk of moderate iodine deficiency. In Yeka, 47% of households exceeded the WHO aesthetic-based reference value for manganese; in Akaki-Kality, only 2% of households exceeded this value (p<0.001). There was no correlation between metals levels in water samples and clinical specimens.Conclusions. Most of the exposures found during this investigation seem unlikely to cause acute health effects based on known toxic thresholds. However, toxicity data for many of these metals are very limited.

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Kefeni, Elzabeth Girma, and Walelegn Worku Yallew. "Communal latrine utilization and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (2018): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.098.

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Abstract Despite the quick urban population growth increased volume of wastes, including human excreta, which demands an expanded need of infrastructure, solid institutional setup and communities' engagement for management of safe disposal of excreta, arrangement of such basic social services has not developed as per the rate of population growth. Mostly, communal latrines are inclined towards an absence of cleanliness, as they accommodate many people beyond their capacity, filling up septic tanks quickly. A community-based cross-sectional study conducted in 817 randomly selected communal latrine user households, five focus group discussions and four key informant interviews were analysed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to discover the impact of different factors on the use of communal latrines. The findings revealed that the rate of communal latrine use in Addis Ababa was about 79.8%. Unhygienic conditions, latrine emptying challenges, extreme smell, number of family units sharing the same squats, and latrine designs for the aged and children were identified as barriers to latrine utilization. This study suggests that, in parallel with the continued investments to increase access to sanitary facilities in the city, the management and behavioural change part has likewise to be stressed for better use and sustainability.

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Alade, Taslim, Jurian Edelenbos, and Alberto Gianoli. "Adapting Urban Light-Rail Transport to the African Context: A Process Conducted by Transport Authorities and Chinese Rail Corporations in Addis-Ababa, Abuja, and Lagos." Urban Science 3, no. 4 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3040109.

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A contextual approach to Light-Rail Transport (LRT) needs to be tailored towards specific contexts, in terms of situations or contingencies, such as socio-economic and environmental factors. This research intends to discuss the societal benefits comprised of well-informed contextual factors for policymakers and urban transport authorities, to enable them to be able to formulate objective policies for a city’s socio-economic development. The aim of this article is to analyze the contextual factors in three cities which are responsible for the contextualization of infrastructural innovations of urban light-rail transport from China. The methodology that has been used is a qualitative method using multiple case studies, which includes a pilot and semi-structured interview. The analysis compares the similarities and differences within Nigeria, and between Nigeria and Ethiopia. The most perceptible contextual factors which influence infrastructural innovations in Nigeria include an electric energy supply, modernization of LRT and their stations, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), and seamless integration of LRT with other transport modes. The most conspicuous factors in Ethiopia are emergency ticket shops, seamless integration of LRT with other transport modes, and Non-Motorized Transport (NMT). Nigeria and Ethiopia both share the seamless integration of LRT with other transport modes. Therefore, academically analyzing contextual factors helps to unravel the poly-contextualization and context-specific decision-making processes in LRT implementation.

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Adugna, Dagnachew, Brook Lemma, Geremew Sahilu Gebrie, Larissa Larsen, Kumelachew Yeshitela, and Marina Bergen Jensen. "Stormwater impact on water quality of rivers subjected to point sources and urbanization - the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Water and Environment Journal 33, no. 1 (2018): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12381.

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Ingwani, Emaculate, Trynos Gumbo, and Tendayi Gondo. "The general information about the impact of water hyacinth on Aba Samuel Dam, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for ecohydrologists." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 10, no. 2-4 (2010): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10104-011-0014-7.

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Dibie, Robert, and Josephine Dibie. "The Dichotomy of Capacity Building and Unemployment in Ethiopia." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 2, no. 3 (2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v2i3.59.

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This paper examines the problems associated with youth capacity building and unemployment in Ethiopia. It argues that capacity building is a continuous process of development that could be accomplished through participation of the citizens in their own development. The dynamics of development at both national and grassroots levels in Ethiopia must involve the exposure of government change agents to participatory learning and action methodologies. The paper uses data derived from primary and secondary sources to analyze the problems associated with youth capacity building and unemployment in Ethiopia. The conceptual framework is based on the social constructionist, the build block model of development, monetarist and the Keynesian theories. The findings show that technical capacity building in Ethiopia will serve as a lever for economic and social development. There is, however, a negative correlation between the nation’s educational system and the kind of technical skills needed to achieve its sustainable development goals. In addition, the Ethiopian Government policies have not been able to effectively galvanize the private sector and NGOs to create more jobs for youths. Further, current government policy tends to focus on the supply side. Less emphasis has been placed on the demand side and comparable strategies to address the youth unemployment problems. The paper recommends that the in the new global economy, young people need to acquire more than just basic education, and curricula. They should be influenced by the current trends in of globalization, regional integration and technological transformation. The established public labour-intensive infrastructure projects in urban areas, like cobblestone, housing, Micro and Small Enterprises and others, need to be strengthened and supported by government, private sectors and NGOs, both technically and financially. Thus, government, private sector and NGOs should collaborate to establish a mechanism for a better and efficient approach to providing youth employment all over Ethiopia and in Addis Ababa in particular. It further suggests that appropriate monetary and fiscal policies are necessary for Ethiopia to effectively address its urban youth capacity building problems.

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Yilma, Mulugeta, Zebene Kiflie, Andreas Windsperger, and Nebiyeleul Gessese. "Application of artificial neural network in water quality index prediction: a case study in Little Akaki River, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 4, no. 1 (2018): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-018-0437-x.

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Dessie, Bitew K., Sirak Robele Gari, Adane Mihret, Adey F. Desta, and Bewketu Mehari. "Determination and health risk assessment of trace elements in the tap water of two Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Heliyon 7, no. 5 (2021): e06988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06988.

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Gebregiorgs, Merhatbeb. "Towards Sustainable Waste Management through Cautious Design of Environmental Taxes: The Case of Ethiopia." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093088.

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This research examines the viability of the design of environmental taxes in the achievement of sustainable waste management in the Addis Ababa Administration (AAA) of Ethiopia. It has employed an empirical qualitative method. It first shows the mutual contribution of the achievement of waste management to the progress of sustainable sanitation and water resource management. Secondly, it displays the distributive and incentive roles of environmental taxes in the achievement of sustainable waste management. Thirdly, it indicates that a cautious design of the source, base, scope and rate of environmental taxes is a critical determinant for environmental taxes’ overall success in addressing the prevalent waste mismanagement in Ethiopia. Fourthly, it demonstrates that in the AAA: (1) The sources of solid waste collection, landfill, sewerage service and effluent charges are subject to the principle of legality; (2) the scope of solid waste collection, landfill, sewerage service and effluent charges is appropriate; (3) while the base of sewerage service and effluent charges is efficient, the base of solid waste and landfill charges is not at all efficient; and (4) while the rates of solid waste, landfill and sewerage service charges are slightly optimal, the rate of the effluent charge has not yet developed. Fifthly, it reveals that, having a somewhat viable design, solid waste, landfill and sewerage service charges are marginally reinforcing the aspiration of Ethiopia to achieve sustainable sanitation. Sixthly, it uncovers that because Ethiopia has not yet developed the rate of effluent charge, effluent charge is neither internalizing the cost of water resource degradation nor incentivizing sustainable water resource management. Finally, it implies that the aspiration of Ethiopia to achieve sustainable sanitation and water resource management by 2030 is contingent on the cautious design of its waste management taxes.

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Mekonnen Girmay, Aderajew, Sirak Robele Gari, Azage Gebreyohannes Gebremariam, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, and Martin R. Evans. "Trichotomy of awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers towards food and water safety in food establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIMS Public Health 7, no. 2 (2020): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2020021.

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Aschale, Minbale, Yilma Sileshi, Mary Kelly-Quinn, and Dereje Hailu. "Evaluation of potentially toxic element pollution in the benthic sediments of the water bodies of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4, no. 4 (2016): 4173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.08.033.

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Bekele, Y. Y., A. J. Flisher, A. Alem, and Y. Baheretebeb. "Pathways to psychiatric care in Ethiopia." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 3 (2008): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003929.

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BackgroundUnderstanding the pathways to psychiatric care and recognition of delay points are crucial for the development of interventions that aim to improve access to mental health-care services.MethodOver a 2-month period in 2003, a total of 1044 patients at the commencement of new episodes of care at Amanuel Specialized Mental Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were interviewed using the encounter form that was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the study of pathways to psychiatric care.ResultsThe mental hospital was contacted directly by 41% of patients. The remaining patients sought care from up to four different caregivers before arriving at the psychiatric hospital. Where the initial service was not received at the psychiatric hospital, 30.9% of patients sought care from priests/holy water/church. The median delay between onset of illness and arrival at the psychiatric hospital was 38 weeks. The longest delays before arriving at the mental hospital were associated with having no formal education, joblessness, and diagnoses of epilepsy and physical conditions.ConclusionsImplementing a robust referral system and establishing a strong working relationship with both traditional and modern health-care providers, as well as designing a service delivery model that targets particular segments of the population, such as those who are uneducated, jobless and/or suffer from epilepsy and somatic conditions, should be the most important strategies towards improving mental health service delivery and shortening of undue delay for patients receiving psychiatric care in Ethiopia.

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Mengistu Tsidu, G., T. Blumenstock, and F. Hase. "Observations of precipitable water vapour over complex topography of Ethiopia from ground-based GPS, FTIR, radiosonde and ERA-Interim reanalysis." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 9 (2014): 9869–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-9869-2014.

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Abstract. Water vapour is one of the most important green house gases. Long-term changes in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere need to be monitored not only for its direct role as a green house gas but also because of its role in amplifying other feedbacks in general circulation models. In recent decades, monitoring of water vapour on regular and continuous basis is becoming possible as a result of increase in the number of deployed Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) ground-based receivers at a faster pace. However, Horn of Africa region remains a data void region in this regard until recently when some GPS ground-receiver stations have been deployed to monitor tectonic movements in the Great Rift Valley. This study seizes this opportunity and the installation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) at Addis Ababa to assess the quality and comparability of Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV) from GPS, FTIR, radiosonde and ERA-Interim over Ethiopia. The PWVs from the three instruments and reanalysis show good correlation in the range from 0.83 to 0.92. The radiosonde PWV shows dry bias with respect to other observations and reanalysis. ERA-Interim PWV shows wet bias with respect to all while GPS PWV exhibits wet bias with respect to FTIR. The intercomparison between GPS and ERA-Interim is extended to seven other GPS stations in the country. Despite the sensitivity of GPS PWV to uncertainty in surface pressure in general, observed surface pressure is used only at four GPS stations. The gain obtained from using observed surface pressure in terms of reducing bias and strengthening correlation is significant but shows some variations among the GPS sites. In contrast to comparison at Addis Ababa, the comparison between GPS and ERA-Interim PWVs over seven other GPS stations shows difference in the magnitude and sign of bias of ERA-Interim with respect to GPS PWV from station to station. This variation is also visible across different seasons. The main cause of the variation is linked to variation in ECMWF model skill over different regions and seasons which might be related to poor observational constraint from this part of the globe and sensitivity of model convection scheme to orography. The latter is consistent with observed wet bias over some highland stations and dry bias over few lowland stations. However, there are also exceptions to this inference at few stations suggesting other factors such as proximity to water bodies and vegetations might have a role. The skill of ECMWF in reproducing realistic PWV varies with season showing large bias during warm and wet summer for most of the GPS sites.

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Shimels, Tariku. "The Trend of Health Service Utilization and Challenges Faced During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Primary Units in Addis Ababa: A Mixed-Methods Study." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 8 (January 1, 2021): 233339282110311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333928211031119.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed an extraordinary challenge to the health and socio-economic facet of nations globally. Health facilities have encountered tremendous challenges to contain service delivery at all levels. This study aims to assess the trend of health service utilization and challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic at primary units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A multi-facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa between 1 and 30 of August 2020. A mixed-methods design was employed, and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected at 5 health centers. Facilities were selected randomly from 5 sub-cities while interviewees were recruited purposively. A structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from the HMIS units of each facility. Qualitative data was collected using a semi-structured key-informant interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and a 10-month time-series trend was generated. For the qualitative data, qualitative data analysis (QDA-minor) software was used. Results: Time-series comparison of the pre-COVID-19 era loads with the COVID-19 period showed that there was an extensive disparity in the service delivery capacity of the health facilities. A huge drop in inpatient flow of some units such as PICT, VCT, FP services, and most sub-units of the OPDs has been recorded following the COVID-19 outbreak. The key-informant interview also revealed that such challenges, as fear of infection and stigma, poor infrastructure, challenges related to human resources, and challenges related to the supply of prevention and treatment inputs were prominently encountered at the health centers. Conclusion: The COVID-19 wave has negatively impacted many service delivery points in the study settings. The presence of weak infrastructure, lack of PPEs, fear of the infection and stigma, and staff workload have been mentioned as the predominant challenges faced during the outbreak. Health authorities should arrange multifaceted supports to ensure uninterrupted service delivery at primary healthcare units.

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Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen, Sirak Robele Gari, Azage Gebreyohannes Gebremariam, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Martin R. Evans, and Gebreab Teklebirhan Gessew. "Longitudinal study of microbial load of drinking water and seasonal variation of water quality at the point of use in food establishments of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (2020): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.186.

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Abstract The study aimed to determine the status of microbial load of drinking water and seasonal variation of water quality. An institution-based longitudinal study was conducted. 1,141 food establishments were divided into slum and non-slum areas based on their location. Moreover, they were categorized as large and small food establishments. Then, 125 food outlets were selected using a simple random sampling technique. From the selected food outlets, 250 drinking water samples were collected directly from the drinking water storage in the rainy and the dry seasons. Data analysis was conducted using a repeated-measure ANOVA statistical model. The finding indicated that, 26.4% and 10.7% of the food establishments' drinking water was positive for Escherichia coli in the wet and the dry season, respectively. Moreover, 3.2% and 1.6% of the food establishments' drinking water had very high health risk to customers during the wet and the dry season, respectively. The drinking water at the point of use was found to be vulnerable to microbiological contamination and had a serious health risk. Therefore, good sanitation and proper handling of drinking water, and effective drinking water treatment, such as disinfection and filtration, should be practiced in all food establishments.

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Woldetsadik, Desta, Pay Drechsel, Bernard Keraita, Fisseha Itanna, and Heluf Gebrekidan. "Farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water contamination, health risks and risk management measures in prominent wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environment Systems and Decisions 38, no. 1 (2017): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-017-9665-2.

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Demlie, Molla, and Stefan Wohnlich. "Soil and groundwater pollution of an urban catchment by trace metals: case study of the Addis Ababa region, central Ethiopia." Environmental Geology 51, no. 3 (2006): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0337-7.

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Abiye, Tamiru Alemayehu, Hameed Sulieman, and Michael Ayalew. "Use of treated wastewater for managed aquifer recharge in highly populated urban centers: a case study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environmental Geology 58, no. 1 (2008): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1490-y.

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Sahiledengle, Biniyam, Yohannes Tekalegn, and Demelash Woldeyohannes. "The critical role of infection prevention overlooked in Ethiopia, only one-half of health-care workers had safe practice: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245469.

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Background Effective infection prevention and control measures, such as proper hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, instrument processing, and safe injection practicein the healthcare facilitiesare essential elements of patient safety and lead to optimal patient outcomes. In Ethiopia, findings regarding infection prevention practices among healthcare workers have been highly variable and uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimates the pooled prevalence of safe infection prevention practices and summarizesthe associated factors among healthcare workers in Ethiopia. Methods PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and the Cochran library were systematically searched. We included all observational studies reporting the prevalence of safe infection prevention practices among healthcare workers in Ethiopia. Two authors independently extracted all necessary data using a standardized data extraction format. Qualitative and quantitative analyseswere employed. The Cochran Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of safe infection prevention practice. Results Of the 187 articles identified through our search, 10 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of safe infection prevention practice in Ethiopia was 52.2% (95%CI: 40.9–63.4). The highest prevalence of safe practice was observed in Addis Ababa (capital city) 66.2% (95%CI: 60.6–71.8), followed by Amhara region 54.6% (95%CI: 51.1–58.1), and then Oromia region 48.5% (95%CI: 24.2–72.8), and the least safe practices were reported from South Nation Nationalities and People (SNNP) and Tigray regions with a pooled prevalence of 39.4% (95%CI: 13.9–64.8). In our qualitative syntheses, the odds of safe infection prevention practice were higher among healthcare workers who had good knowledge and a positive attitude towards infection prevention. Also, healthcare workers working in facilities with continuous running water supply, having infection prevention guideline, and those received training were significantly associated withhigher odds of safe infection prevention practice. Conclusions Infection prevention practices in Ethiopia was poor, with only half of the healthcare workers reporting safe practices. Further, the study found out that there were regional and professional variations in the prevalence of safe infection prevention practices. Therefore, the need to step-up efforts to intensify the current national infection prevention and patient safety initiative as key policy direction is strongly recommended, along with more attempts to increase healthcare worker’s adherence towards infection prevention guidelines.

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Asmr, Yohanis, Lemlem Beza, Hywot Engida, Tariku Bekelcho, Netsanet Tsegaye, and Yibeltal Aschale. "Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Standard Precaution against Blood Borne Pathogens among Doctors and Nurses at Adult Emergency Room in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Emergency Medicine International 2019 (April 23, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2926415.

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Background. Standard precautions are infection control techniques against pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Objective. This study aims to assess knowledge and practice of standard precautions against blood borne pathogens among doctors and nurses in adult emergency room, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted from February to March 2018. A total of 128 study participants selected from four public hospitals were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using standardized pretested questionnaire and thencoded, entered, checked for completeness, and analyzed using SPSS version-23 statisticalsoftware. Chi-square test was used to measure the association between variables. P values <0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Result. The mean knowledge score of standard precaution measures was 10.3 out of 14 knowledge items. Out of 32 doctors, 93.8% (n=30) have good knowledge and out of 91 nurses, 86.8% (n=79) have good knowledge. The mean practice level of the study subjects was 8.5 out of 12 practice items. Majority (73.6%) of nurses have good practice level than doctors (21.8%). Knowledge level was significantly associated with the presence of infection control officer, infection control guideline, and washing hands before touching patients. Profession, training, and the presence of infection control guideline in emergency room were significantly associated with practice level of respondents (P<0.05). Conclusion. Both nurses and doctors have good knowledge of standard precaution measures. However, nurses have better practice level than doctors. Orientation during employment and continuous training programs should be provided for the newly employed health workers. In addition sustainable supply systems should be available in each hospital management.

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Beyene, Abebe, Taffere Addis, Demeke Kifle, Worku Legesse, Helmut Kloos, and Ludwig Triest. "Comparative study of diatoms and macroinvertebrates as indicators of severe water pollution: Case study of the Kebena and Akaki rivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ecological Indicators 9, no. 2 (2009): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.05.001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water-supply – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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