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Journal articles on the topic 'Water treatment for car washes'
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1
Kuan, Wen-Hui, Ching-Yao Hu, Li-Wei Ke, and Jung-Ming Wu. "A Review of On-Site Carwash Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (2022): 5764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105764.
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In recent years, people’s environmental awareness has increased. The high density of the urban population has caused a considerable increase in the demand for car washing services, which has created large quantities of car wash wastewater. The main pollutants in car wash wastewater are detergents, dirt, oil, and grease. Untreated wastewater released into rainwater sewer systems or other water bodies may pollute the water and generate excessive bubble foams, which negatively affects urban appearance. Car washes are divided into mechanical car washes and manual or self-service car washes. In general, car washes have a small operation and scale, occupy limited land, and cannot afford wastewater treatment costs. Therefore, most car washes are not equipped with wastewater treatment facilities. Consequently, the discharge of wastewater from car washes negatively affects the water quality in the surrounding environment and results in wasteful use of water resources. This study reviewed 68 research papers on the quality, treatment techniques, treatment costs, and treatment effectiveness of car wash wastewater to provide a reference for car wash operators to contribute to the preservation of water resources. We found that there is a higher chance of recycling car wash wastewater when combing two different techniques for car wash wastewater treatment.
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Woźniak, Piotr, and Marek Gryta. "Influence of Reclaimed Water on the Visual Quality of Automotive Coating." Materials 17, no. 21 (2024): 5382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17215382.
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In the present study, the possibility of recovering water in a car wash station was presented. The resistance of automotive coatings to washing water recovered at 50% and 70% from wastewater generated at car wash was tested. Wastewater treatment was carried out by ultrafiltration (UF) using tubular polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (100 and 200 kDa) manufactured by the PCI company. The membranes retained oil contamination, suspended solids, and over 60% of surfactants. For comparison, the 0.5% Turbo Active Green solution, used at professional car washes, was also applied in paint resistance studies. The tested solutions washed the painted surfaces of samples taken from car doors for 8 days. The resistance of automotive coatings to washing solutions was assessed by measuring gloss, Log Haze, RIQ, and Rspec parameters. Scratch resistance was also assessed. The results obtained in the current study indicated that the use of water recovered from wastewater did not deteriorate the quality of the car paint coating.
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Maciejewska, Katarzyna, and Magdalena Reizer. "Evaluating the Impacts of Different Car Washing Systems on Carbon Footprint: Insights from Poland." Sustainability 17, no. 4 (2025): 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041384.
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With over 1 billion passenger cars worldwide, even an indiscernible carbon footprint (CF) of the maintenance of a single vehicle has the potential for a relatively large overall environmental effect on the part of the car washing services sector. This study presents a methodology for assessing the CF of car washing services with a focus on Polish conditions. It compares four types of professional car washes, i.e., jet, rollover, tunnel, and hand, analyzing their environmental impact based on CO2 emissions from water heating systems, energy consumption, water supply, and wastewater treatment. The results reveal that the total CF per vehicle ranges from 0.88 kg CO2 (hand wash with gas water heating) to 4.46 kg CO2 (rollover wash with electric heating). The key contributors to CF are electricity usage and the water heating system applied. Annual CO2 emissions from car washing services in Poland are estimated at between 373.5 and 709.4 Gg, representing 0.13–0.26% of the country’s total net CO2 emissions. Transitioning entirely to hand washes could reduce the emissions of the whole sector by approximately 50%. This study highlights the environmental significance of car washing services and provides practical insights for consumers and service providers.
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Mela Ardeline, Revi Lasmita, and Winda Yuliana Sari. "Desain Sumur Resapan Pengolahan Limbah Cucian Mobil X." Globe: Publikasi Ilmu Teknik, Teknologi Kebumian, Ilmu Perkapalan 3, no. 1 (2025): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.61132/globe.v3i1.734.
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Car washes have become increasingly popular in some areas, but this growth has also had a negative impact on environmental quality, as untreated wash water is often discharged directly into car wash drainage systems without any prior treatment. This discharge of unfiltered wastewater can lead to high levels of COD (chemical oxygen demand) and surfactants in nearby water sources if carried out intensively. Much of the wastewater is often classified as waste. It is discharged by car wash operators into the drainage system and eventually into smaller waterways. In 2014, the Minister of the Environment highlighted the importance of managing cleaning waste due to its harmful effects on the environment and health. Based on the Pekanbaru Municipality's Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2003 on the payment of liquid waste treatment control permit, which stipulates that every industry must carry out waste treatment before discharging into the environment and each industry must also pay a fee, this study will allow the design of absorption wells, which will be used to treat liquid waste from car washes, so that the wastewater absorbed into the ground is no longer a contaminated liquid waste. By treating the waste by the method of infiltration pits, it is hoped that the environment and the health of the residents around the laundry will be well preserved.
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Tomczak, Wirginia, Piotr Woźniak, and Marek Gryta. "Ultrafiltration of Car Wash Wastewater: Pilot-Scale Studies." Water 17, no. 2 (2025): 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020213.
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Currently, the world faces serious challenges in meeting the growing demand for clean water. The present paper demonstrates the possibility of using the ultrafiltration (UF) process to reuse water from wastewater generated in car washes. Car washes commonly use foaming agents with dyes, which, although they are not necessary for washing cars, may hinder water reuse. For this reason, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the dyes present in car wash wastewater on the membrane fouling intensity. For this purpose, experimental tests were conducted with the application of a pilot plant with an industrial PCI B1 membrane module. The module was equipped with tubular FP100 (100 kDa) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. For the feed, two types of cleaning agents and synthetic wastewater were used. The results obtained in the current study demonstrated that the UF membranes allowed the obtainment of the permeate characterized by high quality. In addition, it has been shown that the presence of Indigo carmine dye in the wastewater led to an increase in the fouling intensity. To sum up, it should be pointed out that the findings presented in the current study may be of key importance in the design of pilot installations used for the treatment of car wash wastewater.
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Rubí, H., C. Fall, and R. E. Ortega. "Pollutant removal from oily wastewater discharged from car washes through sedimentation–coagulation." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 12 (2009): 2359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.307.
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Wastewater from car washes represents a potential problem for the sewer system due to its emulsified oils and suspended material. Treatment of wastewater discharged from four car washes was investigated by sedimentation and coagulation. The effect of the coagulants Servical P (aluminium hydroxychloride), Servican 50 (poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)), aluminium sulfate and ferric chloride was evaluated. The achieved removal using sedimentation was of 82%, 88% 73% and 51% for oils, total suspended solids, COD, and turbidity, respectively. In the treatment by coagulation we achieved average efficiencies nearly to 74% for COD removal, greater than 88% in the case of total suspended solids removal and 92% in the case of turbidity and except the performance of Servican 50 greater than 90% in oil removal. We concluded that the oil residual concentration and COD in the treated water allows pouring it in the sewer system complying with the limits of the Mexican rule NOM-002-ECOL-1996 and it is possible even its reuse, at least in the case of the chassis washing of cars.
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Dmytro, Kudin, Taran Grigoriy, Bazhynov Olexiy, and Kravtsov Mikhail. "Designing capacitive deionization module for water treatment systems at car washers." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 6 (113) (2021): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.243030.
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It is impossible to effectively use water with a high salt content at car washes. In many places, access to water with a high salt content is almost unlimited but its utilization requires deionization. For this purpose, several methods are used, the main of which are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange methods, and distillation. However, they have significant drawbacks. Recently, the technology of capacitive deionization of water has been widely used, based on the removal of salt ions from the solution during the charge/discharge of "double" electric layers of carbon materials with a significant active surface (800‒2,000 m<sup>2</sup>/g). Theoretically, this process should be more energy efficient by using a low potential voltage (1–2 V). This paper considers the interrelation of physical parameters that affect the process of capacitive deionization of water. The dependences of voltage drop on serial internal resistance on different concentrations of sodium chloride and the distance between electrodes for electrodes based on the material SAUT-1S (Belarus) have been investigated. It is shown that the main contribution to the sequential internal resistance is introduced by the resistance of the electrolyte. As the distance between the electrodes increases, the voltage drop on the serial internal resistance increases linearly. A decrease in the concentration of ions leads to a decrease in the conductivity of the solution, which causes an increase in energy consumption and a decrease in the efficiency of sorption. It has been demonstrated that the voltage drop at the serial internal resistance when the voltage on the electrodes is limited, which is set in order to avoid the transition of the electrode charging mode to the electrolysis of water, causes a significant drop in the efficiency of the capacitive deionization process
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Kudin, Dmytro, Grigoriy Taran, Olexiy Bazhynov, and Mikhail Kravtsov. "Designing capacitive deionization module for water treatment systems at car washers." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 6 (113) (2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.243030.
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It is impossible to effectively use water with a high salt content at car washes. In many places, access to water with a high salt content is almost unlimited but its utilization requires deionization. For this purpose, several methods are used, the main of which are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange methods, and distillation. However, they have significant drawbacks. Recently, the technology of capacitive deionization of water has been widely used, based on the removal of salt ions from the solution during the charge/discharge of "double" electric layers of carbon materials with a significant active surface (800‒2,000 m2/g). Theoretically, this process should be more energy efficient by using a low potential voltage (1–2 V). This paper considers the interrelation of physical parameters that affect the process of capacitive deionization of water. The dependences of voltage drop on serial internal resistance on different concentrations of sodium chloride and the distance between electrodes for electrodes based on the material SAUT-1S (Belarus) have been investigated. It is shown that the main contribution to the sequential internal resistance is introduced by the resistance of the electrolyte. As the distance between the electrodes increases, the voltage drop on the serial internal resistance increases linearly. A decrease in the concentration of ions leads to a decrease in the conductivity of the solution, which causes an increase in energy consumption and a decrease in the efficiency of sorption. It has been demonstrated that the voltage drop at the serial internal resistance when the voltage on the electrodes is limited, which is set in order to avoid the transition of the electrode charging mode to the electrolysis of water, causes a significant drop in the efficiency of the capacitive deionization process
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Анна Сергеевна, ПАКШВЕР,, and АЛЕКСЕЕВА, Туяра Егоровна. "On the selectability of liquid hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions of small concentration by various adsorbents." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University, no. 4(90) (January 13, 2023): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2022.76.75.001.
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Нефть представляет собой сложную смесь органических соединений. Один литр нефти покрывает поверхностной плёнкой полгектара поверхности воды. Попадая в водоёмы, нефть пагубно влияет на живые организмы и качество воды. Одним из источников загрязнения воды нефтепродуктами является автотранспорт. По состоянию на 1 января 2022 г. в стране числилось 59,6 млн зарегистрированных автомашин, для обслуживания которых открыто примерно 10 000 автомоек. С ростом количества автомобилей увеличивается количество автомоек, а, следовательно, растут и проблемы, связанные с использованной водой после мытья автомашин, в которой содержится примерно 20 мг/дм3 нефтепродуктов, а на мытьё одной машины в среднем расходуется около 200 дм3 воды. Для автомоек целесообразно использовать локальные очистные комплексы, разработке которых посвящается большое количество научных исследований. К методам очистки сточных вод относятся химические, биологические, физико-химические способы уменьшения вредных соединений. Перед подачей стоков на биофильтры их необходимо очистить от небольших количеств нефтепродуктов путём адсорбции с последующей фильтрацией. В качестве адсорбционных материалов для удаления жидких углеводородов исследованы цеолит, древесные опилки, красная глина, активированный уголь, уголь, полученный из скорлупы грецких орехов. Выведено расчётное уравнение для определения содержания жидких углеводородов в исследуемых водных растворах по величинам химического потребления кислорода (ХПК). Показано, что применение таких адсорбционных материалов, как цеолит, древесные опилки, глина красная уменьшает содержание жидких углеводородов до величин, лимитирующих применение воды для хозяйственных целей. Использование углей, в том числе полученных из скорлупы грецких орехов, позволяет использовать обработанную воду для рыбохозяйственных нужд. Проведённые исследования позволяют более активно использовать явление адсорбции с использованием дешёвых и доступных адсорбентов для локальной очистки воды на автомойках перед сбросом её в общую канализацию. Oil is a complex mixture of organic compounds. One liter of oil covers half a hectare of water surface film. Once in water bodies, oil adversely affects living organisms and water quality. One of the sources of water pollution by oil products is motor transport. As of January 1, 2022, there were 59.6 million registered vehicles for maintenance in the country, for which approximately 10,000 car washes were opened. With the increase in the number of cars, the number of car washes increases, and, consequently, the problems associated with the used water after washing cars, which contains about 20 mg/dm3 of petroleum products, are growing, and on average, about 200 dm3 of water are consumed for washing one car. For car washes, it is advisable to use local treatment complexes, the development of which is devoted to a large number of scientific research. Methods of wastewater treatment include chemical, biological, physical-chemical methods to reduce harmful compounds. Before supplying effluents to biofilters, they must be cleaned of small quantities of oil products by adsorption followed by filtration. Zeolite, sawdust, red clay, activated carbon, and walnut shell coal have been studied as adsorption materials for removing liquid hydrocarbons. A calculated equation for determining the content of liquid hydrocarbons in the studied aqueous solutions by the values of chemical oxygen consumption (COD) is derived. It is shown that the use of such adsorption materials as zeolite, sawdust, red clay reduces the content of liquid hydrocarbons to values that limit the use of water for economic purposes. The use of coals, including those obtained from walnut shells, allows the use of treated water for fishery needs. The studies carried out allow more active use of the adsorption phenomenon with the use of cheap and available adsorbents for local water treatment at car washes before discharging it into the general sewerage system.
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Seo, Soo-Jung, Phil-Kwon Choi, Woo-Kyung Nam, et al. "Characteristics of Nonylphenol and Octylphenol Discharge from Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Southern Gyeonggi-do." Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology 26, no. 2 (2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36278/jeaht.26.2.67.
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This study aimed to evaluate the discharge characteristics of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) in the effluent of wastewater treatment facilities in the southern Gyeonggi-do. The detection rates of NP and OP were found to be 39.3% and 43.1%, respectively, with median values ranging from 1 to 3 μg/L across all industries. The industries that showed a detection rate of 50% or more were car wash, chemical experiment, fabric leather, paper wood, and plating facilities, with rates ranging from 50% to 75%, while other industries had detection rates of 21.7% to 36.8%. In terms of facility size, small-size establishments such as Type 4 and Type 5 showed higher detection rates in the "Na" region where somewhat relaxed standards are applied on a regional basis. This is because the proportion of Type 4 and Type 5 industries, including various concentration distributions of chemical experiments, research facilities, car washes, petrochemical, and plating industries, is higher than 77.7% overall and concentrated at a rate of 55.6% or higher in the “Na” region. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient (R) between NP and OP exhibited moderate association with values of 0.45 and 0.60 for car washes and plating industries, respectively. Chemical experiments, paper and wood, electrical and electronic, and medicine and hospital facilities showed strong association with correlation coefficients of 0.83, 0.82, 0.82, and 0.79, respectively. The findings in this study can be expected to serve as fundamental data for NP and OP in the establishment of water quality pollutants designation and discharge standards (draft) currently being pursued.
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Gryta, Marek, Piotr Woźniak, and Sylwia Mozia. "Effects of Alkaline Cleaning Agents on the Long-Term Performance and Aging of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes Applied for Treatment of Car Wash Wastewater." Membranes 14, no. 6 (2024): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes14060122.
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The commercial ultrafiltration polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (10 and 100 kDa) blended with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were applied for the filtration of car wash wastewater. Periodical membrane rinsing with water did not prevent fouling and a decrease in permeate flux was observed. Fouling was reduced by washing the membranes with cleaning agents, which are used in car washes to clean wheels and remove insects. In addition to surfactants, these agents contain NaOH, hence the pH value of cleaning solutions was over 11. Long-term contact with such solutions resulted in the removal of PVP from the membrane matrix and an increase in pore size. The PES membranes were soaked in an alkaline solution (pH = 11.5) for 20 months, after which the 200 kDa dextran rejection decreased from 95% to 80%. To compare with the static degradation conditions, 8 weeks of alkaline agent filtration was realized, after which the dextran (200 kDa) rejection decreased below 50%. This indicated that the cross-flow of alkaline agents can accelerate the removal of components building the membrane matrix. Despite membrane degradation, the separation efficiency (the rejection of chemical oxygen demand—COD, turbidity, and surfactants) during the treatment of synthetic car wash wastewater was similar to that obtained for pristine membranes.
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Pratt, C. J. "Use of permeable, reservoir pavement constructions for stormwater treatment and storage for re-use." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (1999): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0233.
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Permeable surfaces for roads and footpaths have been used as a means of disposal of stormwater in developed urban areas. Such surfaces provide an alternative to impermeable concrete or tarmacadam surfaces which would otherwise produce rapid stormwater runoff, leading to possible flooding and degeneration of receiving water quality through the uncontrolled discharge of polluted urban waters. A further advantage may be obtained from such constructions by undersealing them so as to retain stormwater for re-use for non-potable uses. The potential for general introduction of this type of storage and re-use system in residential areas is discussed and possible alternative designs for the drainage infrastructure proposed. To have widespread impact such a strategy must deliver cost savings as well as reduce the impact on the water environment of anticipated water usage demands. The source of such cost savings and the general environmental benefits of such systems will be presented. The materials used in such a sealed construction and the beneficial changes to the stored water quality are outlined. Recent work has also shown that where the pavement is used for car parking any oils dropped on the surface and washed into the structure by the stormwater may also be degraded. Details will be given of a site in the UK where the above construction is to be used to provide stormwater storage for re-use in flushing toilets at a Youth Hostel.
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Priya, M., J. Jeyanthi, and G. Thiruvenkatamani. "Recycling of industrial waste material of fly ash cenosphere for the treatment of car wash water effluent." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 24, no. 1 (2021): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01324-2.
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TAŞDELEN EREN, Eda, and Yeşim DEDE SAĞSÖZ. "INVESTIGATION OF BORON WASTE RECYCLING APPLICATIONS." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, no. 19 (2023): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17366/uhmfd.2023.19.4.
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Aim: The element boron, discovered in 1808, has many properties and can be used in glass, detergent, pharmaceutical, chemical industry, fire retardant production, agriculture, ceramic metallurgy, energy storage, water treatment, pigment and dryer, car interior airbags, hydraulic brake. It draws attention with its diversity of usage areas. During the production and processing of boron mineral, waste product is also produced in addition to boron. For this purpose, scientists carried out activities for the evaluation of boron waste. They have tried methods that can provide the use of boron wastes. Method: In this study, researches that tested the usability of boron wastes in existing scientific studies were included. Findings: The applicability of existing scientific data for concrete pavement in ceramics, precious metals recovery, road material, gypsum board, porous aggregate, asphalt in order to recycle waste to economy was examined in the study. Conclusion: In line with the collected data, it was desired to draw attention to the current situation of boron wastes in recent years. It is thought that this study will bring together the recovery methods of all boron wastes as a whole and contribute to the literature on a large scale and pave the way for new studies.
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Woźniak, Piotr, and Marek Gryta. "Bacterial Contamination of Ultrafiltration Installation Applied to Carwash Wastewater Treatment." Membranes 15, no. 3 (2025): 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15030071.
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An ultrafiltration (UF) installation was used to separate the actual wastewater from a car wash. Following these studies, the plant was washed several times; however, severe membrane fouling was observed during the filtration of sterile deionised (DI) water. As a result, the permeate flux decreased by more than 50% after 5 h of the UF process. The source of the fouling was the release of deposits, particularly bacteria, from the surfaces of plant elements such as pipes and pumps. The paper presents the effectiveness of biofilm removal from the surface of the equipment during a cyclically repeated washing process. Chemical washing was carried out using acid solutions and alkaline cleaning solutions containing NaOH (pH = 11.5–12). After installation cleaning, the filtration tests were carried out using DI water as a feed. It was determined how biofouling, which develops under these conditions, reduces permeate flux. Despite 3 h of installation washing, there was a 50% reduction in flux after 10 h of UF. Repeating the installation wash (4 h) resulted in a similar decrease in flux after 4 days of UF. Stabilisation of the flux at a level of 500 LMH was achieved after an additional 5 h of washing, including application of hot (323–333 K) alkaline cleaning solutions. The number of bacteria in the biofilm collected from the surface of the membranes, the pump inlet and the surface of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hoses forming the pipeline was also investigated. Despite repeated chemical cleaning, the number of bacteria on the pump and hose surfaces was 50–100 CFU/cm2. Studies were carried out to determine which bacterial species survived the chemical cleaning of the installation. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were determined, and taxonomic characteristics of the isolated bacteria were identified.
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Panpanit, S., C. Visvanathan, and S. Muttamara. "Separation of oil–water emulsion from car washes." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (2000): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0620.
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The potentials of UF and NF membrane processes have been evaluated for separation of oil water emulsion generated from car washing operations. Using membranes, wastewater can be effectively recycled and fresh water usage could be reduced. The parameters studied were membrane type, emulsifier types, pressure and competing compounds. Both an-ionic and non-ionic emulsifiers were used for the experimental runs. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ were used as the main competitive ions. Results indicate that a polysulfone membrane caused more flux reduction than the cellulose acetate and thin film polyamide membranes. Higher concentrations of emulsifier presented negative flux decline in both UF and NF membranes. However, the presence of nonionic emulsifier in oil emulsion caused more significant flux reduction than an anionic emulsifier. The NF membrane produced higher TOC removal and less fouling than UF. The results indicate that increased competitive Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions resulted in significant positive NF flux and TOC removal.
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Laganà, Pasqualina, Alessio Facciolà, Roberta Palermo, Osvalda De Giglio, Santi Antonino Delia, and Maria Eufemia Gioffrè. "The Presence of Legionella in Water Used for Car Washing: Implications for Public Health." Microorganisms 11, no. 12 (2023): 2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122992.
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Although today all of the aspects of Legionella are better understood than in the past, in many countries the interest is still mainly focused on healthcare and tourism facilities. Other at-risk areas are less explored, such as those where workers are often in contact with water during their activities. In reality, any water system capable of producing aerosols can be considered a potential source of Legionella transmission, including car washes, where a large number of users work and flow through annually. From January to May 2022, 120 samples were carried out in 30 car washes located in Messina (Italy): 60 samples of water and 60 of aerosols. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the risk of legionellosis in car washing workers exposed to potentially contaminated aerosols. To increase the probability of finding Legionella, the sample collections were organized on different days of the week. Of the total samples taken, 10 (8.3%) were positive for Legionella: seven (11.7%) water (range 100–1000 CFU) and three (5%) aerosol (range 10–150 CFU) samples. Detected serogroups were L. pneumophila sgr 1, 7, 10 and Legionella gormanii. Given the results obtained, preventative measures should be implemented in such facilities in order to protect the health of users and car wash operators.
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Naveed, Amir, Muhammad Arif, Zafar Ullah Khan, et al. "Effect of particle size distribution of fly ash on compressive strength, pore size and porosity of geopolymeric membrane for car wash water treatment." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 270 (2022): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28788.
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Tony, Maha, and A. Tayeb. "CAR WASHES WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE TECHNOLOGY: AOP APPROACH AND RSM OPTIMIZATION." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 6, no. 6 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2012.35822.
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Al-Gheethi, A. A., R. M. S. R. Mohamed, M. A. A. Rahman, M. R. Johari, and A. H. M. Kassim. "Treatment of Wastewater From Car Washes Using Natural Coagulation and Filtration System." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (July 2016): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/136/1/012046.
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Talaba, Ovidiu, Alexandru Serban, Paul Daniel Hiris, and Mugur Ciprian Balan. "Assessment of Replacing Gas Boilers with Heat Pumps for Hot Water Preparation in Car Washes." E3S Web of Conferences 608 (2025): 01011. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560801011.
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The study provides a complex analysis for replacement of the natural gas boilers with air to water heat pumps, as the heat source for the hot water to be used in the car washing machines. It was considered heat pumps with R744 and with R290 as refrigerant, and it was proved that even heat pumps that seem to be undersized at negative temperatures, can still provide the required heat for 70 % of the full operating time. The feasibility was determined to be higher for the heat pumps with R290 and the payback period is lower than 2 years for the average car washing frequency of less than 5 cars washed / hour. The hot water storage tank can increase the period of continuous operation even at negative ambient temperature when the heat pump seems to be undersized.
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Eshniyozova, N.N. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IONITE EXTRACTION FROM NATURAL POLYMER VERMICULITE." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE 2, no. 12 (2022): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7435952.
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In the article, the reduction of the concentration of oils in the polluted waters of factories and car washes by sorption on the basis of vermiculite, which is considered a natural polymer, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composition is studied. The expansion of the natural polymer Vermiculite mineral under the influence of temperature was investigated. Using vermiculite, based on its combined composition with PAN, experimental work was carried out to determine the properties of anion exchange in water, in addition, the ability of spongy vermiculite to absorb and absorb ligroin and motor oils in water was studied, and practical tests were also carried out.
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Gryta, Marek, and Piotr Woźniak. "Polyethersulfone membrane fouling mitigation during ultrafiltration of wastewaters from car washes." Desalination 574 (April 2024): 117254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.117254.
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NACAR, Tuğba, Deniz UÇAR, and Zehra SAPCİ AYAS. "Removal of detergents in car wash wastewater by sub-surface flow constructed wetland." Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 3 (2022): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1108112.
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Suspended substances in car washes can often be easily removed by physicochemical processes. The main problem is to remove dissolved substances such as detergents from the water. In this study, a biodegradable substance Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) was removed from the car wash wastewater by the use of Phragmites australis in the subsurface constructed wetland. For this study, 4 plexiglass reactors having an effective volume of 10.8 L with the dimensions of 15cm×45cm×20 cm were used. The experiments were conducted with vegetation which was called SCW and without vegetation which was named control group (CG), as two groups. A serial connection of two reactors was performed for each group. Up to 90% detergent removal was observed with the vegetation in the SCW with a loading rate of 75 L/(m2.d) The effluents quality showed that the treated water can be reused carwash or irrigation for landscaping.
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Timofeeva, E., V. Kochetkova, A. Klimanov, and S. Turabdzhanov. "THE INFLUENCE OF WASTE WATER SEDIMENT AS A COMPONENT OF ASPHALT CONTAINING HEAVY METALS AND DETECTING ITS EFFECT ON SOILS UNDER MODEL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS." Technical science and innovation 2021, no. 1 (2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.21.1-77-0102.
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Waste water sediment (WWS) is an ecological hazard to the environment and the search for its effective disposal is an urgent task. The main limitation of the WWS use is associated with the presence of the different ingredients - heavy metals, which can have a negative impact on the environment. There is asphalt production technolologies using WWS. This work considers the possibility of using asphalts with the WWS additives from car washes. This technology will reduce the negative influence on the environment due to the WWS recycling, as well as due to the possibility of using WWS instead of pure sand by replacing it in the standard asphalt production technology. In this work, a heavy metal content was determined by the ICP-OES method using an Agilent 5110 spectrometer; in the course of a model experiment, the effect on the soil of three model objects was studied: WWS from car washes in Moscow; the standard technology for asphalt production; asphalt fused with car wash WWS. We studied the change in the content of various forms of heavy metals penetrating the soil from wash-offs of these objects, and by comparing the results and assessing their absolute content, we assessed the possibility of using fused asphalt. The studies have shown that during the model experiment, the total content of heavy metals increased up to 7-10 times for Zn, Ni and Cr. In all variants of the experiment, the content of mobile forms of all Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn significantly decreased by the third stage of the experiment to 50--95%, which indicates the transition of mobile forms of heavy metals to the total content due to the processes of sorption and precipitation.
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Samba, Nethone, Osamu Nunomura, Na Lu, Masahumi Johkan, Akimasa Nakano, and Satoru Tsukagoshi. "Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Growth and Productivity under Solar Radiation-Based Quantitative Nutrient Management in Hydroponic System." Agronomy 14, no. 2 (2024): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020296.
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Grafted cucumber plants were grown in a new hydroponic system (“Kappa Land”, Mitsubishi Chemical Aqua Solutions, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Two different nutrient management methods were applied to the plants as treatments: Electrical Conductivity-based Management (ECM) and Quantitative Nutrient Management (QNM). During the growth period, we examined plant growth characteristics and productivity, fruit growth characteristics and quality, and nutrient use characteristics. The results revealed that the QNM technique significantly reduced the nutrient supply rate per plant for Ca2+, SO42−, and N by 28.5%, 25.5%, and 23.3%, respectively. Similarly, the absorption rates per plant of SO42−, K+, and PO43− were reduced by 17.8%, 11.9%, and 10.9%, respectively. However, N, Ca2+, and Mg2+ absorption rates slightly increased in the QNM treatment. The nutrient wastes generated per kilogram of produced fruits were also reduced by 66.4%, 60.7%, and 30.2% for N, Ca2+, and SO42−, respectively. Although the QNM technique reduced the plant’s leaf area, it significantly increased its total length by 9.4%. The total and marketable yields were not significantly different between the ECM (9.0 and 8.0 kg plant−1) and QNM (9.1 and 8.2 kg plant−1) treatments. However, the QNM treatment produced the highest total dry matter of 617 g plant−1, surpassing the ECM treatment by 6.9%. On the other hand, differences in nutrient management methods did not significantly affect fruit quality, including total soluble solids, water content, skin color, size, and shape. These results suggest that with the QNM method, it is possible to produce quality cucumbers with high nutrient use efficiency while protecting the environment from nutrient wastes.
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Erić, Milan, Miladin Stefanović, Marija Zahar Djordjevic, Aleksandara Kokic Arsic, and Aleksandar Đorđević. "SMART CLOUD BASED ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR CONTACTLESS VEHICLE CLEANING." Journal of Innovations in Business and Industry 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.61552/jibi.2024.01.001.
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The rise in the overall standard of living leads to an increase in the number of used cars. As the number of cars increases, so do the maintenance requirements. As a result, the growth of vehicle washes is increasing. However, the issue of their economy comes up. The current literature sources present the following ecological and technical issue: how to determine and apply the best use of water and detergent on automated car washing systems while minimizing vehicle washing time.Thus, this paper tries to propose a ecological contactless vehicle washing smart system based on the application of cameras, programabile logilac units and cloud databses for high-quality vehicle washing, monitoring and optimal resources usage.Specifically, the proposed smart system for automatic contactless vehicle washing could be used for water flow regulation, detergent concentration regulation and for managing the process of determining the overall dimensions of the vehicle.
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HUDSON, LAUREN K., MARK A. HARRISON, MARK E. BERRANG, and DEANA R. JONES. "Alternative Antimicrobial Commercial Egg Washing Procedures." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 7 (2016): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-423.
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ABSTRACT Commercial table eggs are washed prior to packaging. Standard wash procedures use an alkaline pH and warm water. If a cool water method could be developed that would still provide a microbiologically safe egg, the industry may save energy costs associated with water heating. Four wash procedures were evaluated for Salmonella reduction: pH 11 at 48.9°C (industry standard), pH 11 at ambient temperature (~20°C), pH 6 at 48.9°C, and pH 6 at ambient temperature. Alkaline washes contained potassium hydroxide–based detergent, while pH 6 washes contained approximately 200 ppm of chlorine and a proprietary chlorine stabilizer (T-128). When eggs were inoculated by immersion in a cell suspension of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, all treatments resulted in a slight and similar reduction of Salmonella numbers (approximately 0.77 log CFU/ml of shell emulsion reduction). When eggs were inoculated by droplet on the shell surface, Salmonella counts were reduced by approximately 5 log CFU when washed with chlorine plus the chlorine stabilizer at both temperatures and with the alkaline wash at the high temperature. The reductions in Salmonella by these treatments were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) different from each other but were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) more than the reduction observed for the 20°C alkaline treatment and 20°C control water treatments. Ambient temperature acidic washes reduced Salmonella contamination to the same degree as the standard pH 11 warm water wash and may be a viable option to reduce cost, increase shelf life, and slow pathogen growth in and on shell eggs.
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Farhan Auladana Putra Anhar and Yayok Suryo Purnomo. "Kajian Pengolahan Limbah Cair Domestik di PT. X." Venus: Jurnal Publikasi Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 3, no. 1 (2025): 156–63. https://doi.org/10.61132/venus.v3i1.727.
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PT X is one of the industries located in East Java that produces liquid waste. The industrial sector is indeed a large producer of liquid waste. One of the liquid wastes produced is domestic liquid waste. The industry has the responsibility to manage domestic liquid waste in accordance with Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 which requires industries to carry out domestic wastewater management before being discharged into water bodies. One of the efforts made by the industry to manage the domestic wastewater produced is to use a Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant. The quality of the treated water has met the domestic wastewater quality standards to be discharged into river and does not pollute the environment.
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Redwitz, J., R. C. J. Chai, M. Zamfir, et al. "Analysis of water and aerosol samples of tunnel car washes operated with recycled water for Legionella with culture, qPCR and viability-qPCR." Science of The Total Environment 957 (December 2024): 177673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177673.
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Tomczak, Wirginia, and Marek Gryta. "The Application of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes for Separation of Car Wash Wastewaters: Experiments and Modelling." Membranes 13, no. 3 (2023): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030321.
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The wastewater generated as a result of car washes is considered a new source of water. However, recovered water must meet the required quality criteria for reuse. For this purpose, the ultrafiltration (UF) process can be successfully used. The main aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of the membrane’s molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) on the UF performance in terms of the fouling phenomenon and retention degree of car wash wastewater. Moreover, for a better understanding of the fouling mechanisms, Hermia’s model was used. The experimental studies were conducted with the use of two polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (MWCO of 10 kDa and 100 kDa). It has been noted that the used membranes provided a high-quality permeate and excellent turbidity removal, up to 99%. Moreover, it has been noted that the MWCO membrane has a significant impact on the fouling mechanism. Generally, a much greater intensity of fouling for the membrane with MWCO of 100 kDa was observed. Results obtained in the present study showed that both real wastewaters and the clean solutions used for washing cars cause the fouling phenomenon. It has been proven that rinsing the membranes with water is not sufficient to recover the initial membrane’s performance. Hence, periodic chemical cleaning of the membranes was required. Fitting the experimental data to Hermia’s model allowed us to indicate that membranes with MWCO of 100 kDa are more prone to intermediate blocking. To sum up, the findings suggest that for the UF of the car wash wastewater, the use of membranes with MWCO equal to 10 kDa is recommended.
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Saidi, Mohamad Afnan Haikal, Muhammad Wafiy Adli Ramli, Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar, Mohd Amirul Mahamud, and Wan Mohd Muhiyuddin Wan Ibrahim. "Clustering and Significance in Spatial Distribution Analysis of the Skudai River Catchment Using Geographic Information System (GIS)." Journal of Asian Geography 4, no. 1 (2025): 20–26. https://doi.org/10.36777/jag2025.4.1.3.
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In this study, the spatial distribution patterns of point source pollution in the upstream Skudai River catchment were investigated, focusing on restaurants, laundromats, car washes, and workshops. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the region have led to environmental challenges, including changes in hydrology, geomorphology, and deterioration in water quality. GIS technology played a crucial role in analyzing and visualizing the spatial dynamics of point source pollution. The analysis revealed non-random clustering patterns for each pollution source category, with concentrations observed in specific areas within the catchment. The study also explored the correlation between point source pollution and land use types, identifying concentration hotspots in commercial and residential areas, with the transportation sector emerging as a significant contributor to pollution. The proximity of pollution sources to water bodies and neighbor pattern analysis provided further insights. The findings offer valuable information for water resource management, environmental conservation, and urban planning in the Skudai River catchment, highlighting the importance of GIS-based spatial analyses for informed decision-making and effective pollution control measures.
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Temple, Todd N., Lindsey J. du Toit, Michael L. Derie, and Kenneth B. Johnson. "Quantitative Molecular Detection of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae in Carrot Seed Before and After Hot-Water Treatment." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (2013): 1585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0262-re.
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Molecular assays to detect and quantify DNA from viable cells of the seedborne pathogen Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae in carrot seed were developed and evaluated for use on nontreated and hot-water-treated seed lots. Both a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) dilution endpoint assay detected and quantified DNA from viable pathogen cells after treatment of carrot seed washes with the live-dead discriminating dye propidium monoazide (PMA). The detection limits of the assays were approximately 101 CFU for pure cultures of X. hortorum pv. carotae, and 102 to 103 CFU/g seed from naturally infested carrot seed lots. X. hortorum pv. carotae in and on carrot seed was killed by soaking the seed in hot water (52°C for 25 min), and a subsequent PMA treatment of these hot-water-treated seed washes suppressed detection of the pathogen with both the real-time PCR and LAMP assays. For 36 commercial seed lots treated with PMA but not hot water, regression of colony counts of X. hortorum pv. carotae measured by dilution plating on a semiselective agar medium versus estimates of pathogen CFU determined by the molecular assays resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05) linear relationships (R2 = 0.68 for the real-time PCR assay and 0.79 for the LAMP assay). The molecular assays provided quantitative estimates of X. hortorum pv. carotae infestations in carrot seed lots in <24 h, which is a significant improvement over the 7 to 14 days required to obtain results from the traditional dilution-plating assay.
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Zaneti, R. N., R. Etchepare, and J. Rubio. "Car wash wastewater treatment and water reuse – a case study." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.492.
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Recent features of a car wash wastewater reclamation system and results from a full-scale car wash wastewater treatment and recycling process are reported. This upcoming technology comprises a new flocculation–column flotation process, sand filtration, and a final chlorination. A water usage and savings audit (22 weeks) showed that almost 70% reclamation was possible, and fewer than 40 L of fresh water per wash were needed. Wastewater and reclaimed water were characterized by monitoring chemical, physicochemical and biological parameters. Results were discussed in terms of aesthetic quality (water clarification and odour), health (pathological) and chemical (corrosion and scaling) risks. A microbiological risk model was applied and the Escherichia coli proposed criterion for car wash reclaimed water is 200 CFU 100 mL−1. It is believed that the discussions on car wash wastewater reclamation criteria may assist institutions to create laws in Brazil and elsewhere.
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Mohamad Efendi, Wenny Surya Murtius, and La Choviya Hawa. "Car wash wastewater treatment combination: A systematic review." Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (2023): 045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2023.8.1.0035.
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Car wash wastewater is a source of water pollution. Processing car wash waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution. In this issue, car wash treatment has the potential to sustain of clean water. However, the effective treatment of car wash wastewater is still being determined, complicated to solve, limited resource capabilities, inadequate surrounding environmental support, and very expensive processing costs. This systematic review paper aims to review the combination technology of car wash wastewater treatment systematically. A literature survey was conducted, and 11 research articles were found suitable for inclusion in the investigation, which extracted information, country of origin, and method used. The best 8 of 11 articles were removed as secondary data for writing this manuscript to be included in the analysis table. Studies on flocculation-column-flotation, coagulation-flocculation, ultra-microfiltration, coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, sedimentation-filtration, filtration-ozonation, electrocoagulation-adsorption, and each n=1. This systematic review shows that ultrafiltration and microfiltration membrane treatment methods effectively remove pollutants from car wash wastewater.
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DORSA, WARREN J., CATHERINE N. CUTTER, and GREGORY R. SIRAGUSA. "Long-Term Effect of Alkaline, Organic Acid, or Hot Water Washes on the Microbial Profile of Refrigerated Beef Contaminated with Bacterial Pathogens after Washing†." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 3 (1998): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.3.300.
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The effect of 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid, 2% (vol/vol) acetic acid, 12% (wt/vol) trisodium phosphate, water at 72°C and water at 32°C washes on bacterial populations introduced onto beef carcass surfaces after treatment was determined for up to 21 days at 4°C in storage in vacuum packaging. Beef carcass short plates were collected from cattle immediately after slaughter and subjected to the above treatments or left untreated (C). Short plates were then inoculated with low levels (ca. &lt;2 log10) of Listeria innocua, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium sporogenes cells contained in a bovine fecal cocktail. In general, growth of these four bacteria and of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and pseudomonads was suppressed or not observed when lactic acid or acetic acid treatments were used. Bacteria introduced to trisodium phosphate-treated tissue underwent some growth suppression, but to a lesser extent than on acid-treated tissue, and in some cases grew as well as on untreated beef surfaces. Water washes at 72 or 32°C offered little growth suppression of pathogens during subsequent storage when these bacteria were introduced to beef tissue after treatment. The use of a final lactic or acetic acid wash during the Processing of beef carcasses offers some residual efficacy in suppressing pathogen proliferation during refrigerated storage, should these bacteria be introduced immediately after carcass processing.
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Ramírez Camperos, E., L. Cardoso Vigueros, V. Escalante Estrada, A. Gómez Navarrete, A. Rivas Hernández, and E. Díaz Tapia. "Water reuse for the bottled water industry." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (2005): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0013.
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The bottled water industry uses a machine specifically designed for the washing of its containers (19-L capacity) and generates 6-L wastewater/container. This effluent can be used for watering of green areas and car washing. The objectives of the present work were to characterize the effluent and to propose a specific treatment to enable reuse of the effluent from the container washing machine. The analysis of water quality identified the following problems: high pH (10.0), high biochemical oxygen demand (50 mg/L), high concentration of free residual chlorine (3.15 mg/l), alkalinity (207 mg/l as CaCO3) and hardness (38.8 mg/l as CaCO3). These parameters must be reduced in order to comply with the Mexican standards for water reuse (NOM-003-ECOL-1997), and to protect the washing equipment against corrosion and incrustations. The water can be used for the watering of green areas after pH adjustment and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) removal. If special equipment is used for car washing, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of calcium and magnesium using a strong cationic resin. Following these recommendations the specific industry installed a treatment system with pH adjustment, dual filtration (sand-anthracite) and adsorption system with activated carbon. The effluent is now used for watering of green areas and for car washing with garden hoses.
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Kozak, Sergey, and Ksenia Tararova. "Detergent and disinfectant at the base of QAC for disinfection of poultry processing enterprise rooms and equipment." Poultry and Chicken Products 26, no. 6 (2024): 52–55. https://doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2024-26-6-52-55.
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The results have been shown in the paper on laboratory researchers and production tests of detergent and disinfectant (DD) at the base of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). The regimes have been determined of DD usage for disinfection of poultry processing enterprises equipment and rooms. Treatment regimes with DD usage have been established to ensure effective KMAFAnM lowering and coli-bacteria inactivation. DD removes protein and fat contaminations and washes away with water from surfaces treated.
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Arakelyan, Rudolf S., Gennadiy L. Shendo, Viktoria A. Irdeeva, Tatyana M. Deeva, and Elizaveta V. Galkina. "Sanitary and parasitologic state of environmental objects. Analysis of work of the center for hy-giene and epidemiology in astrakhan region for 2015–2019." Perm Medical Journal 38, no. 1 (2021): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj381115-122.
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Objective. To study the sanitary and parasitologic state of environmental objects in Astrakhan Region for 20152019 at the example of studying the samples of soil, water and solid surface washes.
 Materials and methods. Over the period from 2015 to 2019, at the laboratory departments of The Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Astrakhan Region, 15253 samples from different environmental objects were taken, 21850 studies were carried out. The number of samples, which did not satisfy the hygienic norms, was 2.5 % (383 samples).
 Results. For the analyzed period, 4002 samples (26.2 %) of soil from the territory of Astrakhan and Astrakhan Region were taken and studied; 8004 investigations were performed. The number of samples, which did not satisfy the hygienic standards, was 7.5 % (300 samples). The number of samples of the washes from the solid surfaces was 56.7 % (8656 samples). Unsatisfactory samples made up 0.01 % (1 sample) in this sample, teniid oncospheres were detected (2019). The study of water samples taken from different water objects formed 17.0 % (2595 samples) out of the number of all sanitary and parasitologic studies carried out in 20152019. Water was taken from different sources of water supply including centralized water supply, water from swimming pools, water from open reservoirs and wastewater.
 Conclusions. The presence of moving larvae of palisade worms and toxocar eggs in the soil confirms the infested animal fecal contamination of this object, and the presence of ascarid, opisthorchis, Hymenolepis nana, teniid oncospheres eggs and dysentery amoeba cysts in the soil the infested human fecal contamination. The presence of teniid oncospheres in the solid indoor washes demonstrates the contact of the infested person with this object. The presence of helminth eggs and larvae, typical for animals and human being in the samples taken from the open reservoirs indicates, first of all, contamination of these objects by feces of infested human beings and/or animals as well as the supposed version of water contamination by wastewater. The presence of eggs and larvae of helminths in the wastewater, dangerous for animals and human beings, testifies to a low-quality work of treatment facilities.
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Yeku, Oladapo O., Terence Purdon, David R. Spriggs, and Renier J. Brentjens. "Interleukin-12 armored chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for heterogeneous antigen-expressing ovarian cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 5_suppl (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.5_suppl.12.
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12 Background: Immune escape via downregulation of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) is an important mechanism of resistance to Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Particularly in solid tumor malignancies where antigen expression could be heterogeneous, the risk of antigen-low or antigen-negative relapse is significantly high. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to reengineer CAR T cells to engage other arms of the immune system such as endogenous cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells (DC) to broaden the antitumor response beyond the TAA targeted by CAR T cells. This could be achieved by co-modifying CAR T cells with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-12 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by DCs, and macrophages, and has been shown to promote maturation of DCs and increase T-cell proliferation. We hypothesized that CAR T cells genetically engineered to constitutively secrete IL-12 will be efficacious against Muc16ecto low (MLo) and Muc16ecto high (MHi) heterogeneous tumors in a syngeneic mouse model of ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis. Methods: ID8 mouse ovarian cancer cells with either low endogenous Muc16ecto or transduced to express high levels of Muc16ecto were generated. Mouse T cells were transduced with plasmids encoding second generation Muc16 or Muc16/IL-12-directed CARs. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated i.p with tumor cells and subsequently treated with CAR T cells. Results: Second generation and IL-12 armored CAR T cells (4H1128?-IL12) were cytotoxic against both MLo and MHi cells in vitro. However, 4H1128?-IL12 were significantly more efficacious at killing both MLo and MHi cancer cells. In vivo, treatment with 4H1128?-IL12 led to significantly improved survival in mice inoculated with a 50:50 mix of MLo and MHi cells. Peritoneal washes performed on mice that succumbed to disease showed equivalent eradication of MLo and MHi. Treatment with 4H1128?-IL12 resulted in increased mature peritoneal DC’s (CD11b+ MHCII+). Finally, surviving mice from 4H1128?-IL12 cohorts were found to have increased T-cell receptor (TCR-β) productive clonality. Conclusions: IL-12-secreting CAR T cells are efficacious against tumors with low and heterogeneous antigen expression.
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Warg, Per. "Retrofitting PureBallast Water Treatment Systems onboard Two Car Carriers." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 46, no. 4 (2011): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.46.585.
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MIES, P. D., B. R. COVINGTON, K. B. HARRIS, L. M. LUCIA, G. R. ACUFF, and J. W. SAVELL. "Decontamination of Cattle Hides Prior to Slaughter Using Washes with and without Antimicrobial Agents." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 3 (2004): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.579.
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Two trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of cattle wash treatments in reducing pathogens on hides of cattle before slaughter. In trial I, live cattle (n = 120) were washed in an automated, commercial cattle wash system with one of four treatments (single water wash, double water wash, water wash with 0.5% l-lactic acid, or water wash with 50 ppm chlorine). Samples were collected at three locations (brisket, belly, and inside round) pre- and posttreatment to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments on the reduction of aerobic plate counts, coliforms, Escherichia coli and the incidence of Salmonella. For all three locations, bacterial numbers increased from 0.1 to 0.8 log CFU/cm2 posttreatment. In trial II, hide samples were inoculated in the laboratory with 6.0 log CFU/cm2 of rifampicin-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Hide wash treatments included higher concentrations of chlorine (100, 200, and 400 ppm) and l-lactic acid (2, 4, and 6%), as well as other antimicrobial agents such as ethanol (70, 80, and 90%), acetic acid (2, 4, and 6%), and Oxy-Sept 333 (0.5, 2, and 4%). Spray wash treatments with ethanol and 4 to 6% concentrations of lactic acid had greater (P &lt; 0.05) mean log reductions than 2% solutions of acetic or lactic acid, as well as 100, 200, and 400 ppm chlorine and the control water wash treatment. Spray wash treatments with Oxy-Sept 333 and 100, 200, or 400 ppm chlorine were not effective (P &gt; 0.05) in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium compared to the (control) distilled water spray wash treatment. Several effective cattle hide interventions were identified in a controlled laboratory setting, but the high concentrations required for effectiveness would likely present problems from an animal welfare standpoint.
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СВІДЕРСЬКИЙ, ВЛАДИСЛАВ, та ГЕННАДІЙ СІРЕНКО. "ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЗНОСОСТІЙКОСТІ ПАРИ ТЕРТЯ ПОРШЕНЬ-ЦИЛІНДР НАСОСУ АВТОМИЙКИ ВИСОКОГО ТИСКУ". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 349, № 2 (2025): 393–97. https://doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2025-349-57.
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The analysis of the operation of the high-pressure car wash and the axial piston pump included in its composition was performed. The pump body is usually made of any metal or alloy (for example, aluminum or stainless steel), and the pistons are made of specially hardened steel. Since such units have a short service life, the question of their motor resource is quite relevant. In professional car washes, pistons made of metal ceramics and heat-resistant composite polymer materials are promising. The choice of material for replacing the base material of the axial pump piston is justified. According to the complex of physical and mechanical indicators, aromatic polyamide Fenilon-C2 and aromatic polyamide PM-69 prevail over most industrial plastics. Parts made of aromatic polyamide and polyimide withstand loads close to those permissible for non-ferrous metals and alloys, and their wear resistance is higher than that of metals. This made it possible to recommend them for use as high-pressure car wash pump pistons. Increasing the wear resistance of composite polymer materials based on aromatic polyamide Fenylon C-2 and aromatic polyimide PM-69 was carried out as a result of their modification with graphite and non-woven powders. Laboratory studies of the wear resistance of antifriction materials of pistons of axial-piston hydraulic machines showed the feasibility of using materials based on aromatic polyamide PM-69 and aromatic polyamide Fenylon C-2 as pistons or cylinder liners. It was found that the material based on aromatic polyimide PM-69 (60 wt.%) and fluoroplast-4 (40 wt.%). Aromatic polyimide PM-69 has much less water absorption - 0.2-0.3 wt. % and this is its significant advantage over the aromatic polyamide Fenilon C-2. In addition, the aromatic polyamide PM-69 has significantly less water absorption, and this is its significant advantage over the aromatic polyamide Fenilon C-2.
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Hu, Ching-Yao, Wen-Hui Kuan, Li-Wei Ke, and Jung-Ming Wu. "A Study of Car Wash Wastewater Treatment by Cyclo-Flow Filtration." Water 14, no. 9 (2022): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091476.
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With the increase in transportation demand and facilities in this era and the significant improvement in people’s living standards, the annual production and sales of vehicles are steadily increasing. With this, the issues of car wash wastewater treatment and water pollution are becoming more and more serious. Car wash wastewater mainly comprises fine sand, slick oil, suspended solids (SS), and surfactants, and can be quantified as chemical oxygen demand (COD) on a normative basis. This study examines the use of cyclo-flow filtration with high filtrate flux to treat car wash wastewater to solve issue of limited space in metropolitan areas and increase the willingness of the industry to invest in car wash equipment to recover water resources. The average removal rates of SS and COD are about 81% and 43%, respectively. Compared with current technology, the price of recycled water can compensate for operating costs, requiring minimal operating space owing to the single-unit cyclo-flow filtration system.
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Chu, Jin Yu, Yu Rong Li, Ning Li, and Wei Hong Huang. "Treatment of Car-Washing Wastewater by Electrocoagulation-Ultrasound Technique for Reuse." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.227.
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To reduce the water consumption and pollution in car-washing, a combined technique, i.e., electrocoagulation coupled with ultrasound, was proposed to treat the car-washing water for reuse. The effects of parameters (such as current intensity (I), initial pH, electrode distance (d), treatment time (t), and so on) on the removal efficiency of COD and turbidity in the wastewater were studied. The results indicate that the removal efficiency of COD and turbidity is maximum (68.77% and 96.27%, respectively) when I=1.2 A, pH=6.0, d=1.5 cm, and t=20 min. The quality of treated wastewater could meet the COD and turbidity requirements in Water Quality Standard for Urban Water Consumption. Meanwhile, the character of the reaction cell was studied, and it shows that the cell voltage is a linear function of the electrode distance when the current is constant. Compared with the removal rate of pollutants from car-washing wastewater by the single electrocoagulation method, a higher rate could be achieved by this combined technique.
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Oktabriana, Giska. "UPAYA DALAM MENINGKATAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR." Agrifo : Jurnal Agribisnis Universitas Malikussaleh 2, no. 1 (2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/ag.v2i1.504.
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Research Efforts in improving plant growth green mustard (Brassica juncea l.) by administering aliquid organic fertilizer. The purpose of the research was to see the influence of organic cair fertilizer in increasing plant growth mustard greens. Research using Randomized Complete Design (RAL) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates, so that there are 15 units of the experiment with the composition: A = control (without liquid organic fertilizer), B = 0.25 liter of liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 0.5 liters of water, C = 0.50 litres liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 1 litre water, D = 0.75 liters of liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 1.5 liters of water, E = 1 litre of liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 2 liters of water. From the results of research that has been done, it can be concluded the giving of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) cow blood wastes provide an impact on plant colonization Mustard green.
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Gore, Anil, and Amol Baviskar. "Review Paper- “KITCHEN WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING AN AEROBIC PROCESS”." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 01 (2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28061.
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There are two types of processes for wastewater treatment. First is anaerobic and another one aerobic. Here in this project, we are going to use an aerobic treatment to recycle wastewater. Also, we are measuring the quality of water at different stages and that data is seen on the Blynk app. Depending on the quality of water we can use this water for Gardening, Car washing, Flushing, etc. This project consists of various sensors such as the pH sensor,turbidity sensor, level sensor which are interfaced with Node MCU through Arduino. In our project, we are using solenoid valves for controlling the flow of the water from one tank to another. Hence the treatment of waste material is so important to reuse that water for various sectorslike car washing, gardening, and flushing, etc Keywords – WATERTEST, WATER TRETMENT, WATER TAXES, INDIRECT TREATMENT, TRITMENT COMPLIANCE, PROFIT GAINS
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Clarissa Oktoferin Sinaga, Muhammad Najmul Fahmi, Shika Andari, Meilinda Suriani Harefa, and Syukri Hidayat. "The Pembuatan Eco-Enzyme Dari Limbah Organik Buah Dan Sayur Sebagai Pupuk Organik Cair : Studi Kasus Pasar Raya Medan Mega Trade Centre (MMTC)." Jurnal Masyarakat Mengabdi Nusantara 2, no. 4 (2023): 141–46. https://doi.org/10.58374/jmmn.v2i4.230.
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Eco-enzymes are liquid products resulting from the fermentation of organic wastes such as fruit and vegetable wastes, sugar, and water. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of eco-enzymes as liquid organic fertilizers using organic waste from orange and pineapple peels. In the experimental design, he used a completely randomized design with three replicates of three organic waste compositions. The treatments used are pineapple peel, orange peel, and a mixture of pineapple and orange peel. Ecoenzyme is prepared by mixing organic waste with water and molasses in a ratio of 10: 3: 1 and fermenting it for 30, 60 and 90 days. The results showed that the composition of pineapple and orange peel produced an eco-enzyme solution with the highest nitrogen content, highest amylase enzyme activity, and highest acidic pH. The color of eco-enzyme varies from light brown to dark brown, and the resulting sour aroma indicates that the fermentation process is progressing smoothly.
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Nadzirah, Z., H. Nor Haslina, and H. Rafidah. "Removal of Important Parameter from Car Wash Wastewater - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1153.
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Abstract. Huge quantity of water consumed per car and the various chemical agents used in car wash activities discharged the untreated effluents into stormwater system and eventually ending up in our lakes, rivers and oceans [1]. The accumulated sediments from vehicle wash contain contaminants that reach concentrations where the sludge is considered as a controlled or hazardous waste including of metals, elevated levels of oil and grease, and the unacceptable levels of acidity or alkalinity [2]. This paper provides a comprehensive review of car wash wastewater data analyzes regarding the wastewater discharges, as well as contaminant levels of car wash activities. Besides, the further extensive research on treatments used for the car wash industry for pollutant removal routes including the removal effeciency of pollutants has also been highlighted. The expansion of the review on the influence of the treatment indicates that, the effeciency on removal pollutants depends on the treatment used. Overall, the review illustrates the necessity of a profound knowledge on the car wash wastewater with an extensive lists of common treatment of car wash wastewater in providing the alternative way for on-site treatment for car wash outlet in treating the effluent before discharging into water bodies. Hence, decreases the pollution governing environmental, operational parameters, and the treatment performances of low cost system in treating the car wash wastewater.
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Oktabriana, Giska. "UPAYA DALAM MENINGKATAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR." Agrifo : Jurnal Agribisnis Universitas Malikussaleh 2, no. 1 (2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/ag.v2i1.310.
Full textAbstract:
Research Efforts in improving plant growth green mustard (Brassica juncea l.) byadministering aliquid organic fertilizer. The purpose of the research was to see theinfluence of organic cair fertilizer in increasing plant growth mustard greens. Researchusing Randomized Complete Design (RAL) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates,so that there are 15 units of the experiment with the composition: A = control (withoutliquid organic fertilizer), B = 0.25 liter of liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 0.5 liters of water,C = 0.50 litres liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 1 litre water, D = 0.75 liters of liquid organicfertilizer/plot + 1.5 liters of water, E = 1 litre of liquid organic fertilizer/plot + 2 liters ofwater. From the results of research that has been done, it can be concluded the giving ofLiquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) cow blood wastes provide an impact on plantcolonization Mustard green.