Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water supply options

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Water supply options'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water supply options"

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Wolff, Gary. "Calculating constant-reliability water supply unit costs." Water Policy 10, no. 1 (2007): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.032.

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Water planners facing a choice between water “supply” options (including conservation) customarily use the average unit cost of each option as a decision criterion. This approach is misleading and potentially costly when comparing options with very different reliability characteristics. For example, surface water, desalinated seawater or recycled wastewater and some outdoor demand management programs have very different yield patterns. This paper presents a method for calculating constant-reliability unit costs that adapts some concepts and mathematics from financial portfolio theory. Comparison on a constant-reliability basis can significantly change the relative attractiveness of options. In particular, surface water, usually a low cost option, is more expensive after its variability has been accounted for. Further, options that are uncorrelated or inversely correlated with existing supply sources—such as outdoor water conservation—will be more attractive than they initially appear. This insight, which implies options should be evaluated and chosen as packages rather than individually, opens up a new dimension of yield and financial analysis for water planners.
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Wilf, Mark. "RO Processes Offer Water Supply Options." IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse 1, no. 1 (2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ida.2009.1.1.21.

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Boyden, Brace, and Cindy Wallis-Lage. "Water Reuse Options to Expand Water Supply Portfolios." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 11 (2010): 5272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798193437.

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Smakhtin, Vladimir, Peter Ashton, Allan Batchelor, et al. "Unconventional Water Supply Options in South Africa." Water International 26, no. 3 (2001): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060108686924.

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Jercich, Scott A. "California's 1995 Water Bank Program: Purchasing Water Supply Options." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 123, no. 1 (1997): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1997)123:1(59).

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Lewis, Amy C., Joanne Hilton, and Robert Vocke. "WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS IN A NEW MEXICO WATER PLANNING REGION." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41, no. 3 (2005): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03760.x.

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Fadul, Eiman, and Bob Reed. "Domestic water supply options in Gezira irrigation scheme." Waterlines 29, no. 2 (2010): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2010.012.

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Haider, Wolfgang, and Harun Rasid. "Eliciting public preferences for municipal water supply options." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 22, no. 4 (2002): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-9255(02)00017-3.

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Dale, Larry. "Electricity price and Southern California’s water supply options." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 42, no. 4 (2004): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.03.002.

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Fane, S., J. Robinson, and S. White. "The use of levelised cost in comparing supply and demand side options." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (2003): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0025.

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This paper explores the use of levelised cost in planning for infrastructure networks. Levelised cost provides a useful measure comparing supply or conservation options on varying scales on an equivalent basis. Comparison is made to annualised cost, a metric often used as a means of comparing different supply side options. Urban water supply is used as the primary example, however levelised cost is equally applicable to other infrastructure networks, such as electricity or gas. The levelised cost is calculated as the ratio of the present value of projected capital and operating cost of an option to the present value of the projected annual demand supplied or saved by the option. The paper demonstrates that levelised cost is the constant unit cost of supply, provided by an option at present value. It is also the average incremental cost of the option at the point of implementation. When translated to a unit cost, annualised cost does not account for unutilised capacity in large scale schemes, systematically under-representing actual costs. By using levelised cost this inherent bias is removed. Use of levelised cost would facilitate the inclusion of smaller scale and more incremental supply options into infrastructure networks providing both economic and environmental benefits.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water supply options"

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Murtaugh, Katharine A. (Katharine Ann). "Analysis of sustainable water supply options for Kuwait." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34582.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-84).<br>This thesis considers several options for improving the sustainability of Kuwait's water supply system. The country currently relies heavily on desalination and brackish groundwater extraction. The options considered for increasing the flux of potable water into Kuwait include expanding the desalination capacity, importing water from other countries, expanding the uses of reclaimed wastewater, and rainfall harvesting. Options for water storage are also considered, including both aquifer and surface systems. Case studies are presented which demonstrate the potential for indirect potable use of Kuwait's highly purified wastewater, and the importance of a storage reservoir as part of such a system. In order to assess the feasibility of rainfall harvesting, a model was constructed to simulate the runoff processes in the Rawdhatain drainage basin in northern Kuwait. Due to the coarse resolution of the input data, reasonable results could not be obtained using the input parameters gathered from available data.<br>(cont.) However, through sensitivity analysis, it was discovered that relatively minor variations in soil properties throughout the watershed could produce significant volumes of runoff during extreme rain events. Storage was considered for the small lens of fresh groundwater beneath the Rawdhatain basin or in a surface reservoir constructed in the drainage depression there. All of these options should continue to be considered as Kuwait attempts to expand its water supply in a sustainable manner, though further study will be needed especially in order to understand the hydrologic system at Rawdhatain more thoroughly.<br>by Katharine A. Murtaugh.<br>M.Eng.
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Nguyen, Vinh T. T. "Rural water supply in the Virginia coalfield counties." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020317/.

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Dale, Cari K. "Achieving effective asset management for water and wastewater utilities: A comparison of policy options for a special district and a medium city." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2812.

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This project developed a model for effective asset management drawn from successful programs in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Asset management practices were examined at the City of Ontario Utilities Department; a medium sized utility, and also at the Rainbow Municipal Water District, a small sized utility. Gaps between the ideal model and the existing practices were investigated.
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Zhuang, Yilin. "A System Dynamics Approach to Integrated Water and Energy Resources Management." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5164.

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Water and energy are two of the most important resources for societal prosperity and economic development. It is clear that water and energy are intrinsically linked together and depend on one another in modern society. To date, however, efforts on water-energy nexus concentrate on quantifying the energy use in water cycle or the water use in energy production. From management perspective, water and energy are still managed separately. Little work has been done to investigate the impacts of the management options associated with one resource on the other and examine the integrated water and energy management options. Accordingly, the overall goal of this study is to examine the integrated management options for long-term regional water and energy resources management with consideration of their interactions through a system dynamics approach. System dynamics is based on systems thinking, which focuses on the system structure and offers a deeper insight into problems. It can link ecological, human, and social elements of water and energy systems in one modeling platform to investigate their interactions A four-step system dynamics modeling process was used in this study, which includes problem articulation, model formulation, model testing, and scenario design and simulation. Tampa Bay region was chosen as the study area, which is located on the west central coast of Florida and estuary along the Gulf of Mexico. This study considered a 100-year time scale with monthly interval, the first 30 years of which are used for model validation and the rest of which are for simulation. In order to investigate the interrelationship between water and energy systems, two sub-models (i.e., water sub-model and energy sub-model) were developed first. The water sub-model is composed of sectoral water demand (agriculture, industry, municipality, and energy sector), water supply (surface water, groundwater, reclaimed water, and water imports), and water quality and energy consumption associated with water supply. The result shows that surface water level increases by 1.32~1.39% when considering water quality and 1.10~1.30% considering both water quality and energy consumption. There is a slight decrease in groundwater storage (0.02~0.08%) compared with the reference behavior. The result also reveals that water conservation education is the most effective option to reduce the freshwater withdrawals (~17.3%), followed by rebates on indoor water-efficient appliances (~15.4%). Water loss control has a high potential to reduce freshwater withdrawals but it is not effective currently due to limited budget. The implementation of minimum surface water level reduces the surface water withdrawal by 26 MGD (million gallons per day) and requires alternative water supply sources to meet the water demands. The energy sub-model consists of sectoral energy demand (agriculture, industry, municipality, and water sector), energy supply (coal, natural gas, oil, and electricity), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water pollution associated with energy supply. The result finds that cost of fuels is the primary concern of determining the energy mix for power generation. The current electricity mix in the study area consists of 35.4% fuels from coal, 44.6% from natural gas, and 20% from oil. When considering the environmental impacts associated with energy supply, this percentage of coal reduces to 10.6%, and GHG emissions and water pollution can be reduced by 22% and 43% accordingly. The result also shows that energy price is most effect of reducing the demand (~16.3%), followed by energy conservation education (~10.6%). Rebates on household appliances are the least effective option (~3.6%) due to consumers' low willingness to pay. Combining the supply decision incorporating environmental impacts and the demand option of energy price increase, the reductions of GHG emissions and water pollution can reach 37% and 55%, respectively. The integrated model is developed by linking the water and energy models through the interactions between water and energy systems identified by the system archetypes. The result shows that water demand is reinforced by energy demand, and vice versa. This growth, however, is limited by water and energy availability. The result also reveals that some decisions to solve the problems of one resource result in the problems of the other resource. The increase of water price is one of these, which decreases the water demand by 24.3% but leads to increase of the energy demand by 1.53% due to the use of reclaimed water. Rebates on indoor water-efficient appliances are effective to reduce both water and energy demands largely due to the household energy use in water heating. In addition, this study demonstrates that integrated management options can improve the uses of water and energy, but decisions without considering each other may lead to more issues. For example, reclaimed water, a supply management option considering the energy, can increase the water balance index by 27.3% and the energy balance index by 0.14%; it can also reduce the water pollution by 11.76% and the GHG emissions by 13.16%. Seawater desalination, a supply management option without integrated consideration, intends to decrease the water shortage but eventually increases the water balance index by 29.7%. It also causes the increases in water pollution and GHG emissions by 89.79% and 14.53%, respectively. Similarly, solar energy presents the advantage in increasing the balance indices and reducing the environmental impacts. This study is an initial attempt to link water and energy systems to explore integrated management options. It is limited by the data availability, assumptions for model simplification, and lack of consideration of climate change. The recommendations for future study include (a) employing a more accurate projection or representation of precipitation, (b) testing the energy model with local data, (c) considering water and energy allocation between different users under shortages, (d) examining the environmental impacts associated with bay water withdrawal for power generation, (e) investigating the water and energy use under climate change, and (f) involving stakeholders early in model development and continuous participation in policy analysis.
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Chiliboyi, Yvonne. "Evaluation of low-cost technology options for sustainable water supply and sanitation in two peri-urban areas of Lusaka, Zambia: opportunities and constraints." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7960.

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Presently, at least 70% of the total urban population in Zambia resides in peri-urban areas. Peri-urban settlements are characterized by high population growth, high poverty levels and inadequate access to water and sanitation which often result in increased prevalence of diseases. The situation is even made worse because of the position that many local authorities have taken regarding the implementation of infrastructure and service development in these settlements. Local authorities in developing countries have continuously focused on implementation of traditional and unsustainable technologies for service provision to meet the demand despite the technologies’ inability to serve the rapidly growing peri-urban areas. These technologies have high costs, lack proper operation and maintenance, and are not affordable to majority of peri-urban residents. Therefore, this study was set out to identify and evaluate the existing and possible low-cost technology options for sustainable water supply and sanitation in two selected peri-urban areas of Lusaka, Zambia, namely Kanyama and Chazanga. This was achieved through a household survey conducted in the selected communities. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were held in the respective areas to obtain baseline data on the current water supply and sanitation situation, the type of technologies used, challenges faced regarding water and sanitation technologies, and to get the communities perceptions and preferences of different technology options. Thereafter, a Multi-Criterion Analysis methodological approach was used to assess the selected technologies by the communities, taking into consideration of the economic, socio-cultural, technical, institutional and environmental aspects. Results from the study revealed that a few low-cost water supply and sanitation technologies are feasible for peri-urban areas. For Chazanga, communal taps, boreholes, protected wells, and rain water harvesting were found to be feasible for water supply. For sanitation, on-site sanitation services such as compost toilets, dry toilets, as well as Ventilated Improved Pits (VIP) and Pour-flush, Fossa Alterna and the Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT) are some of the low-cost technologies that can be implemented in the area. The VIP is suitable for households that rely on water from communal taps for their use. As majority of households in the area have taps on their plots, the Pour-flush can be an alternative. The Fossa Alterna and the Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT) have low initial cost and can accommodate different households. Additionally, the area has a lower household size and majority of the residents in the area landlords, which makes it easy to teach users how the toilet operates as well as its maintenance. For Kanyama, feasible and sustainable low-cost water supply facilities include boreholes and communal taps. Kanyama has limited plot sizes thereby causing the challenge of implementing infrastructure such as rainwater harvesting. Additionally, continuous increase in urban population in the area, coupled with the construction of unregulated households and sanitation facilities, renders protected wells not feasible to implement in Kanyama. In terms of sanitation, wet on-site sanitation facilities such as Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines are accepted by the community. The VIP does not require water for use and if properly constructed can be used as a bathroom. The Pour-flush toilet is also another alternative for provision of sanitation in the area. However, the latrine can be expensive to construct for majority of the residents. Dry sanitation such as the Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT) is not feasible for Kanyama. The UDDT requires continuous awareness on its use especially in rented households where tenants are constantly changing. The method of evaluating appropriate technology options for peri-urban areas and thereafter letting the users from the communities choose from the proposed technologies ensures a participatory approach. Results from Multi-Criterion Analysis (MCA) showed that stakeholders’ influence is essential for the selection of sustainable technology options. However, it is important that the implementation process of any technology in peri-urban areas consider different aspects including the local environmental, socio-cultural, economic, technical, and institutional conditions. Finally, the outcome of this study will not only provide baseline data for successful implementation of appropriate low-cost water supply and sanitation technology options in Chazanga and Kanyama, but also other peri-urban communities in Zambia.
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GOMES, RODRIGO KLIM. "THERMAL DESALINATION AS AN OPTION FOR WATER SUPPLY: A STUDY OF THERMAL DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY AND PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19356@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>A dessalinização térmica é uma técnica utilizada em diversas partes do mundo para produção de água. Países como Estados Unidos, Israel, Espanha e Grécia utilizam esse tipo de sistema em grande escala, garantindo um abastecimento constante para alguns pontos de seu território e contribuindo para o aperfeiçoamento dos sistemas de produção. No Brasil, apesar da vasta bacia hidrográfica e da existência de grandes reservatórios subterrâneos, a dessalinização térmica poderia ser vista como alternativa de produção para apoiar o desenvolvimento agrícola e industrial em algumas regiões, criando também melhores condições sociais para a população beneficiada, especialmente no nordeste brasileiro. Nessa dissertação propomos um método para avaliação preliminar de diversos cenários para implantação de tais sistemas. A avaliação aborda inicialmente a definição do dessalinizador, realizada através das formulações disponíveis em trabalhos acadêmicos que têm como base a Primeira Lei da Termodinâmca. Tais formulações foram adaptadas para o caso em estudo. Em seguida são avaliados os principais parâmetros para viabilidade do projeto, tais como Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e Índice de Lucratividade (IL), de forma a demonstrar se o projeto seria ou não viável. Para consolidação da metodologia utilizada foi criado um programa que permite a avaliação de diversos cenários de maneira independente, sendo de fácil acesso e de grande flexibilidade para o usuário interessado neste tema.<br>Thermal desalination is a technology used in many places for water production. Some countries use desalination to produce big volume of water, like USA, Israel, Spain and Greece, aiming for the steady supply of water to some specific regions, contributing to the improvement of production systems. In Brazil, inspite of the huge volume of water available through the rivers, thermal desalination should be considered as an alternative for water production supporting the development of country for food production and for industry, specially in the northeastern region. In this work, a method of evaluation for different water supply needs was conceived, in order to perform the preliminary evaluation of this kind of system. It begins with the definition of the thermal desalinator which will compose the production system. This first step was based on First Law of Thermodynamics formulations available in technical articles used as reference. After technical analysis, the main parameters used for the study of feasibility are defined, for example, the Net Present Value. The methodology extracted from reference articles was simplified and converted into an algorithm, developted for an easy evaluation of different situations.
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Books on the topic "Water supply options"

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company), Bristol Water (Waterworks. The options for your water supply. Bristol Water PLC, 1993.

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1933-, Küffner Ulrich, and Le Moigne, Guy J.-M., 1932-, eds. Using water efficiently: Technological options. World Bank, 1993.

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Tsuchiya, Sakaru. Technical report on investment options for rural water supply, Vanuatu. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Pacific Operations Centre, 1995.

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Smerdon, T. Sustainable housing: Options for independent energy, water supply and sewerage. Building Services Research and Information Association, 1997.

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Kumar, M. Dinesh. Demand management in the face of growing water scarcity and competition in India: Future options. Institute of Rural Management Anand, 2001.

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Doyle, Martin K. A study on the Irish water supply: Funding related topics and future options. University College Dublin, 1994.

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Thirsty country: Options for Australia. Allen & Unwin, 2008.

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Rice, Teresa A. Agricultural to urban water transfers: An assessment of the issues and options. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, 1993.

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Stanford, Melissa J. Water supply assurance and drought mitigation: Options for state regulatory commissions and key stakeholders. National Regulatory Research Institute, 2002.

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Seminar, Water Resources, Future Options (2006 Jaipur, India). Seminar, Water Resources, Future Options, 28-29 September 2006, Jaipur, Rajasthan: Proceedings. Edited by Mathur G. N, Kanjlia V. K, and India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water supply options"

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Veltri, Paolo. "Management Options." In Water Supply Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61187-2_29.

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Lockwood, Harold, and Stef Smits. "5. Management options as part of Service Delivery Models." In Supporting Rural Water Supply. Practical Action Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440699.005.

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Farhat, Romy Abou, Maral Mahlooji, Ludovic Gaudard, et al. "A Multi-attribute Assessment of Electricity Supply Options in Lebanon." In Food-Energy-Water Nexus Resilience and Sustainable Development. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40052-1_1.

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Ezenwaji, E. E., H. O. Ahiadu, and V. I. Otti. "Safe Water Supply Determinants in Peri-urban Communities of South-East Nigeria." In Balanced Urban Development: Options and Strategies for Liveable Cities. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28112-4_15.

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Morgan, Lynette. "Plant nutrition and nutrient formulation." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0136.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on plant nutrition and nutrient formulation. Water quality and sources for hydroponic production, reclaimed water sources, water testing, water analysis reports, water treatment options, water usage and supply requirements, plant nutrition in hydroponic systems, essential elements and its function in plants and deficiency symptoms, beneficial elements, nutrient formulation, hydroponic nutrient formulation - nitrogen sources, common hydroponic fertilizers, fertilizer composition and grades, chelation of trace elements, foliar fertilizers, electrical conductivity, pH, conditions which affect nutrient uptake rates, automation and testing equipment, plant tissue analysis, fertilizer and environmental concerns, water and nutrient solution treatment methods, and surfactants are the topics discussed in this chapter.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Plant nutrition and nutrient formulation." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0009.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on plant nutrition and nutrient formulation. Water quality and sources for hydroponic production, reclaimed water sources, water testing, water analysis reports, water treatment options, water usage and supply requirements, plant nutrition in hydroponic systems, essential elements and its function in plants and deficiency symptoms, beneficial elements, nutrient formulation, hydroponic nutrient formulation - nitrogen sources, common hydroponic fertilizers, fertilizer composition and grades, chelation of trace elements, foliar fertilizers, electrical conductivity, pH, conditions which affect nutrient uptake rates, automation and testing equipment, plant tissue analysis, fertilizer and environmental concerns, water and nutrient solution treatment methods, and surfactants are the topics discussed in this chapter.
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Temba, Pontian L., Noah M. Pauline, and Patrick M. Ndaki. "Living and responding to climate variability and change among coffee and banana farmers in the highlands of Moshi rural district, Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0009.

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Abstract The study aimed at exploring perceived impacts of climate variability on coffee and banana farming and community responses in the highlands of Moshi Rural District. A socio-economic survey employing qualitative and quantitative research approaches was used. Data were collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions as well as field observation. A total of 96 farmers were involved in the study. SPSS Statistics software package and Microsoft Excel were used for data processing and analysis. Findings showed that communities are knowledgeable about climate variability. Their knowledge is based on perceptions of the impacts already felt and attributed to climate variability, including unpredictable patterns of rainy seasons. Climate variability is associated with decrease in household food supply, unpredictable farming calendar and drying of water sources for irrigation and domestic use. Coffee yields showed a decreasing trend (at the rate of R<sup>2</sup> = -0.494) during the years 1990-2016. This was contrary to bananas, which indicated an increasing trend (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.036) of production during the same period. Communities were responding to impacts of climate variability in various ways, including intercropping, planting early maturing and drought-resistant varieties and gravity canal irrigation. Projected climate changes showed that the future was uncertain for farmers depending on rain-fed farming. Therefore, further research on viable options would help farmers adapt to current and future climatic stresses. Options may include intensified irrigation of crops and conservation farming which have the potential to increase banana and coffee production, thereby improving productivity and food security for communities.
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Rinaudo, Jean-Daniel, and Bernard Barraqué. "Inter-Basin Transfers as a Supply Option: The End of an Era?" In Understanding and Managing Urban Water in Transition. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9801-3_8.

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Maheepala, S., and C. Diaper. "Effectiveness of water conservation options." In Advances in Water Supply Management. Taylor & Francis, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe9058096081.ch53.

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"Alternative water management options in a developed catchment." In Advances in Water Supply Management. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe9058096081-54.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water supply options"

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Tyagi, Aditya, Mitchell Griffin, Richard Nevulis, and Chris Sweazy. "Selecting Optimal Water Supply Options — A Regional Water Supply Case Study in the Upper Kissimmee Basin, FL." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)151.

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Stillwell, Ashlynn S., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Desalination and Long-Haul Water Transfer: A Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus in Texas." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90237.

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Energy and water are interrelated. We use water for energy, for example to cool thermoelectric power generation and produce liquid fuels. Conversely, we use energy for the collection, treatment, disinfection, and distribution of water and wastewater. In the water sector, strain on existing water supplies, population growth, and the push toward stricter water and wastewater treatment standards potentially leads to more energy-intensive water. Treating water to more stringent potable standards requires additional energy beyond conventional treatment. Additionally, as existing water supplies become increasingly strained in some locations, water planners turn to alternative options to quench cities’ thirst. Among these options for inland cities is desalination of seawater followed by long-haul water transfer. Though many desalination technologies exist to treat seawater to potable standards, reverse osmosis membranes are the most common technology in use because of their cost-effectiveness and productivity as compared with more traditional techniques such as multi-effect distillation. [1] However, the high pressures required for reverse osmosis make desalination a very energy-intensive water supply option. The subsequent conveyance of desalinated water through long-haul pipelines also requires large amounts of energy. Even for local water production, 85% of the energy required for standard surface water treatment goes toward water distribution, and so adding in long-haul will only increase this requirement. [2] To examine desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply option, Texas was chosen as a test-bed with desalination near Houston and long-haul transfer to the rapidly-growing Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. Various pipeline routes were modeled to simulate options for long-haul desalinated water transfer. Elevation change over the route of the long-haul transfer pipeline was determined using a digital elevation model of the state of Texas. These elevation data were then used to calculate energy requirements for water pumping with standard assumptions for pump performance, efficiency, and rating. Combining these energy requirements with the energy demands for desalination provides an estimate of this option as a water supply for Dallas-Fort Worth. Results suggest that desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply is 9 to 23 times more energy-intensive per unit of water than conventional treatment of local surface water sources, an increase of 230 to 630 megawatt-hours per day for 20 million gallons. Ensuring adequate water supplies for the future is important, as is developing these water supplies in a sustainable manner. The energy-intensity of desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply suggests this option is not a sustainable water or energy policy decision if other less energy-intensive options exist.
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3

"Sequencing of water supply options at the regional scale incorporating sustainability objectives." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i11.beh.

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Hunt, Dexter, Chris Rogers, and Peter Braithwaite. "A Band Rating System for Domestic Water Use: Influences of Supply and Demand Options." In The 3rd World Sustainability Forum. MDPI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wsf3-e005.

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Bennett, David, Carleton Sherrer, Steve Long, and Kara Byrnes. "East Fork Water Supply Project, Conveyance Pipeline: Review of Design Options for Flow Metering and Lake Lavon Outfall." In Pipeline Division Specialty Conference 2006. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40854(211)5.

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"Development of a modelling framework for optimal sequencing of water supply options at the regional scale incorporating sustainability and uncertainty." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i9.beh.

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Sharma, Ratnesh, Cullen Bash, Manish Marwah, Chandrakant Patel, and Tom Christian. "Microgrids: A New Approach to Supply-Side Design for Data Centers." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13233.

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Growth in IT infrastructure driven by socio-economic demand for services has led to the creation of large data centers. There is a need for cost-effective and sustainable design and management of such data centers. From this perspective, evolutionary changes in the regulatory and operational climate of traditional electrical and energy utilities has created new opportunities for development of data centers with low TCO and environmental footprint. These opportunities primarily exist on developing unique supply-side architectures for delivery of power, water and other resources to service data centers. Concurrent emergence of smaller heat and power generating systems also provides novel options to create solutions that improve the reliability and scalability of supply-side infrastructures in data centers. In this paper we investigate the impact of combined heat and power generation in operation of data centers in reducing TCO and environmental footprint and improving operational reliability. Usage of natural resources like water, fuel is minimized to create a low footprint IT infrastructure. Through use of mix of on-site power generation technologies alongside energy and water storage we create a power, cooling and water microgrid for the data center. Such microgrids are a promising way to capture the significant potential of smaller distributed energy resources to meet growing demands for low footprint IT infrastructures.
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Douville, Chris, and Jordan Macknick. "Energy Usage and Management at a Large Wastewater Treatment Facility in Boulder, Colorado." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65994.

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Wastewater treatment plants require substantial amounts of energy for pumping and treating water as well as for other plant operations. National and regional policy changes resulting in stricter water quality standards could result in an increase in energy requirements for treatment, as further treatment or more energy intensive technologies would be required. Given rises in energy costs, effective energy management plans are necessary for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Energy usage in wastewater treatment plants can be reduced through a number of different technology options without compromising water quality output. These different technology options vary in effectiveness, energy intensity, and upfront and operational costs, and the choice of technologies is often dependent upon local conditions and plant specific characteristics. Energy management can be improved also through electricity production on-site from the capture of methane gases released during treatment or from the inclusion of renewable electricity generating technologies. These technology options augment the creation of energy on-site while not necessarily reducing total energy demands. The objective of this paper is to, through use of a case study of a wastewater treatment facility in Boulder, Colorado, describe the most energy intensive processes of wastewater treatment, review various technology options for these processes, and discuss the opportunities and barriers to improving energy management at wastewater treatment plants. This paper is part of a topical session entitled “An Energy Appetite of U.S. Water Systems — what does it take to supply our water?”
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Arnulfi, Gianmario L., and Martino Marini. "Performance of a Water Compensated Compressed Air Energy Storage System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50627.

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In a growing energy scenario, electric utility companies have to take into account new managing strategies. The increasing seasonal gap in energy demand, the penetration of stochastic sources (wind and sun) and of combined heat and power plants are making more and more difficult to schedule power production. Energy storage can balance supply and demand over different time scales, with technical and economical benefits. The two options for large size plants are pumped storage hydro and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES). In the present paper, a CAES plant both with and without water compensation, is considered. The time window is an entire year as there is a remarkable difference between the seasons. Indeed in winter and summer the price fluctuation amplitude can be profitably exploited while between seasons are less suitable in a storage perspective because of the relative flatness of the daily price pattern. The adopted strategy is based on two price thresholds: below the former, a single charging step is carried out at night, above the latter, one or more steps of electricity production are carried out at peak hours. Finally, amid the thresholds, the plant works as a mere gas turbine or is shut off. Of course the mere GT working is available only if turbo compressor and expander are consistent and this affects the performance of each machine during charge or discharge phases. The shape of the daily price pattern strongly impacts on the cash flow. The proposed model is applied to the present Italian scenario as the energy market, taxes and services are concerned. The water compensated plant attains a storage density nearly twice higher than without compensation.
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Sudheer, Bellam, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, Ravi Gugulothu, V. S. S. P. Sashank Tallapragada, and Manikanta Bhavirisetti. "Solar Water Distillation Using Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59249.

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All life on earth depends on energy and the cycling of carbon. Energy is essential for economic and social development and also poses an environmental challenge. The world’s dependence on fossil fuels began approximately 200 years ago. Availability of fossil energy resources, peak oil era and this is the time for end of the fossil fuel era, price and environmental impact and various renewable resources and use of it. The twenty first century is rapidly becoming the perfect energy storm, modern society is faced with volatile energy prices and growing environmental concerns as well as energy supply and security issues. Solar and wind energy are now providing the lowest cost options for economic and community development in rural regions around the globe. Energy and water are the key to modern life and provide the basis necessary for sustained economic development. Due to a growing world population and increasing modernization global energy demand is raising during the current century. Finding the sufficient supplies of clean and sustainable energy for the future is the global society’s most challenge for this century. The future will be depends on a renewable sources such as solar, wind and biomass. There are large numbers of phase change materials (PCM’S) that melt and solidify at wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering and spacecraft thermal control applications. The use of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings has been investigated within the past decade. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation process using solar energy in the presence of energy storage materials i.e paraffin wax are discussed in this paper.
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Reports on the topic "Water supply options"

1

Munter, J. A., and Jerry Williams. Analysis of potable water-supply options Gambell, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1534.

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2

Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, et al. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.

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When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.
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