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1
Amoah, Laura Novienyo Abla. "Water Scarcity and Food Security in Ngqeleni Locality in the Eastern Cape Province- South Africa." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 10(1), no. 10(1) (February 28, 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-85.
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South Africa in general and the Eastern Cape Province in particular face increasing water shortages. However, little empirical evidence exists on how rural households are affected by water scarcity and the impact thereof on food security. This paper discusses the relationship between water scarcity and food security in Ngqeleni, a rural location in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Through empirical evidence collected using techniques inspired by the tradition of participatory focus group research and self-administered questionnaires in Ngqeleni, it is argued that there is a significant relationship between water scarcity and food security. Results also reveal that population growth, lack of political will and commitment, inadequate water resource infrastructure, and weaknesses within the institutional framework are some of the causes of water scarcity. Until effective water management systems are identified and enforced, food security will continue to plague Ngqeleni.
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Lange, Jens, Tineke Materne, and Jörg Grüner. "Do low-cost ceramic water filters improve water security in rural South Africa?" Drinking Water Engineering and Science 9, no. 2 (October 11, 2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-9-47-2016.
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Abstract. This study examined the performance of a low-cost ceramic candle filter system (CCFS) for point of use (POU) drinking water treatment in the village of Hobeni, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. CCFSs were distributed in Hobeni and a survey was carried out among their users. The performance of 51 CCFSs was evaluated by dip slides and related to human factors. Already after two-thirds of their specified lifetime, none of the distributed CCFSs produced water without distinct contamination, and more than one-third even deteriorated in hygienic water quality. Besides the water source (springs were preferable compared to river or rain water), a high water throughput was the dominant reason for poor CCFS performance. A stepwise laboratory test documented the negative effects of repeated loading and ambient field temperatures. These findings suggest that not every CCFS type per se guarantees improved drinking water security and that the efficiency of low-cost systems should continuously be monitored. For this purpose, dip slides were found to be a cost-efficient alternative to standard laboratory tests. They consistently underestimated microbial counts but can be used by laypersons and hence by the users themselves to assess critical contamination of their filter systems.
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KASCHULA, SARAH A., and CHARLIE M. SHACKLETON. "Quantity and significance of wild meat off-take by a rural community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 3 (September 2009): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990282.
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SUMMARYWhen compared to tropical forest zones in west and central Africa, off-take of wild meat from savannah and grassland biomes by local rural communities has not been well assessed. This case study of wild meat collection activities within a rural community in the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape (South Africa) uses last-catch records derived from 50 wild meat gatherers to calculate average off-take of taxa, species and fresh mass of wild meat per collection event. When per-event off take is overlaid onto household hunting frequency data, annual off-take would be 268.6 kg km−2 yr−1 or 3 kg person−1 yr−1 presuming constant off-take over an annual period. Monetary value of off-take would be South African R 307 (US$ 39) per household annually. For some species, off-take weight per km2 shows similar values to data from tropical forest zones, but high human population densities tend to dilute off-takes to less nutritionally significant amounts at the per person scale. However, unlike many tropical zones, none of the species harvested can be considered high-priority conservation species. Even densely populated and heavily harvested communal lands appear to offer high wild meat off-takes from low conservation priority species.
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Makaudze, Ephias M. "Measuring willingness-to-pay for water and sanitation by people living with HIV and AIDs in South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.102.
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The ill-provision of water and sanitation services poses the greatest risk to people living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa – a majority of whom reside in slum settlements. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) die after succumbing to opportunistic infections, especially water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhoea, cholera). This study was based on 485 individuals with HIV and AIDs drawn from three types of settlements (rural, peri-urban and urban slums) and sampled from three selected provincial districts of Khayelitsha (Western Cape), Ukhahlamba (Eastern Cape) and Groblersdal (Limpopo). The results show PLWHA having higher willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sanitation at ZAR448.40/month compared to water (ZAR428.60). Those living in urban slum settlements show the highest WTP for sanitation (ZAR552.70), followed by the ones in rural areas (ZAR500.24). The results underscore important implications: PLWHA face greater sanitation challenges relative to water; those in slum settlements endure the worst sanitation insecurity compared to counterparts living in other settlement types; higher WTP for sanitation implies that PLWHA will derive greater benefits from improvements in sanitation services relative to water. To conclude, it is imperative for municipal authorities to prioritize the provision of sanitation facilities to PLWHA especially in urban slums as part of the ‘pro-poor service delivery’ campaigns.
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Mtintsilana, Olona, Babatope Ebenezer Akinyemi, and Leocadia Zhou. "Determinants of adaptation to climate variability among farming households in Tyhume Valley communities, Eastern Cape province, South Africa." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-06-2020-0057.
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Purpose This paper aims to determine factors affecting adaptation to climate variability on crop production among farming households in Tyhume Valley. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted an empirical analysis of the impact of adaptation on crop yield of farming households and estimated the factors affecting adaptation to climate variability on farming households. The analysis used primary data from 205 farming households practicing crop production in Tyhume Valley communities. Findings Based on binary logit results, factors affecting rural farming households’ adaptation to climate variability are gender, age, heatwave, employment status, strong high wind occasional experience and cell phone. The adaptation measures adopted by the farming households in the study area include irrigation (94.8%), crop rotation (66%), changing crop variety (7.4%) and other methods of adaptation were found to be (1.3%). The other methods of adaptation used included the use of ash to kill (intuku) mole and using dirty water from washing dishes and clothes when irrigating to kill parasites on crops. Originality/value This research paper will be an addition to the body of knowledge on adaptation strategies to climate variability in South Africa, especially at the rural farming household level. This study may assist the rural communities in decision-making when dealing with the challenges of climate variability on their crop production, thereby increasing their crop production. The information gathered in this study might assist policymakers in revising the existing policies. This study will also help rural farming households to practice appropriate adaptation strategies.
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Wall, K., O. Ive, J. Bhagwan, and F. Kirwan. "Social franchising principles do work: the business approach to removal and disposal of faecal sludge – from pilot to scale." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (May 6, 2013): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.007.
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Studies undertaken in South Africa have found that social franchising partnerships for the routine maintenance of infrastructure could alleviate and address many challenges in the management of water services. A three-year pilot project has drawn to a successful conclusion. This provided selected infrastructure maintenance services to approximately 400 schools in the Butterworth education district in the Eastern Cape province. Half a dozen franchisee microbusinesses were created, and of the order of three dozen previously unemployed people were taught workplace skills. Irish Aid funded the concept development, but the franchisees were paid from the normal schools operation and maintenance budgets. Despite difficulties arising directly from provincial education department inefficiencies, the pilot project has proven the value of social franchising partnerships for this kind of work – the department now has a model it can roll out to the rest of the more than 4,000 rural schools across the Eastern Cape. Many opportunities lie in applying the same approach to other operation and/or maintenance activities within the water and sanitation services delivery chain. The time is ripe to further develop the concept so that it can move up the technology ladder, expanding its range of competencies beyond its current tried and tested boundaries.
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Mavhandu-Mudzusi, Azwihangwisi Helen, Tshimangadzo Selina Mudau, Thulile Pearl Shandu, and Nthomeni Dorah Ndou. "Transgender student experiences of online education during COVID-19 pandemic era in rural Eastern Cape area of South Africa: A descriptive phenomenological study." Research in Social Sciences and Technology 6, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2021.14.
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COVID-19 affected education in many ways. As a response, various strategies were introduced to ensure students’ access to education, including online education. For most of the students, fulltime online education brought diverse challenges. This descriptive phenomenological study explored the experiences of transgender student regarding online education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Buffalo City Metro Municipality, South Africa. Data were collected by means of individual telephonic interviews with eight purposively selected transgender students using the snowballing technique. Data were thematically analysed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. The findings indicate that transgender students faced barriers in accessing online education, including (i) limited interaction, (ii) unconducive home environment because of stigmatisation, abuse and disruptions, and (iii) lack of access to the internet owing to the centralisation of internet access points, the unaffordability of data, unstable internet connections and an intermittent electricity supply. The findings further highlighted that transgender students face stigmatisation and abuse which hinder their learning. The situation is exacerbated by a lack of sources of income for transgender students, especially those who must make means for money to buy educational resources such as data for internet connection needed for online classes. Based on the findings, the researchers recommend continuous support for transgender students to ensure their continued engagement in online education, amidst the challenges they face. To this end, educational institutions should ensure that students have alternative means of accessing education so that those from diverse populations, settings and socioeconomic statuses are reached.
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Marx, Lauren Camille. "THE PEOPLE OF RIEMVASMAAK AND THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF LAND REDISTRIBUTION: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 1995–2013." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1581.
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In terms of apartheid policies, the people of Riemvasmaak were forcefully removed in 1973/74 to Namibia and the Eastern Cape. Efforts to bring the people of Riemvasmaak back to their land gained momentum in 1993. Finally the decision to give the entire 74 000ha back to the people was taken in February 1994, and Riemvasmaak was registered as a Presidential Launch Project, one of the first land-restitution projects in post-apartheid South Africa. Most of the original residents returned to their land at the end of 1995 and in 2002 the people of Riemvasmaak received the title deeds to the plots on which they were living. While this is a noble project, the people of Riemvasmaak originally faced serious problems such as abject poverty, poor soil quality, no secondary schools, no tar roads, poor access between settlements, inadequate transport and limited access to water. However, in the last eighteen years, a great deal of impetus has been placed on agrarian transformation, rural development and land reform, which included improved economic and social infrastructure. This oral research study will therefore undertake to analyse the everyday lives of the people living in Riemvasmaak, the improvement in quality of life in the area as well as what regaining their land has meant for these people if seen against the backdrop of the history of forced removals in South Africa.
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De Kock, K. N., and C. T. Wolmarans. "The geographical distribution and habitats of three liver fluke intermediate hosts in South - Africa and the health implications involved." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 1 (September 16, 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i1.78.
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Account is given of the distribution and habitats of the three Lymnaea species currently on recordin the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. A total number of 616, 353and 202 loci (1/16th square degrees) was respectively recorded for Lymnaea natalensis, L. columellaand L. truncatula. The number of loci in which the collection sites of each species was located, wasdistributed in intervals of mean annual air temperature and rainfall, as well as intervals of meanaltitude. A temperature index was calculated for all mollusc species in the database and the resultsused to rank them in order of their association with low to high climatic temperatures. Chi-squareand effect size values were calculated to determine the significance in differences between frequencies of occurrence of each species in, on, or at the different options for each of the variables investigated and also to determine the significance of the differences between the three species. None of the three Lymnaea species were well represented in the arid regions of the Northern ,Western and Eastern Cape Province, and only L. truncatula was reported from Lesotho. Lymnaeanatalensis is the most widespread of the three species, while the distribution of L. truncatula displaysa sporadic and limited pattern. The alien invader species L. columella was first reported from SouthAfrica in the early 1940’s but was so successful in its invasion of water-bodies in South Africa thatit is currently considered the third most widespread freshwater snail in the country. Lymnaea truncatula was the only one of the three species not recovered from all 14 water-body types represented in the database. The largest number of samples of L. truncatula by far, was yielded by marshes while the largest number of samples of the other two species was collected in rivers, streams and dams. The highest percentage occurrence of all three species was in habitats in which the water conditions were described as permanent, standing, fresh and clear. Although the highest percentage of samples of all three species was reported from loci that fell within the interval ranging from 16-20°C, a significant number of samples of L. truncatula came from loci falling with in the 11-15°C interval. In view of the fact that Lymnaea species are well known as intermediate hosts for liver fluke in South Africa and elsewhere in the world, the widespread occurrence of these snails could have considerable health and economic consequences. Lymnaea natalenis is the most important and probably the only intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica, the most common liver fluke in Africa but F. gigantica has been reliably reported only from Lesotho where its traditional intermediate host, L. truncatula is widespread. However, the epidemiology of fasciolosis in South Africa has been complicated by the invasion of many water-bodies by L. columella because this species has proved to be a successful host for F. hepatica where it had been introduced elsewhere in the world. To our knowledge its role in South Africa in this respect has not yet been evaluated. Due to the fact that no statistics are available in print, the results of positive serological tests on cattle herds all over South Africa were used to compile a map depicting the possible occurrence of Fasciola species in livestock in this country. Although human infections with Fasciola in Africa was considered as very rare in 1975 the situation has changed. It is considered an underrated and underreported disease in humans in Ethiopia and in Egypt an increase in cases of fasciolosis and prevalence’s as high as 12.8% in humans have also recently been reported. To our knowledge the only cases of human fasciolosis reported in literature for South Africa were from northern KwaZulu-Natal where F. hepatica infections were found in 22 out of 7 569 school children examined in 1981. Efforts to obtain recent statisticson human infections from various persons and authorities were totally unsuccessful. In view of statistics available for elsewhere in the world, it would be unwise to assume that no problems exist in this regard in South Africa. The number of people suffering from fasciolosis was already estimated at 2.4 million in 61 countries in 1995 and another 180 million at risk of becoming infected, with the highest prevalence’s reported from Bolivia, China, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Iran, Peru and Portugal. The results of recent serological assays for the detection of fasciolosis in cattle herds in selected areas in South Africa indicated positive cases from localities that closely correspond to the geographical distribution of the three Lymnaea species in this country. According to reports in the literature, the high prevalence of fasciolosis in livestock in the highlands of Ethiopia couldhave serious health implications for people in the area because they have to use the same water resources. In many rural areas in South Africa local populations also have no other options than to share natural water resources with their livestock. In most instances these water bodies harbour at least one of the Lymnaea species which can maintain the life cycle of fasciola. Under such conditions residents could daily be exposed to the risk of becoming infected. It is a matter of concern that epidemiological research with regard to human fasciolosis is such aneglected subject in South Africa. In our opinion epidemiological surveys should be conducted to determine the prevalence of human fasciolosis in specific areas which could be selected on the basis of using the geographical distribution of the three Linnaean species as guidelines. Efforts should also be made to conduct surveys to update the geographical distribution of the snail intermediate hosts and awareness programmes should be launched in rural areas at risk.
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Douglas, Mbuyiselo, and Thelmah Xavela Maluleke. "Traditional Male Circumcision: Ways to Prevent Deaths Due to Dehydration." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316628545.
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Deaths of initiates occurring in the circumcision initiation schools are preventable. Current studies list dehydration as one of the underlying causes of deaths among traditional male circumcision initiates in the Eastern Cape, a province in South Africa, but ways to prevent dehydration in the initiation schools have not been adequately explored. The goals of this study were to (a) explore the underlying determinants of dehydration among initiates aged from 12 to 18 years in the traditional male circumcision initiation schools and (b) determine knowledge of participants on the actions to be taken to prevent dehydration. The study was conducted at Libode, a rural area falling under Nyandeni municipality. A simple random sampling was used to select three focus group discussions with 36 circumcised boys. A purposive sampling was used to select 10 key informants who were matured and experienced people with knowledge of traditional practices and responsible positions in the communities. The research findings indicate that the practice has been neglected to inexperienced, unskillful, and abusive traditional attendants. The overall themes collated included traditional reasons for water restriction, imbalanced food nutrients given to initiates, poor environmental conditions in the initiation hut, and actions that should be taken to prevent dehydration. This article concludes with discussion and recommendation of ways to prevent dehydration of initiates in the form of a comprehensive circumcision health promotion program.
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De Boni, Liesl, Veerle Msimang, Alex De Voux, and John Frean. "Trends in the prevalence of microscopically-confirmed schistosomiasis in the South African public health sector, 2011–2018." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e0009669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009669.
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Background Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a chronic parasitic blood fluke infection acquired through contact with contaminated surface water. The illness may be mild or can cause significant morbidity with potentially serious complications. Children and those living in rural areas with limited access to piped water and services for healthcare are the most commonly infected. To address the prevalence of the disease in parts of South Africa (SA) effective national control measures are planned, but have not yet been implemented. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and trends of public sector laboratory-confirmed schistosomiasis cases in SA over an eight-year (2011–2018) period, to inform future control measures. Methodology & principal findings This is a descriptive analysis of secondary data from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS). The study included all records of patients for whom microscopic examination detected Schistosoma species eggs in urine or stool specimens from January 2011 to December 2018. Crude estimates of the prevalence were calculated using national census mid-year provincial population estimates as denominators, and simple linear regression was used to analyse prevalence trends. A test rate ratio was developed to describe variations in testing volumes among different groups and to adjust prevalence estimates for testing variations. A total number of 135 627 schistosomiasis cases was analysed with the highest prevalence observed among males and individuals aged 5–19 years. We describe ongoing endemicity in the Eastern Cape Province, and indicate important differences in the testing between population groups. Conclusion While there was no overall change in the prevalence of schistosomiasis during the analysis period, an average of 36 people per 100 000 was infected annually. As such, this represents an opportunity to control the disease and improve quality of life of affected people. Laboratory-based surveillance is a useful method for reporting occurrence and evaluating future intervention programs where resources to implement active surveillance are limited.
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Clifford-Holmes, Jai K., Carolyn G. Palmer, Chris J. de Wet, and Jill H. Slinger. "Operational manifestations of institutional dysfunction in post-apartheid South Africa." Water Policy 18, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 998–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.211.
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At the centre of the water law reform process initiated by the first democratic government of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) lay the challenge of transforming away from apartheid water injustices. Reform culminated in the promulgation of new legislation, regarded internationally as ambitious and forward-thinking legislation reflective of the broad aims of integrated water resource management (IWRM). However, implementation of this legislation has been challenging. This paper analyses institutional dysfunction in water management in the Sundays River Valley Municipality (Eastern Cape Province, RSA). A transdisciplinary approach is taken in addressing the failure of national law and policy to enable the delivery of effective water services in post-apartheid RSA. A case study is used to explore interventions to promote effective water supply, locating these interventions and policies within the legislative structures and frameworks governing the water sector. We suggest that fine-grained institutional analysis together with learning from persistent iterative, adaptive practice, with principled goals intact, offers a pragmatic and achievable alternative to grand-scale policy change.
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Bamford, M. K., B. Cairncross, and H. Lombard. "Silicified fossil woods from the Late Permian Middleton Formation, Beaufort Group, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and their palaeoenvironmental significance." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0036.
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Abstract Fossil wood is described from the Late Permian Middleton Formation, Adelaide Subgroup, Beaufort Group of the Karoo Supergroup in the Easter Cape Province, South Africa. The wood consists of in situ tree trunks up to 9 m long, partially enclosed in fine-grained sandstone surrounded by argillaceous mudstone and siltstone. The strata are poorly exposed due to the eroded and denuded land surface. All are lying horizontally and none are in upright growth positions. Comparisons of the study site lithologies with known surrounding Middleton Formation lithostratigraphy supports the interpretation that the palaeoenvironment responsible for the transport and deposition of the fossil wood was fluvial, with sandstone representing in-channel deposits and the mudstone-siltstone flood plain sequences where the trees were originally located before being uprooted and transported within the channels. Thin sections of twenty-nine wood samples revealed the presence of four existing taxa, Agathoxylon africanum, Agathoxylon karooensis, Australoxylon natalense and Australoxylon teixeirae. Growth rings of all the samples show a wide range of ring width from 1 mm to 11 mm, indicating growth under suitable climatic regimes with adequate water supply interspersed by very wet and warm periods. Crushed earlywood, s-shaped cell walls and torn cell walls suggest felling of trees during storm and/or flood events followed by sedimentary transport in palaeochannels prior deposition within the channel sands.
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Nembilwi, Ndamulelo, Hector Chikoore, Edmore Kori, Rendani B. Munyai, and Tshilidzi C. Manyanya. "The Occurrence of Drought in Mopani District Municipality, South Africa: Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation." Climate 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9040061.
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Mopani District Municipality in the northeast of South Africa is largely semi-arid and frequently affected by meteorological droughts. The recent 2015/16 event had devastating impacts on water levels, crop yields, livestock herds and rural livelihoods. We investigated the nature of the drought hazard; its impacts, including vulnerability of rural communities in Mopani District and adaptation strategies they have employed to cope with drought. A mixed methods approach with both quantitative and qualitative datasets was used. The district was divided into two distinct climatic areas: the drier eastern lowveld and the wetter western bushveld. Questionnaires were administered among community members whilst key informant interviews were conducted among relevant government and municipal officials. Climate data was used to characterize historical drought using a Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index whilst vegetation anomaly maps were used to demonstrate impacts. Spatially distinct patterns of drought conditions were evident with harsh and dry conditions towards the east. It was found that nearly half the time there is some form of drought or another in the district mostly linked to the remote El Nino phenomenon. In several areas, rain-fed agriculture is no longer tenable, with a direct impact on rural livelihoods. A Household Vulnerability Index determined variable levels of vulnerability such that different strategies are employed to adapt to drought some of which cause environmental problems. Local government intervention strategies include supply of seeds and fertilisers, providing cheap fodder and supplying water using trucks. The findings of this study contribute to disaster risk reduction efforts in a region that is highly vulnerable to current and future climate-risks.
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Tandlich, Roman. "Citizen science based monitoring of microbial water quality at a single household level in a South African local municipality during the COVID19 lockdown." Nova Biotechnologica et chimica 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.v19i1.586.
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Personal hygiene and access to potable water, which is safe for human consumption, are critical to containing the COVID19 pandemic. Here monitoring results are reported for microbial quality of water samples from the municipal supply in Makana Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Access of the human population to sufficient volumes of potable water of required (microbial) quality has been a problem in this local municipality. Samples were taken just before and during 30 days of the strictest phase of the nation-wide lockdown, related to COVID19 in South Africa. Aim of this short communication was to perform the water quality testing with limited to no access to laboratory facilities and using the principles of citizen science. The H2S test kit was used as the basis for the microbial testing, while a cell phone app was used for the temperature monitoring. Five H2S test kit were used per sampling at the author’s house and the kits was developed for the microbial water quality assessment in isolated settings such as those for the lockdown. During the study, the ambient temperature ranged from 17 to 29 °C, with decreases below 18 °C occurring on three out of 12 sampling occasions. Thus the results of the H2S test kit might have been slightly influenced by the fluctuations of the ambient temperature. On 8 sampling occasions between 1 and 4 H2S test kits were positive for faecal contamination. Three samples or 25 % were free of faecal contamination. One sample had all five H2S test kits were positive for faecal contamination. Results of statistical testing indicated that potable water in Makana Local Municipality was probably microbially contaminated at the author’s household on an intermittent basis. Ongoing monitoring of microbial drinking water quality is necessary and continuing at the sampled location.
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Anjali, Anjali, and Manisha Sabharwal. "Perceived Barriers of Young Adults for Participation in Physical Activity." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, no. 2 (August 25, 2018): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.2.18.
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This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.
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Phaswana-Mafuya, N. "Health aspects of sanitation among Eastern Cape (EC) rural communities, South Africa." Curationis 29, no. 2 (September 28, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v29i2.1072.
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A descriptive study was conducted to determine the health aspects of sanitation among rural communities of the EC. A purposive sample of 145 villagers was drawn from 14 villages selected through systematic random sampling. Of these, 71 were male and 74 were female. The 145 participants were divided into 14 groups (M = 10 participants) by community and randomly assigned to 14 community-based trained facilitators. Each facilitator administered Dunker’s (2001) KAP tool for hygiene to the assigned group. The responses from all the groups were collated and analysed. Communities’ health was generally not considered good (78.6%) because of limited clean water, lack of money to treat water and unhealthy food. The prevalence of diseases in the last 6 months, included: skin diseases, worms, eye infections, diarrhoea, bilharzias and malaria; the perceived causes of diseases were mainly related to poor sanitation and the suggested disease prevention methods were sanitation improvement related. Institutional capacity was generally lacking as more than 50% of the communities did not have sanitation committees and environmental health officers (98.3%); health (64.3%) and water (57.1 %)committees. The results have implications for policy-makers, programme planners, academics and practitioners in the field of water and sanitation in terms of policy and programme formulation, curriculum development, and service delivery.
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Reynolds, Jules M. "Community narratives and local impacts of invasion in the Eastern Cape: A critical invasion ethnography of black wattle." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, June 3, 2021, 251484862110208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25148486211020855.
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Since 1995, the South African government has spearheaded a national invasive species campaign known as the Working for Water Program with the dual objectives of invasive species eradication and rural development. This national narrative on invasive species reflects a politicized research agenda and a wealth of material resources directed toward eradication, yet does not accurately portray the reality of invasion at the village level. In particular, Acacia mearnsii de Wild, or the black wattle tree, is classified as one of the worst invasive species in South Africa and a primary target for Working for Water, yet represents an important livelihood resource for rural communities and impacts community members differentially. To better understand these local rural realties, I use a critical invasion science approach to interrogate the local experiences and narratives of black wattle invasion in a rural pastoral community in the Eastern Cape. Within this community, local understandings and impacts of black wattle are nuanced, spatially variable, and reflect complex knowledge politics and political economies. As invasion research moves to incorporate the human and local dimension of invasion for improved policy, it is imperative to fully consider this differentiation of perspectives and impacts within the local community.
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Amoah, Laura Novienyo Abla, and Mulala Danny Simatele. "Food Security and Coping Strategies of Rural Household Livelihoods to Climate Change in the Eastern Cape of South Africa." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (August 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.692185.
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Although governments across the globe have pledged resources and efforts to minimise the factors contributing to climate change, it is a concern that climate change continues to exert significant hardship on many rural communities of which South Africa is no exception. The Eastern Cape Province in South Africa is one of the driest provinces with prolonged water scarcity challenges. The purpose of this study is to investigate coping strategies adopted by the rural poor to build resilience against food insecurity. Primary data was collected from a total of 385 respondents in three rural communities using semi-structured questionnaires and interview. The findings suggest that farmers have been proactive in responding to climate change and food security. The study revealed that farmers are engaged in different coping strategies to ensure that there is enough food for the household. Although some of the coping strategies might assist, others would have severe consequences on the health of the population, especially children. Based on the findings, it is recommended that there should be regular engagement by the local municipality, the community and rural farmers on climate change events. The focus should be on the management of drought, heatwaves, flood, and soil erosion. The government within the local municipality should also focus on building a dam for rural farmers. The dam will serve as a reservoir of water for irrigation during drought.
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Murata, Chenai, Adam F. Perry, and Jonathan Denison. "Dynamics of water access and allocation among competing needs within the homestead: Quantifying Multiple Water Uses in the Rural Eastern Cape." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 47, no. 2 (August 23, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/4041.
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South Africa is a water-stressed country, receiving an average rainfall of 450mm per annum, which is significantly less than the global average of 860mm per annum. The livelihood of the rural population depends heavily on the availability of water. While the dynamics of water access and use by urban households is well documented, little is known about the dynamics in rural households. This article describes how rural households obtain water; and in turn, quantifies how households allocate water among competing household uses; including cooking and cleaning, home garden irrigation, and supporting livestock. A case-study involving 30 households comprising 180 individuals used a mixed-methods approach and found that households allocate more water for productive use (60%) than they do for domestic purposes (40%). The findings suggest and describe certain rural nuances on how local peoples access and use water to support food security. This research emphasises the need for water services to be planned to support multiple water uses in rural households and further suggests that interventions to increase water storage and access to untreated water, especially in homesteads would yield significant results.
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Momba, MNB, Z. Tyafa, N. Makala, BM Brouckaert, and CL Obi. "Safe drinking water still a dream in rural areas of South Africa. Case Study: The Eastern Cape Province." Water SA 32, no. 5 (November 16, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v32i5.47864.
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M, Christian, U. Luvhengo, H. Khobai, and I. K. Agbugba. "Reviewing land access livelihood diversification strategies and factors influencing wellbeing of rural households in Mnquma, Eastern Cape: implications to extension agents." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 48, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2020/v48n2a542.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of land access and livelihood strategies of rural households to well-being of households ' implications to extension agents in Mnquma, Eastern Cape. A cross-sectional research design was utilised to collect data from 105 randomly selected households. Descriptive statistics was then used to profile livelihood strategies and characteristics such as age, gender, years of farm experience, the availability of water and land for crop production and the income farmers generate from the sale of crops produced. Multinomial logistic regression results demonstrated that land size and location have a positive significant influence (p = 0.001) on household well-being. It is concluded that though land size has a positive influence on well-being, expanding farms through adding plots and distant farming hinders the attainment of well-being. Moreover, households with large number of dependents and those working in exclusive farming are disadvantaged in the attainment of well-being. There is therefore room to enhance progress in attainment of well-being through reducing the distance to farms and promoting diversification of livelihood strategies. The Eastern Cape department of Agriculture and Rural Development is advised to support distant farmers with settlements in their destinations. Furthermore, extension agents do play a significant role in promoting livelihoods of rural households and contribute towards improved land access. Keywords: Land access, livelihood strategy, rural households, South Africa
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Zamxaka, M., G. Pironcheva, and NYO Muyima. "Microbiological and physico-chemical assessment of the quality of domestic water sources in selected rural communities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Water SA 30, no. 3 (August 3, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i3.5081.
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Hay, ER, K. Riemann, G. Van Zyl, and I. Thompson. "Ensuring water supply for all towns and villages in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa." Water SA 38, no. 3 (September 10, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v38i3.9.
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Jordaan, Andries, Yonas T. Bahta, and Boitumelo Phatudi-Mphahlele. "Ecological vulnerability indicators to drought: Case of communal farmers in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.591.
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Estimation of ecological drought vulnerability indicators is the important step for drought mitigation management. This article identified and estimated ecological drought vulnerability indicators among communal farmers in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, using an ecological vulnerability index based on a household survey of 121 communal farmers. The results identified overgrazing, soil erosion, land degradation, surface and groundwater supply, and land use management as the main ecological vulnerability variables. The results showed that climate is not necessarily linked to ecological vulnerability. High rainfall districts in this study showed higher ecological vulnerability to drought because of poor planning and management of water supply, poor grazing practices and land management that leads to serious land degradation. The identification and analysis of ecological vulnerability indicators to drought would aid in reconsidering priorities for the government to implement appropriate policy measures in response to drought and suggest strategies to reduce drought vulnerability. Such policies and strategies will strengthen climate change adaptation and ensure ecological and climate sustainability that comply with the Millennium Development Goals set out by the United Nations in 2000 and the subsequent 2030 development agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Manomano, Tatenda. "Housing Programmes and Social Amenities in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape." Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 30, no. 2 (August 23, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2415-5829/2592.
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This paper is an endeavour to investigate the implementation of housing programmes in relation to the access which they have to social amenities in South Africa. It has been based on a broader study of the implementation of housing programmes in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The research sample comprised 276 participants, 250 of whom were residents of houses which had been provided by the housing programmes, 4 were municipal housing officials of the 4 selected municipalities, while the remaining 22 comprised provincial housing officials, representatives of political parties, municipal managers, councillors and social workers. The findings revealed that the toilets in the houses were generally in a very poor condition and that, in some cases, the houses had no toilets. Most of the houses were also adversely affected by a lack of basic essential amenities, such as the lack of a supply of clean water, a lack of electricity and the lack of a sewage disposal system. In order to ensure that the previously marginalised people of South Africa receive the social justice which had been denied to them for decades by the apartheid regime, providing houses with proper access to basic essential social amenities should be prioritised within a social developmental approach. In accordance with the democratic principles which are enshrined in the Constitution of South Africa, a bottom-up approach should be adopted for the implementation of appropriate interventions to ensure that the actual needs of the people are met.
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Nolte, Annika, Malte Eley, Matthias Schöniger, David Gwapedza, Jane Tanner, Sukhmani Kaur Mantel, and Konstantin Scheihing. "Hydrological modelling for assessing spatio‐temporal groundwater recharge variations in the water‐stressed Amathole Water Supply System, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Hydrological Processes 35, no. 6 (June 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14264.
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Owolabi, Solomon Temidayo, Kakaba Madi, Ahmed Mulakazi Kalumba, and Israel Ropo Orimoloye. "A groundwater potential zone mapping approach for semi-arid environments using remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and analytical hierarchical process (AHP) techniques: a case study of Buffalo catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, no. 22 (November 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06166-0.
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AbstractTheme unsuitability is noted to have inhibited the accuracy of groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) mapping approach, especially in a semi-arid environment where surface water supply is inadequate. This work, therefore presents a geoscience approach for mapping high-precision GWPZs peculiar to the semi-arid area, using Buffalo catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa, as a case study. Maps of surficial-lithology, lineament-density, drainage-density, rainfall-distribution, normalized-difference-vegetation-index, topographic-wetness-index, land use/land cover, and land-surface-temperature were produced. These were overlaid based on analytical hierarchical process weightage prioritization at a constituency ratio of 0.087. The model categorizes GWPZs into the good (187 km2), moderate (338 km2), fair (406 km2), poor (185 km2), and very poor (121 km2) zones. The model validation using borehole yield through on the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.901) and correlation (R = 0.949) indicates a significant replication of ground situation (p value < 0.001). The analysis corroboration shows that the groundwater is mainly hosted by a fractured aquifer where the GWPZs is either good (9.3 l/s) or moderate (5.5 l/s). The overall result indicates that the model approach is reliable and can be adopted for a reliable characterization of GWPZs in any semi-arid/arid environment.