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Journal articles on the topic 'Water system urban design'
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1
Marsalek, J., T. O. Barnwell, W. Geiger, M. Grottker, W. C. Huber, A. J. Saul, W. Schilling, and H. C. Torno. "Urban Drainage Systems: Design and Operation." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 12 (June 1, 1993): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0291.
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Design and operation of urban drainage systems are addressed in the context of the urban water system comprising drainage, sewage treatment plants and receiving waters. The planning and design of storm sewers are reviewed with reference to planning objectives, design objectives, flows and pollutant loads, sewer system structures and urban runoff control and treatment. The discussion of combined sewers focuses on hydraulic design of combined sewer systems, including combined sewer overflow (CSO) structures, and the use of CSO structures and storage in control of CSOs. The section on operation of sewer systems focuses on real time control, its feasibility, planning, design, operation and applications. Sewer system planning and design are generally conducted using computer modelling tools and procedures which are reviewed in the last section. A brief listing of selected models focuses on internationally used models. Finally, it was concluded that further improvements in environmental and ecological protection of urban waters is feasible only by consideration of urban drainage systems in conjunctions with sewage treatment and water quality in the receiving waters.
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Liu, Xing Po. "A Conceptual Tank Model for Urban Storm Water System." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.430.
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In order to cope with urban flooding, water scarcity and rainfall-runoff pollution comprehensively, a conceptual tank model of urban storm water system is proposed. Tank model is a multi-layer, multi-objective model, so design of urban storm water system is more complex than that of urban storm sewer system. Some principles of design of urban storm water system are discussed, such as Low Impact Development, Smart storm water management, and so on.
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Murty, Hafis, and Mohd Faizal Fauzan. "Automated Water Irrigation System for Urban Farming." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503004.
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The advancement in knowledge and technology has benefited various types of industries worldwide including the agricultural sector. The developments in the traditional agricultural sector has created a new type of agronomy called, urban farming. This type of farming is usually done in the city or even in housing areas and apartments. The concept of this agricultural activity is to utilise limited amounts of available space for the planting of fruits and vegetables that can grow at a quick rate. This type of farming is small-scaled and requires low initial investments. However, the issue with urban farming is that water irrigation is usually done manually using human labour and is powered by electricity which is a non-renewable energy power source. Thus, the main objective of this research paper is to produce a new and improved small-scaled automated water irrigation system for urban farming that is not only self-sustainable but also powered by renewable energy. There were three types of analysis conducted that contained the major factors affecting a water irrigation system. These analyses are renewable energy, flow and economic analysis. Besides that, main design elements were also taken into consideration such as using renewable energy as a power source (Solar, Wind or Hydro), pump and motor power, pipe size, material, layout and cost, volumetric flow rate, head loss and actual pressure present in pipes. The results of the analysis justified that hydro energy was the best renewable energy to be used as a power source. The results also showed that a 500 W pump and motor set was most optimum to irrigate water in the urban farm. In addition, a 0.3 m underground pipe layout using ¾ inch rubber pipes was proven to be the most efficient for a new and improved water irrigation system. From the economic analysis conducted, the new and improved design of automated water irrigation system for urban farming was able to save up to RM 2364.58 annually with a Return on Investment (ROI) of about 6 months while showing profit within 1 year. The analyses conducted and results obtained proved that the new and improved design of automated water irrigation system for urban farming is not only cost efficient but is also environmentally friendly.
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Petrovic, Jasna, and Jovan Despotovic. "Historical rainfall for urban storm drainage design." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0446.
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Traditional design method for urban drainage systems is based on design storms and its major drawback is that frequencies of peak flows in the system are considered equal to frequencies of design storms. An alternative is to use historical storms with rainfall-runoff models to produce a series of possible flows in the system and their frequencies. The latter approach involves more computations and can be laborious for larger catchments. This paper considers ways to reduce the set of historical storms to be involved in design procedure and yet to lead to realistic flow frequencies. Frequencies obtained by rainfall-runoff simulation at an experimental catchment are compared with frequencies of observed peak flows in the system.
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Li, Hongmin, and Lu Yan. "Research on Wuhan Sponge City Construction and Water Resumption System." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014301038.
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Pocket parks are small public spaces between building entities which are available to the public. It can be located in a city, suburb, or country. It has a small area and is relatively flexible. According to the characteristics of China's cities, this article puts forward methods and measures for the landscape reconstruction design of existing urban communities in China. The thesis takes a Residential area of a certain district in Wuhan as a design case. It discusses how to combine the landscape design of the existing community with the rainwater problem, the goals, principles and measures of the landscape reconstruction design of the existing community based on the sponge city concept are proposed. Using rainwater as a resource to collect, purify, store, and recycle, alleviate water shortages and urban flood disasters, and it summarizes the methods and strategies for landscape reconstruction design of existing communities. Finally, according to the problems in the residential area and the actual needs of residents, combined with the current conditions of the site, following the design principles of people-oriented and local conditions, the use of sponge city technology measures on the green landscape, roads and parking lots, rooftop landscape of underground garages, plants Matching and other specific reconstruction designs provide theoretical and design references for the application of the "sponge city" concept in the design of urban residential quarters.
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Grotehusmann, D., A. Khelil, F. Sieker, and M. Uhl. "Alternative Urban Drainage Concept and Design." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0674.
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A System of INterconnected Infiltration POnds and Trenches (SINIPOT) is presented as an alternative to classical solutions for the extension and/or renovation of urban drainage systems in Germany. In many cities, modifications of the existing drainage network have been necessitated by restrictive pollution laws. For a catchment in the City of Gelsenkirchen, long term simulations with a hydrologic transport model have been performed for three different sanitation solutions. The most important comparison criteria are the Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) quantities and the induced flow pattern in the receiving waters (a small creek).
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Mugume, Seith N., Kegong Diao, Maryam Astaraie-Imani, Guangtao Fu, Raziyeh Farmani, and David Butler. "Enhancing resilience in urban water systems for future cities." Water Supply 15, no. 6 (July 7, 2015): 1343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.098.
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In future cities, urban water systems (UWSs) should be designed not only for safe provision of services but should also be resilient to emerging or unexpected threats that lead to catastrophic system failure impacts and consequences. Resilience can potentially be built into UWSs by implementing a range of strategies, for example by embedding redundancy and flexibility in system design, or by rehabilitation to increase their ability to maintain acceptable customer service levels during unexpected system failures. In this work, a new resilience analysis is carried out to investigate the performance of a water distribution system (WDS) and an urban drainage system (UDS) during pipe failure scenarios. Using simplified synthetic networks, the effect of implementing adaptation (resilient design) strategies on minimising the loss of system functionality and cost of UWSs is investigated. Study results for the WDS case study show that the design strategy in which flexibility is enhanced ensures that all customers are served during single pipe failure scenarios. The results of the UDS case study indicate that the design strategy incorporating upstream distributed storage tanks minimises flood volume and mean duration of nodal flooding by 50.1% and 46.7%, respectively, even when system functionality is significantly degraded. When costs associated with failure are considered, resilient design strategies could prove to be more cost-effective over the design life of UWSs.
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Guo, James C. Y., Wen Liang Wang, and Jun Qi Li. "Cascading Flow System for Urban Drainage Design." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 25, no. 7 (July 2020): 04020030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001945.
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Maher, M., and T. Lustig. "Sustainable water cycle design for urban areas." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0667.
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This paper presents the argument that the environmental, social and economic benefits of decentralised systems are such that they should present a serious alternative to centralised systems in existing and future planned urban developments. It will be shown that the combination of technical, social and regulatory factors that influenced the popularity of centralised systems has altered, and that decentralised systems should now be considered as well. The environmental, social and economic advantages and disadvantages of several sustainable watercycle case studies are examined and compared with centralised systems. The studies examined will go from large scale down to designs suitable for typical residential houses on standard urban blocks.
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Babar, Touseef Ahmad, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Safder Khan, Abdul Nasir, and Muhammad Umar. "Water Supply Scheme System Design for Peri Urban Areas of Punjab using EPANET." Pakistan Journal of Geology 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2020-0005.
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AbstractWater is indispensable for human life and without water, life cannot exist on earth. Every person required 33 to 35-gallon water per day for drinking and demotic purpose. But due to lack of quality, inefficient water supply designs, intermixing of sewage water and unlined sewage water system, quality of water is deteriorated specially in recent decades and affecting a number of people. In present study, it was inevitable to design a water supply system for selected area to provide safe water supply design for a small community. For this purpose, a study area was selected named as chak.no. 253 RB, Samundri Road Faisalabad. The existing water supply system of the village was built 30 years ago with the problems of leaky pipes, mixing of sewerage water with drinking water was causing water-borne diseases like Diarrhea, Cholera, Giardiasis, Typhoid fever, Schistosomiasis. A computer software abbreviated as EPANET (Environment protection agency network) was used to design a water supply system of the area providing input parameters to the software. For this a profiling survey was conducted to determine the length of pipes and the elevation of each junction. The other input parameters such as the diameter of pipes, pipe network map, head losses were provided. Conclusively, EPANET gave a detailed water supply system plan for specific design period. By adopting this design provided by detailed surveys of the area and EPANET will help to control intermixing of sewage water which ultimately improves the quality of water. The new design is based on technology by using modern techniques (Software). It will provide save and continue supply of water to community. It will also reduce the cost of water billing, leakage, decrease the diseases rate and improve the life standard of people’s lives in that area.
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Chao-Hsien, Liaw, Huang En-Hao, and Chiu Yie-Ru. "Designing a rainwater harvesting system for urban green roof irrigation." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.107.
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Green roof systems have been suggested to ease the growing urban environmental problems resulting from rapid urbanization. However, the irrigation of green roofs heavily depends on using precious potable water and consequently generates negative environmental effects. Rainwater has been recommended to address this dilemma, but the design method has not been well developed. In this study, the major design factors of a rainwater harvesting system for green roof irrigation systems are examined, and a simulation-based mathematical model is established to elucidate the correlation between tank volume and system performance. The optimal system design and probability distribution of the potable water replacement rate are also discussed on the basis of a case study of a university building in Keelung, Northern Taiwan. The results show that the optimal tank volume, potable water replacement rate, and probability of exceedance are 9.41 m3, 92.72%, and 88.76% (±1SD), respectively. In addition, the economic performance is identified to be feasible. Hence, the design method has been verified to be a useful tool to ease the urban environmental issues.
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Tambo, N. "Urban metabolic system of water for the 21st century." Water Supply 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0001.
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Since human activity is about to outgrow the natural capacity, thus becoming a prominent affector to the environment, an urban/regional water system that minimizes influence on the environment, but at the same time, satisfies the human needs must be considered. This is necessary to keep well being urban/industrial areas side-by-side with the external nature. To address this problem, new systems of water and wastewater treatment as well as new methods of water utilization are coming up. The considerations and issues related to the planning and design of such water systems are discussed in this paper.
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Dunphy, A., S. Beecham, S. Vigneswaran, H. H. Ngo, R. McLaughlan, and A. Collins. "Development of a confined water sensitive urban design (WSUD) system using engineered soils." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.111.
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Innovative Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) systems are being investigated at three locations to the north and south of Sydney, Australia. These systems contain porous concrete pipes that are designed so that stormwater exfiltrates through the permeable walls of the pipes into the surrounding substrate media material. The porous pipes and media material treat the passing stormwater. The primary aim of the overall project is to develop a model to describe the treatment effectiveness of confined WSUD systems. This paper focuses on the system located at the Weathertex Industrial Site, Heatherbrae. Due to wood processing operations that occur at this site, it is recognised that the surface runoff will carry a heavy organics loading. Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) is recognised for its ability to reduce the concentration of dissolved organics present in both wastewater and stormwater. GAC was therefore chosen as a filtration medium to be investigated at this site. To maximise the effectiveness of the GAC, extensive laboratory batch studies were undertaken prior to the field system being constructed to determine the optimum GAC/sand ratio. The purpose of the experimental work was to assess the dissolved organic removal potential through sorption of various concentrations of GAC. The aim of this paper is to describe these laboratory experiments and discuss how they related to the field system. Through these experiments it was determined that a sand/GAC ratio of 25:1 was ideal for the media material at the Heatherbrae site.
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Li, Hong Yan, and Xiu Ping Yue. "Study on Energy-Saving of Urban Water Supply System Variable Frequency Pumping Station." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.254.
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Energy is an important material foundation for developing the national economy and improving human living standards. We discussed the energy-saving principle of urban water supply system variable frequency pumping by analyzing the urban water supply and water pumping station curves, further studied the best speed and flow adjustment range of the Urban Water Supply Systems Variable Speed Pump, from both economic and efficient operation of pumps taken into account to determine the best number of the speed pump sets, which can be referenced for the design of urban water supply system variable frequency speed pump station.
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Wang, Xiao Hong, Ya Jing Liu, Zheng Wang, and Wei Zhang. "Design and Development of the Urban Water Supply Pipe Network Information System Based on GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2389.
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Urban water supply systems are the primary guarantee for life and enterprises to work orderly, according to the requirements of water resource department and the technical feasibility for the management system, the water supply pipe-network information system was designed and developed. The system was developed in C # language and SuperMap Objects as secondary development components. The applicability and weaknesses of the system was analyzed in order to provide better service for the water conservancy work digitally.
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Wang, Gang, Qingbo Wen, Liming HU, and Jay N. MEEGODA. "Study of reclaimed water system in downtown Los Angeles based on system dynamics theory." E3S Web of Conferences 144 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014401003.
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The shortage of water resources has seriously restricted the development of cities. Unconventional water resources is of great significance for sustainable development. As a city lack of water, Los Angeles plans to develop reclaimed water as an important component of urban water supply under the conditions of drought and over exploitation of groundwater. In order to provide a basis for urban reclaimed water construction planning, this paper developed a system dynamic model to provide scientific suggestions for the planning of reclaimed water. According to the analysis of Los Angeles water system, the model divides the system into reclaimed water system, urban water consumption system, urban water supply system and water supply cost system. The degree of water shortage, urban water supply, water supply cost, and reclaimed water production were chosen as the model index for the requirement of plan design. The historical data was employed to verify the model, indicating that the model is reliable. Then the plans under different rates of growth of reclaimed water were designed. According to the comprehensive analysis of the model index, the second plan was considered to be the optimal one: increase the local water supply in Los Angeles to 50 percent of the total by 2035 and reduce purchases by 50 percent. Finally, Reclaimed water accounts for 30% of the city’s water supply, meanwhile, water supply costs decline 10%.
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Thyer, M., M. Hardy, P. Coombes, and C. Patterson. "The impact of end-use dynamics on urban water system design criteria." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 12, no. 2 (January 2008): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2008.11465344.
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Schuetze, T., and L. Chelleri. "Climate adaptive urban planning and design with water in Dutch polders." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.688.
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The existing water management in Dutch polders is based on independent water systems for each polder. These are featuring artificial stabilized ground and surface water levels. As a result of the local climate the water levels in the polders are not continuously at a constant level. To maintain a stable water table in the polders, the surplus of relatively clean rainwater has to be pumped away during the cold seasons into canals or rivers, which are located on a higher level. During the summer relatively polluted water from these waterways is led into the polders to top up the declining water levels. This procedure leads to various problems regarding water quantity and water quality. The described existing system is not adaptable to climate change and includes the risk of flooding, particularly from torrential rain. Therefore it is crucial to develop, preferably self-sufficient, rainwater management systems in the polders. They should allow the fluctuation of the water levels inside the polders for seasonal storage and flood control. The described concept is adopted in the present water policy in the Netherlands as well as in research and recent urban development projects in Dutch polders.
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Khadka, Pratik Raj, Bibek Gautam, Nayan Acharya, Basanta Bhattarai, Subham Kandel, and Sunil` Prasad Lohani. "Design of Solar Water Pasteurization System with Slow Sand Filtration." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32177.
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Solar water pasteurization system with slow sand filtration works by integration of filtration unit and pasteurization unit. The system can be utilized in rural as well as the urban areas of the country to produce reliable drinking water source. The filtration unit has layers of gravels and sand, and the pasteurization unit works by use of solar collector utilizing solar energy. The final output water is drinkable by treatment of water pathogens through the integrated units. The use of two systems: Pasteurization unit and Filtration unit independently checks and corrects the flaw of the other to produce clean and pure drinking water. The output water from the integrated system is tested and found to have reduced TDS from 159 mg/l to 137 mg/l, E. coli count from 6 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml and Total coliform count from 52 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml. This hybrid system uses solar energy for water pasteurization so it can be utilized effectively for drinking water purposes.
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Zhao, Cui, Qiqi Gao, Jiajun Song, Yueguo Wang, and Fuzeng Sun. "Research on Design of the Safety Supervision System for Desalinated Seawater Entering Urban Water Supply Network." Water 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152017.
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Desalinated seawater enters the urban water supply network on a large scale, which brings new challenges to water quality assurance. In order to strengthen the safety supervision of the pipeline network, ensure the stability of water quality, prevent pipeline corrosion, and avoid the “red water” problem, this study constructed a safety supervision system for desalinated seawater entering the urban water supply pipeline network. In this system, the on-line monitoring system can monitor water quality, water quantity, water pressure and the corrosion of pipeline network in real-time. Early warning system can quickly identify problems and initiate based on the threshold exceeding, statistical analysis, and model prediction. The safety regulation system (including water source regulation system, water quality adjustment system and operation management system) is used to regulate and control water quality problems in the urban water supply network. The application of this safety supervision system is conducive to improving regulation efficiency and ensuring water supply safety.
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Tsakiris, George, and Mike Spiliotis. "Uncertainty in the analysis of urban water supply and distribution systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (May 5, 2017): 823–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.134.
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Abstract Conventionally, the design of urban water supply and distribution systems is based on the assumption that all the involved parameters are known a priori and remain unaltered throughout the life cycle of the system. However, significant uncertainties do appear during the analysis and design of these systems, such as the equivalent pipe roughness and the actual internal diameters of the pipes. To study these uncertainties, the water supply and the looped water distribution systems are studied separately. For the water supply system, these uncertainties are incorporated in the analysis of the system, using the extension principle of the fuzzy sets and a new operation of the fuzzy subtraction. Based on the calculation of head losses for each branch of the system, the nodal heads are obtained as fuzzy numbers. In regard to the looped water distribution system, a methodology is developed and proposed, based on the extension principle and leading to several optimisation problems with respect to the branches of the system. The aim of the proposed methodology is to determine the α-cuts and finally produce the shape of the membership function of flows in the branches of the system. Both methodologies are illustrated by numerical examples.
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Ding, Fan, Yan Zhe Hu, and Jian Bin Zang. "Integrated Design of Solar Water Heater System and High-Rise Residential Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.230.
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This paper analyzes the potential of the integration of solar water heater systems and high-rise residential buildings in a perspective of Ecological Civilization and raised issues specific to high-rise residential. Against the prospect the use of solar energy for high-rise residential buildings, the author points out the appropriate solution. The paper stresses that the process of the integration of high-rise residential and solar water heater systems, is a multi-phase technology system and building system integration process, is the inevitable trend to achieve ecological modern urban development.
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Yixuan, Zhong, Liao Xiaolong, Yi Ling, and Wu Leping. "Study on Copula-based Coordination of Urban Drainage system and Sewage system Design." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123303038.
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The urban drainage system is co-regulated by various governmental departments, who adopt different standards in designing the system, an attempt not conducive to the prevention of water logging. This study took Zhongshan and Zhuhai as the subjects, proposed the Copula-based design of a drainage system, and calculated the most practical solution to drainage, waterlogging and rainfall based on Kendall’s Return Period, providing references for construction of such projects.
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Malmqvist, P. A., and H. Palmquist. "Decision support tools for urban water and wastewater systems – focussing on hazardous flows assessment." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 8 (April 1, 2005): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0221.
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The Swedish research programme Urban Water has developed a concept of a multi-criteria basis intended to support decision-making for urban water and wastewater systems. Five criteria groups were established for sustainability assessment of urban water systems: Health and Hygiene, Environment, Economy, Socio-culture, and Technology. Each criterion requires a set of indicators corresponding to quantifiable facts and figures, or qualitative data to comparatively assess the different alternatives in the decision process. The decision support process starts as a baseline study where the existing conditions are addressed. Alternative strategies of the future urban water system are developed and analysed by different tools and methodologies in assessing the five criteria groups. Eventually, the results and conclusions are integrated and synthesised into a basis for decision-making. As an example of a decision support basis for chemical safety, a barrier perspective was introduced to find out if and to what extent hazardous substances can be stopped, diverged, or transformed at various points in the wastewater system. A set of barriers was suggested, i.e. behaviour, systems design, process design, optional recipients, and organisational. The barrier approach was applied to two alternative municipal wastewater system designs – a combined wastewater system vs. a source separated system – analysing the fate of phosphorus, cadmium, and triclosan. The study showed that the combined system caused a higher substance flow to the receiving waterbody than the separated system. The combined system also brought more phosphorus and cadmium to the farmland than the separated system, but only half the amount of triclosan.
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Tsegaye, Seneshaw, Thomas M. Missimer, Jong-Yeop Kim, and Jason Hock. "A Clustered, Decentralized Approach to Urban Water Management." Water 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010185.
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Current models in design of urban water management systems and their corresponding infrastructure using centralized designs have commonly failed from the perspective of cost effectiveness and inability to adapt to the future changes. These challenges are driving cities towards using decentralized systems. While there is great consensus on the benefits of decentralization; currently no methods exist which guide decision-makers to define the optimal boundaries of decentralized water systems. A new clustering methodology and tool to decentralize water supply systems (WSS) into small and adaptable units is presented. The tool includes two major components: (i) minimization of the distance from source to consumer by assigning demand to the closest water source, and (ii) maximization of the intra-cluster homogeneity by defining the cluster boundaries such that the variation in population density, land use, socio-economic level, and topography within the cluster is minimized. The methodology and tool were applied to Arua Town in Uganda. Four random cluster scenarios and a centralized system were created and compared with the optimal clustered WSS. It was observed that the operational cost of the four cluster scenarios is up to 13.9 % higher than the optimal, and the centralized system is 26.6% higher than the optimal clustered WSS, consequently verifying the efficacy of the proposed method to determine an optimal cluster boundary for WSS. In addition, optimal homogeneous clusters improve efficiency by encouraging reuse of wastewater and stormwater within a cluster and by minimizing leakage through reduced pressure variations.
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Tembo, Lucy, Assela Pathirana, Peter van der Steen, and Chris Zevenbergen. "Flexible engineering designs for urban water management in Lusaka, Zambia." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 10 (July 14, 2015): 1675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.354.
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Urban water systems are often designed using deterministic single values as design parameters. Subsequently the different design alternatives are compared using a discounted cash flow analysis that assumes that all parameters remain as-predicted for the entire project period. In reality the future is unknown and at best a possible range of values for design parameters can be estimated. A Monte Carlo simulation could then be used to calculate the expected Net Present Value of project alternatives, as well as so-called target curves (cumulative frequency distribution of possible Net Present Values). The same analysis could be done after flexibilities were incorporated in the design, either by using decision rules to decide about the moment of capacity increase, or by buying Real Options (in this case land) to cater for potential capacity increases in the future. This procedure was applied to a sanitation and wastewater treatment case in Lusaka, Zambia. It included various combinations of on-site anaerobic baffled reactors and off-site waste stabilisation ponds. For the case study, it was found that the expected net value of wastewater treatment systems can be increased by 35–60% by designing a small flexible system with Real Options, rather than a large inflexible system.
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He, J., C. Valeo, and F. J. C. Bouchart. "Enhancing urban infrastructure investment planning practices for a changing climate." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.292.
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Climate change raises many concerns for urban water management because of the effects on all aspects of the hydrological cycle. Urban water infrastructure has traditionally been designed using historical observations and assuming stationary climatic conditions. The capability of this infrastructure, whether for storm-water drainage, or water supply, may be over- or under-designed for future climatic conditions. In particular, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events will have the most acute effect on storm-water drainage systems. Therefore, it is necessary to take future climatic conditions into consideration in engineering designs in order to enhance water infrastructure investment planning practices in a long time horizon. This paper provides the initial results of a study that is examining ways to enhance urban infrastructure investment planning practices against changes in hydrologic regimes for a changing climate. Design storms and intensity–duration–frequency curves that are used in the engineering design of storm-water drainage systems are developed under future climatic conditions by empirically adjusting the general circulation model output, and using the Gumbel distribution and the Chicago method. Simulations are then performed on an existing storm-water drainage system from NE Calgary to investigate the resiliency of the system under climate change.
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Brenner, Asher, Hodaya Cohen, Or Gradus, Oshrat Koren, Semion Shandalov, and Yaron Zinger. "INCORPORATION OF HYBRID BIOFILTERS IN WATER-SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2019132012.
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This paper presents a research study aimed at the development of a hybrid biofilter that can serve for two different applications. This is a unique approach due to the prolonged dry period in Israel covering 7-8 months of the year. The tactic suggested herein is to use the same system for stormwater harvesting/treatment during winter, and for bioremediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater during summer. Crude cotton and Eucalyptus wood-chips served as alternative carbon sources for denitrification, and both proved to support efficient reduction of nitrate with minimal release of nitrite and organic matter. During the stage of stormwater treatment, two types of biofilter-columns (120 & 70 cm long) were tested, with a minimal saturation zone and no addition of organic carbon. Complete nitrification could be achieved, even under high instantaneous hydraulic loads for both column types. Vegetation on top of the biofilters contributed to improved removal of the nitrate formed, by plant assimilation.
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Zhang, Ji Ku, Yang Jiang, and Lin Zou. "The Project Design of Seasonal Reclaimed Water Utilization System for Liaobin Water Town." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4766.
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Conbined with the Eco-residential Island, the project of reclaimed water utilization for Liaobin water town in Panjin is mainly introduced. The reclaimed water resource contains rainwater and domestic sewage water, which is collected mainly in the range of urban (regional).After the second-level processing by sewage treatment plant, it is mainly served as flushing water ,which is called “full-sewage” reuse system; in dry season, it is reused directly after corresponding treatment; and in rainy season, the excessive water is pumpinged into the surrounding waterbodies. The research analysis indicates that the plan of “full-sewage” reuse system and the seasonal reclaimed water utilization system used in this area are reasonable and feasible, which can make full use of the reclaimed water and save the water resources effectively, meeting the demand of sustainable development .
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Pan, Feng. "Modern Urban Ecological Waterscape Planning and Design." Advanced Materials Research 689 (May 2013): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.689.505.
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Modern urban ecological waterscape is essentially about planning waterfront construction as well as ecology solicitude in a rapidly changing environment in Chinese city. The primary goal of this research is attempting to reconnect the relationship between waterscape and environment, which has been broken up in the past urbanization. The method used in this study is known as the ecological planning and design, and the author suggests that the ecological waterscape planning should include the aspects of water environment restoring, old buildings reusing, different levels water purifying system and traditional culture exploring, etc. It is concluded that the correct judgment and optional operation of these factors will enhance the function of urban waterscape as well as improve city living environment in general.
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Ling, K. W., and D. Y. S. Mah2. "Building Water Sensitive Urban Design : Modelling of Green Roof." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.145.2015.
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This project evaluates green roofs as a stormwater management tool. The goal of the project is to develop a computer aided stormwater model incorporating green roof, and evaluate its effectiveness. Specifically, the influence of media type, media depth, duration of rainfall event and average reoccurrence interval are investigated in design rainfall. The finalised model is then validated based on observed rainfall for the months of January and February of 2014. Results indicate that the green roofs are capable of removing 73.5% and 86.9% of the monthly rainfall volumes for January and February 2014, respectively, from a roof through retention. Water retention by green roofs effectively increases the time to reach the peak runoff, and slows the peak flows for a watershed. There are seasonal considerations as more runoff is generated during the month of January (northeast monsoon season) compared with the month of February (normal weather). Green roof is also effective in retaining 100% of several storms of less than 10 mm. The results demonstrate that the proposed extensive green roof for the study area functions as an excellent bio-retention system for stormwater control. The results of this research are in tandem with those of other researches performed throughout the world on hydrologic characteristics of green roof.
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Li, Xiao Juan, and Fei Min Shen. "Study on Anti-Seismic Reliability of Urban Water Supply System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.868.
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According to the seismic damage mechanism of the buried pipeline，the seismic performance of single pipeline is evaluated quantitatively. The network connectivity is analyzed with Monte-Carlo method and seismic performance of the whole network system is evaluated quantitatively. Finally, the anti-seismic reliability of the main water supply system is analyzed in the City of Fuzhou. The results indicate that the proposed method is feasible, accurate and effective, which provides references for further research of design, optimization and reformation of the urban buried pipeline.
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Rangari, Vinay Ashok, and Sriramoju Sai Prashanth. "Simulation of Urban Drainage System Using a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.872.
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Urban floods are caused due to increase in population density, development of urban infrastructure without paying due consideration to drainage aspects and increase in paved surfaces. Storm water modelling plays an important role in checking issues such as flash floods and urban water-quality problems. The SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) has been an effective tool for simulating floods in urban areas. In this study a SWMM model is developed to analyze drainage network for the campus of National Institute of Technology, Warangal in the city of Warangal, Telangana, India. The model is simulated for one real storm event and 2-year return period of interval 1-hour design storm intensity. Frequency analysis is performed using best fitted distribution i.e., Gumbel’s distribution for different return periods and the frequency values are used for development of IDF (intensity-duration-frequency) curves. Design storm intensity derived from IDF curves for different return periods is used to estimate peak runoff from each sub catchment which is used as input parameter in simulation of runoff in SWMM. GIS methodology is employed for handling spatial data simultaneously. From results, it is observed that some part of campus are commonly affected with flooding, when analysis is performed for two design storms and one day continuous rainfall/precipitation values.
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Yoon, Sungsik, Young-Joo Lee, and Hyung-Jo Jung. "Flow-Based Optimal System Design of Urban Water Transmission Network under Seismic Conditions." Water Resources Management 34, no. 6 (April 2020): 1971–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02541-4.
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Abd-Elhamid, Hany F., Martina Zeleňáková, Zuzana Vranayová, and Ismail Fathy. "Evaluating the Impact of Urban Growth on the Design of Storm Water Drainage Systems." Water 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061572.
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Urban growth is one of the major causes of flooding in urban areas. This affects the runoff coefficients, which is among the most important factors that affect the design of storm water drainage systems. Changing the runoff coefficient will affect the design parameters of the drainage network, including outfall discharge, velocity, lag time and cost of construction. This study aims to assess the effect of changing the runoff coefficient due to urban growth on the design of a storm water drainage system. The hydrological models Hyfran, StormCAD and GIS are used to analyze different runoff coefficients. This study examines three zones in Dammam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The data developed from the models for the current case studies are used to develop an empirical equation to predict the max discharge for other catchments. The discharge is a function of the return period, runoff coefficient, drainage density, longest path, rainfall intensity and catchment area. To validate the developed equation, we use it to estimate the discharge in a real case study in South Korea. A comparison between the measured discharge and estimated discharge shows that the empirical equation is capable of predicting the maximum discharge for different catchments with high accuracy. Then, the validation of the models is carried out to determine the effect of the runoff coefficient on the design of a storm water drainage system in a case study in KSA. The results show that an increasing runoff coefficient due to urban growth increases the outfall discharge and velocity of storm water drainage systems, as well as affecting the cost of construction and decreasing the lag time. The cost increases by two to three times with increasing urbanization. This study provides a new perspective on the hydrologic impact of urban growth on the design of storm water drainage systems, which are essential for flood management. Moreover, the relationship between urban growth and the cost of storm drainage networks is explored, which could help decision makers to make appropriate judgements.
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Jeffrey, P., R. Seaton, S. Parsons, and T. Stephenson. "Evaluation methods for the design of adaptive water supply systems in urban environments." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0329.
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The issue of sustainable modes of development are not restricted to those concerning environmental protection or pollution control/minimisation. In generic terms, sustainable systems are those which can be adapted to changing circumstances. Given the essential nature of utilities there is a clear need to plan and manage their technologies in a sustainable manner. This paper offers an initial theoretical structure for designing and managing adaptive technological infrastructures for utilities in generic terms and suggests how such a framework may apply to water supply systems. In particular, the development of new water recycling technologies and the emergence of ‘complex system’ modelling techniques provide opportunities for the design of water supply systems which are adaptive to changes in the urban social and physical environment in which they are embedded.
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Wu, Yan-Sheng, Yan Li, Xiong Gao, Jie Pan, Ning Wang, Yong-Wei Cheng, Cong-Gao Yang, and Ya-Chao Yang. "Sewage Treatment System Planning for Dianchi Urban Wetland Park in Kunming." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124502019.
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Dianchi Lake urban wetland park in Kunming is an important component of Dianchi lakeside wetlands, it is of great significance to the urban development and ecological protection of Kunming. To solve the problem of non-point source pollution of Dianchi Lake basin, the Dianchi Lake Pan-Asian International Urban Wetland Park is taken as an example, the rapid artificial infiltration treatment system and the comprehensive constructed wetland treatment system were designed for Dianchi Lake urban wetland park, and various design parameters and its influencing factors have been analyzed. After the deep treatment by the treatment system, the water quality reached the standards of landscape water. The planning of water system for Dianchi Lake urban wetland park provides a reference for designing plateau lake urban wetland parks.
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Li, Nan. "A Conceptual Framework for Site Design of Urban Design in China." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.866.
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This paper indicates that there are no more sustainable concerns and instructions about urban design in current China relative planning Code when using the principles of eco-design principles as a lens to critical thinking about site choice, land use, transportation, road system, architecture massing, and spatial urban form. Furthermore, it is very hard for urban designer to design a sustainable project. This can be mitigated by taking mixed land use, TOD (Transit-Oriented Development), and 3D (Three Dimension) design methods. However, to design a sustainable site, to build a high performance building, other eco-design issues such as water saving, energy efficiency, air quality improvement, 3R materials use, eco-landscape etc. must be considered carefully in future design. Sustainable thinking should be the guideline through the whole urban design process.
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Alfakih, E., S. Barraud, and I. Martinelli. "A study of stormwater infiltration system feasibility and design." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0122.
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There are numerous reasons, such the saturation of the existing downstream sewer system or its concentrate discharge impact on the receiving water, for using stormwater infiltration systems. However, their feasibility within an urban development project depends on physical soil characteristics and contamination risk, and also on socio-economic considerations. The choice should be based on multiple comparative evaluations. This paper is an overview of feasibility and decision criteria, taking stock of currently available models and approaches.
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Mustafa, Ahmed, Xiao Wei Zhang, Daniel G. Aliaga, Martin Bruwier, Gen Nishida, Benjamin Dewals, Sébastian Erpicum, Pierre Archambeau, Michel Pirotton, and Jacques Teller. "Procedural generation of flood-sensitive urban layouts." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 5 (November 21, 2018): 889–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318812458.
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Aside from modeling geometric shape, three-dimensional (3D) urban procedural modeling has shown its value in understanding, predicting and/or controlling effects of shape on design and urban planning. In this paper, instead of the construction of flood resistant measures, we create a procedural generation system for designing urban layouts that passively reduce water depth during a flooding scenario. Our tool enables exploring designs that passively lower flood depth everywhere or mostly in chosen key areas. Our approach tightly integrates a hydraulic model and a parameterized urban generation system with an optimization engine so as to find the least cost modification to an initial urban layout design. Further, due to the computational cost of a fluid simulation, we train neural networks to assist with accelerating the design process. We have applied our system to several real-world locations and have obtained improved 3D urban models in just a few seconds.
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Balbastre-Soldevila, García-Bartual, and Andrés-Doménech. "A Comparison of Design Storms for Urban Drainage System Applications." Water 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040757.
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The present research develops a systematic application of a selected family of 11 well-known design storms, all of them obtained from the same rainfall data sample. Some of them are fully consistent with the intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves, while others are built according to typical observed patterns in the historical rainfall series. The employed data series consists on a high-resolution rainfall time series in Valencia (Spain), covering the period from 1990 to 2012. The goal of the research is the systematic comparison of these design storms, paying special attention to some relevant quantitative properties, as the maximum rainfall intensity, the total cumulative rainfall depth or the temporal pattern characterising the synthetic storm. For comparison purposes, storm duration was set to 1 hour and return period equal to 25 years in all cases. The comparison is enhanced by using each of the design storms as rainfall input to a calibrated urban hydrology rainfall–runoff model, yielding to a family of hydrographs for a given neighbourhood of the city of Valencia (Spain). The discussion and conclusions derived from the present research refer to both, the comparison between design storms and the comparison of resulting hydrographs after the application of the mentioned rainfall–runoff model. Seven of the tested design storms yielded to similar overall performance, showing negligible differences in practice. Among them, only Average Variability Method (AVM) and Two Parameter Gamma function (G2P) incorporate in their definition a temporal pattern inferred from empirical patterns identified in the historical rainfall data used herein. The remaining four design storms lead to more significant discrepancies attending both to the rainfall itself and to the resulting hydrograph. Such differences are ~8% concerning estimated discharges.
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Tian, Jiandong, and Guifang He. "Optimization design method for urban sewage collection pipe networks." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 1828–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.200.
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Abstract In this study, a secondary subsystem mathematical model is established under the condition that the layout of the sewage collection branch, trunk, and main pipe network projects is fixed. The sewage collection branch and trunk pipe network projects are treated as the research objective by taking the minimum annual cost of the sewage collection pipe network projects as the objective function, the longitudinal slope of the pipe section and the economic flow rate of the pipe section as constraints, and the diameter of the pipe section as the decision variable. A first-level subsystem mathematical model is established by taking the sewage collection branch, trunk, and main pipe network project as the research object. A large system mathematical model is established in the same manner. This model can be solved using the large system secondary decomposition–dynamic programming aggregation method, and the optimal diameter for each pipe section can be obtained. A regional sewage collection pipe network project in Taizhou city was considered as an example for comparative analysis before and after optimization, and the results verified that the optimization method proposed in this study can solve this complex large system optimization problem.
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F. Fawzi, Sura, and Hussein A. Mohammed. "Design and implementation of remotely Tigris river water monitoring system in Baghdad." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (October 6, 2018): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16699.
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Tigris River in Baghdad city that penetrate the rural and urban areas is polluted by many organic substances from different user activities including industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Therefore to monitor and protect the river water from pollution, a remote monitoring system for Tigris river water in Baghdad is suggested. Different water quality parameters; Dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and PH are measured from two areas near the Tigris River; oil refinery and power station. It show that wastes from these stations are polluted the river with their industrial wastes.
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May, Peter I., Matthew Lagomarsino, and Patrick Kangas. "The green bulkhead: a vertical wetland design for urban harbors." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 8, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2021.08.00256.
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In urban harbors there is a reliance on the “gray infrastructure” of armored bulkheads along shorelines. While this form of shoreline technology provides stability and eliminates erosion, it limits shoreline biodiversity and lacks aesthetic value. In this paper, a living shoreline concept, termed the Green Bulkhead, is described and demonstrated. This is a kind of artificial vertical wetland with plants grown in a porous plastic fabric that is draped over the surface of an existing bulkhead. The system is irrigated with water that is pumped from the harbor. Several alternate designs have been tested for different medium types, planting patterns and water pumping regimes. It is proposed that the green bulkhead system can provide limited treatment wetland services in an urban setting where cost-effective water quality management options are minimal. Testing found that high percentages of sediment were retained within the matrix of the different media. The system has aesthetic benefits by “greening” the harbor environment with wetland plants and, because of its vertical orientation, it can be managed adaptively for sea level rise. This work is a report of an on-going ecological engineering project with demonstrations along the Baltimore, Maryland Inner Harbor and the Anacostia Waterfront in Washington, DC.
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Zhang, Hu Zhu, and Hui Min Li. "Urban Road Cross Section Eco-Design Based on Storage-Infiltration of Rainwater and Snowfall." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3741.
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In order to deal with the problem of flood disaster, water balance system damage and eco-environment deterioration for cities with development of urbanization in rain and snow area, an urban road cross section eco-design program with storage-infiltration utilization of rainwater and snowfall was proposed with the purpose of groundwater eco-replenishment, water conservation and snowfall stack, also ecological cross section form that can be used in practical engineering and enhancement of infiltration capability for sunken green space of urban road were put forward, and some effective anti-infiltration measures for subgrade and pavement were proposed to prevent the adverse action on urban road from the water in the sunken green space. The eco-design program increases storage-infiltration of rainwater and snowfall with holding the function of traffic organization, drainage and road landscape that belongs to the traditional urban road cross section, and it changed a single drainage system into a compositive storage-infiltration-drainage system. The eco-design program provided a basis and reference for urban road cross section eco-design in rain and snow area.
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Yazdanfar, Zeinab, and Ashok Sharma. "Urban drainage system planning and design – challenges with climate change and urbanization: a review." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.207.
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Urban drainage systems are in general failing in their functions mainly due to non-stationary climate and rapid urbanization. As these systems are becoming less efficient, issues such as sewer overflows and increase in urban flooding leading to surge in pollutant loads to receiving water bodies are becoming pervasive rapidly. A comprehensive investigation is required to understand these factors impacting the functioning of urban drainage, which vary spatially and temporally and are more complex when weaving together. It is necessary to establish a cost-effective, integrated planning and design framework for every local area by incorporating fit for purpose alternatives. Carefully selected adaptive measures are required for the provision of sustainable drainage systems to meet combined challenges of climate change and urbanization. This paper reviews challenges associated with urban drainage systems and explores limitations and potentials of different adaptation alternatives. It is hoped that the paper would provide drainage engineers, water planners, and decision makers with the state of the art information and technologies regarding adaptation options to increase drainage systems efficiency under changing climate and urbanization.
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Deng, Yinghan, Michel-Alexandre Cardin, Vladan Babovic, Deepak Santhanakrishnan, Petra Schmitter, and Ali Meshgi. "Valuing flexibilities in the design of urban water management systems." Water Research 47, no. 20 (December 2013): 7162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.064.
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Gao, Bin, and Bao Yu Zhuang. "Study on Rain Water Drainage System Plan Based on SWMM." Advanced Materials Research 790 (September 2013): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.125.
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How to plan and design a citys rain water drainage system reasonably to control a citys water logging arouses peoples concern in China. In an urban area of North China, a simulation model of rain water drainage system based on SWMM is built. Different schemes of rain water drainage system are evaluated and optimized.
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Lu, Wei, and Xiaosheng Qin. "Integrated framework for assessing climate change impact on extreme rainfall and the urban drainage system." Hydrology Research 51, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.233.
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Abstract Urban areas are becoming increasingly vulnerable to extreme storms and flash floods, which could be more damaging under climate change. This study presented an integrated framework for assessing climate change impact on extreme rainfall and urban drainage systems by incorporating a number of statistical and modelling techniques. Starting from synthetic future climate data generated by the stochastic weather generator, the simple scaling method and the Huff rainfall design were adopted for rainfall disaggregation and rainfall design. After having obtained 3-min level designed rainfall information, the urban hydrological model (i.e., Storm Water Management Model) was used to carry out the runoff analysis. A case study in a tropical city was used to demonstrate the proposed framework. Particularly, the impact of selecting different general circulation models and Huff distributions on future 1-h extreme rainfall and the performance of the urban drainage system were investigated. It was revealed that the proposed framework is flexible and easy to implement in generating temporally high-resolution rainfall data under climate model projections and offers a parsimonious way of assessing urban flood risks considering the uncertainty arising from climate change model projections, downscaling and rainfall design.
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Gromov, Grigory N., Darya D. Khudyakova, and Kirill G. Pyankov. "Approaches to the implementation of hydraulic electronic models of centralized water supply systems." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2021): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.5.623-634.
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Introduction. The analysis of the Russian normative and methodological documents, as well as research articles, has identified gaps in the development and practical implementation of hydraulic electronic models of existing water supply systems. The user guide of the software products, used to design these models, merely demonstrates the capabilities of software modules and misses the outcome of their application in certain cases. Decree No. 782 issued by the RF Government on September 5, 2013, being the document that regulates the development of electronic models of water supply systems, lists the requirements applied to software. The document, titled Construction regulations SP 31.13330.2012, has the requirements applicable to the hydraulic analysis of water supply system designs. This suggests that the Russian regulatory environment has no document that contains the basic requirements governing the development and detailing of hydraulic electronic models of water supply systems. This is an essential problem of urban utility networks, since the hydraulic electronic model is the basis for any further actions in strict accordance with which a development plan of a centralized urban water supply system is designed.
Materials and methods. The article has a scientific review of the problem of design of electronic hydraulic models of centralized water supply systems and basic principles and approaches to electronic model generation.
Results. The co-authors provide a detailed description of a methodology used to develop a model of urban water supply systems as well as the requirements set by foreign standards.
Conclusions. Model development and calibration is structured in the article. This information is needed to adjust the characteristics of the designed model to a water supply system in operation.