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1
Evloeva D.U., Evloeva D. U. "PREDICTION OF EQUIPMENT OF THE HOUSING STOCK WITH WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE." Vestnik scientific and methodological council in environmental engineering and water management, no. 21 (2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2618-8732-2021-21-50-55.
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The article defines a well-maintained housing stock. The indicators of the level of improvement of the housing stock, characterizing the specific gravity of the living area, equipped with water supply, sewage, hot water supply, for the period 2000-2019, are analyzed. in Russia. Based on the analyzed data, a prediction was made for the arrangement of the housing stock with water supply and sewerage. Based on the prediction and their analysis, the main conclusions are made.
2
WATANABE, Haruhiko, Sheng Ping ZHANG, and Akira SAKAI. "A Stochastic Evaluation Model of Water Supply System Combined with Regional Water Stock Utilization after Earthquake." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 26 (1998): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.26.175.
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Pérez y Pérez, Luis, and Jesús Barreiro Hurlé. "Una nota sobre la recuperación de costes de los servicios del agua en la cuenca del Gállego." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 7, no. 13 (October 15, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2007.13.03.
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Up to date, water management in Spain has been focused on supply approaches, with the result of providing consumers with this resource at a low price. Developments in the institutional framework regulating water management in the European context (mainly the implementation of the Water Framework Directive) have shifted this approach in order to promote sustainable water use. To achieve this objective, tariff policy must now take into account the water services cost-recovery principle for its different uses. Within this context, this paper estimates the public capital stock related to water supply and assesses the existing level of cost-recovery related to that stock. The methodology used, compares the tax level needed for full-cost recovery with actual revenues from different water-related taxes. The case study area is Gallego River basin in Aragon, and results show the low cost- recovery level for most water services.
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Akers, Harry F., and Suzette A. T. Porter. "The 1945 - 1955 Queensland Artesian Fluoride Experience: A Unique Phenomenon within the Australian Wool Industry." Historical Records of Australian Science 18, no. 2 (2007): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr07007.
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Inquiries into the diminishing supply of artesian water within the Queensland aspect of the Great Artesian Basin began in 1939. These investigations produced a Queensland phenomenon without Australian precedent in terms of rationale, geographical diversity, and commitment of resources. In some regions, exposure of herds to fluoride emerged as an urgent issue because fluoride was perceived as an invasive, invisible, and odourless 'contaminant' in artesian water. This paper discusses the scientific background to, and management of, concerns over the consumption by stock of artesian water with a high concentration of natural bioavailable fluoride. The Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock managed the problem by scientific investigation, methodical field study, and the application of research findings to animal husbandry. The practical solutions arrived at involved rotation of stock on an age-related basis to and from certain bore supplies, fencing young sheep away from the artesian supply, fencing young sheep near the bore-head, and limiting the use of supplements.
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Ogunremi, J. B., A. K. Dauda, and F. O. Akor. "Methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply to fish farmers in Benue State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i1.373.
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Methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply to fish farmers in Benue State were studied. Data were obtained from one hundred and thirty three fish farmers' using multistage random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the respondents; data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square to test relationship between the variables. The result showed that 53.83% of the fish farmers source their fish seeds from the wild. Methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply through brood-stock management were culture method (97.10%), feeding (94.10%) and genetic composition (97.0%). The major constraints to the methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply were respondents' technical knowhow (99.2%), inconsistent government policy (99.20%), lack of government assistance (97.0%) and inadequate extension services (97.0%). The Chi square analysis showed significant relationship between brood stock management and methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply (p<0.05). Also, significant relationship existed between methods of improving the quality of fish seed supply and constraints, inadequate water supply, scarcity of feed, poor brood stock management and lack of government assistance. Government should encourage the fish seed production industry by providing infrastructures, formulation and effective enforcement of consistent policies and provision of credit facilities to fish farmers.
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Ebrahim, Girma Y., Jonathan F. Lautze, and Karen G. Villholth. "Managed Aquifer Recharge in Africa: Taking Stock and Looking Forward." Water 12, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071844.
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Climatic variability and change result in unreliable and uncertain water availability and contribute to water insecurity in Africa, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and where water storage infrastructure is limited. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), which comprises purposeful recharge and storage of surface runoff and treated wastewater in aquifers, serves various purposes, of which a prominent one is to provide a means to mitigate adverse impact of climate variability. Despite clear scope for this technology in Africa, the prevalence and range of MAR experiences in Africa have not been extensively examined. The objective of this article is provide an overview of MAR progress in Africa and to inform the potential for future use of this approach in the continent. Information on MAR from 52 cases in Africa listed in the Global MAR Portal and collated from relevant literature was analyzed. Cases were classified according to 13 key characteristics including objective of the MAR project, technology applied, biophysical conditions, and technical and management challenges. Results of the review indicate that: (i) the extent of MAR practice in Africa is relatively limited, (ii) the main objective of MAR in Africa is to secure and augment water supply and balance variability in supply and demand, (iii) the surface spreading/infiltration method is the most common MAR method, (iv) surface water is the main water source for MAR, and (v) the total annual recharge volume is about 158 Mm3/year. MAR schemes exist in both urban and rural Africa, which exemplify the advancement of MAR implementation as well as its out scaling potential. Further, MAR schemes are most commonly found in areas of high inter-annual variability in water availability. If properly planned, implemented, managed, maintained and adapted to local conditions, MAR has large potential in securing water and increasing resilience in Africa. Ultimately, realizing the full potential of MAR in Africa will require undertaking hydrogeological and hydrological studies to determine feasibility of MAR, especially in geographic regions of high inter-annual climate variability and growing water demand. This, supported by increased research to gauge success of existing MAR projects and to address challenges, would help with future siting, design and implementation of MAR in Africa.
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Repnikov, A. I., Yu P. Serdobintsev, and M. P. Kukhtik. "DEVELOPMENT OF A NEURAL NETWORK FOR DETERMINING THE CAVITATION STOCK OF PUMPING UNITS." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 3(250) (March 26, 2021): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2021-3-250-69-71.
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An automated emergency prevention system for the water supply system based on a neural network has been developed. The training sample is collected and loaded into the neural network. The algorithm of the neural network is developed and described. The constructed neural network protects the pumping equipment from cavitation.
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Nogueira, Mayra, Fernanda de Rezende Pinto, Ana Paula Nunes, Cintia Sobue Lorenzon Guariz, and Luiz Augusto do Amaral. "Effluents quality during the grow-out phase of the amazon shrimp macrobrachium amazonicum." Ciência Animal Brasileira 15, no. 2 (June 2014): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v15i219521.
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In recent years shrimp culture farms have been one of the most growing sectors in aquaculture. Research has been carried out in order to establish a sustainable production maintaining profit and low environmental impact. Current investigation analyzed source and effluent water produced during the final grow-out phase of the Amazon shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum). Twelve natural-bottom ponds, with continuous water flow and stock density comprising 40, 60, 80 and 100 young shrimps/m² were analyzed. The experiment design comprised totally randomized blocks with four treatments and three replications. Microbiological analyses for Escherichia coli was attempted, coupled to physical and chemical analyses for pH, temperature, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of water supply and pond effluents. Results show that whereas effluent quality complied with current legal rules, there was no significant difference between supply and effluent water for the analyzed variables and between stock densities. Under the conditions investigated and the intensification of culture in the final grow-out phase up to a density of 100 young shrimps/m², the production of M. amazonicum reveals low potential for environmental impact for the variables analyzed.
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Tadokoro, H., H. Koibuchi, S. Takahashi, S. Kakudou, Y. Takata, D. Moriya, and M. Sasakawa. "Water supply control system for smarter electricity power usage adopting demand-response scheme." Water Supply 20, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.143.
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Abstract Demand-response is a scheme in which electricity suppliers and consumers collaborate for smarter usage of electricity aiming to mitigate the gap between supply and demand. It makes electricity consumers receive incentives through curtailing or increasing power demand during a certain period subject to request from the power infrastructure. Water utilities, as heavy electricity consumers, could participate in the scheme through shifting power demand by modifying pump operation schedule, utilizing reservoirs' buffering stock capability. We developed a conveyance/transmission pump scheduling algorithm to be applied in the scheme that requires a quick modification of pumping schedule to respond to a request. In addition, we made test bedding through a simulation approach utilizing actual data from Osaka Water Supply Authority to show the scheme's potential for waterworks and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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Huynh, Tu Thanh, and Nghiem Van Truong. "Solutions to enhance job satisfaction of An Giang power and water supply joint stock company’s employees." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 3 (August 30, 2015): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.865.
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This article aims to identify factors that affect job satisfaction of employees of An Giang Power and Water Supply Joint Stock Company and suggest solutions to enhance their satisfaction. Six factors affecting the job satisfaction are as follows (ranked in the order of importance): (1) Training and promotion; (2) company policies; (3) co - workers; (4) working conditions; (5) leadership; and (6) the nature of work, in which all factors are found to have a positive correlation with the job satisfaction, except for the nature of work having a negative impact.
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Khao, Van, and Petr S. Lopuch. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND PROBLEMS OF WATER SUPPLY OF VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY GUIZHOU PROVINCE." Nature Management, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2079-3928-2020-2-53-63.
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The growing population of China determines the country's food security and the problem of water supply and the organization of rational water use in various sectors of the economy. The increase in irrigated land, traditional
farming systems, imperfect irrigation systems, pollution of surface waters cause an increase in water use problems both
in agriculture and in industry. Features of the renewal of water resources are associated with the widespread development of karst rocks in the province, the spatial and temporal features of the territory of Guizhou province, one of the densely populated regions of China.
Published and official stock sources were used to write the article. Using the example of low-water 2016 and highwater 2015 with an acute shortage of information, the materials of the article are quite representative and objectively represent the features of the formation of water resources and spatial problems of water supply in a monsoon climate. The growing population of China determines the country's food security and the problem of water supply and the organization of rational water use in various sectors of the economy. The increase in irrigated land, traditional farming systems, imperfect irrigation systems, pollution of surface waters cause an increase in water use problems both in agriculture and in industry. Features of the renewal of water resources are associated with the widespread development of karst rocks in the province, the spatial and temporal features of the territory of Guizhou province, one of the densely populated regions of China.
Published and official stock sources were used to write the article. Using the example of low-water 2016 and highwater
2015 with an acute shortage of information, the materials of the article are quite representative and objectively
represent the features of the formation of water resources and spatial problems of water supply in a monsoon climate.
It was revealed that the spatial and temporal distribution of surface water resources and their conditions for renewal are of paramount importance to ensure water supply. The role of surface water resources in providing agriculture in the province is especially significant. An imbalance has been established between the socio-economic development of
the province and the use of water
esources. The cities (Guiyang, Anshun and Liupanshui), located on the watersheds
of the Yangtze and Zhujiang rivers, have the greatest water deficit.
In addition, the mountainous relief in combination with the development of karst creates a complex picture of abnormal conditions for the replenishment of water resources due to atmospheric precipitation. The mosaic nature of natural
conditions against the background of seasonal climatic conditions requires an integrated management of water resources, taking into account the spatial regional features of the province, the development of hydrological and water zoning of the province, taking into account the peculiarities of the formation of runoff in small catchments.
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Guerrero-Baena, M., and José Gómez-Limón. "Insuring Water Supply in Irrigated Agriculture: A Proposal for Hydrological Drought Index-Based Insurance in Spain." Water 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040686.
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In Mediterranean-climate regions, irrigated agriculture is especially vulnerable to the risk of hydrological drought and irrigators are particularly concerned about its negative effects. During a hydrological drought episode, irrigators receive insufficient water to meet their crops’ water needs, giving rise to the so-called ‘water supply gap’. In such circumstances, agricultural production and irrigators’ incomes are considerably reduced. In order to minimize the negative effects associated with water supply gaps, a new index-based drought insurance scheme for irrigation is proposed, linked to the variable ‘stock of water available in reservoirs’. The proposal, although tailored to Spain, could be easily adapted to other countries or regions because the features of hydrological drought risk are similar worldwide. It is expected that the proposed scheme will improve drought risk management in irrigated agriculture, stabilizing irrigators’ incomes and guaranteeing the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the face of global change.
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Trotman, Audrey A., P. David, D. Mortley, and J. Seminara. "IMPACT OF NUTRIENT REPLENISHMENT ON HYDROPONIC SWEETPOTATO CULTURE." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 761d—761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.761d.
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In a greenhouse experiment, the effect of the addition of higher levels of potassium (K) in the replenishment stock used to supply nutrients in a nutrient film technique system was examined. For this study, `TU-82-155' sweetpotato was grown hydroponically for 120 days under four nutrient application/replenishment treatments: 1) REG—solution was changed at 14-day intervals and volume allowed to fluctuate; 2) MHH—replenishment with 10× concentrate of a modified half Hoagland solution (MHH) or with water to regain set volume (30.4 liters) and maintain set point of electrical conductivity (EC, 1050–1500 μmho); 3) MHH + 2K—daily replenishment with 10× concentrate of a modified half Hoagland solution (MHH) or with water to regain the set volume and adjust EC to 1400 followed by application of 50 ml of a 2K stock solution to an EC of 1500; 4) MHH/2K—replenishment with 10× concentrate of a modified half Hoagland solution that incorporated the 2K component or with water to regain set volume (30.4 liters) and maintain set point of electrical conductivity (EC, 105–1500 μmho). The storage root yield (g fresh weight per plant) was significantly higher when the 2K treatment was incorporated with the 10× MHH stock. The storage root yield averaged 324.8 g/plant compared with a yield of 289.6 and 252.9 g/plant, respectively, for the REG and MHH nutrient application protocol. As in earlier experiments, the MHH treatment was comparable to the REG protocol, validating the use of a replenishment approach for nutrient supply in hydroponic sweetpotato culture.
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Tan, Andrew Huey Ping, Eng Hwa Yap, and Yousif Abdalla Abakr. "A Complex Systems Analysis of the Water-Energy Nexus in Malaysia." Systems 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8020019.
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Water security plays a crucial role in maintaining livelihoods, especially emerging economies. In Malaysia, understanding the inter-relationships of water within the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is at its infancy. This paper investigates the interactions of the water sector with energy sector in Malaysia, through the lenses of WEF nexus, using system dynamics. The first part of the research involves qualitative interviews with key stakeholders in the water sectors, which provides validation for the initial causal loop relationships built and qualitative inputs of the water-energy nexus through the lenses of the water sector. The second part of the research is a quantitative simulation of stock and flow based on four carefully designed scenarios revolving around Malaysian water security. Key findings include an apparent disconnect between the states and federal governments in managing water supply, poor economic sustainability of the water supply and services industry, and significant energy use in the water sector. On the other hand, environmental impacts stemming from the water sector is minimal. Streamlining water governance and revising water tariffs have thus been suggested as policy recommendations, where their implementation could propagate into downstream benefits for the energy sector.
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Kasmi, Mauli, and Asriany, Karma. "The Relationship between Blue-Girdled Angelfish (Pomacanthus Navarchus) Exploitation and Availability for a Sustainable Fishery in South Sulawesi." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i1.10511.
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Blue-girdled angelfish, Pomacanthus navarchus is marine, expensive ornamental fish and is gaining popularity to be traded globally from which the social welfare increases. The study aims to (1) analyze exploitation status of fish regarding fish stock sustainability in South Sulawesi water, and (2) find out fish availability and demand in terms of exploitation level. Making the estimation of exploitation level, it applies optimum effort (Eopt) using FOX model; and making the prediction of fish demand and supply, it applies least square method. The findings indicate the exploitation status of fish in South Sulawesi water has been, in general, far above the total allowable catch (TAC), while the backward bending curve of fish availability indicates decreasing supply yet increasing fish price.
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Kamal, Athar, Sami G. Al-Ghamdi, and Muammer Koç. "Assessing the Impact of Water Efficiency Policies on Qatar’s Electricity and Water Sectors." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144348.
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Water and electricity have a unique relationship in the modern world as one requires the other in a complex system of networks to supply the utility to the customers. This energy–water interaction is especially peculiar in the Gulf Cooperation Council, where there are limited water resources, but extremely high use rates. Qatar provides a unique case in terms of extreme water scarcity and excessive water use. To understand the intricate network, this paper establishes an updated and comprehensive qualitative model of the water system in the country with the help of a water balance and system dynamics (causal loop diagram) methodology. Regression estimates are then used to estimate future water and energy consumption in addition to carbon dioxide emissions until the year 2050. Finally, system dynamics (stock and flow diagram) is used to determine the supply impacts of efficiency policies including limiting of groundwater abstraction to only 50 million m3, reduction of water consumption in the household, commercial and industrial sector by 10%, and gradual increase in the share of reverse osmosis (RO)-produced desalinated water to 50% in order to assess the supply volume, electricity consumption and CO2 emissions. The efficient use of water in different sectors of the economy results in a combined saving of 1222 GWh (8.1%) or 594,000 tons CO2. Furthermore, by moving to membrane-based desalination technology energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 3672 GWh (24.3%) and 1.8 million tons CO2, respectively. Further results suggest that while replacing groundwater with desalinated water can increase the energy consumption significantly, reuse of treated wastewater has almost the same footprint as groundwater, but can increase the resilience of the system considerably as groundwater abstraction levels are lowered to their renewal rates.
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Jacob, Damien, Philippe Ackerer, Husam Musa Baalousha, and Frederick Delay. "Large-Scale Water Storage in Aquifers: Enhancing Qatar’s Groundwater Resources." Water 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172405.
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Qatar’s water resource has been largely overexploited, leading to the severe depletion of its aquifers and degradation of water quality due to saline intrusions. Qatar envisions employing regional aquifers to store water via forced injection of desalinated water and thus increase available from a few days to two months. A strategy for the implementation of forced injections is proposed based on a spatially distributed model of groundwater flow at the scale of the whole country. The model is based on calibration under steady-state flow conditions and for a two-dimensional single regional aquifer due to the lack of data. Injection scenarios include various mean injection rates at the scale of the whole system and are interpreted under the assumption that the additional storage should feed 2.7 M inhabitants for two months at a rate of 100 L/person/day. When this water supply stock is reached, the model is run to define the infiltration rate, which allows the stock to remain constant over time as a result of an even balance between infiltrations, withdrawals and also leaks or inlets through the boundary conditions of the system.
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Oki, T., and S. Kanae. "Virtual water trade and world water resources." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0456.
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Global virtual water trade was quantitatively estimated and evaluated. The basic idea of how to estimate unit requirement of water resources to produce each commodity is introduced and values for major agricultural and stock products are presented. The concept of virtual water and the quantitative estimates can help in assessing a more realistic water scarcity index in each country, projecting future water demand for food supply, increasing public awareness on water, and identifying the processes wasting water in the production. Really required water in exporting countries is generally smaller than virtually required water in importing countries, reflecting the comparative advantage of water use efficiency, and it is estimated to be 680 km3/y for 2000. On the contrary the virtually required water for the same year is estimated to be 1,130 km3/y, and the difference of 450 km3/y is virtually saved by global trade. However, solely virtual water should not be used for any decision making since the idea of virtual water implies only the usage and influence of water and no concerns on social, cultural, and environmental implications. Virtual water trade also does not consider other limiting factors than water.
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Bátor, M., and L. Danková. "The structure analysis of the Norway spruce stands after schematic thinning in the 1st protected zone of water-supply storage." Beskydy 6, no. 2 (2013): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201306020099.
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The water-supply storages are important resources of drinking water in some regions of Slovakia, especially in surrounding of Banská Bystrica. Málinec is one of the three storages in this region. In protected zone of this storage are planted Norway spruce (hereinafter „spruce“) stands monocultures because of ensuring required water quality in storage. There are 24 years old spruce stands without admixture of deciduous trees in the upper layer. Understory is formed by blackthorn (PRP 1). On this locality was carried out geometric (schematic) thinning what is not recommended in protected zones because of worse influencing of soil permeability, humus decomposition and open forest edge creating. There was identified one older permanent research plot (PRP) and established one new PRP where was performed own measurements. Into the PRPs there are transekts and remaining area. Acreage of PRP is 0,234 and 0,315 ha. On the whole area were measured tree diameter and assessed tree classes (5 degrees–Polanský 1955). Moreover, on transekts were measured tree and also crown height. Based of measured variables were calculated stand characteristics like slenderness ratio, crown ratio, growing stock and basal area. If it is possible, these were compared with older results. The aim of this work is evaluation of spruce stands structure and their stability after schematic thinning. This kind of silvicultural treatment is absolutely unfit in stands with specific (water-protested) function (Slodičák et al. 2010). These stands are from the perspective of static stability too unfit–basal area and abundance of trees is nearly as in yield tables (Kolektív 1992) but growing stock is much higher and a lot of trees is too slim. The slenderness ratio is from 75 to 90 %. But the crown lenght is quite good with crown ratio 52–64 %. In these ages of stands are crowns reduced too much. Suitable individual thinning has been in these stands neglected (growing stock is higher than normal). There is assumed reduced stand lifetime after schematic thinning. Current stand structure is due to the young age inappropriate.
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Grynevych, N. "Вплив згодовування плідникам райдужної форелі ганаміновіту на виживання заплідненої ікри та передличинок." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 73 (January 4, 2017): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7307.
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The aim of research was a study the effect of influence of feeding by feed supplement of Ganaminovit the breeding stock of rainbow trout on the state of fertilized eggs and pre-larvae. The task of research was to study influence of Ganaminovit on the survival of fertilized eggs and on the productive effect of larvae in the conditions of the closed water-supply. The breeding stock of rainbow trout were fed by the extruded mixed fodders with Ganaminovit in 2015 during two months to and after spawning and in 2016 before spawning. The influence of feeding rainbow trout breeding stock, along with extruded feed vitamin supplements – Ganaminovit on the survival rate of fertilized eggs and pre-larvae for the mass of 0.3 g. It is established that in conditions of closed water system in the pre-spawning and after-spawning periods of the breeding stock of rainbow trout requires additional vitamin supplements, other than those included in the modern extruded food. The introduction supplements for two months, before incubation, promotes more rapid recovery of the body in after-spawning period and enhances immunity and high survival rates of eggs and of pre-larvae for the mass of 0.3 g. Mortality of eggs in the control group of breeding stock at the stage of the eye was 61.7%, and the increase of weight of the larvae during transition to active feeding in 2015–0,041 g. In 2016, these figures were higher and amounted to respectively 79.4% of and 0.052 g.
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Korol, Oleg, and Anna Dudina. "Engineering and Technical Support of Territories for Implementation of Renovation Projects of the Housing Stock." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 06027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199706027.
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This scientific article researches features of preparations for the construction of renovation projects areas on the example of the city of Moscow. The purpose of the article is to examine and study features of preparations for the construction of renovation projects areas, these feature’s being one of the factors determining energy efficiency activities application at a construction site. Statistical data compilation method, regulatory documents examination method and method of review, comparison and consolidation of information are used in this paper. In the context of the research engineering equipment provision of housing stock renovation sites is analysed and renovation areas classification based on water, heat and power supply system’s provision is provided. As a result of the analysis of five renovation areas, a number of specific features of renovation areas engineering equipment provision are identified. For the most part Moscow renovation areas are divided into two forms: energy-deficient (EP) which lack reserve margins of fuel and power resources; energy-excessive (ER) which have an excess supply of fuel and power resources. Energy-balanced areas (EB) are considered to be of the highest possible level of renovation areas development.
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Plyusnina, Ekaterina, and Vera Akristiniy. "Repair strategy for housing stock engineering systems to improve energy efficiency." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124405023.
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The article discusses problems of current interest concerning the housing and utility sector associated with increasing the level of comfort of living by constantly improving measures for carrying out planned and un-scheduled repairs and surveys. This work provides a methodology for justi-fying the choice of a repair strategy for engineering systems of water sup-ply and sewerage in the process of operating the housing stock, the imple-mentation of which will contribute to the timely and rational repairs and inspections of buildings engineering systems. This will allow systematical-ly eliminating engineering systems malfunctions, predicting and planning the optimal quantity and chronology of repair and restoration activities by maintaining the technical condition of the engineering system elements within the permissible limits during the standard service life.The main goal of the research in the presented material is to substantiate the methodology for choosing a repair strategy for water supply and sewerage systems dur-ing the operation of apartment buildings.The optimal periodicity for the re-pair of engineering systems depends on the failure rate of elements and the costs associated with the execution of all operational activities.Three op-tions considered for organizing repairs of engineering equipment.Applied in actual practice the technique of choosing the repair strategy of engineer-ing systems for selecting the optimal option to organize repairs of engi-neering equipment.
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SHUVALOV, Mikhail V., and Alexander K. STRELKOV. "DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAIN COLLECTOR OF RAIN SEWAGE AND CENTRALIZED TREATMENT FACILITIES OF THE SURFACE FLOW OF THE VOLGA STOCK IN SAMARA." Urban construction and architecture 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.04.10.
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The main design decisions of the design and working documentation for the construction of the main collector of rain sewage and centralized treatment facilities for surface runoff of the Volga slope in Samara are presented. The route of the main collector of rain sewerage adopted in the project provides the possibility to connect eleven existing releases of untreated surface sewage located in the zones of sanitary protection of water intakes of the drinking water supply system of Samara. The scheme for the purifi cation of surface wastewater envisages a four-step treatment of water, including disinfection with UV irradiation.
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Dóka, Lajos. "Relationship between the change of soil moisture content of different soil layers and maize yield." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 59 (April 23, 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/59/1996.
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The development of chernozem soil water management and its relationship with maize yields was studied in a 30-years long-term field experiment with different crop-rotation systems (mono-, bi- and triculture), in three crop years with different natural precipitation: a drought (2007), a wet (2008) and a dry (2009 one. The relevant soil layer was divided to three sub-layers: (0–60 cm, 61–120 cm, 121–200 cm) in which the development of soil moisture content was investigated during the whole vegetation. From the results it can be stated that change of the water stock of the upper soil layer (0–60 cm) was the most intensive. Both the direct effect of natural precipitation and irrigation could be observed in the most obvious way in it. Yield result of maize and the highest water supply deficit values in the vegetation were compared in our work too. According to the results it was revealed that among the three studied crop rotation systems it was the monoculture, the success of production of which depends the most of water supply. The most favourable crop rotation system was the triculture from both the aspect of the yield of produced crops and the favourable soil properties too.
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Morales Mora, Miguel A., Rene D. Martínez Bravo, Carole Farell Baril, Mónica Fuentes Hernández, and Sergio A. Martínez Delgadillo. "An Integrated Approach to Determining the Capacity of Ecosystems to Supply Ecosystem Services into Life Cycle Assessment for a Carbon Capture System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020622.
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In the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, it is not possible to carry out an integrated sustainability analysis because the quantification of the biophysical capacity of the ecosystems to supply ecosystem services is not taken into account. This paper considers a methodological proposal connecting the flow demand of a process or system product from the technosphere and the feasibility of the ecosystem to supply based on the sink capacity. The ecosystem metabolism as an analytical framework and data from a case study of an LCA of combined heat and power (CHP) plant with and without post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) technology in Mexico were applied. Three scenarios, including water and energy depletion and climate change impact, are presented to show the types of results obtained when the process effect of operation is scaled to one year. The impact of the water–energy–carbon nexus over the natural infrastructure or ecological fund in LCA is analyzed. Further, the feasibility of the biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) from this result for Mexico is discussed. On the supply side, in the three different scenarios, the CHP plant requires between 323.4 and 516 ha to supply the required oil as stock flow and 46–134 ha to supply the required freshwater. On the sink side, 52–5,096,511 ha is necessary to sequester the total CO2 emissions. Overall, the CHP plant generates 1.9–28.8 MW/ha of electricity to fulfill its function. The CHP with PCC is the option with fewer ecosystem services required.
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Zehnsdorf, Andreas, Michael Blumberg, and Roland A. Müller. "Helophyte mats (wetland roofs) with high evapotranspiration rates as a tool for decentralised rainwater management – process stability improved by simultaneous greywater treatment." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.126.
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Abstract Redensification of the housing stock is also creating challenges for the drainage of wastewater and rainwater in existing sewer systems, particularly in growing cities. One alternative here is the evaporation of rainwater, which reduces hydraulic loads on sewers. Rainwater evapotranspiration using helophyte mats on building roofs is a possible approach. Helophytes are able to transpire considerably more rainwater than extensively planted green roofs. Other than conventional green roofs helophyte mats in the form of wetland roofs require a permanent water supply on a daily basis. Greywater application can be an additional advantage in terms of nutrient supply of the wetland roof after being treated microbiologically within the plant carrier mat. The treatment of greywater using a helophyte-planted roof can help to meet the water and nutrient requirements of the helophytes even during rain-free periods. However, it must be ensured that the root mat treats the greywater to a sufficient extent. It was shown under practical conditions that a 0.1 m-thick helophyte mat is suitable for treating typical domestic greywater at loads of up to 15 L m−2 d−1.
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Jager, Henriette I., Rebecca A. Efroymson, and Latha M. Baskaran. "Avoiding Conflicts between Future Freshwater Algae Production and Water Scarcity in the United States at the Energy-Water Nexus." Water 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040836.
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Sustainable production of algae will depend on understanding trade-offs at the energy-water nexus. Algal biofuels promise to improve the environmental sustainability profile of renewable energy along most dimensions. In this assessment of potential US freshwater production, we assumed sustainable production along the carbon dimension by simulating placement of open ponds away from high-carbon-stock lands (forest, grassland, and wetland) and near sources of waste CO 2 . Along the water dimension, we quantified trade-offs between water scarcity and production for an ‘upstream’ indicator (measuring minimum water supply) and a ‘downstream’ indicator (measuring impacts on rivers). For the upstream indicator, we developed a visualization tool to evaluate algae production for different thresholds for water surplus. We hypothesized that maintaining a minimum seasonal water surplus would also protect river habitat for aquatic biota. Our study confirmed that ensuring surplus water also reduced the duration of low-flow events, but only above a threshold. We also observed a trade-off between algal production and the duration of low-flow events in streams. These results can help to guide the choice of basin-specific sustainability targets to avoid conflicts with competing water users at this energy-water nexus. Where conflicts emerge, alternative water sources or enclosed photobioreactors may be needed for algae cultivation.
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Tanaya, Toko, Kenta Watanabe, Shoji Yamamoto, Chuki Hongo, Hajime Kayanne, and Tomohiro Kuwae. "Contributions of the direct supply of belowground seagrass detritus and trapping of suspended organic matter to the sedimentary organic carbon stock in seagrass meadows." Biogeosciences 15, no. 13 (July 3, 2018): 4033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4033-2018.
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Abstract. Carbon captured by marine living organisms is called “blue carbon”, and seagrass meadows are a dominant blue carbon sink. However, our knowledge of how seagrass increases sedimentary organic carbon (OC) stocks is limited. We investigated two pathways of OC accumulation: trapping of organic matter in the water column and the direct supply of belowground seagrass detritus. We developed a new type of box corer to facilitate the retrieval of intact cores that preserve the structures of both sediments (including coarse sediments and dead plant structures) and live seagrasses. We measured seagrass density, total OC mass (OCtotal) (live seagrass OC biomass (OCbio) + sedimentary OC mass (OCsed)), and the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of OCsed and its potential OC sources at Thalassia hemprichii dominated back-reef and Enhalus acoroides dominated estuarine sites in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. At points with vegetation, OCbio accounted for 25 % and OCsed for 75 % of OCtotal; this contribution of OCbio to OCtotal is higher than in globally compiled data. Belowground detritus accounted for ∼ 90 % of the OC mass of dead plant structures (> 2 mm in size) (OCdead). At the back-reef site, belowground seagrass biomass, OCdead, and δ13C of OCsed (δ13Csed) were positively correlated with OCsed, indicating that the direct supply of belowground seagrass detritus is a major mechanism of OCsed accumulation. At the estuarine site, aboveground seagrass biomass was positively correlated with OCsed but δ13Csed did not correlate with OCsed, indicating that trapping of suspended OC by seagrass leaves is a major mechanism of OCsed accumulation there. We inferred that the relative importance of these two pathways may depend on the supply (productivity) of belowground biomass. Our results indicate that belowground biomass productivity of seagrass meadows, in addition to their aboveground morphological complexity, is an important factor controlling their OC stock. Consideration of this factor will improve global blue carbon estimates.
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Moglia, Magnus, Stephen Cook, and Sorada Tapsuwan. "Promoting Water Conservation: Where to from here?" Water 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111510.
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This paper reports on a review of international water conservation efforts, but with a particular focus on the Australian context. The aim is to take stock of the current understanding of water conservation, in particular: what influences people’s decision to conserve water, what influences whether people persist with water conservation behavior and what contributes to awareness and familiarity of water conservation behaviors. We also explore how all these factors jointly can achieve water savings over time, and the efficacy of past efforts to save water. Subsequently, this is used to identify where leading practice for managing water conservation is heading, which we argue is the application of recent developments in behavioral science and advances in smart metering to personalize water conservation programs. To support individualized water conservation efforts, we need more longitudinal studies of water conservation behavior, a greater focus on behavioral science, as well as the development of modelling tools that embed insights and lessons of this research into decision support capability. This can help to develop the capacity to better implement water conservation programs that respond to short-term water scarcity crises, such as droughts, while also providing persistent reductions in per-capita water demand that can help meet strategic water planning needs, such as deferring or downsizing capital investment in supply infrastructure to accommodate demands associated with population growth.
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Biudes, JFV, AFM Camargo, and MNP Henares. "Impact of maintenance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man, 1879 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) broodstock on the water used in culture ponds." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 4 (November 2011): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000500006.
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Aquaculture production generates social and economic benefits, but can also cause environmental impacts. The objectives of this study were: a) to characterise the impacts caused by the maintenance of broodstock of the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water used in culture ponds, and b) to evaluate the relationship between the biomass of the prawns and the impact of culture on the water used in the ponds. Between January and December 2004, we determined, monthly, the biomass of M. rosenbergii by means of biometrics, and the physical and chemical variables of the supply and effluent water from a pond used to maintain breeding stock. The results showed that the effluent water had higher contents of chlorophyll-a, suspended particulate matter (SPM), pH, dissolved oxygen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and dissolved Kjeldahl nitrogen (DKN), inorganic nitrogen (IN), total (TP) and dissolved phosphorus (DP), and P-orthophosphate than the supply water. The highest biomass of M. rosenbergii occurred in April (127.0 g.m-2) and the lowest in August (71.5 g.m-2), and there were positive linear correlations between the biomass of the prawns and the intensity of the increases in TKN, DKN, IN, TP, and DP of the water used in the pond. The maintenance of broodstock of M. rosenbergii increased the chlorophyll-a, SPM, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents of the water in the pond. Additionally, the increase in the biomass of the prawns intensifies the export of nitrogen and phosphorus from the pond in the effluent.
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Santos, Michael M., João C. G. Lanzinha, and Ana Vaz Ferreira. "Proposal for a Methodology for Sustainable Rehabilitation Strategies of the Existing Building Stock—The Ponte Gêa Neighborhood." Designs 5, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs5020026.
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Having in mind the objectives of the United Nations Development Agenda 2030, which refers to the sustainable principles of a circular economy, it is urgent to improve the performance of the built environment. The existing buildings must be preserved and improved in order to reduce their environmental impact, in line with the need to revert climate change and reduce the occurrence of natural disasters. This work had as its main goal to identify and define a methodology for promoting the rehabilitation of buildings in the Ponte Gêa neighborhood, in the city of Beira, Mozambique, with an emphasis on energy efficiency, water efficiency, and construction and demolition waste management. The proposed methodology aims to create a decision support method for creating strategic measures to be implemented by considering the three specific domains—energy, water, and waste. This model allows for analyzing the expected improvement according to the action to be performed, exploring both individual and community solutions. It encompasses systems of standard supply that can reveal greater efficiency and profitability. Thus, the in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of urban space and buildings allows for establishing guidelines for the renovation process of the neighborhood.
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Nordblom, Thomas L., Andrew F. Reeson, John D. Finlayson, Iain H. Hume, Stuart M. Whitten, and Jason A. Kelly. "Price discovery and distribution of water rights linking upstream tree plantations to downstream water markets: experimental results." Water Policy 13, no. 6 (June 28, 2011): 810–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.085.
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This paper reports controlled experiments on markets linking downstream water entitlement holders with upstream landholders wishing to establish large tree plantations. The present study tackles the question of whether it matters who owns the initial water rights. Coase's (1960) theorem suggests initial endowments will not affect final equilibrium outcomes, in terms of water prices and water rights held by the various parties. That theorem is tested through experiments with human subjects who blindly represent different groups of water users. These are land owners in upstream water supply sub-catchments and downstream urban, irrigation and ‘stock & domestic’ water users, each with pre-specified marginal values of water. These values and equilibrium results calculated in an earlier modelling study provide the theoretical base for evaluating the new results. In the experiment the initial endowments of water rights were shifted between the up and downstream participants. Strong ‘endowment effects’ were observed; participants who held the greatest initial endowments often traded away fewer units than predicted by the theoretical model and captured greater shares of the gains of trade. Including new tree plantations in the market for permanent water entitlements can engender positive changes in economic surpluses in all sectors, with greater levels of social equity and protection of downstream wetland assets. This is in sharp contrast with reductions in river volumes reaching downstream parties and environmental assets in the absence of regulations requiring purchase of entitlements to cover extra water use by new plantations.
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Vicary, Dianne, Sara Salman, Nicolas Jones, and Trudi Aspden. "Hawke’s Bay pharmacists’ activities during a campylobacter contamination of public water supply in Havelock North during 2016." Journal of Primary Health Care 12, no. 2 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19110.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONIn August 2016 contamination of the local water supply resulted in a significant gastroenteritis outbreak in Hawke’s Bay. The significance of the initial test result was recognised early, partly as a result of information provided by a Havelock North pharmacist to health authorities about an unusual number of requests for anti-diarrhoeal medication. AIMTo describe the breadth of activities undertaken by pharmacists working in Hawke’s Bay in August 2016, following Campylobacter jejuni contamination of the public water supply in Havelock North, New Zealand. METHODSAll pharmacists and hospital pharmacy management staff working in Hawke’s Bay in 2017 were eligible to complete the qualitative online questionnaire. Additionally, information was requested from stakeholders with known relevant experiences. Free-text responses were thematically analysed using a general inductive approach. RESULTSThirteen pharmacists and two ancillary staff from community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, general practice, management, emergency response and dispensary management responded to the survey. Analysis of responses revealed three overarching themes and six sub-themes. The first was public wellbeing, with sub-themes of community information, local emergency response and pharmacy operational management. The second was pharmaceutical distribution, with a sub-theme of stock management. The third theme was clinical medicine management, with sub-themes of acute symptom management and medicine management. DISCUSSIONThe pharmacy profession appears to have played an important role in public wellbeing, pharmaceutical distribution and medicine therapy management during the outbreak. It is likely that through their actions, responding pharmacists reduced demand on other primary care services and prevented hospitalisations. Further research directions include exploring the effectiveness of community pharmacists in public health surveillance and the use of endorsed public health information to ensure consistent delivery of health messages.
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Grzebisz, Witold, and Remigiusz Łukowiak. "Nitrogen Gap Amelioration Is a Core for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture—A Concept." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030419.
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The main reason for the development of the yield gap in crop production is the inefficient management of nitrogen (N). The nitrogen gap (NG) cannot be ameliorated without an indication and quantification of soil characteristics that limit N uptake by a crop plant. The insufficient supply of N to a plant during its cardinal stages of yield formation is a result of two major-variabilities. The first is spatial variability in the soil characteristics responsible for water supply to a plant, also serving as a nutrient carrier. The second is a vertical variability in soil factors, decisive for pools of available nutrients, and their in-season accessibility to the grown crop. The long-term strategy for NG cover should focus first on soil characteristics (humus stock, pH, nutrient content) responsible for water storage and its availability to the currently grown plant. Diagnostics of plant nutrient availability should deliver data on their contents both in the topsoil and subsoil. The combined use of both classical diagnostic tools and spectral imagery is a way to divide a single field into units, differing in productivity. Remote-sensing techniques offer a broad number of tools to define the in-season crop canopy requirement for fertilizer N in homogenous field units.
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Topchiy, Oleksiy. "IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING AND COMMUNAL ECONOMY: REGIONAL ASPECT." Economic Analysis, no. 30(1, Part 2) (2020): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.02.166.
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Introduction. The introduction of innovative technologies for housing development is aimed primarily at optimizing the range of services in accordance with the needs of the population and streamlining their use in the context of sustainable development. The aim of the article is to improve the use of innovative technologies for modernization and development of housing and communal services at the regional level. Methods (methodology). The general scientific methods, in particular theoretical generalization - for generalization of features and the basic directions of introduction of innovative technologies in a cut of the basic functional spheres of housing and communal services are investigated; system economic analysis - for calculations of indicators of technical condition and efficiency of centralized water supply systems in the regions of Ukraine. Results. Peculiarities and main directions of introduction of innovative technologies in the context of the main functional spheres of housing and communal services, namely: technologies of modernization of housing stock in the context of providing energy saving are investigated; directions of modernization and increase of energy efficiency of heat and power supply systems, resource-saving and ecologically safe systems of water supply, drainage and sewage treatment; introduction of alternative energy sources to strengthen the energy security of urban agglomerations; optimization of urban transport systems in the direction of expanding the scope of urban transport and improving its environmental friendliness, development of information technologies for traffic management, stimulating the transition to environmentally friendly modes of transport. Problems and perspective possibilities of introduction of innovative technologies in the housing and communal sphere are systematized taking into account foreign experience.
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Hariyadi, Masad, and Boy Isma Putra. "Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Nalco Water Treatment Dengan Menggunakan Metode Lot Sizing." PROZIMA (Productivity, Optimization and Manufacturing System Engineering) 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/prozima.v2i2.2199.
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The limited supply of Nalco raw materials from producers has become a problem for PT ABC, this has led to the control of raw material inventory at PT ABC not including good management, because in the management of raw materials the company still records inventory with manual systems and in ordering raw materials only based on estimates. From the results of the study, the forecasting method used is the Double Exponential Smoothing Holt's, Brown, and Holt Winters Additive Algorithm methods, from the three methods that are most suitable is the Double Exponential Smoothing Brown method with the smallest Mean Square Error of 256.2. Calculation of Sizing Lot by using Economic Order Quantity method, Least Unit Cost method, and Silver Meal method, of the three methods the most optimal is the Economic Order Quantity method because it has the lowest cost of Rp. 12,651,145. The calculation of Safety Stock gets 17 Pail results. and for Reorder Points for Nalco Water Treatment raw material, which is 29 Pail.
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Chicherin, Stanislav. "Analysis of procedures for heating, ventilation and air conditioning for transfer to low-temperature heat supply." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.3.8.
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Introduction. Renovation of housing stock supposes construction of new buildings, where the main utilities consuming heat energy will be heating and hot water supply (HWS) systems. Under such conditions the task of heat consumption reduction by transfer to low-temperature and use of the associated procedures is relevant. Materials and Methods. Research was performed on the basis of residential and administration buildings designed within the whole Russia, the facilities were selected based on the year of putting into operation and their purpose. The source of data concerning buildings became documents included into the scope of the design and detailed documentation: plans, drawings and explanatory notes. As meeting the demands of hot water supply makes the main contribution to daily nonuniformities of heat energy consumption, the attention was paid to equipment of hot water supply systems. For calculations, the commercial product of Microsoft Office Excel 2010 was used. Results. During selection of roof boiler house as a source of heat supply increase in consumption of equivalent fuel in relation to the variant of connection to heat power plant operating on solid fuel by 187,314 tons of fuel oil equivalent is possible. General refusal from power-and-heat generation complicates operation of large district heat supply systems. The design parameters of coolant in building heating system differ from project to project: from 95/70 °С, used everywhere till the beginning of the XXI century, up to 90/65 °С corresponding to existing practice of designing or 80/60 °С as at the facility in Sevastopol. Reduction of design temperatures by 5 % is insufficient to decrease general heat consumption of the building. Reduction of heat consumption is explained by selection of advanced materials for pipeline heat insulation. Use of automation diagrams for heat points on the basis of regulator ECL Comfort 310 contributes to improvement of hydraulic control for heating systems, however, concealed automation results in violation of high-quality mode for heat network control and decrease of coolant parameters on adjacent (often non-automated) consumers. Conclusions. Supplement of central high-quality control by local constant temperature/variable flow control at individual heat unit and installation of temperature controllers on heating radiators with mechanical thermostatic head have potential for reduction of the heat energy volume used ineffectively. Increase in level of controllability for heating system together with cheaper and responsive automation systems are basic conditions for increase in quality of heat supply in future.
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Ellis, T. W., S. Leguédois, P. B. Hairsine, and D. J. Tongway. "Capture of overland flow by a tree belt on a pastured hillslope in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 44, no. 2 (2006): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05130.
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We describe a rainfall simulator experiment designed to measure the capture, by a fenced tree belt, of excess water generated as Hortonian flow from a pasture slope. Three rainfall events (48, 49, and 75 mm/h for 13, 30, and 30 min, respectively) were applied, of which 15%, 29%, and 44%, respectively, ran off and drained onto the tree belt. The tree belt captured 100%, 32–68%, and 0–28% of the runoff from the 3 events, respectively. These captured runoff volumes represented 31–39%, 22–45%, and 0–29% increases in water supply to the trees, in addition to incident rainfall. Infiltration rates within the tree belt were up to 46% higher than in the pasture zone. This higher infiltration was mainly attributed to better soil surface conditions in the absence of stock and a 50-mm layer of tree litter. Overland flows within the tree belt formed tree litter into microterraces, which spread and slowed flows and allowed greater time for infiltration.
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Campbell, Lachlan. "Wimmera River (Victoria, Australia) – Increasing Use of a Diminishing Resource." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0058.
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The Wimmera River is central western Victoria's most important river, rising in the Grampians National Park, filling storages that supply the major water supply to the vast Wimmera and Mallee regions. It passes through the Little Desert National Park, an area of significant scenic, recreation, historical and conservation value and terminates in Victoria's largest inland freshwater lakes (Lakes Hindmarsh and Albacutya). The brittleness of the whole closed Wimmera River system, and the over committal of the water resources was brought to the public's attention when appeals were lodged against the proposal to licence a discharge of high standard secondary effluent from an extended aeration oxidation ditch and lagoon treatment facility at Horsham. Residents, user and community groups, Municipal Councils and Government Departments, aware of the deterioration of the Wimmera River had somewhere to focus their attention. Victoria's and possibly Australia's longest environmental appeal, lasting twenty-five days, and a State Environment Protection Policy, determined that all major point sources of nutrients should be removed from the River. More resources for clearing of unwanted emergent weeds, more facilities for protection of Crown Land and catchments generally, and the implementation of environmental summer flows as piping of the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic System proceeds, are all required. A River Management Board with strength, wealth, good public relations and a dedication to the task could make the Wimmera River an example for all Australia and a tourist attraction of immense value to the region.
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Feyrer, Frederick, Matthew L. Nobriga, and Ted R. Sommer. "Multidecadal trends for three declining fish species: habitat patterns and mechanisms in the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-048.
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We examined a 36-year record of concurrent midwater trawl and water quality sampling conducted during fall to evaluate habitat trends for three declining fish species in the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA: delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). Generalized additive modeling revealed that Secchi depth and specific conductance were important predictors of occurrence for delta smelt and striped bass, while specific conductance and water temperature were important for threadfin shad. Habitat suitability derived from model predictions exhibited significant long-term declines for each species; the southeastern and western regions of the estuary exhibited the most dramatic changes. Declines in habitat suitability were associated with anthropogenic modifications to the ecosystem. For delta smelt, an imperiled annual species endemic to the estuary, the combined effects of fall stock abundance and water quality predicted recruit abundance during recent years of chronically low food supply. Our results are consistent with existing evidence of a long-term decline in carrying capacity for delta smelt and striped bass and demonstrate the utility of long-term data sets for evaluating relationships between fish and their habitat.
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Moglia, Magnus, Grace Tjandraatmadja, and Ashok K. Sharma. "Exploring the need for rainwater tank maintenance: survey, review and simulations." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.021.
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Rainwater tanks are a common feature of the urban landscape in Australia and globally. In Brisbane, Australia, provision of alternative water in new homes is mandatory and to meet this requirement rainwater tanks are considered an important option. The water savings of rainwater tanks can help defer investments in supply infrastructures. An emerging concern is that there is currently no mechanism in place for making sure that the household rainwater collection systems are maintained and in a good condition. In fact, in many locations, there is growing concern about whether the condition of this asset stock is adequate. The paper presents: a synthesis of required basic water tanks maintenance tasks; a short overview of published literature on householder motivations for maintenance; a synthesis of existing information about the condition of tanks, based on literature; simulation model results identifying the relationship between frequency of inspections and the (stationary) proportion of tanks with different types of problems; and the results of a survey to identify judgements about water tank maintenance in the region by professionals and plumbers. The paper concludes that there is a need for collecting more data and that mechanisms need to be in place to ensure the ongoing condition of tanks.
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Fernández-Agüera, Jesica, Samuel Domínguez-Amarillo, and Miguel Ángel Campano. "Characterising Draught in Mediterranean Multifamily Housing." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082433.
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Social housing dating from the postwar years through the end of the twentieth century is one of the major stores of European cities’ residential stock. As it is generally characterised by a poor thermal performance and an inefficient control of energy consumption, it constitutes one of the main targets for residential heritage renewal. This study aimed to locate and quantify air leaks across building envelopes in Mediterranean multifamily housing with a view to curbing the uncontrolled inflow of outdoor air that has a direct impact on occupant comfort and housing energy demand. Airtightness tests conducted in a series of protocols to quantify draught across envelope elements were supplemented with qualitative infrared thermographic and smoke tests to locate leakage pathways. Air was found to flow mainly across façade enclosures, primarily around openings, as well as through service penetrations in walls between flats and communal areas accommodating electrical and telecommunication wires and water supply, domestic hot water (DHW), and drainage pipes. The general absence of evidence of draught across structural floors or inter-flat partitions was consistent with the construction systems in place.
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Liao, Y., W. L. Wu, F. Q. Meng, P. Smith, and R. Lal. "Increase in soil organic carbon by agricultural intensification in northern China." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (November 28, 2014): 16497–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-16497-2014.
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Abstract. Agricultural intensification has contributed greatly to the sustained food supply of China's 1.3 billion population over the 30 year period during 1982–2011. Intensification has several and widely recognized negative environmental impacts including depletion of water resources, pollution of water bodies, greenhouse gas emissions and soil acidification. However, there have been few studies over this period on the impacts of intensification on soil organic carbon (SOC) at the regional level. The present study was conducted in Huantai county, a typical intensive farming region in Northern China, to analyze the temporal dynamics of SOC influenced by climate and farming practices. The results indicate that from 1982 to 2011, SOC content and stock in the 0–20 cm layer of the cropland increased from 7.8 ± 1.6 to 11.0 ± 2.3 g kg–1 (41%) and 21 ± 4.3 to 33.0 ± 7.0 Mg ha–1 (54%), respectively. The SOC stock (0–20 cm) of the farmland for the entire county increased from 0.75 to 1.2 Tg (59%). Correlation analysis revealed that incorporation of crop residues significantly increased SOC, while increase in the mean annual temperature decreased the SOC level. Therefore, agricultural intensification has increased crop productivity and contributed to SOC sequestration in Northern China. In the near future, more appropriate technologies and practices must be developed and implemented for a maintenance or enhancement of SOC in this region and elsewhere in Northern China, that also reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions, since the climate benefit from the additional SOC storage is estimated to be smaller than the negative climate impacts of N2O from N fertilizer additions.
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Herz, R. K., and A. T. Lipkow. "Strategic water network rehabilitation planning." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0083.
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This paper presents the approach taken and the tools developed and advanced within the European research project CARE-W (Computer Aided REhabilitation of Water networks) for strategic rehabilitation investment planning as a complement to short-term performance monitoring and annual rehabilitation (rehab) budget allocation planning. In a first step, future rehab needs are quantified with a cohort-survival model from the present stock of assets taking into account the specific service lives of its components. Utility managers may choose in the short and medium range from many rehab options: doing more or less, sooner or later, on particular network components and with specific rehab technologies at lower or higher cost. So, in a second step, alternative medium-term rehab programs are specified and tested for their effects. The annual costs and benefits of these alternative rehab programs are forecast with the cohort-survival model beyond the rehab program period to capture the long-term effects of rehabilitating these long-lived assets. Advantages and disadvantages of alternative rehab programs are systematically compared to find out which one is most appropriate under local constraints. However, whereas the survival of network components can be forecast over very long periods with sufficient accuracy, many other characteristics of the water supply system that must be considered for finding the best network rehab strategy may take unforeseeable paths into the far future. Therefore, a scenario writing tool was developed allowing consistent scenarios for particular water utilities to be created and to test whether the alternative rehab programs are robust enough to meet all eventualities of the future. This approach is illustrated by a case study from East Germany.
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Boscha, Elika, Evy Arida, and Donan Satria Yudha. "Dorsal Colour Patterns of Asian Water Monitor, Varanus salvator Collected for Trade in Cirebon, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i2.43.
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The Asian water monitor, Varanus salvator, has been exploited for its skin and meat in Indonesia. We found evidence of trade on this species in the greater Cirebon area in the province of Jawa Barat and linked the trade to raw skin supplies for local craft markets. Skins of water monitor distributed on Java were unique in their pattern, where a series of yellowish and dark grey scales that form a round shape called ocelli are arranged into two compact transverse bands on the back near the front limbs. This unique pattern found in our sample may be useful to identify the origin of skins collected for trade and the subsequent craft products. However, this pattern was absent in the craft products available for display in one of the warehouses visited for this study. On the other hand, we observed stockpiles of water monitor raw skins at the warehouses and found a slight difference in the dorsal color pattern. These raw skins in stock were lacking in “double banded” pattern on the dorsal side and were likely to be originated from other areas in Indonesia, possibly Sumatra or Kalimantan. Live animals for sale at the warehouses maybe used for other purposes than to supply materials for local craft industry, for example meat consumption or feed for catfish.
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Zheng, Tao, Haihua Cao, Wei Liu, Jingcheng Xu, Yijing Yan, Xiaohu Lin, and Juwen Huang. "Characteristics of Atmospheric Deposition during the Period of Algal Bloom Formation in Urban Water Bodies." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061703.
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Urban water bodies are limited by poor mobility, small surface areas, and little water supply; thus, they are sensitive to atmospheric nutrient inputs, especially during the optimal period of algae growth. This study investigated the impact of atmospheric deposition on the Quyang urban water body in Shanghai. Observations that coupled atmospheric organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous and the actual urban water body (nutrient availability and Chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a)) were conducted during spring and summer. Atmospheric total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (N-NH4+) and total phosphorus (TP) deposition ranged from 35–81, 3–40, 0.79–20.40 and 0.78–0.25 mg m−2 d−1, respectively. The soluble N/P molar ratios of the bulk deposition (ranging from 56–636) were well above the Redfield ratio (N/P = 16). Nutrient inputs from atmospheric deposition have been suggested to be a strong factor for increasing the likelihood of P limitation in the water bodies. The actual loads to small, shallow urban water bodies were assessed and found to be ~50, 130, 130 (the N-fixation contributes to the atmospheric deposition inputs especially during the spring), and 80% of TOC, TN, N-NH4+, and TP, respectively, representing nutrients transferred into the water phase. The maximum primary production (evaluated as Chl-a) stock resulting in a 2-m-deep water column from the above inputs ranged from 2.54–7.98 mg Chl-a m−3. As a continuous source of nutrients, atmospheric deposition should not be underestimated as a driving force for urban water body eutrophication, and it potentially influences primary production, especially during the optimal algae growth period.
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Vilk, M. F., O. O. Sinitsyna, Oksana S. Sachkova, and I. A. Konoval. "CURRENT ISSUES OF ANTI-EPIDEMIC AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF PASSENGER OBJECTS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 1376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-12-1376-1379.
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Rail transport is recognized in the world as one of the most environmentally friendly modes of transport. It connects numerous regions and districts of the country, ensures the vital activity of all sectors of the economy, the implementation of social programs, economic and national security of the state, actively affects the development of interregional and international relations. However, rail passenger facilities are objects of mass concentration of people, and in this connection there is an “unfavorable” combination of the main epidemiological factors, such as an increased risk of simultaneous infection of a large number of people and the rapid spread of infectious diseases. To ensure comfortable and safe conditions for the passage of passengers and the work of road fitters, it is necessary to improve the system of anti-epidemic and environmental safety. The improvement of the system of anti-epidemic and environmental safety of passenger railway transport facilities was carried out in the following areas: the creation of advanced rolling stock with the availability of modern life support systems; the introduction of environmentally friendly toilet facilities, installations for cleaning and disinfecting air and water in rolling stock and at station complexes; development of modern technologies for disinfection, disinsection and disinfestation; substantiation of the use of modern technology for the collection and disposal of solid household waste; the use of modern safe polymer-containing construction and finishing materials with complex characteristics of hygienic, fire-prevention and environmental safety; ensuring biological safety in the event of emergency situations in railway transport; development of occupational health and safety requirements for railway workers. Also, in order to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, work is underway to reduce the anthropogenic impact through the modernization of rolling stock and engineering structures. In particular, work is underway to transfer boilers to heating with ecological fuel, promising passenger rolling stock is produced and operated with a centralized power supply.
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Alexakis, Lykourgos-Christos G., Tudor A. Codreanu, and Samuel J. Stratton. "Water and Power Reserve Capacity of Health Facilities in the Greek Islands." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 2 (February 13, 2014): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14000077.
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AbstractIntroductionGeographically isolated islands are vulnerable during natural or technological disasters. During disasters, island health facilities should be able to secure power and water in order to continue operations.ObjectiveThis study sought to determine the existence of Greek island health facility backup systems for water and power. When such systems existed, reserve capacity was quantified and compared to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Hospital Safety Index standards.MethodsA standardized, self-administered questionnaire was sent to major health care facilities belonging to the national health system in all Greek islands. The biggest facility available in each island was included (hospital, health center, or health post). For Crete and Euboea, all hospitals were included.ResultsFifty-four of 85 facilities queried (27 hospitals, 17 health centers and 41 health posts) responded, for a response rate of 64%. Responding to the survey were 16 hospitals, 12 health centers and 26 health posts. In 70% of responding facilities (all 16 hospitals, 10 health centers, and 12 health posts) a backup water tank was available, while 72% (all 16 hospitals, 11 health centers, and 12 health posts) had a backup power supply system. Twenty-seven facilities provided data on water reserve, with 15 (56%) reporting a reserve for three or more days. Twenty facilities provided data on fuel stock and power consumption; six (30%) had energy reserves for more than 72 hours, and eight (40%) had reserves for 24-72 hours.ConclusionsGreek state-supported island health facilities responding to the questionnaire had water and power reserves for use in an emergency. Health centers and health posts were less prepared than hospitals. Of the responding health facilities, half had a water backup system and approximately one-third had power backup systems with reserves that would last for at least 72 hours.AlexakisLC, CodreanuTA, StrattonSJ. Water and power reserve capacity of health facilities in the Greek islands. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-5.
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Chowdhury, Milon, Md Shaha Nur Kabir, Hyeon-Tae Kim, and Sun-Ok Chung. "Method of pump, pipe, and tank selection for aeroponic nutrient management systems based on crop requirements." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 51, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2020.1028.
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The system-specific selection of aeroponic nutrient system components, specifically pumps, pipes, and tanks, is very important to improve system efficiency and minimize costs, as these components vary for different systems with different crop water requirements and design specifications. In this study, methods were suggested for determining the most suitable sizes of pumps, pipes, and tanks based on the plant water consumption and irrigation interval targeted to improve the usual procedures to design an aeroponic nutrient management system, and applied to a case. Factors affecting the size calculation are discussed, and calculation methods were suggested based on basic hydraulic principles. A recycle-type aeroponic nutrient management system, cultivating 500 plants in 21 plant beds, was considered for a case study. Application of the size calculation methods in the case study showed that an irrigation pump with a 37 Lmin–1 flow rate at 900 kPa capacity and nutrient pumps with a 5 Lmin–1 flow rate at 40 kPa capacity with 19-mmdiameter pipes were required to deliver the mixed nutrients and supply stock solutions into the mixing tank, along with nutrient mixing, stock nutrients, and distilled water tanks of 750, 40, and 685 L, respectively. Calculation was demonstrated to show the variations in the sizing of the pumps, pipes, and tanks by number of plants. Validation tests were performed for the selected irrigation pump capacity, and the results showed that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and root-mean-square error (RMSE) values were 0.410, 0.98, 0.109 Lmin–1 and 0.775, 0.99, 34.91 kPa for flow rate and pressure, respectively. The case study also showed that these sizing procedures increased the plant bed coverage efficiency of the irrigation pump by 33%, while increasing the nutrient mixing tank size by 133%. This study would provide useful information on the efficient sizing of pumps, pipes, and tanks for minimizing costs and maximizing crop production in aeroponic nutrient management systems.
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Gleason Espíndola, José Arturo, Fernando Cordova, and Cesar Casiano Flores. "The importance of urban rainwater harvesting in circular economy: the case of Guadalajara city." Management Research Review 41, no. 5 (May 21, 2018): 533–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-02-2018-0064.
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Purpose This paper aims to associate two fields of research: circular economy and the restoration of water cycle through the implementation of rainwater catchment systems in urban zones. Design/methodology/approach This study considers the case of the metropolitan zone of Guadalajara, México. This urban concentration is the second largest in Mexico. It faces floods each year with a cost of over US$26m, while demand of water has a production cost over US$24m. At the same time, the aquifers are drying due to uncontrolled urbanization and increasing the impervious area over the recharge zones. In addition, rainwater is combined with wastewater, elevating the cost of the wastewater treatment because the amount and quality of water to treat exceeds the systems’ capacity. This situation causes floods and decreases the availability of ground water. These problems are reflected in the imbalance of parameters of water cycle and a new approach is needed. The circular economy model can help to preserve one of our most vital resources. Scarcity is already so pronounced that we cannot reach many of our desired economic, social and environmental goals. Technologies that help balance supply and demand can also help water (both stock and flow) to become part of a circular model. To prove this, the authors present a hypothetical scenario based on a pilot project and a basin modeling of Guadalajara, Mexico. Findings Through this paper, it is possible to demonstrate that rainwater harvesting can play an important role in circular economy. Using the rainwater catchment systems, the cost of damages caused by floods could be decreased, the demand of water could be reduced, cost of production can be reduced, the aquifers can be recharged and the wastewater treatments can be improved. Originality/value Few papers have been developed to associate two fields of research (circular economy and the restoration of water cycle), using rainwater catchment systems as the central element.