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1
Manamela, Kwena France. "An investigation of water delivery constraints at Mabokelele village, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/633.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010The aim of the research study was to examine and analyse the main constraints faced by the Polokwane Local Municipality in delivery water services to Mabokelele Village. For the researcher to be able to achieve the aim of the study, key research questions were posed which enabled the researcher to gather / collect data that helped shed more light in the research project. Research questions such as what are the constraints faced by the Polokwane Local Municipality in water delivery services, and what strategies are been to address those constraints and how effective are those strategies, were posed to the participants of this research study. The study used the qualitative research design. Respondents were seen as experts of their own life situation. Face to face interviews were used to collect data from the participants. Data analyses was done in the form of content data analysis. The key findings of the research project:- Shortage of skills in financial management, inadequate water service infrastructure, inadequate human resource for water service delivery, lack of co-operation between the Polokwane Municipality and the Mabokelele Induna and lack of community participation and consultation by the Polokwane Local Municipality and long delays caused by the tendering process were identified as the key findings for the study. Recommendations for the study was guided by the findings of the research project. The following served as recommendations for the study : Polokwane Local Municipality should ensure that people with financial management skills and project management are employed to avoid under-spending of the budget. Community participation and consultation should be key when implementing projects to the community, Department of Water Affairs to ensure that enough water service infrastructure is provided so that the Municipality can function properly. Dwarf should speed up the transfer of officials to Polokwane Local Municipality and lastly, the red tapes in the tendering processes should be minimized to avoid long delays in the approval of water projects.
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Motoboli, Ma-Edward Jermina. "The impact of improved water access for both domestic and productive uses on human development: the case of Letsoalo-Sekororo in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/405.
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Thesis (M.A. (Agricultural Economics))--University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011.The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of improved water access for both domestic and productive uses on human development. The study was conducted in three villages in the Letsoalo-Sekororo community within the Mopani District Municipality in the Maruleng Local Municipality around the banks of the Olifants River in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study used a total sample of 59 participants representing 40 households, 16 key informants. Three focus group discussions were held. Various variables for the households were selected and analysed using logistic regression. The method of agreement was used for key informants as well as for focus group discussions. The results from the logistic regression indicated that household size and quantity of water consumed by an individual per household was found to be showing a positive relationship to improved water access. Cattle ownership and household’s monthly income were found to be showing a negative relationship to improved water access. The results also indicated that other people’s private yard taps are the water source which showed a negative relationship to improved water access. The variable food availability throughout the year, showed a positive relationship to improved water access. Water related disease showed a negative relationship to improved water access. The results of method of agreement indicated that there are many challenges faced by the key informants. These challenges were because of the poor water reticulations and the fact that other households were unable to make their connections due to lack of a money. vii The study recommends that the Department of Water Affairs and the Maruleng Local Municipality should continue their efforts of getting enough and safe water fir the Letsoalo- Sekororo communities. Once that is done these communities will be able to get involved in income generating activities.
French Embassy through the Centre for Rural Community Empowerment
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Sedikila, Pheladi Sherly. "Rural water supply services cost recovery mechanisms in Limpopo Province : a case study of Greater Tubatse Local Municipality." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/645.
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Letsoalo, Masilo Simon. "Water supply services in Greater Tzaneen Municipality : A case study of Lenyenye Township." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/831.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2012The aim of the envisaged study is to investigate the water supply services in Lenyenye Township, in Greater Tzaneen Municipality and to derive suggestions and recommendations for improvement based on the objectives decomposed into the following: To review the extent and the magnitude of Water Supply problems and to identify, analyze the underlying causes of the water supply problems because the basic infrastructure provision of water supply is very poor and dismal across the area. Water serves as a basic need to which everybody has the right to access, be it for consumption or irrigation this service is, unfortunately, disrupted by many factors. The findings in the study for poor water supply emanate from many common causal factors such as management skills, technical challenges and illegal connections. Only two methods were employed to collect data in the study. Data collection was done by using the questionnaire and the interview methods and the interview involved direct personal contact with the participants who answered questions. A survey questionnaire was used to obtain data pertaining to water supply services from the representatives of water supply institutions. Recommendations in the study are based on the findings such as prioritization of effective water supply for Lenyenye township, community consultation and participation, addressing capacity constrains in the Municipality such as human resources, water service infrastructure, and skills development.
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Machethe, Elliot Masoto. "The causes and impact of water shortage on the households of Ga-Kgapane Township in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/677.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011Water shortage is a global problem. While other people in some parts of the world maybe enjoying enough supply of water others are faced with water shortage. South Africa is not an exception in this regard because some do not have access to water but rely on distance conveyance. Government is under constitutional obligation to supply this basic social and economic service. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating the causes of water shortage and the impact thereof on the household of Ga-Kgapane Township in Limpopo Province. This township falls under Greater Letaba Municipality in Modjadjiskloof. The data collected from four sections/localities of this Township showed that the area has a serious problem of water shortage. The lack of water according to the findings negatively affects the livelihoods and development of the people of Ga-Kgapane Township.
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Turton, Anthony. "The political aspects of institutional developments in the water sector South Africa and its international river basins /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06042004-110828.
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Taunyane, Letlhogonolo Bridgitte. "An analysis of the role of the Department of Water and Forestry in the management of the Xikundu Water Project in the Northern Region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/646.
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Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2007The aim of this inquiry was to analyze the role played by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in service delivery, i.e. supply water in the northern region of the Limpopo Province. Not much research has been conducted in this field especially in the Limpopo Province. Public Services are not a privilege in a civilized and democratic society, but are a legitimate expectation. Hence, meeting the basic needs of all citizens is one of the five key programmes of the government’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). From the literature review, it was evident that service delivery is essential in the communities, and, as such, government departments and municipalities have a critical role to play. The study also aimed to examine the problems and challenges the community faced during the construction of the community development programme. It reflected on the importance of consultation, project management and even feedback as a point of departure in showing both to the department and the municipality the attitudes and perceptions of communities and their level of satisfaction with regard to the effectiveness of service delivery. In order to achieve this goal, an interview was conducted with various interviewees. The participants ranged from the youth to the elderly citizens in the community, and the government officials. The main patterns that emerged from the collected data related to the dissatisfaction of the community about the lack of consultation. It would be advisable for government, especially municipalities, to take cognizance of the results and concerns in an effort to improve and ensure the effective service delivery as stipulated in the Reconstruction and Development Programme document.
Limpopo Legislature
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Masenya, Malesela Jim. "The effects of gender discrimination in water services provision on women empowerment in Gapila Village, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1534.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2015The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of gender discrimination in water services provision on women empowerment in GaPila Village, located in Limpopo Province. Gender discrimination remains a major challenge both in the labour market and within households. The allocation of resources within households is still much gendered due to unequal gender relations in most rural areas. Men are allocated most resources within households and have many benefits than women. Such also manifest to children. Despite, women being major beneficiaries of the delivery of water services, they are discriminated against as they are not involved with the processes that precede the provision of such services. The study used both quantitative and qualitative research approach to establish the effects of gender discrimination in the provision of water services on women empowerment. The findings of the study illustrated that culture and tradition are the key to the inadequacy of women’s access to and control over management of water services. Cultural practices within communities either ignore female participation in water services management. Their participation is obstructed by lack of time, level of education, low self-esteem and flexibility due to substantial workload and numerous household responsibilities. The study also showed that according to local cultural beliefs, the status of women whether high or low, does not determine the amount of work that must be done by her at home, because irrespective of her status or career placement, her primary assignment is to care for the family/home. The study further revealed that women in the GaPila Village are allowed access to economic opportunities and participation roles during community meetings. Also, women are allowed to occupy positions such as chairperson, secretary and treasurer; however, due to culture and tradition, low self-esteem and lack of support from men, women do not take advantage of such opportunities to occupy these positions of authority in water services. Therefore, the study concluded that, as woman’s contributions regarding water services provision remains inconsequential because they are excluded from decision making processes that affect their level of living and prospects of empowerment. From a water services provision perspective, this study affirms the theoretical principle that discrimination against women disempowers them. Women are the beneficiaries of water services because most of their duties require water. As such, it is important for women to actively participate and to be involved in the management committee relating to water services and provision.
9
Nthai, Mukovhe Maureen. "An evaluation of irrigation water supply infrastructure to improve conveyance efficiency and water availability at Dzindi Irrigation Scheme, Limpopo Province." Diss., Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09142007-162859.
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Mekiso, Feleke Abiyo. "Hydrological proceses, chemical variability, and multiple isotopestracing of water flow paths in the Kudumela Wetland- Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006153.
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The hydrology of the Kudumela Wetland, Limpopo Province of South Africa was studied from November 2005 to April 2007, involving both fieldwork and laboratory analyses. This study presents the results of an investigation of the hydrology of the Kudumela Wetland in South Africa, and its contribution to dry season flow in the Mohlapitsi and Olifants Rivers. Initially, 40 Piezometers were installed along seven transects and water levels monitored in order to understand water table level characteristics (fluctuations) with time. Water levels in transects one, three, the right bank portion of transect four and transect six showed fluctuations. Transect two, the left bank portion of transect four and transect five did not show significant temporal changes. The relationships between piezometer water levels, rainfall in the study area and stream flow observed at a river gauging station are not clear. The river within the wetland is a gaining stream because the water table level elevation is above that of the river. This indicates that the wetland is feeding the river. The northern part of the wetland (T1 and T2) is affected by artificial drains and most of the piezometers closest to the river channel showed the lowest variations. The relationships between rainfall, groundwater, and surface water at this site shows that stream flow did not respond quickly to precipitation as expected, even in months when rainfall increased (for example, 74 and 103mm during 08/02/06 and 18/02/06 respectively), and the groundwater levels did not show fluctuations, indicating that groundwater responds gradually to precipitation, and that the relationship between rainfall, groundwater and surface water is complex. The environmental stable isotopes (deuterium and oxygen-18) and the radioactive isotope (tritium) were analyzed, along with field observations of electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total alkalinity (Talka) and some major and minor dissolved ion analyses for tracing water dynamics in the study area. A total of 39 water samples was taken and analyzed from boreholes, auger holes, right bank and left bank drains, various points along the river and springs in four sampling visits to the wetland. The results did not clearly provide a temporal record of isotope and chemical variations in the various sources. Results from the most extensive sampling survey in April 2007 provide the most comprehensive overview of hydrological relationships. Clustering of the stable isotope data suggests that the water samples of upstream and downstream river, auger holes further south and most drains clustered together suggesting a common water source and almost all samples fall above the global (GMWL) and local (Pretoria MWL) meteoric water lines, while some fall between the global and Pretoria meteoric water lines. Six representative water samples were analyzed for major ion concentration. Both cation (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and anion (HCO3, SO4, Cl, and NO3) analyses in November 2007 confirmed conclusions reached from field observations. The analysis shows that a single type of water (Ca, Mg-HCO3) is involved in the study area. In almost all major ion plots, the right bank drains, upstream river and downstream river samples grouped together in a single cluster. As the means for reliable river flow measurements were not available, except for the gauging station at the outlet of the valley, rough, semi-quantitative estimates were made during several field visits. These, suggest considerable losses of river flow into the gravel/boulder beds at and below a gabion dam at the head of the valley. Three major and several other left bank springs and right bank drains at transects T1 and T2 contributed to the river flow at all times. Along with the isotopic and chemical evidence, these observations have lead to a hypothesis that river water enters the wetland and flows back to the Mohlapitsi River through boulder beds underlying the wetland and through drains on the surface of the argillaceous aquitard covering the more conductive boulder beds. Deeper dolomitic groundwater does not appear to contribute to the water balance at least in the northern half of the wetland. Although environmental isotope and hydrochemistry results may not unequivocally prove this hypothesis they do not contradict it.
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Dau, Sarah Vhonani. "Evaluating the delivery of water and sanitation services in the Thulamela Municipality of Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/734.
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Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2011The study is an evaluation of the challenges that the Thulamela Municipality face in the delivery of water and sanitation services. The purpose of the study was to find ways of improving service delivery and addressing backlogs so that sustainable delivery of water and sanitation services can be achieved. A descriptive quantitative method was conducted using a questionnaire, peer-reviewed journals, books and official documentation. The Thulamela Local Municipality is based at Vhembe District in Limpopo Province. The study shows that there is a serious challenge of backlogs in water and sanitation delivery. These will be difficult to overcome due to financial constraint and, lack of human capacity and technical resources. The researcher concluded that the municipality has serious backlogs in service provision which needed to be addressed urgently. She recommends that the municipality should outsource some services, provide efficient and effective resource to ensure that there is sustainable service provision.
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Makgopa, Matome Samuel. "Human resource challenges facing Maruleng Municipality, on service delivery in Mopani District Limpopo Province (South Africa)." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/521.
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Matjuda, Mosibudi Agnes. "Assessment of the capacity of Masibambane donor funded non-governmental organizations (NGO's) to provide water services in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/900.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010This study was undertaken in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Its aim was to assess the capacity of the NGOs that benefitted from Masibambane which is a donor funded programme and to examine the contributions that they are making towards addressing the water and sanitation challenges. This programme made funding available to capacitate the NGOs with the hope that they will assist the sector. Five NGOs which are operating in various districts in the province were included in the study. This was a qualitative study. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from NGOs, municipalities, Department of Water Affairs and communities. Primary data were collected through interviews, focused groups and observations in the field while secondary data were obtained from NGO and Water Affairs documents. The findings of this study revealed that The Mvula Trust and Tsogang Water and Sanitation NGOs have the capacity to implement both water and sanitation infrastructure projects at a village level. Operation Hunger‟s expertise regarding water infrastructure projects is on digging boreholes and installing hand pipes even though it diversified to include water conservation. Akanani Rural Development Association has the expertise of building sanitation facilities while Thlavhama Training Initiative is still learning. It was also discovered that NGOs are good at mobilizing communities and also have the capacity to impart skills to the communities. Participants from NGOs confirmed that learning occurred through Masibambane programme even though some felt that the needs of the NGOs were not adequately addressed.
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Mashamaite, Kgalema Abbyton. "The contributions of smallholder subsistence agriculture towards rural household food security in Maroteng Village, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1099.
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Thesis (MDev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014Smallholder subsistence agriculture is regarded as an approach that can be adopted by poor rural households to meet their food and nutritional requirements. The practice of smallholder subsistence agriculture is a basis upon which poor households can enhance their household food security through increased incomes and food supply, ultimately generating extra income for other household needs. The present study discusses and analyses the importance of smallholder subsistence agriculture as an effective method easily available to households residing in rural areas to access food and incomes for household purposes. Hence, the study seeks to explore and analyses the role of smallholder subsistence agriculture in contributing to household food security in rural areas. Both primary and secondary data have been used to analyze the factors for the purpose of the study. The primary data were collected through a designed survey questionnaire administered to sampled smallholder subsistence farmers in the study area. This study used purposive sampling technique, through a transect walk, to draw households involved in smallholder subsistence agriculture in Maroteng Village. From the total population in the study area, only 100 households were selected for the purposes of the study. Both descriptive and qualitative techniques were used to analyze salient variables of the practice in order to give an insight of the important role the sector can play in addressing poverty, enhancing incomes and creating employment, consequently contributing to household food security in rural areas. The study shows that the participation on smallholder subsistence farming by households in rural areas could have positive impact on food security situations.
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Marokana, Matsobane David. "The impact of implementation of supply chain management policy in the Department of Local Government and Housing in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/707.
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Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012This study focused on the impact of implementation of Supply Chain Management Policy (SCM) in Limpopo Department of Local Government and Housing (The Department of Local Government and Housing is officially known as the Department of Co-operative Governance, Human Settlements and Traditional affairs as from the 16 August 2011).The study analyzed the impact of implementation of SCM policy including the implications of non-compliance with this policy. The study also provides an analysis of the perceptions of officials of the Department of Local Government and Housing with regard to the impact of implementation of Supply Chain Management policy. The study also looked at Supply Chain Management in a public sector context including mechanisms that can be employed in order to improve implementation of Supply Chain Management policy. Qualitative research methods were used in this study. This means that primary data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. The findings from the study indicated that the Department experienced challenges in implementing the SCM policy and that there was a significant change in the behavioural patterns of the certain employees after the SCM policy was implemented. The study also revealed that the implementation of SCM policy had both positive and negative effects on the employees of the Department, service providers as well as the public. Furthermore, the research revealed that violation of SCM policy has a negative impact on service delivery. The study has provided answers to both the main research question and sub-questions. From the findings made, the study concluded that the implementation of Supply Chain Management policy has both the negative and positive impact on the Department.
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Crafford, J. G. (Jacobus Gert). "Assessing the costs and benefits of water use for production and the potential of water demand management in the Crocodile Catchment of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26559.
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In South Africa, precipitation is extremely variable and water is scarce. South Africa is also a country with great welfare needs. Challenging economic development targets and plans therefore need to be implemented successfully within the constraints of limited water supply and unreliable water availability. These economic development plans are underpinned by the development and growth of economic activities such as agriculture, mining, energy production and many types of small, medium and micro enterprises, which are some of the largest water using sectors in the economy. Within these activities, increased competition places pressure on water users to keep supplying their markets with competitively priced goods, while rising costs of new water supplies puts pressure on water users to allocate sufficient water to their production processes. These market forces and the relative scarcity of water as an economic production factor, impact on financial viability and imply that the economic efficiency of water use becomes increasingly important. The National Water Act of 1998 (NWA) is a legislative response to this situation, and promotes a radical shift towards efficiency and equity goals in water allocation. Water users who require water as an input to economic activities are consequently seriously revising their water use patterns in response to one of the major implications of the NWA and its related principal strategy: water demand management. Water demand management strives to adhere to the principles of equity, social justice, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability, which are central to the NWA. This study evaluates the costs and benefits of water use in order to simulate the effects of water demand management activities on a catchment economy. The results of a number of studies were combined to generate an economy-wide model: a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), for the case study area and to simulate the direct and indirect effects of water demand management on the people, the economy and the natural environment in the area. Water demand management (WDM) is defined as consisting of two phases. In the first phase, goals of full cost recovery, improving water use efficiency and allocating water optimally are targeted. The second phase of WDM arrives when a situation of absolute water scarcity is reached within a catchment. In this phase water demand outweighs water supply and water has to be allocated according to its scarcity value. Water markets play a large role here. The SAM was used to simulate the direct and indirect impacts on the economy and the environment of a number of WDM related scenarios. Water e-allocation decisions and the effects of various WDM policy instruments, such as reduction of water use subsidies and increases in water tariffs were simulated. Unintended consequences of other environmental policies on water use, in this case, carbon tax, were explored. Water scarcity predictions were done, and some of the transaction costs involved in water trading was quantified. The study concludes with a discussion on the indirect effects on the economy, the environment and people of changes affecting the agricultural (including forestry) activities. The direct and indirect impacts of WDM policies on the economy and the environment, and the importance of environmental-economic models in water cost benefit modeling are also discussed. Implications for policy and management are highlighted. This study shows specifically how, through modelling various scenarios, policy decisions aimed at managing specific variables (e.g. water use, carbon emissions) have an economic and environmental impact much wider than the sector in which the policy was targeted for. Each scenario shows how a water transaction, or a change in subsidy in the agricultural (including forestry) sector, could impact on the output of other economic sectors, and therefore the economy as a whole. It is therefore evident that policy decisions, which are implemented at a macro level, and could have a major direct impact on a wider range of economic sectors, should be carefully considered as they could have large, undesirable, unintended consequences.Dissertation (MSc (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
unrestricted
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Van, Heerden Karien. "Geological and anthropogenic impacts on inorganic water quality at rural clinics in the Limpopo Province, South Africa / van Heerden, K." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6978.
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This study gives insight to the origin of pollution in the water resources of the Limpopo province of South Africa. The Limpopo province is the largest rural province in South Africa. Up to 40% of the total population does not have access to sufficient water supply, resulting in adverse health effects. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) the degree of inorganic pollution of borehole water; (2) to identify the pollution sources, and (3) to determine whether the pollution is inherited from the surface water that recharges the groundwater or is caused on site near the bore holes. In order to achieve these objectives, surface water quality data (14 675 samples) and borehole water data (340 samples) at health facilities were analysed. A pollution index, defined by the following ratio:
Pollution index (%) = 100 x ([Cl–] + 2[SO4^-2] + [NO3-] + 3[PO4^-3]) ÷ ([Cl-] + 2SO4^-2 + [NO3-] + [PO4^-3] + [HCO3-])
was used to determine the percentage of contribution of each chemical species towards pollution. This ratio is based on the fact that bicarbonate is released during chemical weathering of rocks whereas sulphate, nitrate, chloride, and phosphate are anthropogenic in origin. The pollution index shows that 6% of the surface waters and 21% of the borehole water is severely polluted. The pollution of the surface water is characterized by high concentrations of sulphate whereas the pollution of the borehole water is characterized by high concentrations of chloride. This indicates that the pollution of the borehole water is not so much the result of the infiltration of polluted surface water, but rather the result of on–site pollution on the surface near the bore holes.Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Cronje, HP, I. Cronje, and AJ Botha. "The distribution and seasonal availability of surface water on the Manyeleti Game Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Koedoe, 2005. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000998.
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The availability and abundance of surface water on the Manyeleti Game Reserve was
quantified to provide information towards the development of a water provision policy.
A total of 696 water source sites were located with a mean distance of 223.3 m apart.
The water source sites (natural and artificial) were monitored seasonally to describe the
seasonal availability of surface water on the Manyeleti Game Reserve. There were significant
relationships between seasonal rainfall and the number of water source sites and
maximum distance between sites. The large number of water sources is regulated by climatic
progression and thus water provision on the Manyeleti Game Reserve follows a
natural cycle linked primarily to rainfall. Water sources that dry up towards the dry seasons
need to be supplied with water during drought periods in order to maintain game
numbers without causing rangeland degradation. A water provision model that incorporates
all the variables of the Greater Kruger Park Conservation Area, with particular reference
to the smaller conservation areas within it, should become a research priority.
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Netshipale, Lidzani Lucas. "Water services delivery in Mukondeni Village in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1481.
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Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016The provision of basic water services delivery to all South African citizens is one of the biggest challenges of many local municipalities. The objective of this study was to explore water services delivery in the communities of Mukondeni village in Limpopo Province. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) has the responsibility to ensure that all South Africans have access to basic water supply and emphasizes on speedy delivery of water and sanitation services. The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) is mandated with managing and protecting the country‘s water resources, with the National Regulator responsible for systems of accountability. The study evaluated the respondents of the communities, authorities responsible in water services delivery and the nature of the resources in water supply. The outcome of the study shows that, the communities and water services department (workers) were dissatisfied with the current water services delivery. Direct involvement, coordination and co-operation by the government, as well as developing a culture of empowering the local communities should bring better water services delivery to the village and to Mutale Local Municipality in general. The study recommends that one main pipeline from the plant to Mukondeni village should be installed and awareness campaigns for efficient and effective use of water should be launched. This should help ease and improve the present precarious situation.
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Rambuwani, Rudzani Vincent. "Hydrogeological characterisation and water supply potential of Lebalelo South, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1603.
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MESHWRDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Lebalelo area of Sekhukhune district is one of many areas in South Africa experiencing portable water scarcity, especially during prolonged dry season. Due to the dominance of low yielding aquifers in South Africa, it is essential to manage groundwater resources in these low yielding aquifers. However, the management of low yielding aquifer is difficult in areas like Labelelo where the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers are understudied. This study investigated the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers in the area using combined geophysical method and analytical groundwater models. Four newly drilled borehole and five existing boreholes were used for this study. Geophysical survey was carried out using magnetic and electromagnetic methods. The magnetic survey was used to locate the position of magnetic bodies such as dolerite dykes and different lithologies with different magnetic properties. The electromagnetic survey however, was used to determine zones of high permeability associated with the intrusive bodies as well as high permeability zones in fault planes. Step test, constant discharge test and recovery tests were conducted on all the boreholes to stress the borehole. This was used to determine a suitable and sustainable pumping rate of the aquifer. Pumping test data from the pumping period and recovery was evaluated and interpreted using AQTESOLVE. Aquifer transmissivity, storativity, internal and external hydraulic boundaries were determined from the data. The transmissivity in the area ranges from 0.08 to 124.7 m2/day. The aquifer types in the area are double porosity aquifer, radial flow aquifer with single porosity. Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP-MS) was used to measure heavy metals, trace metals and cations while Ion Chromatography (IC) was used to determine anions in groundwater of the study area. The groundwater in the area is dominated by calcium carbonate as a result of long residence time with dolomite. The hydrochemistry of the water indicates that the chemistry of the groundwater in the area is mainly controlled by rock-water interaction.
NRF
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Badisa, Khumo Terezan. "Socio-economic factors determining in-field rainwater harvesting technology adoption for cropland productivity in Lambani Village : a case study of Thulamela Local Municipality of the Vhembe District in Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/710.
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Thesis (MSc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011In-field rainwater harvesting technology is the technique that combines the advantages of water harvesting, no till, basin tillage and mulching on high drought risk clay soils. It reduces total runoff to zero, and also considerably reduce surface evaporation. The scarcity of agricultural water is increasing at a faster rate than for other sectors in Limpopo Province. Sufficient, clean drinking water is essential to life, but millions of people throughout the world including South Africa continue to have no access to this basic necessity. This study aimed at investigating the extent and nature of adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting technology by households in Lambani village of Limpopo Province. The main objectives of this study were to identify factors determining the in-field rainwater adoption technology for cropland productivity in Lambani village and to determine the extent to which in-field rainwater harvesting adoption influences cropland productivity in Lambani village. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 70 farmers in Lambani village of Limpopo Province. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression model and linear regression model were used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the characteristics of households and the nature of Lambani village, and logistic regression model was used to investigate factors that determine the adoption of infield rainwater harvesting technology, while linear regression model was used to determine the extent to which in-field rainwater harvesting influence the cropland productivity in Lambani village. The results from the logistic regression model indicate that 5 variables out of 10 variables are significant in explaining farmers’ adoption decision. Land size, access to financial service, access to information and contact with extension officer are some of the variables that have significantly positive effects on the adoption of infield rainwater harvesting technology, while hired labour has significantly negative correlation with adoption. Variables such as household size, level of education, age of the household, level of income and the main water source do not significantly influence adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting. This information will help prioritize
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Shongwe, Nkosinathi Sipho. "A measure of service quality on water in Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/869.
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Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007The residents of Lebowakgomo in Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality experience numerous inequalities in relation to water services provision. Some of the residents protest towards the inequalities through refusal to pay for the water services. The confrontational non paying residents field questions which the municipality can hardly answer. The problem of refusal to pay is of the magnitude that recently the municipality had to go house-to-house pleading with the inhabitants to pay if the municipality was to continue to provide water services. The specific objectives of this study were three-fold: (1) to determine water service quality using residents’ perceptions on water services in Lebowakgomo, (2) to determine residents’ expectations and perceptions on water services in Lebowakgomo, and (3) to determine the residents’ perceptions on water service quality and customer satisfaction in Lebowakgomo using age, gender, qualification and suburb. A questionnaire comprising five dimensions, namely, tangibles, reliability, assurance, empathy and responsiveness, was compiled to collect data from three suburbs of Lebowakgomo in Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality. The original sample size was 120, with 9 becoming spoiled due to missing data. The independent variables comprised age, qualification, suburb and gender. Most of the data were analysed for kurtosis and skewness and with the exception of one variable, the rest of the data did not conform to parametric analysis criteria. The major findings of this study indicated overall negative perceptions of residents’ on four dimensions of empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance on water service quality which implied that the residents were dissatisfied with the service and called on management to use SERVQUAL as a valid model of assessment to identify areas requiring immediate attention for service improvement. On the other contra positive it was revealed that the municipality was doing well on the tangibles dimension. ix The study recommended use of SERVQUAL in measuring quality of other services within the constitutional competencies of the municipality and further research to investigate age contribution to service quality.
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Ramulongo, Luvhimba. "An evaluation of urban household water demand and consumption in Vhembe District: a case study of Makhado Local Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/822.
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Nkwinika, Mdanisi Joseph. "The impact of water problems on the development of Mhangweni Community, Limpopo Province: South Africa." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/566.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2007This qualitative study investigated the impact of water problems on the development of Mhangweni community in Limpopo Province. The study also assessed the Greater Tzaneen Municipality strategies for addressing water problems in the community. Mhangweni village is within the Greater Tzaneen Municipality’s area of jurisdiction and is about 34 km east of Tzaneen. Questionnaires, observation and informal discussions from the sample were used to collect data. Eighty households from Mhangweni residents, the municipality officials and the community ward councilor were sampled. Water shortage is a serious challenge facing the households from this area. It is heart breaking as the results showed that the households of Mhangweni do not receive regular municipal water services. Households suffer economically in order to have access to water; as a result they are financially affected due to buying of water. The Greater Tzaneen Municipality must find a common ground and strategy to serve the long term interest of the Mhangweni households, that is, to provide them with regular water services. Development of a shared vision among all stakeholders has been seen as a prerequisite for the improvement in provision of services in the community. In conclusion the study suggests and recommends that the community households and the municipality must work together in order to satisfy needs of the community.
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Mpai, Nomasonto Ethel. "The effectiveness of the water supply system at Chavani Village, South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/235.
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Tangulani, T. M. "A critical analysis of water supply service delivery in the Mutale Municipality." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/116.
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Makomoto, Gladys Stella. "An evaluation of water supply in rural areas of Limpopo Province: case study of Gaba and Tshifudi." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/117.
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Mmbadi, Elelwani. "Water security in rural Limpopo in a changing climate: A study of the Greater-Giyani Local Municipality, South Africa." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1492.
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MENVSCDepartment of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences
Many rural communities of South Africa are living without adequate water supplies mainly due to historical lack of infrastructure and effective water reticulation systems. Day to day challenges of accessing water from distant boreholes and rivers are a reality particularly for women and children in rural Limpopo. This study investigates the nature and extent of water supply problems and how communities are living without adequate water in three rural communities of Greater-Giyani Local Municipality in South Africa. The study area lies in a semi-arid region which regularly experiences climate extremes such as droughts and floods which can reduce the ability of the municipality to supply water. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews and field observations while population, climate and hydrological data are also analyzed. A mixed methods research design was employed using qualitative methods such as content analysis whilst quantitative methods were dominated by time series analysis techniques and online interactive climate platforms such as the Climate Engine. It was found that households, schools and clinics in the study area rely mainly on boreholes for water supply but sometimes rivers supply those living nearby. An incomplete and poor water reticulation system coupled with erratic and shortening summer rainfall seasons are some of the major causes of water shortages in the study area. In order to cope with inadequate water, community members and public institutions in the study area have drilled boreholes and the sustainability of groundwater in the area is not well established. During summer, most households and institutions practise rainwater harvesting while a few resort to purchasing water from vendors. Despite these challenges which are not well documented, it was concluded that most of the rural poor households and institutions in the study area are well adapted to cope with water scarcity in the short term, while being vulnerable in the long term due to population growth and climate change. The study recommends the need for government and municipalities to invest in water reticulation systems in the long term whilst providing water to affected rural communities through water tankers, drilling more boreholes and maintenance of existing ones. Lessons learnt from this study may be useful to other municipalities across South Africa that are grappling with challenges of water access and supply.
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Malima, Tuwani Petrus. "Intervention strategy for effective potable water supply system to rural communities in Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1536.
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PhDRDVInstitute for Rural Development
Potable water supply is a fundamental human right and protected by international conventions and national laws. Access to it and having in place an appropriate water supply system remain the building blocks to improving and maintaining the welfare of any community for it to enjoy a healthy and productive life. The supply of potable water, especially in Africa's rural areas, however, remains a challenge. The demand for a system to provide sustainable water supply has been on the increase due to population growth and the climate change phenomenon. Vhembe District Municipality (VDM), as the responsible authority for water supply in sections of the Limpopo Province, faces many challenges, including - aging water supply infrastructure, lack of capacity of officials, and lack of funds for maintenance; these often lead to a breakdown of the supply system. This challenge results, for example, in increased health hazards that often cause tension between the District and the residents. The study’s main objective was to investigate the water supply system in Vhembe so as to suggest an effective intervention strategy for potable rural water supply system to improve the supply in the Vhembe District Municipality of the Limpopo Province. The specific objectives were - to determine the current potable water supply sources in rural communities of the VDM, examine the system’s ability to meet the needs of the rural communities in VDM and to identify the challenges and coping strategies used to meet potable water supply in VDM. A mixed-method, of both qualitative and quantitative research designs and techniques, was adopted and focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were used to gather data. From the four local municipalities of VDM, 14 wards were purposively selected through proportional representation of 448 households, which were randomly selected. Three municipal officials responsible for the water supply system in the VDM were selected through census. Key-informant discussions were held with councillors from the 14 wards, with focus group discussions used to engage the 448 households, and traditional leaders. Thematic content analysis was used to identify common themes, ideas, and patterns of meaning that came up frequently from qualitative data. The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 25 was used to analyse data using descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA and Chi-Square test.The results revealed that in Vhembe District Municipality, the primary sources of water were boreholes (45.3%) followed by piped water from the dams (35.3%). The majority of the households (53.6%) obtain water from boreholes once per week, with 4% resorting to obtaining water from rivers, 5.4% obtained water from fountains and 10% obtained their water from Municipality water tankers (truck tankers). These results indicate that the District continues to face challeges in its efforts to fulfill its mandate as the responsible authority for water supply, in the rural communities due to lack of a sustainable system to supply the required minimum water needs for households. The study recommended that all stakeholders should join hands to invest in a system that has more water supply options to sustainably meet the needs of the growing population. The system should have management ii structures relevant for villages, as critical pillars to assist - with the management system, address minor maintenance requirements, and monitor and report any water supply system-related issues. It was also suggested that rural communities be encouraged to pay for water supply services, for the system's sustainability and that the system in VDM would be improved when stakeholders (communities, government, and NGOs) come together.
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Modjadji, Godfrey Henry. "Provision of water and sanitation services in Ga-Kgapane Township, Limpopo." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3122.
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Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019This study is about an investigation into the provisioning of water and sanitation services in Ga-Kgapane Township in the Limpopo Province. Since the year 2002, the residents of Ga-Kgapane Township live without sufficient water supply services. Residents receive tap water once a week and they depend on supply from water tankers for the rest of the week. This township has a water borne sewage system and most of the households have indoor toilets. The study used a mixed method because it had incorporated both elements of qualitative and quantitative methodologies in its approaches. The research instruments such as semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, documentary data extraction and observations were used to collect information. The study’s sample size comprised of 77 key participants and informants from Mopani District Municipality (Water Services Authority); Lepelle-Northern Water Board (implementing agency and bulk water supplier); Greater Letaba Municipality (Water Service Provider); Ward Councillors and community members (endusers). The research findings revealed that Ga-Kgapane Township’s water and sanitation provision challenges are due to insufficient or lack of water, poor water management and poor governance. It was also discovered that the MDM and GLM have failed to translate the rights to water and sanitation into law, policy, budget and service provision for the Ga-Kgapane Township residents. The insufficient water supply challenge resulted in some community members migrating to other areas where there is better basic service provision. The residents failed to exploit the economic development opportunities which resulted in health risks as they were exposed to danger due to burst sewer pipes which spewed raw sewerage water on the streets. The sewage contaminated the township’s natural streams. This study’s findings could form a basis for future research on the effectiveness of the MDM’s Water Services Provision Agreement which was signed with the district’s local municipalities. The Mopani District Municipality has for many years v received undesired audit opinions ranging from ‘Adverse to Disclaimer’ notices. This affects the local municipalities too as they are all qualified-on water transactions. As part of the recommendations, the study proposed that the Greater Letaba Municipality should utilise the Intergovernmental Relations Forum to address the plight of the provision of water and sanitation services in Ga-Kgapane Township.
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Malele, Ramadumetja Harriet Maureen. "Living without water: the experiences of Mokgolobotho villagers in Greater Tzaneen Municipality in Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2197.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018The purpose of this study was to determine the challenges that hinder the Greater Tzaneen Municipality from rendering water service delivery to Mokgolobotho villagers and the villagers’ perceptions of their livelihoods without adequate municipal water supply. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research. Two groups of respondents participated in the study. The data was gathered from 100 respondents from Mokgolobotho village, and of the 100 respondents, 90 were residents from 30 households, 1 chief, 3 indunas, 1 ward councillor,3 ward committee members and 2 NGOs. The respondents from the community (households) were randomly sampled and a questionnaire was administered to them ,while those who participated in the interview were purposefully sampled. The scarcity of water at Mokgolobotho village has a negative impact on a number of aspects; the economic development of the village, the academic performance of learners, health of the community members is also at risk as they share water with animals (Mopani Herald, 2014:3) and it also increases the death rate caused by car accidents as villagers cross the R36 Lydenburg main road to get water at the Dan Extension 2 (Reconstruction and Development Programme Settlement). The Department of Water Affairs is very aware of the anomalies in water distribution, where people reside adjacent to water sources and yet have no access to a source of safe and reliable drinking water. Section 27 of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution states that everyone has the right to have access to sufficient water, and the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the progressive realization of this right. The Greater Tzaneen Municipality has failed to implement this section of the Bill of Rights at Mokgolobotho Village. The study recommends that the fulfilment of the constitutional mandate by the Greater Tzaneen Municipality and the active involvement of all the stakeholders will solve the water service delivery problem in Mokgolobotho Village.
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Mandiwana, Minah. "Geohydrolic potential and groundwater management in the Dendron area, Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15117.
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Taonameso, Solomon. "The use of Water Point Mapping (WPM) as a tool to assess improved water resources in rural communities." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/786.
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Luvhimbi, Ndivhudzannyi. "Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk of drinking water at Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1592.
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MPHDepartment of Public Health
Water quality of drinking water has been linked to good health outcomes across the world. The aim of this study was to assess physico-chemical, bacteriological, community practices regarding collection and storage of water and evaluation of human health risk characteristics of drinking water supplied by the government to Lufule village in Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa A cross-sectional study was conducted using questionnaires and interviews to determine drinking water handling practices and levels of contamination between the source and point-of-use at household. Assessment of water quality was carried out on 114 samples from selected sampling points using scientifically approved protocols. Total coliform was determined in 62.5% and 87.5% of the samples during the dry and wet seasons respectively. Similarly, E. coli was determined in 10.4 % and 13.2% in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Trace metals levels in the drinking water samples were analysed and were within permissible range of both SANS and WHO. The calculated non-carcinogenic effects using hazard quotient toxicity potential, cumulative hazard index and chronic daily intake of drinking water through ingestion pathways were less than one unity, which showed that consumption of the water could pose little or no significant health risk. The results of this research suggest that lead has the potential of cancer risk to the residents through the cumulative ingestion in the drinking water samples of the studied area. Therefore, precaution needs to be taken to avoid potential risk of people in Lufule area especially, children.
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Onipe, Tobiloba A. "Geogenic fluoride source in groundwater: A case study of Siloam Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1248.
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MESHWRDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Siloam, a village in the Northern province of South Africa has groundwater reportedly characterised by concentration of fluoride greater than 1.5 mg/L permissible limit. Regional investigation has been done to determine the possible fluoride sources in the northern province of South Africa, but no localised investigation has been documented. The World Health Organization and South Africa National Standard permissible limit is 1.5 mg/L for a duration of time. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the sources of fluoride in the groundwater of Siloam village in response to reported high incidences (80%) of dental fluorosis in Siloam village. This study also elaborates more on the hydrochemical and geochemical processes favouring the release of fluoride into the groundwater of Siloam village. Two (2) surface rocks, one (1) surface clay deposit, twelve (12) borehole cuttings and four (4) groundwater samples were used for this study. Temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity (EC) and pH of the groundwater were determined using a combined multimeter because these parameters are proxy indicators of geogenic influence on groundwater fluoride concentration. Total fluoride in the groundwater samples and the leachates obtained during a leaching experiment were determined using Ion Chromatograph (IC) and Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode (FISE). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is the most preferred method for rock analysis by earth scientists because it is faster and does not require ambiguous training on the part of the analyst, therefore, it is mostly the standard methods used in whole rock chemistry. Elemental composition and mineralogy were determined using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Clay, greywacke, argillaceous sedmients and basalt were analysed. Results obtained indicated that the groundwater fluoride concentration ranges from 3.92 to 4.95 mg/L, which are far above the WHO permissible limit and South African standard. Insitu temperature reading obtained ranges from 25 to 48°C thus classifying the groundwater to be hot and tepid. The groundwater pH ranges from 8.1 to 9.1 which indicates an alkaline water condition. The groundwater conductivity ranges from 330 to 730 μS/cm while the Total dissolved solids ranges from 130.12 to 423.07 mg/L. Groundwater proxy indicators showed geologic sources to be responsible for the high fluoride concentration in the groundwater of Siloam village. Hydrochemical investigation revealead that the mineralisation of groundwater in Siloam village is as a result of rock water interaction and the process of groundwater enrichment is through base ion exchange and reverse ion exchange. The dominant water type in the village was identified to be Na-Cl water type and the abundance of sodium (Na) is due to the heavy weathering of plagioclase of the parent rocks. Total fluoride content of the rocks and soils of the village ranges from 10 to 2000 mg/L. The leachable fluoride, however, ranged in concentration from 0.27 to 14.88 mg/L under induced temperature v and 0.05 to 10.40 mg/L without temperature. Mineralogical investigation revealed the abundance of smectite clay, which is known for its enrichment and leaching of fluoride into groundwater sources, thus, the research question and assumption about the possible source of fluoride and the assumption that fluoride increases downwards towards the aquifer were answered. Leaching experiments identified the main contributors of fluoride to groundwater in Siloam village as smectite clays and the muscovite present in the sandstone, greywacke and basalt. Time based leaching experiment, geochemical modelling and dating of different hydrogeological unit was recommended
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Mashabela, Karabo. "Onsite greywater reuse as a water conservation method: a case study of Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1645.
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Thesis (MSc. (Geography and Environmental Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015.Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment. Growth in population and economic activities have contributed to water scarcity, which is a frequent challenge in rural and township communities in South Africa. This study aimed at investigating onsite greywater reuse as a water conservation method in Lepelle-Nkumpi local municipality, Limpopo province. The study described the socio-economic characteristics, assessed the accessibility and availability of water supply, and ascertained the coping mechanisms for water scarcity as well as the perceptions and reuse of greywater. Four percent respondents each were selected from two settlements, namely, Mashite village and Lebowakgomo township (Zone F). Mashite village had a population size of 5314 people (1231 households) and Lebowakgomo Zone F had 5903 people and (1924 households). A systematic random sampling method was used to select the required households from the two settlements. Both open and close ended questionnaires were used. A Geographical Positioning System was also used to collect the absolute location of available taps in the study area. Data collected were analysed using SPSS version-22 and Arc GIS 10.1. The study found out that the socio-economic characteristics of importance on onsite greywater reuse included highest qualification, household size and employment status, but they varied in these two areas. In Mashite village the majority of the respondents went to secondary school (59%) as compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F where the majority (72%) attained tertiary qualification. Household size mean in Mashite is 6.18 as compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F (2.77). Sixty four percent of respondents in Mashite village were unemployed, whereas in Lebowakgomo 69% were employed. Water usage in the two areas differed; in Mashite village where they use less water (250 to 840 litres) as compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F, where more water is used (5900 to 8001 litres). In Mashite village, 87% of the respondents could not access water due to inaccessibility of taps and unavailability of water as compared to Lebowakgomo zone F (100%). It was also found that the Mashite community sometimes go for a period of two to three months without tap water whereas in Lebowakgomo water was comparatively regular. As a result both communities resorted to rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse. Seventy six percent (76%) of respondents in Mashite village and 30% of the respondents in ii Lebowakgomo Zone F harvested rainwater as a coping mechanism of water scarcity. Perceptions of greywater reuse were higher (76%) in Lebowakgomo Zone F compared to Mashite village (49%). A higher percentage of Mashite village respondents (98%) reuse greywater compared to Lebowakgomo Zone F respondents (59%). Both areas use greywater as water conservation method. These results reinforce the potential of domestic greywater reuse as an alternative for freshwater requirement. Greywater reuse as a water conservation method especially in villages can be used to alleviate the extent of water scarcity.
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Makungo, Rachel. "Development of risk-based groundwater operating rules: a case study of Siloam Village, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1417.
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PhDENV (Hydrology)Department of Hydrology and Water Resources
This study developed operating rules for groundwater supply from a probabilistic (risk-based) approach. Groundwater supply systems are often operated without relating groundwater yield/availability to demand which makes groundwater resource planning and management challenging and unpredictable. Risk-based approaches for developing groundwater operating rules comprehensively incorporate assurance of supply and also account for uncertainty due to model inputs, model structure and climate variability. A groundwater resource unit (GRU) was delineated and its hydrogeological conceptual model developed. Automatic curve matching was used to identify appropriate aquifer models and test solutions for estimating hydraulic characteristics (storativity, transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity) based on Aquifer Test Solver (AQTESOLV) Pro version 4.5. Limited groundwater levels and rainfall data were infilled and/or extended using Output Error-Nonlinear Hammerstein Weiner (OE-NLHW) and non-parametric regression (NPR), respectively. Performances of these models were based on relative error (RE), correlation coefficient (COR), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE). A program for generation of monthly groundwater levels for the GRU was coded in FORTRAN based on the revised version of the Pitman model (referred to as GW-PITMAN model). The model was calibrated using groundwater levels from a neighbouring borehole due to lack of observed representative data for the GRU. Validation was done by establishing the realistic nature of simulated runoff, recharge and groundwater levels. A Variable Length Block (VLB) bootstrapping model was used for simultaneous generation of stochastic inputs (rainfall, evaporation and groundwater levels) of the groundwater operating rules model. Operating rules were developed from statistical analysis of 100 base yields for the GRU simulated from 5-year long stochastically generated sequences (with length of 34 years) of rainfall, evaporation and groundwater levels. The hydrogeological conceptual model indicated presence of faults and diabase dykes which influence preferential flow paths and storage of water in the aquifer. Identified aquifer test solutions were found to be suitable for estimation of hydraulic characteristics, since they had generally good model fits and low mean residual errors. Heterogeneous aquifer types were identified though leaky aquifer dominated. Storativity, transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 0.0003-0.060, 0.78-12.3 m2/day and 0.074-0.460 m/day, respectively, indicating limited storage with potential for local groundwater supply for private consumption. Graphical fits for observed and estimated rainfall and groundwater levels were mostly comparable, though scatter plots indicated cases of underestimation and overestimation of observed values. R2, COR, NSE, RMSE and RE values were 0.76 and 0.7, 0.87 and 0.84, 0.75 and 0.68, 3.67 and 3.03 mm and 30 and 29% for both calibration and validation runs, respectively, for NPR model. R2, COR, NSE, RMSE and RE were 0.99 and 0.86, 0.97 and 0.93, 0.99 and 0.84, 0.03 and 0.01 m and 0.08 and 0.11% for both calibration and validation runs, respectively, for OE-NLHW model. The models were therefore found to have efficient calibration and validation, and were thus, suitable for data extension. Estimated groundwater levels, streamflow and groundwater recharge for both calibration and validation runs of the GW-PITMAN model, generally fluctuated with changes in rainfall, indicating that they are realistic. Majority (9 out of 10) of the historical statistics were mostly well preserved by VLB, except for skewness. Historic highest groundwater levels were also not well preserved. Superimposing the cumulative demands on the base yield curves and analysis of percentages of water demands that can be supplied indicated that the groundwater system could not meet the water demands at all times. To promote sustainable multipurpose use of water that can enhance rural livelihoods, allocating water using priority classification was found to be essential. Operating rule curves for groundwater supply were derived using a risk-based approach. The operating rule curves indicated that if priority classification is used all water demands are met up to maximum groundwater level of 25 m. The developed operating rule curves are therefore expected to improve water supply to both domestic and productive water uses, if they are adequately implemented and hence improve livelihoods. The procedures followed in developing risk-based groundwater operating rules for Siloam Village were summarised to assist in their application in any delineated groundwater resource unit. Though minimal infrastructure is available to support implementation of the operating rules, additional monitoring boreholes are required to aid in estimation of average groundwater levels for further calibration and validation of the GW-PITMAN model. Detailed geological and geophysical investigation are required to improve on characterisation of the GRU and its hydrogeological conceptual model. Undertaking a study of this nature in other areas including those which are data-scarce could promote wide implementation of risk-based groundwater operating rules.
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Murivhame, Lavhelesani Given. "Faecal contamination pathways and prevalence of diarrheal pathogens in rural households with and without improved sanitation facilities." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/990.
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Ndwambi, Khuthadzo. "Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Naledi Local Municipality, North West Province, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/843.
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Nkuna, Zanele. "Towards efficient water utilisation in South African Higher Education Institutions: A case study of University of Venda." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1377.
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MESHWRDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Water scarcity has become a constraint for sustainable development in the higher education institutions in South Africa including University of Venda. Water infrastructure is one of the major challenges within higher education institutions, the existing water supply infrastructure is over 20 years old and was not planned for the current population. This study aimed at developing a water management plan for higher education institutions in South Africa using the University of Venda as a case study. A water resource management plan provides a road map for reducing water consumption while encouraging sustainable water utilisation. Evaluation was done within the institution to identify water sources, water resources infrastructure and water utilisation. The study employed questionnaire survey to collect data on water consumption, to evaluate issues of the institutional participation in resolving the water problems within the institution and deduce water wastage. Water supply data was obtained from meter readings and water invoices obtained from Vhembe District Municipality and University of Venda. The latter were used to determine water consumption within the institution. Based on the sample size, the results indicated the estimated amount of water consumed daily by UNIVEN population is 66 341.9 l/d excluding water utilised at the cafeteria, car wash and auditorium. The average water supplied to UNIVEN in 2017 was 67 642. 25 mega litres/month, this indicates that more water is supplied to the institution since the estimated institutional water demand excluding illegal students in the residence halls ranged between 415 740 l/d and 597 620 l/d of water while the estimated institutional water demand including illegal students varied between 282 2610 l/d and 406 6580 l/d. The latter further indicates that there is water wastage within the institution because the water supplied monthly to the institution was in mega litres as indicated in the invoices, but the results indicated that the amount of water utilised daily within the institution was in litres, this clearly shows that the respondents under estimated the amount of water they utilise. The average amount of water used by students residing on campus was 271 l/p/d to 735.5 l/p/d while day scholars and university staff use 55 l/p/d to 142.5 l/p/d. The average amount of water used for cleaning ranged between 1 318.5 l/d to 3 909 l/d while gardening usage ranged between 4600 l/d and 8 600 l/d. The School of Agriculture experimental farm uses 9 270.4 l/d and the university laundry was found to utilise 5 186 l/d. The university laboratories were found to utilise 125 l/d to 215 l/d per practical session with 3 to 4 practical sessions conducted per week. The study found that the total water used by construction workers for domestic purposes iv is 800 l/d. The utilisation trends showed that during the dry seasons, the university population generally used about twice as much water as compared to wet season because municipal water was supplemented by rain water for watering plants and washing the pavement. The survey results indicated that students residing in the university residences waste more water by allowing the tap to run while brushing teeth, washing dishes, excessive use of water to rinse clothes while doing laundry, opening showers and leaving the water running while waiting for a desired water temperature. Activities such as watering flowers and lawn in an unmonitored manner and pavement washing in which the hose pipe runs for several hours during watering and pavement washing result in water wastage. The university does not have an environmental or water education projects that encourage students and staff to use water efficiently. Water conservation measures are lacking in the institution because there are no policies and procedures that outline how water should be utilised. The developed water management plan for University of Venda outline the current water consumption, targets for reduction, drivers for reducing water consumption and water reduction strategies. This study recommends that the University targets to reduce potable water usage by 12% in the next 5 years. The latter has been highlighted in the proposed water management plan. The proposed plan further presents a suite of strategies to reduce water usage, improve institution water resources data and to plan for the future. Water utilisation within the institution has not been efficient due to water not being utilised in a sustainable manner. Sub-metering of each building, water awareness campaign, introduction of water utilisation policies, routine inspection and maintenance of infrastructure and appointing an environmental coordinator or working with water experts in the School of Environmental Sciences will help reduce water consumption within the institution.
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Nyamukondiwa, Pertina. "Developing community-informed technology for harvesting rainwater for domestic use in a semi-arid area of South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1295.
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PhDRDVInstitute for Rural Development
Approximately, 780 million of people in the world lack access to safe water for domestic use. Out of these, 37 % are found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the negative impact of climate variability and change, scarcity of water is likely to continue worsening. Although semi-arid areas experience water shortages, they receive limited amounts of rainfall. Rainwater might help alleviate temporal water shortages. However, rainwater is rarely harvested for use when most needed. The PhD in Rural Development thesis research was carried out in Mabayeni village, which falls under Ward 35 of Collins Chabane Local Municipality in Limpopo Province of South Africa. It was designed to develop a grassroots community-informed prototype for a technology that could be used to harvest rainwater for domestic use. A series of interrelated studies with the following specific objectives underpinned the research: (1) To determine the extent of water scarcity; (2) To identify strategies households used to cope with inadequate availability of water for domestic use; (3) To document the rainwater harvesting techniques rural households used; (4) To compare the features of rainwater harvesting technology that people of different age groups preferred; (5) To develop community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology with the best potential to increase access to water for domestic use; and (6) To evaluate the community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology. Partly, the study was conducted as a follow-up to a Master’s research study on climate change carried out in 2014 in Mabayeni village. In the 2014 study, it was revealed that water scarcity was a major result of climate change in the area. In addition, Mabayeni was perceived as the driest compared to other villages in the ward. The Cresswell (2013) explanatory sequential mixed method design guided the study. Multi-stage sampling was followed to select respondents. This entailed categorizing respondents first dividing them by age and gender. Respondents were placed in the following clusters: children (boys and girls), youth (male and female), adult (men and women), and the elderly. This was done in order to ensure that there was triangulation of data sources. Various participatory research techniques were used to collect qualitative data for the same reason. For objective 1, data collection techniques such as photo voice, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, transect walks, storytelling and seasonal diagramming were used. Data were analysed through card sorting, Atlas.ti version 7.5.7-mediated thematic content analysis, map ranking, matrix scoring and conversation analysis. Data collection techniques employed for objective 2 were similar to those used in objective 1 with the exception of participatory mapping. Thematic content analysis in Atlas.ti, map ranking and matrix ranking were used to analyse data for this objective. Only focus group discussions, key informant interviews and transect walks were used to collect data for objective 3. Data analysis techniques used were similar to those used in the previous objective with the exception of map ranking. For objective 4, data were collected through focus group discussions and analysed using matrix ranking and Atlas.ti-aided thematic content analysis. In objective 5, development of artefacts was guided by prototyping and sketch modelling techniques. Techniques such as verbal protocol analysis, mathematical calculations and presentation and analysis were used to analyse data. A questionnaire with open and closed ended questions was also used to collect data for the last objective. Open-ended questions were analysed using thematic content analysis. In addition, the Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS version 25 determined first, the two prototypes (one for zinc and another for thatch roof) that were regarded as the best; and second, if prototype component ratings significantly differed (p <0.05) across prototypes. As a post hoc test, the Dunn’s test in R Statistical Software version 3.3.0 was used for pairwise comparisons. Data saturation determined the sample size. A total of 17 community engagement sessions were held to collect, analyse and validate findings with the grassroots community members in Mabayeni village. Water scarcity in Mabayeni village was reconfirmed to be seasonal. The dry season in each year was five months long. During this time, residents adopted random, risky and unhygienic coping strategies. Although rainwater was collected from rooftops, there was no formal technology used to gather and store large quantities for later use. This was attributed to lack of resources and knowledge on how to develop such technologies. The most commonly preferred features of rainwater harvesting technology across interest groups related to water quality, construction materials and security. All interest groups preferred a technology that harvested clean/potable water. Moreover, the elderly wanted a technology that would help them access the stored water easily. In total, 14 prototypes were developed. When all the interest groups evaluated the prototypes, the ones that boys and men developed were selected as the best for zinc and thatched roofbased technologies, respectively. Selection of a prototype that children produced as the best underlined that children were an important resource that communities should never marginalise. Nor should their ability to contribute useful ideas be underestimated when seeking solutions to local challenges. Active involvement of grassroots community members in the entire design process helped tailor specifications of the technology to user needs, thereby highlighting the importance of inclusive decision making in development practice. This was also important because it created ownership and increased chances of adopting the technology. Lastly, the current study reaffirmed the view that postgraduate degree research can be harnessed to coproduce solutions to community-identified challenges.
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Denga, Masindi Esther. "Fabrication of metal-oxide modified porous ceramic granules from aluminosilicate clay soils for defluoridation of groundwater." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/894.
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MENVSCDepartment of Ecology and Resource Management
Some boreholes in South Africa which serve as a source of drinking water for rural communities are reported to have high fluoride concentration, much above the WHO guideline of 1.5 mg/L. This study aimed at activating aluminosilicate clay soil mechanochemically, modifying aluminosilicate clay soil with Al-oxide and fabricating porous ceramic granules using Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil/ mechanochemically activated clay soil/ corn starch and evaluating their performances in defluoridation of groundwater. The raw clay materials were mechanochemically activated for 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes for physicochemical transformation of the solid aggregate. The morphology of the samples showed the honeycomb structure. The surface area analyses of samples using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) gave the highest surface area of 50.5228 m2/g at 30 min activation time. Hence, the optimum activation time was 30 min. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis showed increase in the absorbance of FT-IR by Si-O-H groups at 510 cm-1 with increasing milling time. This is evidence that more surface Si-O-H groups were available at higher particle surface area that would be necessary to interact with fluoride. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that, at 30 minutes milling time, the peak broadening is intensified whereas the reflection peak intensities decreased. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) results for 30 minutes milling time showed that silica and alumina were the highest components in the clay soil. Using the activated clay in batch defluoridation of fluoride-spiked water, a maximum fluoride removal of 41% was achieved at a pHe of 2.41. The initial fluoride concentration was 9 mg/L while the sorbent dosage was 0.6 g/100 mL and the contact time being 30 minutes. The adsorption data fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption data fitted only the pseudo-second-order kinetic, showing chemisorption. Optimization of Al3+ concentration for modification was carried out by modifying the mechanochemical activated aluminosilicate clay soil with different concentrations of Al3+ from which the optimum modification was achieved with 1.5 M. Characterisation studies on the Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil by SEM, BET, FT-IR, XRD and XRF, analyses were carried out to determine the resultant changes in physicochemical properties of the adsorbent owing to modification. The SEM image of Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated clay soil showed many small pores and honey-comb structure on the surface of different images. The BET surface area and the BDH adsorption cumulative area of the Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated v aluminosilicate clay soil were more than double those for the raw clay soil. There was also an increase in pore volume of the Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil. The FT-IR spectra showed that there was increase in the absorbance by the Si-OH, H-O-H, Al-O-H and Si-O-Al. The equilibrium pH of solution was higher than the point-of-zero charge (pHpzc) implying that fluoride removal occurred at solution pH > pHpzc where the net surface charge of the mechanochemically activated clay aluminosilicate soil was negative.The efficiency of 1.5 M Al-oxide modified aluminosilicate clay soil to remove fluoride from water was studied and found to be 96.5 % at pHe 6.86, contact time of 30 minutes and dosage of 0.3 g/100 mL for 10 mg/L fluoride solution at 200 rpm shaking speed. The result shows that Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil is effective for defluoridation. The adsorption data fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption data fitted only the pseudo-second-order kinetic, showing chemisorption. Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil was tested for fluoride removal on field water and the percentage fluoride removal was 96.5 % at the dosage of 0.6 g/100 mL with the pHe of 6.48. The optimum Al-oxide modified mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil/ mechanochemically activated clay soil/ corn starch mixing ratio for fabrication of porous ceramic granules was determined by varying ratios and temperature. The optimum ratio found was 20:5:1.The porous ceramic granules were characterised using SEM, BET, FT-IR, XRD and XRF. SEM analysis showed that the porous ceramic granules have the porous structure of the organic foam template. The porous ceramic granule showed an increase in pore surface area and volume as compared to mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil. The FT-IR showed the presence of a strong broad bending and stretching vibrations band at about 993 cm-1 which shows the presence of Si–O–Si bonds. Mineralogical characterisation showed the presence of quartz, albite, horneblende and microcline as the main minerals of the calcined porous ceramic granules. The major oxides of the porous ceramic granules as shown by XRF analysis were SiO2, Al2O3, MnO and Na2O. The porous ceramic granules reduced the concentrations of fluoride in the water from 10 to 3.31 mg/L. The optimum adsorption capacity was 0.6648 mg/g at a pHe of 6.32 and the percentage fluoride removal was 66.9 % at an adsorbent dosage of 1.0063 g/100 mL and a temperature of 600 ⁰C. The porous ceramic granules were tested for fluoride removal on field water and the percentage fluoride removal was 45.4 % at the dosage of 1.0009 g/100 mL with the pHe of 7.87. Mechanochemically activated aluminosilicate clay soil showed higher adsorption capacity at acidic pH, therefore it is recommended that future work should focus on improving their adsorption capacity at wider range of pH. The porous ceramic granules can also be evaluated in column dynamic flow experiments.
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"Community participation in the planning of water service delivery in a rural community in Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3501.
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M.A.Providing water services to a community takes careful planning and consideration. It is essential that communities are included from the onset in the processes of the project so that their needs, expectations and circumstances can influence decision-making as well as the activities required for the installation and subsequent delivery of the service. This type of involvement is referred to as community participation and it is a very important aspect when a new development takes place in any sector. This study investigated the nature of community participation that took place when a rural village in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, received a water service from the government. This study also assessed the impacts (beneficial and detrimental) on the needs and expectations of the new water system and the level of satisfaction with the service from the viewpoint of community residents. The methods that were used to gather data were focus group meetings, in-depth interviews and a satisfaction survey. The investigation revealed that community participation was not very extensive and was limited to community meetings and labour by community residents. Seven potential benefits of participation, namely, better health, quality of life, equal benefits, human rights, employment opportunities, affordability and sustainable development were identified, but most of the respondents claimed to have only experienced the health benefit from these positive outcomes. Concerns were mostly about the municipality’s insufficient consultation and the tap water not being easily accessible and constantly available. The satisfaction survey confirmed these complaints. Although the study could not show that the dissatisfaction of the community was related to low levels of community participation at the onset of the water service and the lack thereof afterwards, it was recommended that ongoing community participation can resolve the issues that the community might have with the water service and its provider.
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Maumela, Azwihangwisi Doris. "Impact of vegetation clearance on the hydrology of Luvuvhu River Basin in Soutpansberg area using Working for Water as a case study." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1036.
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Magoro, Salminah Azwinndini. "An investigation into the challenges facing Thulamela Local Municipality with regard to the supply of electricity." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/47.
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Nare, Lerato. "Evaluation of community water quality monitoring and management practices, and conceptualization of a participatory model : a case study of Luvuvhu Catchment, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/388.
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Madzivhandila, Thendo. "Effect of genotype and phosphorus fertilizer rates on water use and yield of chickpea." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/122.
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Arrey, Ivo A. "A modelling approach to estimate groundwater recharge from infiltration in the unsaturated zone : Siloam Village Case Study." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/365.
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Nengudza, Thendo Dennis. "Clay polymer nanocomposites as fluoride adsorbent in groundwater." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1352.
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MENVSCDepartment of Ecology and Resource Management
Fluoride is one of the anionic contaminants which is found in excess in groundwater because of geochemical reaction or anthropogenic activities such as the disposal of industrial wastewaters. Among various methods used for defluoridation of water such as precipitation, ion-exchange processes, membrane processes, the adsorptions process is widely used. It offers satisfactory results and seems to be a more attractive method for the removal of fluoride in terms of cost, simplicity of design and operation. In this work, the preparation of clay polymer nanocomposites (CPNCs) used in defluoridation began by modifying the original natural Mukondeni clay to render the layered silicate miscible with the chosen polymer, microcrystalline cellulose. Clay polymer nanocomposites (CPNCs) were synthesized using the melt intercalation method. Mukondeni black clay with microcrystalline cellulose as polymers was melt mixed at 220 °C for 10 minutes in an extruder for exfoliation of the resulting composite. Physicochemical characteristics and mineralogical characteristics of the CPNC was determined using XRD, XRF, BET, FTIR and SEM. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of CPNCs in defluoridation of groundwater. The pH, EC, TDS and fluoride concentration of field water was determined using the CRISON MM40 multimeter probe and the Orion versastar fluoride selective electrode for fluoride concentration. Elemental analysis revealed that CPNC 1:1 is mainly characterized of cellulose, Quartz and Albatite as the major minerals with traces of Montmorillonite, Ednite and Magnesium as minor minerals constituting CPNC 1:1. The structure of 1:4 CPNC was partially crystalline and partially amorphous showing increased cellulose quantity (1:4 clay to cellulose) as compared 1:1 CPNC, 1:2 CPNC and 1:3 CPNC. Maximum adsorption of fluoride was attained in 10 minutes using 0.5g of 1:4 CPNC removed 22.3% of fluoride. The initial fluoride concentration for the collected field groundwater was 5.4 mg/L, EC 436 μS/cm, and TDS 282 mg/L. The regeneration potential of CPNCs was evaluated through 3 successive adsorption desorption cycles. Fluoride removal decreased after the first cycle for all ratios of CPNCs, a continued decreased can be observed following the second cycle. CPNC 1:2 decreased from 9.32 % at the 1st cycle to 2.84 % and 0.56 % on the 2nd and 3rd cycle respectively. CPNC 1:4 decreased from 8.22 % at the 1st cycle to 4.80 % and 0.72 % on the 2nd and 3rd cycle respectively. The fluoride-rich Siloam groundwater had a slightly alkaline pH of 9.6. iv The low adsorptive characteristic displayed by all 4 CPNCs can be deduced from the BET analysis that revealed low surface area, pore volume, and pore size, it is evident from the BET analysis that less fluoride will be absorb as adsorption sites will be limited. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations are designing of correct preparation techniques to obtain nanocomposites with desirable properties, polymer melting points and evaporation point of the binder should be taken into consideration.
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Karambwe, Simbarashe. "Prevalence of Diarrhea causing bacteria, viruses and parasites in water sources in the rural communities in the Vhembe District." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/991.
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