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1
Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes. "Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 5 (August 28, 2020): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2020-0033.
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Purpose The study explored the impacts of climate change on water resources, and the community-based adaptation practices adopted to ensure water security in a rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participatory approach was used to allow community members to share their challenges of water scarcity, and the measures they have developed to cope with inconsistent water supply. Findings The study results show that the community obtains water for household consumption from the reticulation system supplied by Mutale River and the community borehole. These resources are negatively impacted by drought, change in the frequency and distribution of rainfall, and increased temperature patterns. The water levels in the river and borehole have declined, resulting in unsustainable water supply. The community-based adaptation practices facilitated by the water committee include observance of restrictions and regulations on the water resources use. Others involve securing water from neighbouring resources. Originality/value This type of community-based action in response to climate change could be used as part of rural water management strategies under climate change.
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Majuru, Batsirai, Paul Jagals, and Paul R. Hunter. "Assessing rural small community water supply in Limpopo, South Africa: Water service benchmarks and reliability." Science of The Total Environment 435-436 (October 2012): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.024.
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Makaya, Eugine, Melanie Rohse, Rosie Day, Coleen Vogel, Lyla Mehta, Lindsey McEwen, Sally Rangecroft, and Anne F. Van Loon. "Water governance challenges in rural South Africa: exploring institutional coordination in drought management." Water Policy 22, no. 4 (May 16, 2020): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.234.
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Abstract Droughts have severe direct impacts on the livelihoods of rural populations. Thus, the management of water for communal agriculture and water supply should be well coordinated to enhance drought resilience. Notwithstanding the interrelations among water management institutions in South Africa, there are complexities in the way these institutions work together, both in preparation for, and during drought times. In this article, we examine the governance of water resources in South Africa with a view to understanding institutional coordination in drought management at different operational scales. Using a qualitative approach, the roles and relationships between water actors at the local and regional level were analyzed for their adequacy in building local level drought resilience in a village in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Key informant interviews conducted revealed operational drought management challenges that emanate from communication barriers, coordination inconsistences, and undefined, unclear actor roles and responsibilities during disasters. The top-down approach to disaster management, while of some value, currently constrains the effectiveness of the local-level institutions implementing local drought risk reduction efforts. Achieving more successful water and drought governance endeavors could be enhanced by greater and wider engagement with community-based actors and water management institutions.
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Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Minh, and Tonni Kurniawan. "Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa Using Statistical Approach." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091891.
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Despite being a finite resource, both the quality and quantity of groundwater are under tremendous pressure due to rapid global changes, viz. population growth, land-use/land-cover changes (LULC), and climate change. The 6th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. One of the most significant dimensions of the SDG agenda is the emphasis on data and governance. However, the lack of good governance coupled with good observed data cannot ensure the achievement of SDG6. Therefore, this study strives to evaluate water quality status and hydrochemical processes governing it in the data-scarce Mokopane area of South Africa. Groundwater is the main source of fresh water supply for domestic usage, intensive agriculture, and mining activities in Mokopane. In this study, hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater samples was employed to calculate the water quality index (WQI) and evaluate factors governing water quality evolution in the study area. Statistical and spatial analysis techniques were carried out to divide sampling sites into clusters and delineate principal factors responsible for determining water quality of the sampled groundwater. Results suggest that most of the physico-chemical parameters are within permissible limits for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO), except for high fluoride in some samples. Na-HCO3 is the most abundant water type followed by Mg-HCO3, which indicates dominance of Na+, Mg2+, and HCO3±. Rock-water interaction is the prime factor responsible for fluoride enrichment in water. The alkaline nature of groundwater favors the release of exchangeable F− from minerals like muscovite. The WQI suggests that 80% of water samples fall into the good and excellent categories. Poor management of untreated domestic sewage and agricultural runoff is a main factor for the bad/very bad categories of water samples. As the area lacks any credible scientific/government work to report water quality and its management aspects, the findings of this study will definitely help both scientific communities and policy makers to do what is needed for sustainable water resource management in a timely manner.
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Kativhu, Simbarashe, Marizvikuru M. Mwale, and Jethro Zuwarimwe. "Agricultural resilience under increasing water security threats: insights for smallholder farming in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 4 (July 24, 2020): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.068.
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Abstract Smallholder farmers in South Africa are facing increased pressure to manage water use due to growing scarcity and environmental water demand. This prompts the need to build resilient irrigation systems particularly for smallholder farmers. Building resilience is more pertinent in Limpopo province, where crop and animal production is hampered by water scarcity. Currently, there is an array of generic adaptation strategies for attaining resilient irrigation schemes in South Africa and beyond. However, the effectiveness and feasibility of these resilience measures at farm level, particularly among smallholders in marginalised areas, are not well researched in Limpopo Province. The current paper draws lessons from adaptation mechanisms in Southern Africa, indicates areas that require further studies and recommends ways for enhancing smallholder resilience against water scarcity. The article contributes to efforts for enhancing water security and fulfil the targets set in sustainable development goal 2 of zero hunger, South Africa Vision 2030, and the government's food security mandate, particularly through suggesting ways for enhancing smallholder farmer resilience and water security.
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Nthunya, Lebea, Sebabatso Maifadi, Bhekie Mamba, Arne Verliefde, and Sabelo Mhlanga. "Spectroscopic Determination of Water Salinity in Brackish Surface Water in Nandoni Dam, at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080990.
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The problem of limited water supply in the Vhembe District (Limpopo Province, South Africa) is exacerbated by a preponderance of dissolved salts, which cause disagreeable taste and odour in the water as reported by the communities using this water for drinking. The water treatment plant that supplies the treated water to the communities in the District sources this raw water from the Nandoni Dam at the Luvuvhu river catchment. There are no scientific studies that have been reported in the literature that focused on determining the levels of water salinity from various water sources in the municipalities of the District. Water samples from various sites across the Nandoni Dam, a primary source of domestic water supply in the region, were collected through each season over a period of twelve months in order to ascertain the concentrations of dissolved salts in the dam. Onsite analyses of the water samples were conducted using the YSI ProDSS multimeter, while the laboratory water analyses were conducted using the spectroquant and atomic absorption spectrometers. Although salinity tests seem to indicate that the water sampled across most of the Nandoni Dam is brackish during all seasons of the year with the highest being 750 mg/L, water samples from the dam mid-outlet and the treatment plant are slightly below the World Health Organization (WHO) brackish water bracket of 500 mg/L with unfavourable taste for drinking. Results from this study indicate that the water sourced from the Nandoni Dam is not suitable for human consumption and therefore requires integrated water resource management, as well as robust and cost-effective water desalination treatment.
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Madilonga, Rofhiwa T., Joshua N. Edokpayi, Elijah T. Volenzo, Olatunde S. Durowoju, and John O. Odiyo. "Water Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Human Health Risk in Mutangwi River, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136765.
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Freshwater supply is essential to life on Earth; however, land use activities such as mining and agriculture pose a significant danger to freshwater resources and the wellbeing of aquatic environments. This study temporarily assesses the water quality characteristics of Mutangwi River. Physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity) were determined in situ using an Extech multimeter and turbidity meter. The concentration of the selected metals (Mg, Cr, Fe, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ca, and Na) were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Membrane filtration method was used to analyse microbiological parameters (Escherichia coli and Enterococci). The physicochemical water quality parameters as well as basic anions (fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride) determined complied with the regulatory guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the South Africa National Standards (SANS). Some of the trace metals (Mn, Ca, Fe, and Mg) were found below the guideline values, while others (Pb and Cd) exceeded the threshold limit. The counts for E. coli (814.5–2169 cfu/100 mL) and Enterococci (333–9396 cfu/100 mL) in the study did not comply with the regulatory guidelines. The water quality status using the water quality index (WQI) indicated that on the average, the water quality from Mutangwi River is poor (WQI > 100). The hazard quotient through ingestion exposure did not exceed the threshold limit of 1, for adults and children. This implies that there is no potential non-carcinogenic health risk from trace elements via ingestion of drinking water for children and adults. However, cancer risk for adults and children was computed in relation to Cd and Pb levels and exceeded the threshold limit 10−4, indicating a possible carcinogenic risk. Water from the river should be adequately treated prior to domestic and agricultural use.
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Nkoana, Mmaphuti Andrias, Machuene Sharlyn Cholo, Jan Johannes Hlongwane, and Abenet Belete. "DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLDS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER AND ELECTRICITY IN MOLETJIE UNDER AGANANG MUNICIPALITY, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 51, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2019.01143.
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This paper aimed to examine the determinants of willingness to pay for water and electricity services in Moletjie community of Aganang Local Municipality of Limpopo Province. Data were collected through key informant interviews, group discussions, and household surveys from a total of 120 households using probability proportional to sample size technique. The study showed that sampled households were dissatisfied with the unreliable water and electricity services (73%) but were willing to pay to secure reliable water and electricity services (87%). The empirical evidence from ordered logit model indicates that willingness to pay for water and electricity was significantly influenced by gender, adult equivalent, household size, total household expenditure, employment status, total household income above total average household income, sources of income and connection charges. These results have policy implications for government and other stakeholders in response to dissatisfaction of water and electricity supply services. For example, research findings reinforce the need to focus on investing in building institutions, improving access to water and electricity, micro-credit and create employment opportunities for better life for all. It was recommended that there should be collective action by community members and policy-makers to improve access to water and electricity at household level.
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Molekoa, Mmasabata, Ram Avtar, Pankaj Kumar, Huynh Thu Minh, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Brian Johnson, Netrananda Sahu, Ram Verma, and Ali Yunus. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa." Water 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020220.
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Considering the well-documented impacts of land-use change on water resources and the rapid land-use conversions occurring throughout Africa, in this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality and its relation with the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern in Mokopane, Limpopo province of South Africa. Various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for surface water samples collected from five sampling locations from 2016 to 2020. Time-series analysis of key surface water quality parameters was performed to identify the essential hydrological processes governing water quality. The analyzed water quality data were also used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and weighted water quality index (WQI). Also, the spatial trend of water quality is compared with LULC changes from 2015 to 2020. Results revealed that the concentration of most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water samples was beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted permissible limit, except for a few parameters in some locations. Based on the calculated values of HPI and HEI, water quality samples were categorized as low to moderately polluted water bodies, whereas all water samples fell under the poor category (>100) and beyond based on the calculated WQI. Looking precisely at the water quality’s temporal trend, it is found that most of the sampling shows a deteriorating trend from 2016 to 2019. However, the year 2020 shows a slightly improving trend on water quality, which can be justified by lowering human activities during the lockdown period imposed by COVID-19. Land use has a significant relationship with surface water quality, and it was evident that built-up land had a more significant negative impact on water quality than the other land use classes. Both natural processes (rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (wastewater discharge, industrial activities etc.) were found to be playing a vital role in water quality evolution. This study suggests that continuous assessment and monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Limpopo is important to control pollution and health safety in the future.
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Pilusa, Kgoshi Kgashane Lucas, and Modimowabarwa Hendrick Kanyane. "Water Services Authorities Capacity in Providing Access to Water and Sanitation in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 23, 2020): 1586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun741.
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There has been an on-going debate regarding the effectiveness and capacity of Water Service Authorities in providing quality water service in South Africa to local citizens. As Limpopo province was preferred as a case study, it is evident that the province has been experiencing several violent water service delivery protests in different localities. The methodological approach employed was a qualitative approach reinforced by documentary review as a data source in qualitative research. Purposively, 46 participants were sampled and interviewed. In addition, document analysis of literatures and audit performance of Water Service Authorities in Limpopo province were exploited. The employed data regression investigation to scrutinize the data, containing the Auditor- General of South Africa’s (AGSA) amalgamated annual report for municipal for the fiscal years 2009/10 to 2015/16. It gave observable elements which were subjected to regression analysis. The findings show that quality of governance significantly affects the achievement of a clean audit at a significance value which translates into poor service delivery to citizens. In reviewing the existing documents, a better understanding was realised which assisted in formulating questions for interviews or develop an observation guide. The challenges confronting the water service authorities are not limited to inadequate administrative capacity to function and manage finances, lack of skilled technicians, service delivery backlogs; aging of water infrastructure and lack of infrastructure maintenance. These findings underscored a need for Water Service Authorities to assess continuously the level of contentment to their beneficiaries concerning the basic provision of water and sanitation services.
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Mulaudzi, V. S., A. S. Oyekale, and P. Ndou. "Technical Efficiency of African Indigenous Vegetable Production in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0077.
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AbstractAfrican indigenous vegetables (AIVs) have long been known in South African rural communities as essential food that is being consumed with starchy staples, and their consumption has increased over the past few decades. There is now a growing interest and awareness of AIVs due to their nutritional benefits and outstanding potential to generate farm incomes. However, several factors are militating against their production along the supply chains of value addition. This study analysed the technical efficiency of AIVs production in Vhembe district of Limpopo province. The data were collected from 114 AIVs farmers through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using Stochastic Frontier model via the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results revealed that the average age and years of farming experiences of the farmers were 59.6 and 30.9 years respectively. About 84% of the farmers lacked access to formal credit, while 92% had access to extension services. Elasticity values of land area cultivated, fertiliser, seeds, labour and tractor days in relation to AIV production were 0.4441, 0.1749, 0.1311, 0.2663 and 0.2360 respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed that average technical efficiency in the production of indigenous vegetables was 0.79%. The variables that significantly influenced technical inefficiency were years of schooling, extension services, gender and access to the irrigation system. In conclusion, production of AIV exhibits decreasing returns to scale. However, promotion of AIV production and efficiency requires consideration of gender issues in accessing resources, educational attainments of farmers, access to irrigation services and proper reorientation of the components of agricultural extension services delivery in order to benefit AIV farmers.
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Meyer, Johan, and Sune von Solms. "Solar Powered Water Security: An Enabler for Rural Development in Limpopo South Africa." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 20694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2805367.
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Mellor, Jonathan E., James A. Smith, Gerard P. Learmonth, Vhonani O. Netshandama, and Rebecca A. Dillingham. "Modeling the Complexities of Water, Hygiene, and Health in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 24 (December 6, 2012): 13512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3038966.
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Ikeda, Takayoshi, Thandi Kapwata, Swadhin K. Behera, Noboru Minakawa, Masahiro Hashizume, Neville Sweijd, Angela Mathee, and Caradee Yael Wright. "Climatic Factors in Relation to Diarrhoea Hospital Admissions in Rural Limpopo, South Africa." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090522.
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Diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Factors related to diarrheal disease incidence include infection, malnutrition, and exposure to contaminated water and food. Climate factors also contribute to diarrheal disease. We aimed to explore the relationship between temperature, precipitation and diarrhoea case counts of hospital admissions among vulnerable communities living in a rural setting in South Africa. We applied ‘contour analysis’ to visually examine simultaneous observations in frequencies of anomalously high and low diarrhoea case counts occurring in a season, and assigning colours to differences that were statistically significant based on chi-squared test results. Children under 5 years of age were especially vulnerable to diarrhoea during very dry, hot conditions as well as when conditions were wetter than usual. We saw an anomalously higher number of diarrhoea cases during ‘warmer than usual’ conditions in the dry winter season, with average winter temperatures in Limpopo being from about 5 to 10 °C. As for ‘wetter than usual’ conditions, we saw an anomalously higher number of diarrhoea cases during ‘drier than usual’ conditions for the winter and spring. The lagged association seen in cumulative rainfall could not be distinguished in the same way for temperature-related variables (indicating rainfall had a larger impact on higher cases of diarrhoea), nor for the older age group of 5 years and older. Dry conditions were associated with diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age; such conditions may lead to increased water storage, raising the risks of water contamination. Reduced use of water for personal hygiene and cleaning of outdoor pit latrines also affect sanitation quality. Rural communities require adequate and uninterrupted water provision, and healthcare providers should raise awareness about potential diarrhoeal risks, especially during the dry season as well as during wintertime when conditions are warmer than usual.
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Botai, Christina M., Joel O. Botai, Nosipho N. Zwane, Patrick Hayombe, Eric K. Wamiti, Thabo Makgoale, Miriam D. Murambadoro, et al. "Hydroclimatic Extremes in the Limpopo River Basin, South Africa, under Changing Climate." Water 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 3299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123299.
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This research study evaluated the projected future climate and anticipated impacts on water-linked sectors on the transboundary Limpopo River Basin (LRB) with a focus on South Africa. Streamflow was simulated from two CORDEX-Africa regional climate models (RCMs) forced by the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project (CMIP5) Global Climate Models (GCMs), namely, the CanESM2m and IPSL-CM5A-MR climate models. Three climate projection time intervals were considered spanning from 2006 to 2099 and delineated as follows: current climatology (2006–2035), near future (2036–2065) and end of century future projection (2070–2099). Statistical metrics derived from the projected streamflow were used to assess the impacts of the changing climate on water-linked sectors. These metrics included streamflow trends, low and high flow quantile probabilities, the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) trends and the proportion (%) of dry and wet years, as well as drought monitoring indicators. Based on the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test, the LRB is projected to experience reduced streamflow in both the near and the distant future. The basin is projected to experience frequent dry and wet conditions that can translate to drought and flash floods, respectively. In particular, a high proportion of dry and a few incidences of wet years are expected in the basin in the future. In general, the findings of this research study will inform and enhance climate change adaptation and mitigation policy decisions and implementation thereof, to sustain the livelihoods of vulnerable communities.
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Murray, Tanya Y., and Maureen B. Taylor. "Quantification and molecular characterisation of human sapoviruses in water sources impacted by highly polluted discharged wastewater in South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2015): 1055–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.255.
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Sapoviruses (SaVs) were detected and quantified in 8/10 water samples collected from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) and water sources impacted by these WWTWs in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The median SaV concentration was 2.45 × 106 copies/L and SaV genotypes I.2 and IV were characterised. This study provides new data on the high concentrations of clinically relevant SaVs in rivers and dams impacted by poor-performing WWTWs.
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Potgieter, N., L. S. Mudau, and F. R. S. Maluleke. "Microbiological quality of groundwater sources used by rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.890.
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A survey of the microbiological quality of water from 194 boreholes (97 privately owned and 97 communal boreholes) in the rural Thitale-Hlanganani area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa was carried out between August 2002 and August 2003. Very little information on the microbiological quality of privately-owned boreholes in rural communities is available raising concerns about the safety of these groundwater supplies. In this study, levels of total coliforms, thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms, faecal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens (vegetative cells and spores) and somatic coliphages were determined for community and privately-owned borehole water. The average counts for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens exceeded the South African recommended guideline limits of 0–10 counts.100 ml−1 for total coliforms and 0 counts.100 ml−1 for faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens respectively. Comparisons between the levels of indicator bacteria present in private and communal boreholes during dry seasons indicated a statistical difference for faecal enterococci bacteria (p=0.005) and Clostridium perfringens (p=0.08). Comparisons between the levels of indicator bacteria present in private and communal boreholes during rainy seasons indicated statistical differences between total coliforms (p=0.05), faecal coliforms (p=0.03) and Clostridium perfringens (p=0.009) bacteria. No significant differences in the presence of somatic coliphages in both private and communal borehole water were see. The results indicated the need for environmental impact assessment studies to monitor the microbiological quality of groundwater sources in rural communities.
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Dabrowski, J. M., E. Masekoameng, and P. J. Ashton. "Analysis of virtual water flows associated with the trade of maize in the SADC region: importance of scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 23, 2009): 1967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1967-2009.
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Abstract. The concept of virtual water encourages a country to view agricultural crops in terms of the amount of water required to produce those crops, with a view to implementing trading policies that promote the saving of scarce water resources. Recently, increased attention has focussed on partitioning the virtual water content of crops into green and blue water (derived from rainfall and irrigation, respectively) as the latter has higher opportunity costs associated with its use and therefore impacts directly on scarcity. Maize is the most important crop traded within the SADC region. South Africa is the largest producer and exporter of maize, with the majority of its exports destined for other SADC countries. In comparison to other SADC countries, South Africa produces maize relatively efficiently, with a low virtual water content and a high green (868 m3 t−1) to blue (117 m3 t−1) water ratio. The blue water content is however higher than for maize produced in all other SADC countries, with the exception of Namibia (211 m3 t−1). Current trade patterns therefore result in a net expenditure of blue water (66×106 m3), almost all of which is exported by South Africa (65×106 m3). South Africa is one of the most water scarce countries in the region and analysis of virtual water flows indicates that current SADC maize trading patterns are influenced by national productivity as opposed to water scarcity. The virtual water content of maize was estimated for each of South Africa's nineteen Water Management Area's (WMA) and used as a proxy to represent water use efficiency for maize production. The virtual water content varied widely across all of the WMAs, ranging from 360 m3 t−1 in the Ustutu Mhlatuze to 1000 m3 t−1 in the Limpopo. A comparison of the virtual water content and production of maize (expressed as a percentage of the total national production) identified those WMAs where maize production is highly water inefficient (e.g. Lower Orange and Limpopo WMAs). Results suggest that, while a national estimate of the virtual water content of a crop may indicate a relatively efficient use of water, an analysis of the virtual water content at smaller scales can reveal inefficient use of water for the same crop. Therefore, analysis of the virtual water content of crops and trading of agricultural products at different spatial scales (i.e. regional, national and WMA) could be an important consideration within the context of water allocation, water use efficiency and alleviation of water scarcity.
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Dabrowski, J. M., E. Masekoameng, and P. J. Ashton. "Analysis of virtual water flows associated with the trade of maize in the SADC region: importance of scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 5 (September 12, 2008): 2727–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-2727-2008.
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Abstract. The concept of virtual water encourages a country to view agricultural crops in terms of the amount of water required to produce those crops, with a view to implementing trading policies that promote the saving of scarce water resources. Recently, increased attention has focussed on partitioning the virtual water content of crops into green and blue water (derived from rainfall and irrigation, respectively) as the latter has higher opportunity costs associated with its use and therefore impacts directly on scarcity. Maize is the most important crop traded within the SADC region. South Africa is the largest producer and exporter of maize, with the majority of its exports destined for other SADC countries. In comparison to other SADC countries, South Africa produces maize relatively efficiently, with a low virtual water content and a high green (868 m3 tonne−1) to blue (117 m3 tonne−1) water ratio. The blue water content is however higher than for maize produced in all other SADC countries, with the exception of Namibia (211 m3 tonne−1). Current trade patterns therefore result in a net expenditure of blue water (66×106 m3), almost all of which is exported by South Africa (65×106 m3). South Africa is one of the most water scarce countries in the region and analysis of virtual water flows indicates that current SADC maize trading patterns are influenced by national productivity as opposed to water scarcity. The virtual water content of maize was estimated for each of South Africa's nineteen Water Management Area's (WMA) and used as a proxy to represent water use efficiency for maize production. The virtual water content varied widely across all of the WMAs, ranging from 360 m3 tonne-1 in the Ustutu Mhlatuze to 1000 m3 tonne−1 in the Limpopo. A comparison of the virtual water content and production of maize (expressed as a percentage of the total national production) identified those WMAs where maize production is highly water inefficient (e.g. Lower Orange and Limpopo WMAs). Results suggest that, while a national estimate of the virtual water content of a crop may indicate a relatively efficient use of water, an analysis of the virtual water content at smaller scales can reveal inefficient use of water for the same crop. Therefore, analysis of the virtual water content of crops and trading of agricultural products at different spatial scales (i.e. regional, national and WMA) could be an important consideration within the context of water allocation, water use efficiency and alleviation of water scarcity.
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Odiyo, John Ogony, Mashudu Maxwell Mathoni, and Rachel Makungo. "Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 6912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186912.
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Public schools in most rural areas of South Africa depend on untreated groundwater due to unreliable water supply by the municipalities. This has the potential to cause water-related health problems to school children. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ. Chemical (fluoride, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) and microbial (Escherichia coliform (E. coli), Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri) water quality parameters were analysed in groundwater samples from 10 public schools in Vhuronga 1 to determine suitability for use. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to determine risks of infection and illness due to consumption of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to identify potential sources of contamination. All physical and most chemical water quality parameters were within guidelines for domestic water use. A high proportion of schools had high levels of microbial organisms. Risks of infection per day were relatively low for all schools. The annual risks of infection due to E. coli and Shigella flexneri for most schools was high, with maximum values of 89.11 and 83.75%, respectively. Maximum risks of illness per year were 31.19, 30.37, and 29.31% for E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated potential contamination of groundwater by agricultural activities, domestic waste, and faecal contamination from pit latrines. Preventive and mitigation measures to minimise such risks, including locating boreholes at safe distances from pit latrines, prevention/minimisation of pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities, and point-of-use treatment of groundwater by the schools are therefore essential.
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Edokpayi, Joshua N., John O. Odiyo, Elizabeth O. Popoola, and Titus A. M. Msagati. "Evaluation of Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters of Alternative Source of Drinking Water: A Case Study of Nzhelele River, South Africa." Open Microbiology Journal 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801812010018.
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Background: Access to clean and safe drinking water is still a problem in developing countries and more pronounced in rural areas. Due to erratic supply of potable, rural dwellers often seek for an alternative source of water to meet their basic water needs. The objective of this study is to monitor the microbiological and physicochemical water quality parameters of Nzhelele River which is a major alternative source of drinking water to villages along its course in Limpopo province of South Africa. Methods: Membrane filtration method was employed in evaluating the levels of E. coli and Enterococci in the river water from January-June, 2014. Specialized multimeter was used to measure the pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity of the river water. Ion Chromatograph was used to measure major anions such as fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulphate in the water. Results: High levels of E. coli (1 x 102 - 8 x 104 cfu/100 mL) and enterococci (1 x 102 – 5.7 x 103 cfu/100 mL) were found in the river water and exceeded their permissible limits of 0 cfu/100 mL for drinking water. Turbidity values ranged from 1.12-739.9 NTU. The pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, fluoride, nitrate and sulphate levels were below their permissible limits for drinking water. Conclusion: The river water is contaminated with faecal organisms and is unfit for drinking purposes. However, the levels of the major anions accessed were within the permissible limits of drinking water.
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Mellor, Jonathan E., James A. Smith, Amidou Samie, and Rebecca A. Dillingham. "Coliform Sources and Mechanisms for Regrowth in Household Drinking Water in Limpopo, South Africa." Journal of Environmental Engineering 139, no. 9 (September 2013): 1152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000722.
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Kgopa, Pholosho Mmmateko, Phatu William Mashela, and Alen Manyevere. "Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater and Borehole Water Used for Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 8861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168861.
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The current study investigated the distribution of microbial populations and diversity in treated wastewater used for irrigation at the University of Limpopo Experimental Farm (ULEF), from different stages of post treatment disposal at Mankweng Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study was arranged in a 4 × 5 factorial experiment, which studied the interactive effects of four collection points and five months of sampling, with borehole water used as a reference point. Water samples were analyzed for bacteria, helminths, and protozoa. All data were transformed and subjected to factorial analysis of variance. The site–time interactions were significant for Salmonella spp. and Ascaris lumbricoides, whereas collection point was significant for all variables. In conclusion, movement and storage of water post treatment at MWTP were able to improve the microbial quality of the treated wastewater disposed for irrigation at ULEF.
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Durowoju, Olatunde Samod, Mike Butler, Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse, and John Ogony Odiyo. "Hydrochemical Processes and Isotopic Study of Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081688.
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Geothermal springs and boreholes within the Soutpansberg Group were sampled and analysed for their major ion chemistry and stable isotope compositions in order to ascertain the possible sources and geochemical processes of the waters. The temperature of the geothermal springs ranges from 41 °C to 49 °C (thermal/hot waters) and 53 °C to 69 °C (scalding/hyperthermal waters). The major water types are Na-Cl and Na-HCO3, which are typical of marine and deep groundwaters influenced by ion-exchange processes. The hydrochemical parameters suggest that thermal gradient, carbonate weathering, mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation are the main geochemical processes controlling the geothermal springs. The δ18O and δ2H values vary from −5.82‰ to −4.82‰ for δ18O and −33.5‰ to −24.6‰ for δ2H for all the geothermal spring water. The isotopic ranges of the groundwater are relatively smaller and more depleted than those of rainwater (δ2H = −9.8‰ and δ18O = −2.7‰). The δ2H and δ18O signatures reveal a significant infiltration before evaporation. The δ2H and δ18O values further confirm that the waters are of meteoric origin, which implies that modern rainfall is the fundamental component of recharge derived from the infiltration of local precipitation with significant contribution of another type of water in the deeper part of the aquifer. These results provide further insight into this basement aquifer, which is a vital resource for the region.
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Mndaweni, S. S. E., S. Naicker, and D. Blake. "Hydrostratigraphy of the Malmani Subgroup dolomites within the northeastern escarpment (Limpopo and Mpumalanga, South Africa)." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0022.
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Abstract The Late Archaean to Early Proterozoic Malmani Subgroup comprises of dolomites and limestones forming part of the Chuniespoort Group within the Transvaal Supergroup, outcropping as an arc structure east of the Pretoria Group along the Limpopo and Mpumalanga escarpment. These rocks form a fractured karst aquifer in the area and have a high degree of heterogeneity and anisotropy. The aquifers are unconfined to semi-confined, with compartmentalisation by dolerite dykes being a possible effect (if the dykes are large and extensive enough) due to the dykes acting as aquitards or barriers to groundwater flow. The contact zones between the dolomite formations and dolerite dykes are usually fractured however, and along with any other faults and fractures result in preferential dolomite dissolution and the development of groundwater flow paths in the area. Borehole yields ranges between 2 to 5 l/s and potentially >10 l/s per borehole in the vicinity of large regional fractures or dolerite intrusions. Groundwater from the Malmani Subgroup generally meets the drinking water quality standards for major constituents and it is of Mg-Ca-HCO3 nature. Groundwater development within this particular hydrostratigraphy is linked to potential well field target zones that take cognisance of various surface water-groundwater interaction affecting surface water discharge rates as well as groundwater over-abstraction concerns. Preliminary results have indicated that given a groundwater potential of 44 hm3/a, the aquifer will be able to support abstractions of up to 29 hm3/a if systematically developed adaptively and could be used and managed conjunctively with surface water to alleviate the pressure on the already stressed Olifants Water Management Area.
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BOTHA, J., E. T. F. WITKOWSKI, and C. M. SHACKLETON. "Market profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the Lowveld, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001067.
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Rising demand for medicinal plants has led to increased pressure on wild plant populations. This, combined with shrinking habitats, means that many species in South Africa are now facing local extinction. In 1997, a study was initiated to determine the extent of trade in medicinal plants in the South African Lowveld (the low lying plains to the east of the Drakensberg escarpment), and to investigate socio-economic factors influencing trade and resource management. Trade was not as extensive in the Lowveld as in major urban markets such as Durban or the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg and surrounding towns), either in terms of the quantity, number or range of species sold, or the numbers of people relying on the trade for an income. In markets assessed in Mpumalanga Province, 176 species were identified (71% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 69 plant families. In Limpopo, 70 different species were identified (84% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 40 families. Imports were significant in Mpumalanga (33% of the plants on offer), mainly from Mozambique. A detrended correspondence analysis showed substantial differences between species traded in Mpumalanga and those sold in Limpopo. There was little variation in the species stocked by vendors in Mpumalanga, regardless of the season, the attributes of the seller, or whether business was carried out in urban or rural areas. In contrast, there was considerable variation in the stock inventories of the Limpopo traders. Despite the lower levels of local trade, increased harvesting pressure is being experienced regionally, to meet demand in metropolitan centres such as the Witwatersrand. This study showed considerable local variation and complexities in the harvesting and marketing of medicinal plants, with both a national and an international dimension. This dual spatial scale presents both opportunities and challenges in the management of these plants, which need to be addressed simultaneously, particularly with respect to research requirements and development of predictive models and capacity. Cooperation in conservation strategies and policies is required at regional, national and international levels, while ensuring that management initiatives take into account local market conditions and the socio-economic realities facing both consumers and those who depend on the trade for their livelihoods.
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Hope, R. A., J. W. Gowing, and G. P. W. Jewitt. "The contested future of irrigation in African rural livelihoods – analysis from a water scarce catchment in South Africa." Water Policy 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.061.
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Agricultural improvement is seen as essential for economic growth, poverty reduction and food security in Africa. However, with new and priority demands for water agricultural allocations have come under closer scrutiny, particularly under water scarcity. In post-apartheid South Africa equitable water allocation has become an emblematic policy goal consistent with the imperative to create a fairer society. Catchment managers are now responsible for water allocation decisions across multiple and competing social, economic, environmental and political priorities. This analysis explores these challenges based on a study in the Luvuvhu catchment, Limpopo Province, which comprised (i) socio-economic evaluation of people's livelihoods across 10 communities, (ii) hydrological modelling studies, and (iii) a detailed performance evaluation for one typical smallholder irrigation scheme. Findings from this study indicate that water allocation for smallholder irrigation provides expected income and food benefits for those with secure irrigation access. However, while increasing water allocation for smallholder irrigation may be argued to redress current inequitable distribution within the national irrigated agricultural sector, there is no convincing evidence to support allocating more water to smallholder irrigation schemes when viewed within the wider development challenges in the Luvuvhu catchment. It is argued that catchment managers should rather consider the hydrological and social benefits associated with improvements in dryland farming for increasing food security under water scarcity.
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Khandlhela, Masingita, and Julian May. "Poverty, vulnerability and the impact of flooding in the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Natural Hazards 39, no. 2 (October 2006): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0028-4.
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Masingi, Vusi Ntiyiso, and Daniel Maposa. "Modelling Long-Term Monthly Rainfall Variability in Selected Provinces of South Africa: Trend and Extreme Value Analysis Approaches." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020070.
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Extreme rainfall events have made significant damages to properties, public infrastructure and agriculture in some provinces of South Africa notably in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng among others. The general global increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events in recent years is raising a concern that human activities might be heavily disturbed. This study attempts to model long-term monthly rainfall variability in the selected provinces of South Africa using various statistical techniques. The study investigates the normality and stationarity of the underlying distribution of the whole body of rainfall data for each selected province, the long-term trends of the rainfall data and the extreme value distributions which model the tails of the rainfall distribution data. These approaches were meant to help achieve the broader purpose of this study of investigating the long-term rainfall trends, stationarity of the rainfall distributions and extreme value distributions of monthly rainfall records in the selected provinces of South Africa in this era of climate change. The five provinces considered in this study are Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga. The findings revealed that the long-term rainfall distribution for all the selected provinces does not come from a normal distribution. Furthermore, the monthly rainfall data distribution for the majority of the provinces is not stationary. The paper discusses the modelling of monthly rainfall extremes using the non-stationary generalised extreme value distribution (GEVD) which falls under the block maxima extreme value theory (EVT) approach. The maximum likelihood estimation method was used to obtain the estimates of the parameters. The stationary GEVD was found as the best distribution model for Eastern Cape, Gauteng, and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. Furthermore, model fitting supported non-stationary GEVD model for maximum monthly rainfall with nonlinear quadratic trend in the location parameter and a linear trend in the scale parameter for Limpopo, while in Mpumalanga the non-stationary GEVD model with a nonlinear quadratic trend in the scale parameter and no variation in the location parameter fitted well to the monthly rainfall data. The negative values of the shape parameters for Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga suggest that the data follow the Weibull distribution class, while the positive values of the shape parameters for Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo suggest that the data follow the Fréchet distribution class. The findings from this paper could give information that can assist decision makers establish strategies for proper planning of agriculture, infrastructure, drainage system and other water resource applications in the South African provinces.
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Diko-Makia, Lawrence, and Rofhiwa Ligege. "Composition and Technological Properties of Clays for Structural Ceramics in Limpopo (South Africa)." Minerals 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080700.
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This study evaluated the potential of raw clays from the Mukondeni region for structural ceramics and pottery based on traditional firing techniques. Physical properties were identified by particle size distribution, consistency limits, and clay activity. Mineralogical and chemical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Extruded clay bodies were fired at 900 °C. Technological characteristics were measured by weight loss (WL), bulk density (BD), dry linear shrinkage (DLS), fired linear shrinkage (FLS), water absorption (WA), and flexural strength (FS). The clays were low in <2 µm fractions (≤19%) and of medium to high plasticity with a clayey silt texture. Smectite was the dominant clay mineral while quartz and feldspar were major non clay minerals. The most abundant oxides were SiO2 (63.57–68.73%), Al2O3 (13.9–15.61%), and Fe2O3 (4.86–6.18%), whereas K2O, CaO, MgO, Na2O, TiO2, and P2O5 were depleted. Characterization based on the clay workability chart, Winkler’s diagram, and compositional ternary diagrams revealed acceptable extrusion properties and suitability for structural ceramics and earthenware. The clays showed acceptable WL, BD, LS, and WA, but unsatisfactory FS (≤1.08 MPa). Low mechanical strength was attributed to presence of smectites and inert nature of feldspar at 900 °C. Beneficiation through mixing with carbonate-rich raw materials is recommended.
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Bulled, Nicola, Kara Poppe, Khuliso Ramatsisti, Londolani Sitsula, Geoffrey Winegar, Jabulani Gumbo, Rebecca Dillingham, and James Smith. "Assessing the environmental context of hand washing among school children in Limpopo, South Africa." Water International 42, no. 5 (June 26, 2017): 568–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1335140.
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Puech, Elysandre, Dunia H. Urrego, María Fernanda Sánchez Goñi, Lucinda Backwell, and Francesco d’Erricoc. "Vegetation and environmental changes at the Middle Stone Age site of Wonderkrater, Limpopo, South Africa." Quaternary Research 88, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.42.
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AbstractWonderkrater, a Middle Stone Age site in the interior of South Africa, is a spring and peat mound featuring both paleoclimatic and archaeological records. The site preserves three small MSA lithic assemblages with age estimates of 30 ka, >45 ka and 138.01±7.7 ka. Here we present results of the pollen analysis of a core retrieved from the middle of the peat mound, which covers, with hiatuses, the timespan between ca. 70±10 ka and 30 ka. Pollen percentages of terrestrial, local aquatic, and semi-aquatic plants reveal changes in the regional climate and in the water table of the spring. Results identify regional wet conditions at ca. 70±10 ka, followed by a dry and a wet period between 60 ka and 30 ka. Superimposed on these three phases, recurring changes in the size and depth of the water table are observed between >45 ka and 30 ka. Wet conditions at 70 ka and 30 ka are tentatively correlated here with Marine Isotope Stage 4 and Heinrich Stadial 3, respectively. A warm and dry savanna landscape was present during human occupation older than 45 ka, and a wet phase was contemporaneous with the final occupation, dated at ~30 ka.
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Jones, M. Q. W. "Anomalous geothermal gradients and heat flow in the Limpopo Province, South Africa: Implications for geothermal energy exploration." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.231.
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Abstract The crustal rocks of South Africa are generally regarded as too old and cold for utilisation of geothermal energy. However, demands for alternative energy and the introduction of new technology have instigated a number of research projects in this and surrounding countries. Higher than average heat flow and the occurrence of several thermal springs in the northern Limpopo Province suggest that this region is a potential target area. Geothermal measurements in the eastern part of the Province yield anomalously high rock temperatures, thermal gradients (up to 90 K/km) and heat flow (up to 200 mW m-2). The anomalies are attributed to deep-seated circulation of meteoric water that provides an effective mechanism for concentrating geothermal heat. Heat flow studies of this kind may reveal more extensive potential geothermal fields elsewhere in South Africa.
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Rwanga, Sophia, and Julius Ndambuki. "Solving groundwater problems fraught with uncertain recharge: An application to Central Limpopo, South Africa." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10 (April 2020): 100305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100305.
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Mudzielwana, Rabelani, Mugera Wilson Gitari, Segun Ajayi Akinyemi, Abel O. Talabi, and Patrick Ndungu. "Hydrogeochemical characteristics of arsenic rich groundwater in Greater Giyani Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10 (April 2020): 100336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100336.
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Abiye, Tamiru A., Despina Tshipala, Khahliso Leketa, Karen G. Villholth, Girma Y. Ebrahim, Manuel Magombeyi, and Michael Butler. "Hydrogeological characterization of crystalline aquifer in the Hout River Catchment, Limpopo province, South Africa." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 11 (October 2020): 100406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100406.
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Chikosi, Enerst Shingai, Shingirai Stanley Mugambiwa, Happy Mathew Tirivangasi, and Sejabaledi Agnes Rankoana. "Climate change and variability perceptions in Ga-Dikgale community in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-01-2018-0004.
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Purpose Perceptions of climate change and its threats to rural communities are among major challenges faced by scientists around the world. A few studies prove that these communities are aware of change in climatic conditions and their impacts on people’s livelihoods. Climate change is usually perceived as increasing warming days, erratic rainfall patterns, ecological variability, biological change and their adverse effects on human beings. This study aims to assess Ga-Dikgale community’s perceptions on climate change and variability. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research method was adopted and community members of age 60 and above in GaDikgale community were purposively selected as participants in the study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, and thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. Findings The study found that the community perceives climate change and climate variability based on changes in temperature patterns, erratic rainfall patterns, seasonal change, depletion of biodiversity, decline in subsistence crop production, change in water quality and cessation of cultural activities. Originality/value The study concludes that community’s perceptions of climate change are largely centred on variations in temperature and rainfall patterns. It has been established that knowledge of climate change in rural communities is of paramount importance in as far as adaptation to climate hazards is concerned.
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du PLESSIS, ERIKA M., FRANCOIS DUVENAGE, and LISE KORSTEN. "Determining the Potential Link between Irrigation Water Quality and the Microbiological Quality of Onions by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-486.
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The potential transfer of human pathogenic bacteria present in irrigation water onto fresh produce was investigated, because surface water sources used for irrigation purposes in South Africa have increasingly been reported to be contaminated with enteric bacterial pathogens. A microbiological analysis was performed of a selected river in Limpopo Province, South Africa, that is often contaminated with raw sewage from municipal sewage works and overhead irrigated onions produced on a commercial farm. Counts of Escherichia coli, coliforms, aerobic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes were determined. Identities of bacterial isolates from irrigation water and onions were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, PCR, and biochemical tests. To establish a potential link between the microbiological quality of the irrigation source and the onions, the E. coli isolates from both were subjected to antibiotic resistance, virulence gene, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analyses. River water E. coli counts exceeded South African Department of Water Affairs and World Health Organization irrigation water guidelines. Counts of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi, and yeasts of onions from the market were acceptable according to Department of Health Directorate, Food Control, South Africa, microbiological guidelines for ready-to-eat fresh fruits and vegetables. E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes were not detected in onions, whereas only Salmonella was detected in 22% of water samples. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry and PCR identification of E. coli isolates from water and onions correlated. Of the 45 E. coli isolates from water and onions, 42.2% were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Virulence genes eae, stx1, and stx2 were detected in 2.2, 6.6, and 2.2% of the E. coli isolates, respectively. Phenotypic (antimicrobial) and genotypic (virulence gene prevalence, DNA fingerprinting) analyses showed a link between river, dam, irrigation pivot point, and onion E. coli isolates.
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Durowoju, Olatunde Samod, Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse, and John Ogony Odiyo. "Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 4438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124438.
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Geothermal springs are natural geological phenomena that occur throughout the world. South Africa is blessed with several springs of this nature. Limpopo province contains 31% of all geothermal springs in the country. The springs are classified according to the residing mountain: Soutpansberg, Waterberg and Drakensberg. This study focused on the geothermal springs within the Soutpansberg region; that is, Mphephu, Siloam, Sagole and Tshipise. The study was aimed at assessing the occurrence and potential health risk associated with drinking water from geothermal springs within Soutpansberg. Geothermal springs and boreholes were sampled for a period of 12 months (May 2017–May 2018) to accommodate two major seasons in the study areas. The physicochemical and trace metal compositions of the geothermal springs and boreholes (tepid and hot) were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC) (Dionex Model DX 500) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Trace metal concentrations of the geothermal springs and boreholes were within permissible drinking water guidelines by the South African National Standards (SANS) and World Health Organisation (WHO), with exception of mercury (Hg), which is high in summer season. The bioaccumulation from regular consumption could, however, result in negative effects. Pearson’s correlation revealed that there is a direct relationship between temperature and pH, and some of the trace metals (V, Zn, Hg, Pb). This implies dissolution of minerals (rock-water interaction) under slightly high temperature. Multivariate statistics further elucidate the relationship and possible sources of the trace metals. Therefore, it can be inferred that the rock-water interaction is the main geochemical process governing the release of trace metals in groundwater. Hazard Index values for both children and adults were higher than 1, and this implies that the communities are at high risk of non-cancer health effects. Further, As, Cr and Cd were found to be the highest contributors to the potential cancer risk in the study areas, with children having a higher risk than adults. Therefore, there is a need for clinical/epidemiological study, and regular monitoring and control measures, to verify actual prevalence of cancer and protect human health, particularly the children, within the study areas.
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Isla, Ramon A. Tamayo, Darlington Mapiye, Charles R. Swanepoel, Nadiya Rozumyk, Jerome E. Hubahib, and Ikechi G. Okpechi. "Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis in Limpopo Province, South Africa: Predictors of Patient and Technique Survival." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 34, no. 5 (July 2014): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2013.00334.
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Introduction and aimContinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is not a frequently used modality of dialysis in many parts of Africa due to several socio-economic factors. Available studies from Africa have shown a strong association between outcome and socio-demographic variables. We sought to assess the outcome of patients treated with CAPD in Limpopo, South Africa.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 152 patients treated with CAPD at the Polokwane Kidney and Dialysis Centre (PKDC) from 2007 to 2012. We collected relevant demographic and biochemical data for all patients included in the study. A composite outcome of death while still on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or CAPD technique failure from any cause requiring a change of modality to hemodialysis (HD) was selected. The peritonitis rate and causes of peritonitis were assessed from 2008 when all related data could be obtained.ResultsThere were 52% males in the study and the average age of the patients was 36.8 ± 11.4 years. Unemployment rate was high (71.1%), 41.1% had tap water at home, the average distance travelled to the dialysis center was 122.9 ± 78.2 kilometres and half the patients had a total income less than USD ($)180 per month. Level of education, having electricity at home, having tap water at home, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin and hemoglobin were significantly different between those reaching the composite outcome and those not reaching it ( p < 0.05). The overall peritonitis rate was 0.82/year with 1-year, 2-year and 5-year survival found to be 86.7%, 78.7% and 65.3% (patient survival) and 83.3%, 71.7% and 62.1% (technique survival). Predictors of the composite outcome were BMI ( p = 0.011), serum albumin ( p = 0.030), hemoglobin ( p = 0.002) and more than 1 episode of peritonitis ( p = 0.038).ConclusionTreatment of anemia and malnutrition as well as training and re-training of CAPD patients and staff to prevent recurrence of peritonitis can have positive impacts on CAPD outcomes in this population.
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SPEELMAN, STIJN, STEFANO FAROLFI, AYMEN FRIJA, MARIJKE D'HAESE, and LUC D'HAESE. "The impact of the water rights system on smallholder irrigators' willingness to pay for water in Limpopo province, South Africa." Environment and Development Economics 15, no. 4 (July 15, 2010): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x10000161.
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ABSTRACTWater rights are currently receiving increased attention from scholars and policymakers due to the growing understanding that ill-defined water rights impair efficient use. In South Africa, smallholder irrigation faces problems of low water use efficiency and cost recovery of government investments. This study uses contingent ranking to analyse the willingness to pay (WTP) of smallholder irrigators for changes in the water rights system. The results indicate that smallholders are prepared to pay considerably higher water prices if these are connected to improvements in the water rights system. By segmenting the population it was also shown that the importance attached to water rights dimensions varies in each segment. While lower institutional trust and lower income levels lead to a lower WTP for transferability, experiencing water shortage increases this WTP. Such information is valuable in guiding policy makers in the future design of water rights.
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Mekiso, F. A., G. M. Ochieng, and J. Snyman. "Water budget analysis for the Middle Mohlapitsi wetland in the Oliphants River Basin, Limpopo province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Engineering 8, no. 2/3 (2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijee.2016.082322.
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Snyman, J., F. A. Mekiso, and G. M. Ochieng. "Water budget analysis for the Middle Mohlapitsi wetland in the Oliphants River Basin, Limpopo province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Engineering 8, no. 2/3 (2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijee.2016.10003279.
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Dankovich, Theresa A., Jonathan S. Levine, Natasha Potgieter, Rebecca Dillingham, and James A. Smith. "Inactivation of bacteria from contaminated streams in Limpopo, South Africa by silver- or copper-nanoparticle paper filters." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2, no. 1 (2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00188a.
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Dippenaar, Matthys A., Kai T. Witthüser, and J. Louis Van Rooy. "Groundwater occurrence in Basement aquifers in Limpopo Province, South Africa: model-setting-scenario approach." Environmental Earth Sciences 59, no. 2 (January 27, 2009): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0044-2.
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Rankoana, Sejabaledi A. "Food security under unreliable rainfall: the case study of a rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.109.
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Abstract The present study assessed the use of a geothermal hot spring water flow as an adaptation practice to improve subsistence crop production. The aim of this study is to contribute towards natural resource use and management as an adaptation measure to the problem of rainfall scarcity in subsistence production. Focus group discussions with 45 subsistence farmers were conducted in a community garden in which subsistence crops are grown and maintained through a hot spring irrigation system. The study results show that the farmers are aware that rainfall in Sagole community is becoming scarce. The scarcity of rainfall is impacting negatively on subsistence crop production which is characterised by poor productivity. However, the farmers developed an irrigation system downstream of the geothermal hot spring in which the water is furrowed to the garden to irrigate vegetables and fruits throughout the year.
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Muthelo, Livhuwani, Faith Moradi, Thabo Arthur Phukubye, Masenyani Oupa Mbombi, Rambelani Nancy Malema, and Linneth Nkateko Mabila. "Implementing the Ideal Clinic Program at Selected Primary Healthcare Facilities in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 7762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157762.
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Background: Primary healthcare (PHC) in South Africa often experiences crucial challenges that lead to patients’ negative experiences regarding their care, compromising the significant role that PHC services could play in health promotion and disease prevention. The primary purpose of implementing the Ideal Clinic (IC) in South Africa was to improve patients’ care quality at the clinics. There seems to be a paucity of studies determining professional nurses’ experiences when implementing the IC. Purpose: This study aimed to explore and describe professional nurses’ experiences regarding implementing the IC at three selected clinics in the Makhado local area. Study method: A qualitative phenomenological research design was used to explore professional nurses’ experiences regarding IC implementation. Purposive sampling was used to select 15 professional nurses working at the three selected clinics. Data were collected using semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Interviews were conducted until saturation was reached. Trustworthiness was ensured by applying Lincoln and Guba’s four criteria, i.e., credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Limpopo Turfloop Research and Ethics Committee, and permission to conduct the study was obtained from Limpopo Province Department of Health Research and Ethics Committee. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Results: The following themes emerged from the study findings: perceived benefits of the IC on the primary healthcare services provided to the community, challenges experienced by professional nurses when implementing the IC program, and challenges related to the supply of resources for implementing the IC. The study results revealed that, although the IC aimed to improve the overburdened PHC facilities in SA, the professional nurses still experienced some challenges when implementing the IC program. Some of the challenges faced were a lack of knowledge and training in the IC program, poor infrastructure and the shortage of equipment, and inadequate provision of support by line managers, all of which resulted in poor-quality patient care. Conclusion: This study revealed that the introduction and implementation of the IC can have potential benefits to the community and the primary healthcare system. However, it was not introduced and appropriately implemented, which resulted in professional nurses experiencing several challenges. The national department of health needs to strengthen the program’s implementation through proper training, consultation, and continuous support of the nurses. Provision of quality equipment and supplies is also recommended.
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Vamberger, Melita, Margaretha D. Hofmeyr, Flora Ihlow, and Uwe Fritz. "In quest of contact: phylogeography of helmeted terrapins (Pelomedusa galeata, P. subrufa sensu stricto)." PeerJ 6 (June 5, 2018): e4901. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4901.
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Based on rangewide sampling and three mitochondrial and two nuclear markers (together up to 1,850 bp and 1,840 bp, respectively), we examine the phylogeography of two helmeted terrapin species (Pelomedusa galeata and P. subrufa sensu stricto) and infer shifts of climatically suitable spaces since the Last Glacial Maximum using a modeling approach. Whilst P. galeata displays significant phylogeographic structuring across its range and consists of two deeply divergent lineages that could represent distinct species, P. subrufa shows no obvious phylogeographic differentiation. This seems to be related to historically stable or fluctuating ranges. One of the lineages within P. galeata appears to be confined to the westernmost, winter-rainfall region of South Africa and deserves special conservational attention due to the scarcity of surface water. The other lineage is distributed further east and is differentiated in three weakly supported subclades with parapatric distribution; one occurring inland, and two along the south and east coasts, respectively. As far as is known, P. subrufa occurs in South Africa only in the northeast of the country (Limpopo, Mpumalanga) and we report the species for the first time from the Lapalala Wilderness Area in the Waterberg region (Limpopo), approximately 350 km further west than previously recorded. We confirmed the occurrence of P. galeata only 80 km south of Lapalala. Thus, a sympatric occurrence of P. galeata and P. subrufa is possible. Another putative contact zone, for the two lineages within P. galeata, must be located in the Western Cape region, and further contact zones are likely for the eastern subclades within P. galeata. The nuclear loci provided no evidence for gene flow across taxa or genetic clusters within taxa. Future investigations should use denser sampling from putative contact zones and more nuclear markers to re-examine this situation. Despite few phylogeographic studies published for southern African biota, it seems likely that differentiation follows general rules, and that climate and physiographic barriers (e.g., the Great Escarpment) have shaped phylogeographic patterns.
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Botiabane, Moswane Precious, L. Zhou, I. B. Oluwatayo, Fakunle Olufemi Oyedokun, and Akeem Adewale Oyelana. "Socioeconomic Analysis and Technical Efficiency among Smallholder Sorghum Farmers in GaMasemola Township of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 6 (January 15, 2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i6.2001.
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Sorghum farming group in South Africa is divided into the smallholder and business ranchers attributable to the distinctions in cultivar sizes, utility creation and production strategies. Sorghum is utilized primarily for sustenance and refreshments in Ga-Masemola (GM) town. Smallholder sorghum farmers in the town utilize some portion of their wage for recreation, goat and cows' compost are utilized as manures to enhance soil fruitfulness and increment sorghum yield, they rely upon precipitation water for the water system and they have no entrance to expansion administrations. The study distinguish and depict the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town; it looks at the causes of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum ranchers in the town, and it recognizes and portrays difficulties confronted by smallholder sorghum farmers in the town. Essential information was gathered utilizing organized surveys and an example size of 48 smallholder sorghum farmers in the town was chosen. Cobb Douglas model was utilized to analyze the information or data gotten.The socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers were:farming experience, age, sexual orientation, instructive level and family unit measure. The study indicates that the determinants of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town that were observed to be huge are the measure of land dedicated and the amount of seeds utilized. Farmers are confronting difficulties, for example, sicknesses, low capital, pests, separation to the homestead, absence of water and atmosphere (i.e. climate) changes.The study suggested and recommended that smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola (GM) town require arable land to expand their production; they additionally require agriculture extension officers for training and spreading or disseminating information about inputs allocation. Besides, the smallholder farmers should be encouraged to utilize enhanced seeds varieties in order to expand their technical efficiency.
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Kurugundla, C. N., B. Mathangwane, S. Sakuringwa, and G. Katorah. "Alien Invasive Aquatic Plant Species in Botswana: Historical Perspective and Management." Open Plant Science Journal 9, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874294701609010001.
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Aquatic ecosystems in Botswana have been under threat by the aquatic alien invasive plant species viz., salvinia Salvinia molesta Mitchell, water lettuce Pistia stratiotes L., and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. While salvinia has been termed the major threat to the Botswana wetlands, water lettuce and water hyacinth are considered to be of minor importance. This review presents the species biology, distribution, historical spread, negative impacts, control achieved right from their discovery in the country by referring to their control and management in the world. Having infested the Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers in the 1970s, salvinia was initially tried by the use of herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, between 1972 and 1976. With the discovery of the host specific biological control weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands in 1981, the weevil was introduced by Namibians on Kwando and Chobe Rivers in 1983 and by Botswana in 1986 in the Okavango Delta. While the control was slowly establishing in Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers, it became apparent that lakes and perennial swamps within and outside Moremi Game Reserve of the Okavango Delta were infested with salvinia from 1992 onwards. With continuous and sustained liberation of the weevil in the Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers and in the Okavango Delta between 1999 and 2000, salvinia control was achieved by 2003, and since then the weevil constantly keeps the weed at low levels. The success is mainly due to sustainable monitoring through the application of physical and biological control methods. However, salvinia is still threatening the Okavango Delta due to factors such as tourism activities, boat navigation fishing and transporttion by wild animals. The first occurrence of water lettuce was recorded on Kwando and Chobe Rivers in 1986. Its biocontrol weevil Neohydronomous affinis Hustache was released in the year 1987. The weevil became extinct in Selinda Canal and Zibadianja Lake on Kwando River due to dry and wet events for over 10 years and the weed had been under control biologically on Chobe River. Having surface covered the Selinda and a part of the Zibadianja in high flood and rainfall in 1999/2000 season, research was undertaken to contain water lettuce, which led to its eradication by 2005. Regular physical removal of the water lettuce prior to fruit maturity is an effective method of control or eradicating the weed in seasonal water bodies. The Limpopo Basin (shared by Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique) has become vulnerable to water hyacinth infestation. Water hyacinth infested the trans-boundary Limpopo River in 2010 sourced from Hartbeesport Dam on Crocodile River in South Africa. Botswana and South Africa have been consulting each other to implement integrated control of the weed jointly in the Limpopo River. Water hyacinth could be a continuous threat to the dams and the rivers in the Limpopo basin if its control is not taken seriously. These three species are found growing in Botswana in a range of pH between 4.5 and 10.3 and in the range of conductivities between 20 and 580 µS cm-1. Range of soluble nitrates, phosphates and potassium in the habitats of salvinia infestations were 0.02 to 1.5, 0.01 to 1.78 and 0.3 to 6.92 mg L-1 respectively. Water lettuce infestation in the seasonal Selinda Canal had a maximum of 4.7 mg L-1 nitrates, 2.8 mg L-1 phosphates and 7.9 mg L-1 potassium. Nevertheless, these three nutrients were in the range of 0.41 to 9.56 mg L-1, 0.2 to 2.9 mg L-1, and 7.7 to 11.53 mg L-1 respectively in the Limpopo River where water hyacinth infestations were observed. These nutrients were considerably high during decomposition phase of biological control of weeds. The Government of Botswana “regulates the movement and importation of boats and aquatic apparatus, to prevent the importation and spread of aquatic weeds both within and from the neighboring countries” by “Aquatic Weed (Control) Act” implemented in 1986. These measures, combined with communities, conservation groups, NGOs and public awareness campaigns, have highlighted the gravity of aquatic weeds spreading into wetlands, dams and other water bodies. In conclusion, the Government of Botswana is committed and supportive through the Department of Water Affairs in protecting the wetlands of the country efficiently and prudently.