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Chao, Iara Regina Soares. "Remoção de fósforo de efluentes de estações de tratamento biológico de esgotos utlizando lodo de estação de tratamento de água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-14122006-145950/.
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O fósforo é apontado como o principal responsável pelo enriquecimento nutricional de mananciais de abastecimento público, desencadeando por meio do fenômeno de eutrofização, a floração de grupos algais tóxicos e, portanto a sua remoção passa a ter grande significado para a saúde pública e para o meio ambiente. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de: avaliar a eficiência de remoção de fósforo do efluente de um sistema convencional de lodos ativados (Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Barueri) pelo lodo de uma estação de tratamento de água, que utiliza sulfato de alumínio como coagulante (Estação de Tratamento de Água do Alto Cotia) e verificar a influência das seguintes variáveis nesta remoção: tempo de permanência do lodo no decantador, dosagem de lodo, potencial zeta, teor de matéria orgânica no lodo, pH da mistura lodo/efluente e uso de polímero na coagulação/floculação da água bruta. Para o desenvolvimento prático da pesquisa, foram realizados ensaios de jarros, variando as condições operacionais, de tal forma a averiguar o efeito das variáveis mencionadas anteriormente na remoção do fósforo. Observou-se que esta remoção era dependente do pH; da dosagem de lodo; do tempo de permanência do mesmo no decantador; do tempo de mistura e da presença de polímero. Independia do potencial zeta e do tempo de sedimentação. A máxima remoção obtida foi de 100% (concentração inicial de 2,9 mg P/L), em pH de 4,5, com dosagem de 37 mg lodo/L, tempo de mistura de 15 minutos a 40 s-1 de gradiente, tempo de sedimentação de 30 minutos, tempo de permanência do lodo no decantador de 80 dias, sem polímero. Nestas condições, a concentração de fósforo do efluente tratado foi de 0,01mg P/L. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho sinalizam uma alternativa tecnológica, que pode vir a ser utilizada em projetos sustentáveis, em que as estações de tratamento de esgotos e estações de tratamento de água sejam planejadas de forma integrada, considerando o reaproveitamento e encaminhamento do lodo de ETA como insumo a ser utilizado no fim do processo de tratamento de esgotos para remoção de fósforo do efluente final, em consonância com os conceitos de produção mais limpa na busca da qualidade.Phosphorus is considered as the main responsible for the nutritional enrichment of reservoirs of public drinking water supplies, because eutrophication process has resulted in toxic algae blooms, and therefore its removal has a great significance since these toxins represent a public health risk and environment. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the efficiency of removal of phosphate from activated sludge process (Barueri Wastewater Treatment Plant) by sludge from water treatment plant that uses aluminum sulfate as coagulant (WTP Alto Cotia) and verify the influence of following operational parameters in this removal: aging of sludge, sludge dose, zeta potential, mixing time, sedimentation time, concentration of organic matter, pH and use of polymer in coagulation/flocculation process. For the experimental research, the jar tests were operated with different conditions. The removal of phosphate was dependent of pH, sludge dose, aging of sludge, mixing time and presence of polymer. It was independent of zeta potential and sedimentation time. It was verified that maximum efficiency of phosphate removal was around 100% (initial concentration = 2,9 mgP/L), in pH 4,5 with the use of 37 mg of sludge from Alto Cotia Water Treatment Plant per liter of effluent from Barueri Wastewater Treatment Plant, with a mixing time of 15 minutes at 40 s-1, 30 minutes for sedimentation time, 80 days for aging of sludge, without polymer. Under these conditions it was obtained phosphate concentrations around 0,01mgP/L. Results obtained in this research work show a technological alternative, that can be used in projects, that sewage and water treatment plants can be planned together, considering the reuse and forwarding the water treatment plant sludge as beneficial use in the end of the sewage treatment process for the phosphorus removal, in consonance with concepts of a cleaner production practices in Environmental Management Systems.
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Rivera, Juan Carlos Escobar. "Tratamento e recuperação da água de lavagem dos filtros de uma estação de filtração direta e simulação da disposição dos lodos em estações de tratamento de esgoto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-24012017-145426/.
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Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método.It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.
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Coxe, Paul Cameron. "An Examination of Hepatitis A Virus on Working Surfaces in a Waste Water Treatment Plant." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1533208035412584.
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Bolondi, Elisa. "Circular water resource management in water-scarce regions. The case of the TANQIA Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fujairah (United Arabian Emirates)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17823/.
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In the last decade, the importance of water for life and its sustainable management have become a central source of interest for governments and institutions. Water, like all the elements on planet Earth, is changing. The emerging global picture is that nearly a quarter of humanity already reside in water-scarce countries and water scarcity may proliferate to more regions.
In this scenery, one sustainable strategy is represented by the so-called circular water resources management or water recycling: an integrated management of the resources for implementing administration plans that consider the water reuse as an integrated step of the design process.
In the present work, the pilot project carried out at the TANQIA Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fujairah (U.A.E.) has been analysed. The project consists of a trial of two containerized pilot plants of about 15000 m3/year treatment capacity, that have been connected to the existing treatment line. This installation offers the possibility of testing, under real conditions, the capability of the units to produce clean water stripped of any contaminants that can be reused in unrestricted irrigation practices. The containers are equipped with ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membranes combined with an electrocoagulation unit, GAC filters and UV disinfection units. The combination of these multiple devices negates the need for any water treatment chemicals to be utilized.
Water safety and functional parameters have been monitored during the trial period of January 2019 and February 2019. The resultant effluent met the stringent standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for unrestricted irrigation.
In the next two years, once that reliable water quality has been verified, the units will be manufactured pursuing an economical sustainable approach, in the UAE alongside other possible locations in the target markets of water-scarce, low-income countries across the MENA region.
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Katayama, Victor Takazi. "Quantificação da produção de lodo de estações de tratamento de água de ciclo completo: uma análise crítica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-19072013-161144/.
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Grande parte do lodo gerado em ETAs no Brasil ainda é disposta em rios ou em aterros sanitários. Contudo, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, condições de licenciamento ambiental restritivas e custos logísticos crescentes tem levantado interesse em usos benéficos para esse resíduo. Um obstáculo para a mudança de paradigma recai no fato de que muito raramente operadores e projetistas de ETAs nacionais conseguirem prever, com algum grau de confiabilidade, a massa e volume de resíduos produzidos pelo tratamento da água bruta. Geralmente, usa-se para esse fim fórmulas empíricas, que relacionam a produção de lodo à concentração de sólidos em suspensão totais (SST) na água bruta e à dosagem de produtos químicos. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: comparar o desempenho de dois dos principais métodos quantitativos de estimativa de produção de lodo o método de fórmulas empíricas, e o do balanço de massa; investigar a prática disseminada de se estimar a concentração de sólidos em suspensão totais na água bruta por meio de modelos de regressão linear com a turbidez como variável independente; e delinear condições para a aplicação dessa correlação. Foram utilizados dados de seis ETAs de ciclo completo operadas pela SABESP (ABV, Alto Cotia, Cubatão, Guaraú, Franca e Presidente Prudente), além de dados de monitoramento de 130 estações de monitoramento de águas superficiais da CETESB. Os resultados sugerem que a identificação de correlações significativas entre concentração de SST e turbidez é elusiva, e não constitui tarefa trivial. Do universo de 130 estações da CETESB, somente 7 apresentaram correlação significativa; das ETAs, somente Presidente Prudente. Modelos de regressão alternativos utilizando outras variáveis (cor, vazão média mensal e mês), combinadas com a turbidez ou isoladamente, foram desenvolvidos. Somente a inclusão do mês como variável categórica foi capaz de aumentar o poder explicativo do modelo baseado exclusivamente na turbidez, sugerindo que a relação entre turbidez e concentração de SST é variável sazonalmente. Mediante a comparação com balanços de massa, foram identificados alguns fatores que afetam o poder de predição da fórmula empírica desenvolvida pela American Water Works Association, algumas vezes de maneira drástica. Em geral, conclui-se que o uso de fórmulas empíricas principalmente em conjunto com modelos de regressão entre concentração de SST e turbidez possa não ser recomendável.Most of the water treatment plant (WTP) residuals generated in Brazil is still discharged in water bodies, or disposed of in landfills. However, especially in large urban areas, ever stringent conditions for environmental permits e rising logistical costs have put into focus beneficial uses for those residuals. A major obstacle for paradigm change in that aspect lies in the fact that very rarely water treatment plant operators and designers are able to predict with some degree of certainty the mass and volume of residuals produced by the treatment process. Usually, empirical formulas are used for that end, which relates the residuals production rate to the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) in the raw water, and the chemicals dose. The objectives of this work are: to compare the performance of two of the main quantitative estimation methods for residuals production the empirical formulas and the mass balance; to investigate the widespread practice of estimating the concentration of TSS using turbidity as a surrogate; and to identify the conditions under which such procedure is acceptable. For that end, data from six WTPs operated by SABESP (ABV, Alto Cotia, Cubatão, Guaraú, Franca e Presidente Prudente), plus 130 surface water monitoring stations operated by CETESB, was analyzed. Alternative regression models, employing other independent variables (color, average monthly flow and month) singly or in combination with turbidity, were developed. Only the inclusion of the month as a categorical variable was capable of enhancing the explaining power of the turbidity model, suggesting that the relation between turbidity and TSS concentration is seasonally variable. The results suggest that identification of such significant correlations between TSS concentration and turbidity is elusive at best, and doesn\'t amount to a trivial task. Out of the universe of 130 monitoring stations, in only 7 a good degree of correlation was found; of the WTPs, that was the case only in Presidente Prudente. Through the comparison with the mass balances, some factors that affect the predictive power of the American Water Works Association sometimes drastically a were identified. In general, it is concluded that the use of empirical formulas especially when combined with turbidity and TSS concentration regression models may not be recommended.
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Canale, Ivan 1977. "Caracterização microbiológica, parasitológica e físico-química da água de lavagem de filtros recirculada em ETA de ciclo completo = Microbiological, parasitological and physico-chemical characterization of filter backwash water recirculated in full cycle WTP." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267710.
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Orientador: Cassiana Maria Reganhan-ConeglianDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canale_Ivan_M.pdf: 7288933 bytes, checksum: 93678fbce9055e79b05000fd1cab8c23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA) de ciclo completo. Como o volume de ALF pode representar de 3 a 6% do volume de água tratada produzido na ETA, existe interesse cada vez maior no tratamento desse efluente para fins de recirculação junto com a água bruta aduzida à ETA. Entretanto, existe uma preocupação de que essa água residuária possa conter matéria orgânica, sólidos totais, metais, carbono orgânico, precursores de trihalometanos, cistos/oocistos de protozoários ou outras impurezas concentradas durante o processo de filtração. Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar com base em parâmetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos e parasitológicos a água de lavagem de filtros gerada e recirculada na ETA Capim Fino, em Piracicaba / SP - Brasil. Foram avaliadas 12 amostras da água bruta do manancial que abastece a ETA (rio Corumbataí), ALF bruta, ALF clarificada (com o uso de polímeros auxiliares ou por simples sedimentação) e água filtrada da ETA. Para caracterização da ALF foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: cloro residual, cor, turbidez, pH, alumínio solúvel, sólidos totais fixos, sólidos totais voláteis, sólidos sedimentáveis, carbono orgânico total e o potencial de formação de trihalometanos; os parâmetros microbiológicos: coliformes totais, Escherichia coli; e os protozoários patogênicos: Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. O monitoramento da ALF bruta apontou como principais características físico-químicas deste efluente elevados teores de turbidez, alumínio, carbono orgânico total, sólidos totais (fixos e voláteis), sólidos sedimentáveis e potencial de formação de THM. A clarificação da ALF com polímero aniônico possibilitou a redução na concentração dos diversos constituintes analisados. Giardia spp. foi detectada na água bruta (cinco resultados positivos e concentração de cistos variando de
Tecnologia e Inovação
Mestre em Tecnologia
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Söderbom, Olsson Tobias. "AN EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES AND BUSINESS MODEL STRATEGIES : FROM A WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SUPPLIER PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78869.
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Pharmaceutical residues are passing our wastewater treatment plants and flowing out in to the nature. The medical substances are built to affect different processes in our bodies, but also affect other species and increase the risk of developing multi resistant bacterial strains, not curable with antibiotics. This has made wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) interested in investing in pharmaceutical removal. This study describes what criteria that are important to consider when choosing technology for pharmaceutical removal, and presents a model for the WWTPs to use when choosing pharmaceutical removal technology. Secondly, the study presents a reasoning regarding business model concepts. These concepts are presented to aid suppliers of pharmaceutical removal technology, when designing their business models. The method of choice is a qualitative research study based on interviews and document analysis.Aktiva läkemdelssubstanser passerar idag våra reningsverk oförändrade och rinner ut i naturen. Dessa substanser är tillverkade för att påverka olika biologiska processer i våra kroppar, men de påverkar också andra arter och ökar risken för att utveckla antibiotikaresistenta bakterier som vi inte kan bota oss från. Dessa risker har gjort reningsverk intresserade av att investera i läkemedelsrening. Denna studie beskriver vilka kriterier som är viktiga att överväga vid val av teknik för läkemedelsrening och presenterar sedan en modell som reningsverk kan använda när de väljer teknik för läkemedelsrening. Ett resonemang förs också kring olika affärsmodellskoncept som kan nyttjas av leverantörer av teknik för läkemedelsrening, när de utvecklar sina affärsmodeller. Den valda metoden för studien är baserat på ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt med intervjuer och dokumentanalyser.
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Deo, Anurag, and Bjerg Mette Axelsson. "Investigation of biochemical methane potential in Thái Nguyên city and Sông Công city in Vietnam." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134552.
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Currently Vietnam is facing several problems with waste handling. For instance, a lot of the municipal organic solid waste is dumped at landfills, which contributes to environmental difficulties such as greenhouse gas emissions. Anaerobic digestion has proven to be an adequate method for solving environmental problems such as waste treatment, where biogas can be produced. The methane content in the biogas can subsequently be used as a prosperous energy source for heating, electricity and vehicle fuel. The production and utilization of biogas in Vietnam is in a developing face. However, there are issues that should be tackled to improve and expand the biogas production and use. In Vietnam the main substrate used for anaerobic digestion is animal manure as most of the biogas digesters are placed on farms. The purpose of this master thesis was to identify additional potential substrates for biogas production, with focus on Thái Nguyên city and Sông Công city in the Thái Nguyên province. In order to find suitable substrates, interviews and literature research were carried out in Vietnam. Subsequently biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were performed for the identified and acquired substrates. The BMP-tests were first performed at Thái Nguyên University but as the results were inconclusive, further experiments were performed at Linköping University (Sweden) where eight substrates from the Thái Nguyên province were investigated. The identified substrates used for the BMP-tests were three types of beer waste from the Vicoba brewery in Thái Nguyên city, food waste from different restaurants in Sông Công city, fruit waste from the fruit market in Thái Nguyên and household vegetable waste. The highest methane yield could be observed for household vegetable waste (543 Nml/g VS) followed by beer waste (yeast) with a methane potential of 497 Nml/g VS. Beer waste (hops boiling) had the lowest methane potential with a value of 230 Nml/g VS. Estimation of the total methane potential in both cities together from food waste from restaurants, beer waste and sewage sludge from the upcoming waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in Thái Nguyen city were made by combining data from interviews, literature values and the BMP-results. The estimation showed that from Thái Nguyên City and Sông Công city about 137,500 m3 CH4/year can be produced from food waste from restaurants, about 1.7 millionCH4 m3/year can be produced from sludge from the WWTP in Thái Nguyên city (under construction) and there is also a possibility to produce about 10,700 m3 CH4/year from the beer brewery in Thái Nguyên city. Thus, the total estimated methane potential sums up to 1.8 million m3 CH4/year. The results show that Thái Nguyên city and Sông Công city have potential wastes that preferably could be used as substrates for biogas production which could add on to the biogas produced currently at farm level in the Thái Nguyên region.I dagsläget står Vietnam inför svåra problem med rådande avfallshantering. En stor del av det organiska avfallet deponeras. Detta bidrar till miljöproblem som exempelvis utsläpp av växthusgaser. Kontrollerad rötning har visat sig vara en bra metod för avfallshantering av organiskt avfall, eftersom biogasen som produceras exempelvis kan användas som energikälla för matlagning, elektricitet och fordonsbränsle, samtidigt som avfallsmängden kraftigt reduceras. Utvecklingen av kommersiell biogasproduktion i Vietnam är fortfarande i ett inledande stadie. De främsta substraten för biogassubstratet som används i landet i nuläget är olika typer av gödsel med anledning av att de flesta rötkammare är placerade på bondgårdar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kompletterande potentiella substrat som kan användas för biogasproduktion i städerna Thái Nguyên och Sông Công som är belägna i provinsen Thái Nguyên. För att identifiera möjliga biogassubstrat genomfördes intervjuer på plats tillsammans med litteraturundersökningar. Vidare genomfördes metanpotentialbestämningar (BMP) för identifierade, utvalda och, erhållna substrat. Det visade sig ej vara möjligt inom tidsramen för besöket att genomföra BMP-testerna på ett fullgott sätt vid Thái Nguyêns universitet med anledning av begränsningar i metodförutsättningar, varför BMP-tester även genomfördes på Linköpings universitet. Totalt testades metanpotentialen för åtta olika substrat från städerna Thái Nguyên och Sông Công. De identifierade substraten som användes i BMP-studien var tre typer av bryggeriavfall från Vicoba bryggeri i Thái Nguyên, matavfall från olika restauranger i Sông Công, fruktavfall från fruktmarknaden i Thái Nguyên och hushållsavfall från ett hushåll i Thái Nguyên. Det högsta metanutbytet kunde observeras för matavfall från hushåll (543 Nml/g VS) följt av bryggeriavfall i form av jäst (497 Nml/g VS). Ölavfall från vörtkokning påvisade det lägsta metanutbytet av samtliga testade substrat motsvarande 230 Nml/g VS. En uppskattning av den totala metanpotentialen i de båda städerna från matavfall från restauranger, bryggeriavfall samt avloppsslam från reningsverket som är under uppbyggnad i Thái Nguyên genomfördes baserat på intervjuer, litteraturvärden samt genomförda metanpotentialtester (BMP). Uppskattningen visade att cirka 137 500 m3 CH4/år skulle kunna produceras från matavfall från restauranger, cirka 1,7 miljoner CH4 m3/år från avloppsreningsverksslam samt från ölbryggeriet i Thái Nguyên är det möjligt att producera cirka 10 700 CH4 m3/år. Sammantaget indikerar det en uppskattad metanpotential motsvarande ca 1,8 miljoner CH4 m3/år. Slutsatsen av den här studien visar att det finns stor potential för biogasproduktion i Thái Nguyên och Sông Công.
Developing strategies and methods for participatory planning in Thái Nguyên and Linköping
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Boucher, Alan Raymond. "Management strategies for a water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292247.
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Cumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.
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The effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.
Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.
Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.
The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.
Master of Science
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Litteken, Garrett Michael. "IMPACT OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT ALUM SLUDGE RESIDUALS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: A CASE STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2246.
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Water treatment plant (WTP) residual discharge is considered a pollutant and requires treatment to prevent negative impacts when released to the environment. As regulatory requirement becomes increasingly strict, WTPs are required to find suitable methods for the treatment of sludge residuals. Wastewater treatment plants(WWTP) provide existing treatment methods to remove contaminants from WTP residuals. A case study on the Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) and receiving Carbondale Southeast Waste Water Treatment Plant (SEWWTP) provided an opportunity to quantify potential negative impacts for the discharge of residual alum sludge to a biologic sludge digestion plant. The first part of the study focused on quantifying changes to the SEWWTP loading conditions from the addition of metal salt coagulant water treatment residuals discharged by the CWTP. Historic sludge quantities and treatment methodologies for both the CWTP and SEWWTP were used to predict loading conditions and residual concentrations at the SEWWTP. Ammonia, BOD, pH, and TSS concentrations from the CWTP were not identified to significantly impact the existing concentrations at the SEWWTP. Metals concentrations from the CWTP were also found to fall within WWTP regulatory quantities. The second part of the study evaluated potential impacts to beneficial bacteria populations in the SEWWTP oxidation ditch from the receipt of CWTP alum residuals. Studies of residual alum sludge impacts to beneficial bacterial populations are rare, and often do not translate from one treatment plants processes to the next. The SEWWTP employs a multi-ring oxidation ditch with an anoxic outer ring and aerobic middle and inner rings. Biologic Activity Reaction Tests (BART) were used to isolate beneficial bacteria species typically present in oxidation ditches including heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying bacteria. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria are the predominant beneficial bacteria species in the outer ring, while nitrifying bacteria and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria dominate the aerobic inner rings. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria populations identified in the outer ring of the oxidation ditch did not demonstrate any population impacts from the receipt of residual alum sludge. In addition, nitrifying bacteria populations and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria population demonstrated no impacts from the introduction of CWTP residual alum waste to the aerobic inner ring of the oxidation ditch. Overall, the study demonstrated the treatment of residual alum sludge from a WTP is possible through the existing biological processes at a WWTP.
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Bodlund, Ida. "Coagulant Protein from plant materials: Potential Water Treatment Agent." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107335.
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Access to fresh water is a human right, yet more than 780 million people, especially in rural areas, rely on unimproved sources and the need for finding ways of treating water is crucial. Although the use of natural coagulant protein in drinking water treatment has been discussed for a long time, the method is still not in practice, probably due to availability of material and limited knowledge. In this study, about hundred different crude extracts made from plant materials found in Southern India were screened for coagulation activity. Extracts of three Brassica species (Mustard, Cabbage and Cauliflower) were showing activity comparable to that of Moringa oleifera and were further investigated. Their protein content and profile were compared against each other and with coagulant protein from Moringa. Mustard (large) and Moringa seed proteins were also studied for their effect against clinically isolated bacterial strains. The protein profiles of Brassica extract showed predominant bands around 9kDa and 6.5kDa by SDS-PAGE. The peptide sequence analysis of Mustard large identified the 6.5kDa protein as Moringa coagulant protein (MO2.1) and the 9kDa protein band as seed storage protein napin3. Of thirteen clinical strains analysed, Moringa and Mustard large were proven effective in either aggregation activity or growth kinetic method or both in all thirteen and nine strains respectively. To my knowledge this is the first report on the presence of coagulant protein in Brassica seeds. Owing to the promising results Brassica species could possibly be used as a substitute to Moringa coagulating agent and chemicals in drinking water treatment.QC 20121214
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Westöö, Oskar. "Characterization of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300164.
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Termen koliforma bakterier beskriver en grupp indikatororganismer som används för att bedöma renligheten och integriteten hos reningsverk samt distributionssystem som nyttjas vid dricksvattenproduktion. För närvarande ställer styrande förvaltningsmyndigheter endast krav på detektion av antalet koliforma bakterier i dricksvatten via odlingsbaserade metoder. Dessa odlingsbaserade metoder särskiljer och upptäcker koliforma bakterier, och Escherichia coli specifikt, baserat på deras tillväxt samt enzymatiska aktivitet på selektiva kromogena och fluorogena agarplattor. Den definition av koliforma bakterier som dessa lagstiftningar ger upphov till identifierar endast koliforma bakterier baserat på deras metabolism och enzymatiska aktivitet, vilket är otillräckligt för att taxonomiskt identifiera olika bakterier inom denna grupp. För att uppnå detta krävs en definition baserad på fylogenetik. Detta masterexamensarbete beskriver undersökandet av metoder för taxonomisk identifiering av koliforma bakterier baserade på en kombination av odlingsbaserade och molekylära metoder. Vattenprover från Mälaren och Lovös vattenverk i Stockholm användes för att isolera koliforma bakterier via membranfiltrering, följt av odling på selektiva medier. De isolerade kolonierna och membranfiltrerna användes för att extrahera genomiskt DNA, följt av amplifiering av specifika gener associerade med E. coli och koliforma bakterier via PCR. Dessa inkluderade lacZ-genen, uidA-genen, yaiO-genen och 16S rRNA-genen. Produkterna från lyckade genamplifieringar sekvenserades för att taxonomiskt klassificera sekvenserna och identifiera olika koliforma bakterier. Två vattenprover med inloppsvatten skickades även för metagenomisk analys av dess mikrobiom. Dessa resulta indikerade att ett odlingssteg var nödvändigt för att producera tillräckligt med biomassa och genomiskt DNA för att lyckas med genamplifieringar utan att behöva filtrera enorma mängder vattenprover. De utvalda primrarna uppvisade även varierande framgång i att amplifiera målgenerna hos koliforma bakterier. Bakteriekoloniernas fysiska utseende på de selektiva agarplattorna och resultaten från genamplifieringarna uppvisade inte sammanhängande resultat, vilket indikerar ett behov av att ytterligare undersöka och optimera de utförda PCR-protokollen. Trots detta visade metoden potential för taxonomisk identifiering av koliforma bakterier. 16S rRNA-gensekvenserna möjliggjorde identifieringen av potentiella kontaminanter som grampositiva bakterier (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) och andra, icke-koliforma, gramnegativa bakterier (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas) på de selektiva agarplattorna. Denna information kombinerat med bakteriekoloniernas utseende på agarplattorna och resultaten från övriga genamplifieringar kan möjliggöra ett sätt att skilja på falska positiva, falska negativa, sanna positiva och sanna negativa resultat från nuvarande detektionsmetoder för koliforma bakterier. Ytterligare optimering av olika aspekter av metoderna och arbetsflödet kring identifiering av koliforma bakterier är nödvändig innan man kan införa ett liknande tillvägagångssätt i ett reningsverk.The term coliform bacteria describes a group of indicator organisms used to measure the cleanliness and integrity of drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. Currently, the only legal requirement set by government agencies pertains to the detection and enumeration of these bacteria via cultivation-based methods. These methods distinguish coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli based on their growth and enzymatic activity on selective chromogenic and fluorogenic agar plates. However, the legislative definition concerning their metabolism and enzymatic production is insufficient to identify bacteria within this group taxonomically. Instead, a definition based on phylogenetics is required. This master’s thesis describes the exploration of methods for the characterization and identification of coliform bacteria via a combination of cultivation-based and molecular methods. Water samples from Lake Mälaren and the Lovö drinking water treatment plant in Stockholm were used to isolate coliform bacteria via membrane filtration and cultivation on a selective agar medium. The isolated colonies and filtered membranes were subjected to DNA extraction, followed by gene amplification of target genes associated with E. coli and coliform bacteria via PCR. This included the lacZ gene, the uidA gene, the yaiO gene, and the 16S rRNA gene. Successful gene amplicons were sent for sequencing to assign taxonomic values to the sequences and identify coliform bacteria. Two inlet water samples were also sent for metagenomic analysis of the microbiome. An incubation step was necessary to gather enough biomass to extract sufficient genomic DNA for gene amplifications and avoid the need to filtrate large volumes of water. The selected primer pairs exhibited various degrees of success in amplifying the targeted genes of coliform bacteria. The physical appearance of coliform colonies on the selective chromogenic agar plates and the results from the gene amplifications displayed no discernable pattern, indicating the need to further investigate and optimize the PCR procedures. However, the method indicated a potential for coliform bacteria identification. 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed for the distinction of potential contaminants on the selective agar media in gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) and other non-coliform, gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas). In conjunction with the physical appearance of bacterial colonies on selective media and successful gene amplicons of the targeted genes, this information could allow one to distinguish between false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative results from current coliform detection and enumeration methods. Further optimization of various aspects of the coliform bacteria identification methods is necessary before introducing a similar approach to a water treatment plant context.
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Topkaya, Pinar. "Computer Simulation Of A Complete Biological Treatment Plant." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609708/index.pdf.
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Nitrogen and phosphorus removal is often required before discharge of treated wastewater to sensitive water bodies. Kayseri Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWWTP) is a biological wastewater treatment plant that includes nitrogen and phosphorus removal along with carbon removal. The KWWTP receives both municipal wastewater and industrial wastewaters. In this study, KWWTP was modeled by using a software called GPS-X, which is developed for modeling municipal and industrial wastewaters. The Activated Sludge Model No.2d (ASM2d) developed by the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) was used for the simulation of the treatment plant. In this model, carbon oxidation, nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal are simulated at the same time.
During the calibration of the model, initially, sensitivities of the model parameters were analyzed. After sensitivity analysis, dynamic parameter estimation (DPE) was carried out for the optimization of the sensitive parameters. Real plant data obtained from KWWTP were used for DPE. The calibrated model was validated by using different sets of data taken from various seasons after necessary temperature adjustments made on the model.
Considerably good fits were obtained for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and nitrogen related compounds. However, the results for phosphorus removal were not satisfactory, probably due to lack of information on volatile fatty acids concentration and alkalinity of the influent wastewater.
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Honer, Badi M. Nazhat Dana. "Developing a water treatment system for Subsea Gas processing plant." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16991.
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The petroleum industry is currently moving to meet the ever-rising demand for oil and gas production. As onshore fields become depleted and decline in production, exploration and production companies have started venturing further offshore. To support this activity, there is need for new subsea production technologies to develop deepwater and ultra deepwater fields.Woodside Hydrocarbon Research Facility (WHRF) at Curtin University of Technology is working on natural gas dehydration processing using gas hydrate technology. Through the studies, a novel gas dehydration process has been developed and now proposed for subsea application. Natural gas dehydration processes generate both a treated dry gas stream and a waste stream of condensate consisting of both hydrocarbons and water. This condensate can be reinjected to the reservoir formation but this is not always economic or practical. Availability of an alternative means of treatment and disposal of the condensate would be advantageous. This study aims to investigate and to provide a basis for the design of such an alternative scheme by constructing a floating separator for the treatment and disposal of waste condensate from subsea dehydration stage.A model was developed to simulate the process of evaporation of condensate from the proposed floating separator. The calculations were performed taken into account zero wind speed and an ambient temperature around 34 C. The simulation results showed that condensate skimming time was found to be 15 days for flowrate (Qin) of 100 bbd associated with specific separator diameter and total height dimensions. By considering the ratio of diameter to total height of 2.5, the floating separator was designed to enhance the evaporation rate and to get overall structure stability due to the mechanical restrictions that might be encountered in the sea.
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Sauter, Paul Kenneth. "A Public Utilities Internship at the Fairfield Water Treatment Plant." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1515672307065945.
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Böhme, Thomas Jürgen. "Algorithms and architectures for real-time control of water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312601.
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Lim, Jong hyun M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Assessment of sludge management options in a waste water treatment plant." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74410.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).
This thesis is part of a larger project which began in response to a request by the Spanish water agengy, Cadagua, for advice on life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impacts of Cadagua operated wastewater treatment plants. The project uses the LCA software GaBi and focuses on La Gavia Wastewater Treatment Plant in Madrid. This thesis analyzes three sludge management options that La Gavia could have implemented: (1) cogeneration and incineration, (2) cogeneration and land application, and (3) Composting. Life cycle impacts of global warming potential, eutrophication, acidification, ozone layer depletion potential were calibrated using GaBi.
by Jong hyun Lim.
M.Eng.
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Young, Kevin Bradley. "Development of Operational Strategies to Minimize Bromate Formation in the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27277.
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A recent study at the Moorhead water treatment plant (MWTP) determined that bromate formed during ozone disinfection and, at times, exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in the summer months. Operational data showed that bromate formation was directly related to raw water bromide concentration and control of the ozone system. This study was conducted with the purpose of developing and implementing operational strategies to minimize bromate formation in the MWTP. Several operational changes, including selection of source water based on bromide concentration and controlling ozone addition in a manner that reduces the ozone dose used to achieve disinfection, were implemented and were effective at minimizing bromate formation in the ozone chambers. The bromate concentration in the finished drinking water was significantly reduced and only a few samples contained greater than 10 ppb bromate.Moorhead Public Service
American Water Works Association
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Gang, Dianchen. "Modeling of THM and HAA formation in Missouri waters upon chlorination /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025619.
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Sanchez, Morcote Nancy Pilar. "Fluorescence Based Approach to Drinking Water Treatment Plant Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Characterization, Treatment, and Management." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366036528.
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Bales, Dustin William. "Optimization of an Advanced Water Treatment Plant: Bromate Control and Biofiltration Improvement." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4286.
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The David L. Tippin Water Treatment Facility (DLTWTF) serving the city of Tampa, Florida is an advanced drinking water treatment facility consisting of coagulation/flocculation, ozonation, granular activated carbon biofiltration, and disinfection by chloramine. New regulations and the recent economic crisis pushed the facility to investigate methods to decrease costs and meet regulatory requirements easier.
The two major issues identified as priorities for investigation were the optimization of the biofiltration system and the use of a novel process to reduce the formation of bromate during ozonation.
Optimization of the biofiltration system is needed to remove more of the assorted particles that cause biofilms, nitrification in the distribution system, and high chloramine demand. Previous work improved the removal of particles that cause biofilms and nitrification, but was not able address the removal of particles that cause high chloramine demand to a satisfactory degree. Possible factors affecting this high chloramine decay were identified and evaluated at the pilot scale, including filter depth, chloramination of filter backwash water, media material, and nutrient addition. Non-chlorinated backwash water reduced chloramine demand by approximately 30% for GAC filters, and by approximately 50% for anthracite. Generally, anthracite performed slightly worse than GAC. Nutrient addition showed no effect. Filter depth improved chloramine decay, but not significantly enough to warrant the increased material required
Bromate control is necessary to prevent the formation of bromate, a regulated carcinogen. Traditional bromate control methods use pH depression. While effective, at the DLTWTF, this forces the increased use of more expensive caustic soda over lime for raising the pH of process water. A novel process known as the chlorine-ammonia process was investigated at the bench scale to identify the ideal ratio of chlorine and ammonia to decrease the formation of bromate to ensure regulatory compliance and allow greater use of lime to decrease costs. The best ratio in this study is 0.45 mg/L NH3 to 0.75 mg/L Cl2 which produced 1.09 ppb bromate at a CT of 6.8 min*mg/L, representing a 84% improvement over the control.
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Bramstedt, Sofia. "Temperature optimization of anaerobic digestion at the Käppala Waste Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187989.
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Ellenberger, Christine Spada. "Water Quality Impacts of Pure Chlorine Dioxide Pretreatment at the Roanoke County (Virginia) Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30807.
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Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) was included in the Spring Hollow Water Treatment Plant (Roanoke County, Virginia) to oxidize manganese and iron, prevent tastes and odors, and avoid the formation of excessive halogenated disinfection by-products. A state-of-the-art, gas:solid ClO₂ generation system manufactured by CDG Technology, Inc. was installed at the plant and is the first full-scale use of this technology in the world. The ClO₂ generator produces a feed stream free of chlorine, chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻), and chlorate ion (ClO₃⁻), resulting in lower by-product concentrations in the treatment system
The objectives of this project were to study ClO₂ persistence and by-product concentrations throughout the treatment plant and distribution system and to evaluate granular activated carbon (GAC) columns for removing ClO₂⁻ from the finished water.
The ClO₂ dosages applied during this study were relatively low (<0.75 mg/L), and, as a result, ClO₂⁻ concentrations never approached the maximum contaminant level (MCL) (1.0 mg/L). Likewise, the plant effluent ClO₂ concentration never approached the maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) (0.80 mg/L), but concentrations as high as 0.15 mg/L reformed in the distribution system by ClO₂⁻ reaction with chlorine.
Chlorate ion was monitored despite the fact that no ClO₃⁻ MCL has been proposed, and concentrations were quite low (never greater than 0.10 mg/L) throughout the treatment plant and in the distribution system. The reasons for the low concentrations are that ClO₃⁻ is not produced by the gas-solid generator used at the facility and ClO₂⁻ concentrations in the clearwell prior to chlorination were uniformly low.
The average ClO₂⁻ reduction upon passage of treated water through the GAC contactor was approximately 64 percent, but the GAC effectiveness was declining over the six-month study period. Apparently, GAC effectiveness, as shown by others, is short-lived, and if higher ClO₂ dosages are ever applied at the Roanoke County facility, the ClO₂⁻ concentrations will have to be reduced by either ferrous coagulants or reduced-sulfur compounds.
Regenerated ClO₂ concentrations in the distribution system were below 0.2 mg/L, but concentrations as low as 0.03 mg/L were found at homes of customers who complained of odors. During this study, twelve complaints were received from eight customers, and each complainant had recently installed new carpeting, which has been shown to contribute volatile organics that react with ClO₂ to produce odors similar to kerosene and cat urine. While meeting the Cl₂ MCL likely will be no problem if the ClO₂ dose at the plant remains below 1.0 mg/L, the problem of offensive odors in the distribution system will likely continue as long as any ClO₂ is in the finished water when chlorine is present.Master of Science
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Green, Colleen H. "Water treatment residual and vegetative filter strip effects on phosphorus transport dynamics." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 7.55 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131673.
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Rathore, Komal. "Dynamic Modeling of an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7354.
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Advanced wastewater treatment plants have complex biological kinetics, time variant influent rates and long processing times. The modeling and operation control of wastewater treatment plant gets complicated due to these characteristics. However, a robust operational system for a wastewater treatment plant is necessary to increase the efficiency of the plant, reduce energy cost and achieve environmental discharge limits. These discharge limits are set by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants to limit the amount of nutrients being discharged into the aquatic systems.
This document summarizes the research to develop a supervisory operational and control system for the Valrico Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWWTP) in the Hillsborough County, Florida. The Valrico AWWTP uses biological treatment process and has four oxidation ditches with extended aeration where simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) takes place. Each oxidation ditch has its own anaerobic basin where in the absence of oxygen, the growth of microorganisms is controlled and which in return also helps in biological phosphorus removal. The principle objective of this research was to develop a working model for the Valrico AWWTP using BioWin which mimics the current performance of the plant, predicts the future effluent behavior and allows the operators to take control actions based on the effluent results to maintain the discharge permit limits. Influent and experimental data from online and offline sources were used to tune the BioWin model for the Valrico Plant.
The validation and optimization of the BioWin model with plant data was done by running a series of simulations and carrying out sensitivity analysis on the model which also allowed the development of operation policies and control strategies. The control strategies were developed for the key variables such as aeration requirements in the oxidation ditch, recycle rates and wastage flow rates. A controller that manipulates the wasting flow rate based on the amount of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was incorporated in the model. The objective of this controller was to retain about 4500-4600 mg/L of MLSS in the oxidation ditch as it is maintained by the Valrico Plant. The Valrico AWWTP recycles around 80% of their effluent and hence, the split ratios were adjusted accordingly in the model to recycle the desired amount. The effluent concentrations from the BioWin model for the parameters such as Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) complied with the discharge limits which is usually less than 2 mg/L for all the parameters.
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Moloney, Shane Richard. "The design, build and preliminary testing of a ballast water treatment plant prototype." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580318.
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Ballast water is indispensable for maritime trade as it is required to operate ships successfully and safely through its various evolutions over the course of a voyage. Ships taking on ballast water also take on the marine organisms present in the water such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and micro organisms. It is estimated that 10 billion tonnes of ballast water is transferred around the world annually and ballast water has been identified as one of the key vectors for the introduction of non-indigenous species The introduction of non-indigenous species can have critical economic, industrial, human health and ecological consequences. Invasive aquatic species are classified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. The preferred solution is to treat or manage the water itself. The International Maritime Organisation's Ballast Water Management Convention details a performance standard to which ballast water must be treated to. The variability of seawater around the world (e.g. salinity, turbidity) as well as the organisms that are required to be inactivated makes achieving this performance standard technologically challenging. The primary aim of the European Union, Framework Programme 6 funded Sustainable Ballast Water Treatment Plant (BaWaPla) project was "To provide a safe, economically viable, and technically competitive alternative for onboard ballast water management". The concept was to create a hybrid treatment plant utilising filtration, ultraviolet light and an electrochemically generated chlorine based active substance. To investigate the feasibility of the system concept a prototype was developed and tested. The development of the design was aided by the application of engineering design methods. These methods guided the decision making process and made the reasoning behind these decisions traceable. 3-dimensional surface modelling software was used to develop the engineering design, and to reduce the time required for design and construction. The prototype was tested to measure its biological efficacy. The electrochemical system was not included in these tests. Testing was conducted using sea water from the North Sea to mimic the conditions encountered by ships pumping ballast water on board. The results of the tests were inconclusive primarily due to the low number of organisms present in the water. This is believed to be a result of the tests being conducted in winter. However, the data and subsequent statistical analysis indicate that the treatments have an effect on the organisms present and encourage further testing.
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MAGALHAES, PEDRO FRANCA. "VIABILITY STUDY OF INCORPORATION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT MUD IN RED CERAMIC PRODUCTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4339@1.
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Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o estudo de viabilidade de
incorporação de lodo proveniente de processos de
clarificação de estações de tratamento de água, na produção
de cerâmica vermelha; resíduo que atualmente é disposto
indiscriminadamente em um manancial de captação,
contribuindo para a alteração da qualidade das águas.
Entende-se que a busca de uma solução viável para a
destinação adequada deste resíduo, traga ganhos ambientais
com baixos custos operacionais; sendo este o objetivo
principal deste estudo. A relevância do assunto está na
implantação de um sistema de gestão que proporcione a
destinação adequada do resíduo e sua viabilização como
insumo para a produção de cerâmica vermelha. Para tal,
optou-se por fazer ensaios de caracterização da argila, do
resíduo gerado em estações de tratamento de água e, por
fim, estudou-se a incorporação a 40%, 50% e 60% do referido
resíduo à argila, resultando em um produto cerâmico do qual
foram estudadas as características físico-químicas e
mecânicas. Os resultados alcançados indicaram a
possibilidade de aproveitamento do resíduo, sendo
necessário, para a adoção desta técnica, que sejam
estabelecidos parâmetros de controle no processo produtivo
de cerâmica vermelha.The Msc thesis, presents a viability study of incorporation the mud generated in the clarification step treatment plants (WTP), for the production of red ceramic. This residue that currently is disposed indiscriminately in the rivers, contributes to degradation of the quality of waters. In view of that, the search of a viable solution for the appropriate destination of this residue should bring environmental benefits with low operational costs, being this the main objective of this study. The relevance of the subject is in the implantation of a management system that provides the appropriate destination of the residue in subject and your viability as raw-material for industrial production. In order to pursue that, physical-chemical and mechanical characterization of the clay used for the manufacturing of red ceramic, as well as of the WTP mud and 40%, 50% and 60% mixtures of the mud into the clay - which resulted in ceramic test samples, were carried out. The results obtained indicated the possibility of incorporating of the residue into the clay, provided specific conditions for red ceramic production are implemented.
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Scardina, Robert P. "Effects of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation and Bubble Formation on Water Treatment Plant Performance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26497.
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Gas bubbles that form within water treatment plants can disrupt drinking water treatment processes. Bubbles may form whenever the total dissolved gas pressure exceeds the local solution pressure, a condition termed dissolved gas â supersaturation.â This project investigated how bubble formation affects conventional drinking water treatment and examined factors that can reduce these problems.
Gas bubbles attached to coagulated floc particles can reduce settling efficiency and create â floating floc.â In laboratory experiments, bubbles formed on the surface of the mixing paddle, since this was the location of minimum pressure within the system. The formation and stability of floating floc was dependent on many different factors including the amount and type of dissolved gas supersaturation and surface chemistry of the mixing paddle. The intensity and duration of rapid mixing also controlled the amount of floating floc.
Bubbles forming in filter media can block pore spaces and create headloss, a process popularly termed â air binding.â During benchscale filtration experiments, bubbles were released upwards from the media in a burping phenomenon, and bubbles could also be pushed downwards by fluid flow. Burping is beneficial since it partly alleviates the bubble induced headloss, but the media disruptions might also decrease filter efficiency (particle capture). Bubble formation within filters can be reduced by increasing the pressure inside the filter via greater submergence (water head above the media), lower hydraulic flow rate, or use of a more porous media. The mode of filter operation (declining or constant flow rate) will also affect the local filter pressure profile.
Dissolved gas supersaturation and bubble formation are detected in on-line turbidity devices and particle counters causing spurious measurements. The use of bubble traps usually reduced these problems, but one device worsened turbidity spikes. Flow disturbances may also release bubbles upstream of the on-line turbidimeter, which can cause spikes in turbidity readings.Ph. D.
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Drew, Margaret Jane. "Optimisation of the Ion exchange juice treatment plant at Ashton Cellars." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52389.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently concern has been raised regarding effluent from wine cellars, as it often does not comply with environmental legislation. It was with this in mind that the effluent problem at Ashton Cellars was addressed. After carrying out a water audit of the plant, described in Chapter 3, it was concluded that the ion exchange plant is a significant contributor to the low pH and high conductivity of the effluent dam. Decreasing the effluent from the ion exchange plant should therefore help in improving the total effluent quality. During the water audit opportunities to improve the effluent by making small process changes in the cellar were identified. The primary objective of this study was to provide guidelines to improve the quality and decrease the volume of the effluent from the ion-exchange plant to more environmentally acceptable levels, whilst maintaining product specifications and production rates. This was achieved by studying the operation of the plant (Chapter 4) and testing the characteristics of the current and alternative resins (Chapter 5). Auditing of the ion exchanges plant included a detailed analysis of the regeneration and loading of the ion exchange columns. It was concluded that the operation of the plant can only be optimised once pH and/or conductivity meters, and preferably an automated control system, are installed on the plant. The results given in this thesis can be used as a guide when setting up such a control system. Laboratory testing of the resins revealed that the cation resin currently being used on the plant has been fouled and loads at a slow rate. When the resins are replaced, the use of Purolite CISO and Purolite A103S should be considered as these resins gave the most favourable results. Some alternative treatment methods for the processing of grape must, have been mentioned in Chapter 6.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Al meer kornrner word deesdae uitgespreek oor wynkelders se afvalwater, omdat dit meerendeels nie aan die vereistes van omgewingswetgewing voldoen nie. Dit was met hierdie probleem in die oog dat die afvalwater probleem by Ashton Kelders ondersoek IS. Nadat 'n wateroudit van die fabriek, soos beskryf in Hoofstuk 3, uitgevoer is, is daar tot die slotsom gekom dat die ioonuitruilsisteem 'n groot bydra tot die lae pH en hoe konduktiwiteit van die afvaldam lewer. Indien die ioonuitruilsisteem se uitvloeisel verminder kon word, sou dit tot 'n groot mate bydrae tot 'n verbetering van die totale uitvloei kwaliteit. Gedurende die wateroudit is verskeie moontlikhede vir die verbetering van die uitvloei deur klein prosesveranderinge aan te bring, geidentifiseer. Hierdie studie het as hoof oogmerk die daarstelling van riglyne vir die verbetering van die kwaliteit en grote van die afvalstrome van die ioonuitruilsisteem om sodeende aan omgewingswetgewing te voldoen, maar ter selfder tyd die produk spesifikasies en tempos te handhaaf. Dit is gedoen deur die huidige bedryf van die fabriek te bestudeer (Hoofstuk 4) en die eienskappe van die huidige en altematiewe ioonuitruilharse te toets (Hoofstuk 5). Die oudit van die ioonuitruilsisteem het 'n gedetaileerde anaIiese van die hergenerasie en lading van die ioonuitruilkolornrne ingesluit. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die bedryf van die sisteem alleenlik geoptirniseer kon word indien pH en/of konduktiwiteitsmeters, en verkieslik 'n automatiese kontrolesisteem geinstalleer word. Die resultate van hierdie tesis kan as basis vir so 'n kontrole sisteem gebruik word. Die laboratoriumtoetse op die harse het aan die lig gebring dat die katioonhars wat tans in gebruik is, baie vervuil is en net teen 'n lae tempo belaai kan word. Wanneer die harse vervang word, word die gebruik van Purolite el50 en Purolite A103S aangeraai, aangesien hierdie harse die beste resultate gelewer het. Altematiewe behandelingsmetodes van druifmos is in Hoofstuk 6 genoem.
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Trinh, Thi Hoa, Thi Phuong Thao Nguyen, Kim Thoa Bui, Thi Uyen Dang, and Xuan Huan Nguyen. "Research on making material from waste sludge taken from domestic water treatment plant for arsenic removal from water." Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32620.
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Iron oxide is a good and inexpensive adsorbent for arsenic (As) compounds and other heavy metals in water (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn). Waste sludge from water treatment plant, which is highly in iron content, can be considered as a great adsorbent. Utilizing this waste as material for water treatment would get benefits on not only environment but also energy, resources and social economy. This study describes experiments to produce arsenic adsorbent material from waste sludge taken from Ha Dinh water treatment plant by using glass water, Fe(NO3)3 and heat to modify and enrich iron content. This process aims to make a good material for filtration and sorption of As. Other effects of pH, time, adsorbent mass, and adsorbate concentration are also considered. The processes are successful in removing Arsenic ion clearly. Initial As sample of 1000μg/L, contact time 4 hours, material 1 g/L, the efficiency is 99.64%. Treated water is under national technical regulation on domestic water quality (QCVN 02:2009/BYT column I) –, where column I is applicable to water provision units. Research also starts to make material particles, which are more favorable to practical application. These adsorbent productions after modification are beneficial with low-cost and environmentfriendly advantages.Oxít sắt là một chất hấp phụ tốt và rẻ trong việc loại bỏ các hợp chất asen (As) và một số kim loại nặng khác trong nước (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn). Trong khi đó, bùn thải từ các nhà máy xử lí nước giàu thành phần sắt, có thể xem là một vật liệu hấp phụ tốt. Việc tận dụng bùn thải này làm vật liệu xử lý ô nhiễm không chỉ đem lại những lợi ích cho môi trường mà còn về mặt tài nguyên, năng lượng và kinh tế xã hội. Báo cáo này trình bày cách chế tạo vật liệu từ bùn thải của nhà máy xử lý nước cấp Hạ Đình thành vật liệu xử lý ô nhiễm asen bằng cách sử dụng thủy tinh lỏng, Fe(NO3)3 và nhiệt để biến tính làm tăng hàm lượng sắt trong bùn thải, tạo vật liệu tốt cho quá trình lọc và hấp phụ As. Các nhân tố ảnh hưởng tới hiệu suất hấp phụ như pH, thời gian, khối lượng chất hấp phụ, và nồng độ As cũng được đưa ra đánh giá. Việc loại bỏ As đạt hiệu quả rõ rệt. Với nồng độ As ban đầu là 1000 μg/L, thời gian xử lý 4 giờ, vật liệu sử dụng là 1g/L thì hiệu suất xử lý đạt 99,64%. Nồng độ As sau xử lý đạt tiêu chuẩn QCVN 02:2009/BYT, cột I – Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về chất lượng nước sinh hoạt, cột I áp dụng đối với các cơ sở cung cấp nước. Nghiên cứu cũng bước đầu thử nghiệm chế tạo thành viên vật liệu để thuận lợi hơn trong việc ứng dụng trong thực tiễn. Vật liệu bùn thải sau biến tính có lợi thế về chi phí thấp và thân thiện với môi trường
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Belia, Evangelia. "Phosphorus release during treatment of sludge derived from a bench-scale EBPR plant." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28864.
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This thesis describes the development of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and the release of phosphorus during the storage and thickening of sludge produced in this reactor. In the first phase of the experimental work a fast start-up method for EBPR development was established by the addition of a pure culture of Acinetobacter lwoffi to a conventional activated sludge. Investigations revealed that the performance EBPR depended on the combination of influent COD and phosphorus values and that in the investigated range, EBPR functioned independently of the sludge retention time. Low dissolved oxygen levels had no effect on the phosphorus removal properties of the sludge. The second phase of the experimental work involved the investigation of the phosphorus released during sludge handling. It was found that phosphorus resolubilisation during sludge treatment took place in three distinct phases which included an initial period of extremely low phosphorus release. Alterations of the reactor influent and operational parameters and the sludge characteristics, affected the amount of phosphorus released during anaerobic storage and gravity thickening. It was found that for short retention times in the sludge processing units (1-48 hours), decreasing the influent phosphorus concentration, increasing the oxidised nitrogen content of the excess sludge and wasting the excess sludge from the aeration tank decreased the amount of phosphorus resolubilised. For longer retention times (2-7 days), it was found that increasing the influent COD, having a lower total phosphorus sludge content, higher sludge "stabilisation" rates and quiescent conditions of storage, decreased the amount of phosphorus released.
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LaBrie, Holli, and Holli LaBrie. "The Potential Impacts of the Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant on the Santa Cruz River." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621145.
Full textAbstract:
The Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant releases treated wastewater from both Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico into the Santa Cruz River. In recent years, the discharged effluent has contained high levels of cadmium and nickel, which exceed the plant's permit standards. Due to the industrial demographic of the region, outdated infrastructure, and differences in sampling schedules of multiple organizations, the treatment facility and the treated effluent is an important area of study. To understand how the treated effluent is affecting the river, data were compiled from existing water quality databases and flow reports from 2008 to 2015. To address how flow quantity has changed during drought periods, effluent flows were compared to historical flood data produced by the USGS. To evaluate water quality issues, water quality reports produced by the International Boundary and Water Commission were examined for past exceedances of constituents. According to flow volumes reported at the U.S.-Mexico border, the majority of the effluent was produced in Nogales, Sonora. Results showed that spikes in effluent flow corresponded with rainfall events. Results also show that rainfall influences the flow volumes from Nogales, Arizona, but there is little impact to flow volumes from Mexico. Although the quality of the effluent generally meets the permitted standards, exceedances did occur. The potential impact of such exceedances on stream water quality was evaluated using measured and simulated data. Although outreach to stakeholders across the border and updated infrastructure has improved the quality of water in the river, there are still many areas to improve upon, including sampling and monitoring schedules. To identify opportunities for improvement, further studies should examine the specific fate of each contaminant present in the effluent.
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You, Chen Xialei. "Nutrient recovery from waste water treatment plant by sorption processes : technical and economic analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664193.
Full textAbstract:
In the last years has been performed a huge number of research related to nutrients (mainly N and P) recovery from waste water in order to promote their reuse and also to avoid eutrophication. Recovering nutrient from waste water can promote the circular economy, minimize the environmental footprint of waste water treatment and reduce anthropogenic alteration of nitrogen and phosphorus natural cycle.
Among the different techniques studied, sorption is nowadays one of the most interesting alternatives as requires less energy than electrochemical or membrane technologies and sorbents can be regenerated for being reused. Thus, the overall sorption performance of different ion exchangers was characterized for nutrient recovery from waste water treatment plant effluents.
Two commercial polymeric resins doped with Hydrated Ferrous Oxide (HFO) (Lewatit FO36 and Fiban-As) were assessed for ammonium and phosphate uptake from waste water streams. Equilibrium and kinetics studies have been performed through batch experiments and the dynamic studies were carried out by fixed-bed column. The experimental study covered from the simplest monocomponent synthetic water (ammonium, phosphate solutions) to the most complex real water from waste water treatment plant (WWTP) which contains ions, TSS and organic matter.
Sorption experiments reported for both sorbents high selectivity towards phosphate ions as sorption capacity did not significantly decrease in presence of competing ions. Loaded sorbents were regenerated through alkaline and acid desorption in order to reuse resin and obtain a high concentrated phosphate solution, which could be used for high quality fertilizer production. Results in dynamic flow experiments reported up to 80% of loaded phosphate extraction, although during desorption process was observed sorption capacity decrease up to 30% after three sorption-desorption working cycles.
Besides, salt modified synthetic zeolites were assessed for being used both as one charge (di-valent forms) and reusable (mono-valent forms) sorbent. Raw zeolites provided in sodium form as well as it modification in potassium form showed high sorption capacity for ammonium uptake but poor performance for phosphate recovery from waste water streams as the sorption mechanism is mainly ion exchange. Regeneration experiments showed that both Ze-Na and Ze-K can be reused several sorption-desorption working cycles without significant sorption capacity decrease (< 5%).
Nevertheless, after salt modification to calcium and magnesium forms, the precipitation of phosphate salts was favoured obtaining hydroxyapatite and struvite in loaded Ze-Ca and Ze-Mg, respectively. As hydroxyapatite’s solubility and phosphorus availability is similar to commercial fertilizers, loaded Ze-Ca could be potentially recycled for agricultural uses.
Finally, an economic assessment simulation was performed by applying Ze-Ca in the Baix Llobregat Waste Water Treatment Plant, located in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. The study reported that the implantation Ze-Ca filtration for nutrient recovery would be economically feasible, despite that more research is required in order to fit technical issues as the loaded sorbent disposal or the capability of loaded zeolites to be used as fertilizer.En los últimos años se han llevado a cabo un gran número de estudios relacionados con la recuperación de nutrientes (sobre todo N y P) de aguas residuales con el fin de promover su reutilización y evitar la eutroficación . Recuperar nutrientes de aguas residuales puede promover la economía sircular , minimizar la huella de los tratamientos de aguas residuales, así como reducir la alteración antropogénica del ciclo natural del nitrógeno y el fósforo. Entre las diferentes técnicas estudiadas, la sorción es actualmente uno de las alternat ivas más Interesantes ya que requiere menos energía que técnicas electróquímicas o las tecnologías de membrana. Además , los sorbentes se pueden regenerar y reutilizar. Así , se ha caracterizado el comportamiento integral de diferentes sorbentes para la recuperación de nutrientes de efluentes de aguas residuales. Se evaluaron dos lntercambiadores iónicos poliméricos comerciales dopados con Óxido de Hierro Hidratado (Lewatit F036 y Fiban-As) para la eliminación de fosfato de corrientes de aguas residuales. Se llevaron a cabo estudios en equilibrio y se caracterizó la cinética mediante experimentos en discontinuo y los experimentos dinámicos se llevaron a cabo mediante columnas de lecho fijo . El estudio experimental cubrió desde soluciones monocomponentes de fosfato hasta corrientes reales de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales que contenían iones competidores, sólidos suspendidos y materia orgánica . Los experimentos reportaron para los dos sorbentes una alta selectividad hacia los iones fosfato, ya que no se observó una reducción significativa de la capacidad de sorción en presencia de iones competidores . Los sorbentes cargados se regeneraron mediante desorción alcalina y ácida para reutilizar el sorbents y obtener corrientes con alta concentración de fosfato, que se pueden emplear para la producción de fertilizante de alta calidad. Los resultados en columnas de lecho fijo mostraron una extracción de más del 80% del fosfato sorbido, aunque durante el proceso de desorción se vio una reducción de la capacidad de más del 30% tras tres ciclos de sorción - desorción. Además, se evaluaron zeolitas modificadas mediante tratamiento salino para ser usados tanto como sorbentes de una sola carga (en la forma divalente) como reusables (en la forma monovalente). La zeolita bruta facilitada en la forma sódica, así como la forma potásica mostraron alta capacidad para la eliminación de amonio, pero prácticamente nula capacidad de retención para los iones fosfato, ya que el mecansmo de sorción es principalmente intercambio iónico. Los experimentos de regeneración mostraron que ambas zeolitas se pueden emplear para un gran número de ciclos de sorción-desorción sin perder capacidad (<5%). Tras la modificación salida a las formas cálcica y magnésica, se favorece la precipitación de sales fosfóricas obteniendo hidroxiapatita y estruvita en la Ze-Ca y Ze-Mg cargada, espectivamente. Dada que la solubilidad de la hidroxiapatita, así como la disponibilidad del fósforo de la hidroxiapatita es similar a la de los fertilizantes comerciales, la Ze-Ca cargada puede potencialmente ser reciclado para usar en agricultura. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo una simulación económica empleando Ze-Ca en la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de El Baix Llobregat, situada en la Area metropolitana de Barcelona. El estudio reveló que la implantación de un filtro de Ze-Ca para la recuperación de nutrientes puuede ser económicamente viable , aunque se requieren más estudios para dar solución a aspectos técnicos como la gestión del sorbente cargado o la capacidad real de las zeolitas cargas de ser utilizadas como fertilizantes
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Σωτηρόπουλος, Σταύρος. "Διερεύνηση της συμπεριφοράς μακροθρεπτικών και βαρέων μετάλλων στο σπανάκι με την επαναχρησιμοποίηση της ιλύος του βιολογικού καθαρισμού Καλαμάτας." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/5882.
Full textAbstract:
Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της διερεύνησης της επίδρασης της ιλύος βιολογικού καθαρισμού Καλαμάτας (Β.Κ.Κ.) στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού (Spinacia Oleracea) καθώς και στην απαορρόφηση N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ιχοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, βαρέων μετάλλων Pb, Ni, Cd και Cο από τα διάφορα μέρη του φυτού. Επιπλέον, η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια μελέτη της επίδρασης της συγκεκριμένης ιλύος και σε ορισμένους δείκτες ποιότητας των μιγμάτων ιλύος-εδάφους, όπως pH, αλατότητα, οργανική ουσία, ολικό ανθρακικό ασβέστιο, αλλά και σε ποσοτικούς δείκτες όπως η περιεκτικότητα σε ολικό άζωτο (Ν%), διαθέσιμο φωσφόρο (Ρ κατά Olsen), ανταλλάξιμα κατιόντα K, Ca, Mg, και συγκέντρωση ολικών, διαθέσιμων και ανταλλάξιμων ιχνοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, "βαρέων μετάλλων" Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. Τα αποτελέσματα προέρχονται μετά από πειραματική μελέτη που έγινε σε φυτά σπανακιού, αναπτυσσόμενα σε υποστρώματα που προέκυψαν από ανάμιξη εδάφους και ιλύος σε διάφορες αναλογίες, σε υπαίθριο προστατευμένο χώρο. Σκοπός της πειραματικής αυτής μελέτης είναι να ελεγχθούν και να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδιότητες που αποκτούν τα υπό εξέταση υποστρώματα από την προσθήκη ιλύος στο έδαφος ταυτόχρονα με την επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού. Έτσι σε αδρές γραμμές μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα και η αξιολόγησή τους κατατείνουν στο ότι η ιλύς της μονάδας βιολογικού καθαρισμού της Καλαμάτας μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί ως λίπασμα σε μικρές αναλογίες ιλύος/εδάφους και φαίνεται ότι η διάθεσή της στο έδαφος για γεωργικούς σκοπούς αποτελεί μια πολύ καλή μέθοδο διάθεσης, που πρέπει να εξετάζεται κατά προτεραιότητα. Ταυτόχρονα, επιβάλλεται η συνέχιση και επέκταση της σχετικής έρευνας, για αξιοποίηση και οικολογική διαχείριση της εν λόγω ιλύος.This study investigates the effects of the sewage sludge of Kalamata Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) both in the development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and the absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Co from various spinach plant parts. Parameters of soil - sludge mixtures are also considered during this study. Especially the effect of sludge on parameters such as pH, salinity, organic matter, total CaCO3, total nitrogen content (N%), available phosphorus, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and concentration of total, available and exchangeable Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. The experiments where conducted in Messinia and the results showed that sludge improves soil fertility. The application of sludge does not cause environmental problems in small proportions of sludge – soil mixture. In large quantities the addition of sludge is associated with potential toxicities and increased salinity in the soil as well as potential environmental problems from over-concentration of phosphorus but also heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and Cr. Special attention is need for Cd, not because of high concentration, but because of the special mobility it presents. Finally this study confirms the presence of a large number of interactions between nutrients, heavy metals and soil properties in soil and spinach. The evaluation of these interactions are of great importance because they help us to quantify elemental contribution of soil and plants, helps in understanding the problems of nutrition in preventing the occurrence of toxic problems at the expense of consumer health, the environment and ultimately to effective use of sludge. Finally, the sludge of Kalamata WWTP can be used as fertilizer in small proportions of sludge / soil mixtures and it seems that the disposal of sludge in soils for agricultural purposes is a very good method of disposal that must be considered.
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Lee, Jiunn-Shing, and 李俊星. "Preliminary Evalution on Water Treatment Plant Performance." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98015427665152286893.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
84
The major process units of water treatment in Taiwan are prechlorination,coagulation/floculation, clarification, filteration and post-chlorination. Inorder to maintain the quality of finished water, every country of the worldset up criterions or quides for the design standard of the water treatmentplant.The study is to assess the engineering designs of the Ban-Sin watertreatment plant by the removal efficiency of turbidity and organic matter. Theaverage used coagulant dosage(PAC) is 30 mg/L in the tre atment process,andthe average used chloride dosage(Cl2) is 3.24 mg/L. The results show that theturbidity of raw water changed from 5.0 to 79.9 NTU,and the average is 27.7NTU. The total removal efficiency of turbidity is 97% when each process unitsis in normal treatment quantity, and the total removal efficiency of turbidityis 95% when it is in largest treatment quantity.The finished water turibiditymore than 1 NTU is about 14%. The removal of the organic matter in thistreatment process is limited. Th e average of DOC, TOC, KMnO4 Comsumption andUV254 in raw water is 1.09, 1.38, 4.1 mg/L and 0.023 1/cm. After treatment,the removal efficiency of DOC, TOC, KMnO4 Comsuption, UV254 is 5.5%, 23.2%,47.9%, 39.1%. As the result, we know that the design retention time(0.75-1.11 hr) of solid-contact sedimentation in the treatment processes is short and thesurface loading rate(107.5-161.2 m/d) is too high to make the sludge blanketflow out. So the turbidity of finished water is higher( >10 NTU, 30%).Theefficie nt diameter of fitered media(0.9mm) in filter tank is too big to makethe finish water Turbidity higher than 1.0 NTU(14%) sometimes, although thefiltered layer is more thick(90cm). Because the setting tank can't equip withinclined-plate, we suggest that the efficient diameter of the filtered mediachange to smaller one to improve the finished water turbidity.
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Liang, Shan-Ming, and 梁善茗. "A Study on Monitoring Water Treatment Operation in Water Plant." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d92zzc.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
107
With the rapid development of the high technology industry, more and more population migrates from countryside to the city. As a result, the water consumption for the livelihood as well as for the industry is increasing in the city. Therefore, it is necessary to provide sufficient and sanitation water for the city. How to improve operation and monitoring efficiency of the water treatment is a big challenge in the water plant. In this thesis, a remote monitor and control system is proposed. The remote monitoring technology is used to analyze the water treatment data. Thus the water level of the rapid filter pool can be known. Besides, the electric control valve is used to execute the remote operation. Thus the inverse washing procedure of the rapid filter pool can be monitor and control. It ensures the rapid filter pool operation normally and speed-up the filter efficiency of the rapid filters pool. The proposed water treatment remote monitor and control system decrease the time of transportation intercourse of the operator. Moreover, it decreases the probability of traffic accident while on duty. After experiment, it can found that, the proposed system is cost-effective. It makes the operation and management of the water treatment plant become fast and convenience. It deserves to be promotion. Keywords: remote monitor and control system, remote monitoring technology, water treatment data, electric control valve.
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Chen, Wei-Jen, and 陳偉仁. "The Risk on Influencing Water Supply Safety of Water Treatment Plant-An Example of One Large-Scale Water Treatment Plant on South Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5n93m9.
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碩士崑山科技大學
環境工程研究所
96
The major influence factors of water security in Taiwan are unclean raw water in water treatment plant, feckless purifying water and the polluted cycle of supplying water. According to the investigation into aggravating water source of twenty-one fundamental reservoirs in Taiwan in recent years, forty percentages of them are eutrophic. Besides, due to the unaverage distribution of annual rainfall, the pollutants (such as Fe and Mn) and nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are bathed into water source by rain and increase the concentration of nutrients in the reservoirs. So, these will debase the efficiency of purifying in water treatment plant. Although the normal solutions to increase the efficiency of purifying water are building new water treatment plant, extending original one or improving inner facilities, there are some risks of them. In fact, the operation of water treatment plant risked itself because the results of operation are not usually equal to the original functional design. The bad efficiency of purifying water may increase the loading of filtration, decrease the ability of purifying heavily and even more supply unsafety or nonqualified water. Therefore, how to strengthen the security of supplying water is worthy to study. The paper is focus on the security of supplying water and uncertain factors of one large-scale water treatment plant in south Taiwan. Our target is to providing some statistics to prove if supplying water after the operation of water treatment plant is safe or not. A special statistic characteristic of water after deluges is turbidity. Usually the turbidity will lower to 100NTU below after one or two days, but it will take around forty days to lower to 10NTU below. Sometimes the removal rate of turbidity is under zero, especially for low rainfall days. Additionally, when the alga exists in water, the operation of water treatment plant will have influence on the security of supplying water. Another characteristic is the measurement of residual chlorine. The decay of residual chlorine in summer and fall is usually higher than in spring and winter. The interesting thing is the highest average turbidity (40.39NTU), the lowest removal rate of turbidity (83.06%) in fast filtration and the highest decay of residual chlorine (0.1mg/L) in supplying water are all measured in fall. So, the three measurements can be the indicators of the security of supplying water in water treatment plant.
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Lawrence, Sikhitha Ntuweleni. "Treatment of waste water from nitrates explosive plant." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/27055.
Full textAbstract:
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of Masters of Science, Johannesburg January 2019Nitrate waste water usually contains high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), which is known to hinder nitrification during biological treatment processes. In this study, removal of ammonium nitrogen from nitrate waste water was studied. Various purification processes such as using coagulation/flocculation and precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate was tested. Optimum parameters such as optimum pH, precipitation by pH adjustment and molar ratio were studied and precipitated crystals that formed were characterized. Sequential flocculation with two cationic flocculants reduced the turbidity of the nitrate waste water from 163 Neupholetric Turbidity units to 15 NTU. An optimum pH of 9 could remove ammonium nitrogen in nitrate waste water, as pointed out by evidence. Mg2+: NH4+-N: PO43--P with a 1:1:1.1 molar ratio was found to be the most effective ratio for maximum ammonium nitrogen removal, with quite a low residual concentration of PO43--P. MgCl2.6H2O + 85% H3PO4 combination was found to be more efficient combination for ammonium Nitrogen removal from nitrate waste water, with a low residual concentration of PO43--P. Precipitate crystals formed were found to be pure struvite crystals. Approximately 69.9% of ammonium nitrogen was recovered as struvite. Struvite precipitation is deemed to be an efficient for the treatment of ammonium nitrogen removal from nitrate waste water.
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Lin, Yi-Heng, and 林義衡. "The optimal treatment method of water turbiditypurification in tap-water plant." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39461272985093064148.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
應用數學系研究所
98
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the water turbidity purification result with raw water turbidity, raw water pH value and PAC dosage, and find the optimal treatment dosage level. A regression model between the response and treatment variables has been built with a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, the regression model treats a given raw water turbidity as the explanatory variable and the best treatment effect dosage level, among the six experimental dosage levels as the response. Later the model is used to find the second stage regression model where the water turbidity purification result is treated as the response, and the other three variables mentioned above as explanatory variables. According to the results of the second stage regression model about the best dosage level with a given raw water turbidity, the optimal PAC dosage is estimated for the optimization in water turbidity purification, which may be used as a way for future purification of water turbidity.
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Clements, Michele. "Granular activated carbon management at a water treatment plant." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2155.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ing.The Rietvlei Water Treatment Plant was extended with a granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration system after an exhaustive series of tests, which were started in 1994. Upon commissioning towards the middle of 1999, a year of close monitoring followed to measure the GAC performance at full-scale. After verification that the GAC does indeed ensure a high quality product under all conditions, the emphasis shifted to the optimisation of the GAC handling and regeneration system. Frequently moving the entire GAC inventory from the filters to an off-site regeneration plant and back requires significant operational effort and contributes a major part of the total cost of the GAC system. A number of systematic investigations were carried out in response to a number of practical questions that arose at Rietvlei. The first part of the study was directed towards tracking and quantifying the GAC on and off site. The main findings were that 10.0% of the GAC is lost from the filter during backwashing (0.3%) and removal of GAC from the filter for regeneration (9.7%). The sump traps not all this GAC and 2.3% of the total inventory is lost to the river. Inserting a sieve at the outlet of the sump can eliminate this loss. A further 80.3% of the GAC in a filter is removed for regeneration, of which 18.7% is lost during the regeneration process. The minimising off this loss can only be achieved through the optimisation of the regeneration process, which falls within the domain of the regeneration contractor. The second part of the study was directed at the behaviour of the GAC whilst within the filter bed. The porosity and sphericity was determined by laboratory tests and calculations. The porosity was found to be 0.69 for the 12 x 40 size carbon and 0.66 for the 8 x 30 size carbon and the sphericity was found to be 0.67 for the 12 x 40 size carbon and 0.66 for the 8 x 30 size carbon. By using a calibrated bed expansion model, the bed expansion could be calculated at 9°C and 23°C for the two carbons gradings; the maximum temperature range experienced at Rietvlei. The main finding of this part of the study was that the average available freeboard is 650 mm for the 12 x 40 grading and 430 mm for the 8 x 30 grading, and therefore no GAC should wash over the weir at all during backwashing. The third part of the study measured the physical changes of the GAC found at different points in the GAC cycle. The main findings were that the small fraction of GAC washed out of the bed during backwashing and removal has a finer grading, higher apparent density and lower adsorption capacity than the GAC in the filter bed. There seems to be no marked attrition of the carbon or generation of fines during the removal and transport of the GAC to the regeneration plant. After regeneration, there was a 7% decrease in apparent density and a 30% increase in adsorption capacity. The final part of the study correlated the adsorption capacity of the GAC with its time in use as well as UV254 removal. After regeneration, UV254 removal begins at approximately 20% and declines to 14% after 400 days of operation, and to 10% after 600 days. After regeneration, the iodine number begins at approximately 800, declines to 600 after 400 days of operation, and to 500 after 600 days.
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Liu, Yin-Chuan, and 劉穎川. "Biological Nutrient Removal and Sludge Biological Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plant for Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fxfwtm.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
96
The most common method of biological nitrogen removal is by combining the nitrification of the autotrophic nitrobacter and nitrosomonas with the denitrification of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria. Autotrophic bacteria nitrify the organic nitrogen and ammonia, which are hydrolyzed amino acids or dead cells of microorganisms, into nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Subsequently, heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria are utilized in turn to reduce the total nitrate nitrogen to generate nitrite nitrogen and nitrogen gas. The latter evaporates out of water, thus completes the nitrogen removal process. However, due to the lack of carbon source after nitrification in the aeration tank, carbon source must be added during denitrification. The volatile materials in the sewage sludge make up approximately 60 ~ 80 % of total solids; the principal volatile composition consists of C, H. N and P. The water content and organic content of the resulted sewage sludge are very high; hence, they have features of large volume and are difficult to combust. In the process of reduction of sewage sludge, the process of converting sewage sludge to soluble state or ultra fine solids is called sewage sludge hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed products would then undergo further biological degradation, which would convert organic carbon to inorganic carbon, such as carbon dioxide and methane, to achieve the effect of reduction of sewage sludge. This study combined the two abovementioned principles of biological degradation. The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant, for example, elevates the carbon source required by denitrification using reverse flow of anaerobically digested sewage sludge into bioreactor to achieve the purpose of reduction of sewage sludge. The bio-reactive systems of the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant do not have nitrified fluid reverse flow design, but has the anaerobic sludge digestive system. Upon digestive process, the anaerobically digested sewage sludge is transformed into soluble or ultra fine materials; however, they are still in form of organic carbon, which is a favorable carbon source required by heterotrophic microorganisms in denitrification. In addition, it can further undergo a second bio-reaction to reduce the sludge amount, and the cost of subsequent sludge treatment and disposition in the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant. However, the present actual operation in the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant is to treat approximately 500 thousand tons of sewage daily, the water quality of which must meet the actual release criteria in order to reduce the total pollution load of the receiving water body (Tamshui River), and therefore, the experiment on reverse flow of nitrified sewage sludge to the bio-reactor can not be easily conducted. Accordingly, a simulation is conducted in this study using Bio Win Sewage Program Analysis Software developed by Canadian EnvironSim Corporation. Moreover, this study suggests utilizing the reference operation parameters under which the dual goals of optimal denitrification effect and sludge reduction are achieved by the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant. The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant have low influent concentration and do not have nitrified fluid reverse flow design. So those pH、dissolved oxygen、carbon source in anaerobic area can not do going denitrification. Presently the best parameter of The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant biological treatmwnt is MLSS：1,500mg/L、dissolved oxygen：2.0mg/L、influent percentage：0.8：0.1：0.1、hydraulic residence time：4.7hr. The effluent quality is BOD：3.34 mg/L、COD：14.5 mg/L、SS：6.31 mg/L、TN：20.75 mg/L、Filtered TKN： 3.10 mg/L、 NH3-N：1.32 mg/L、NO3--N：2.65 mg/L、NO2--N：14.6 mg/L 、TP：1.56 mg/L. When the reverse percentage of anaerobically digested sludge is 0.2%, The effluent chemical oxygen demand be raised 0.6mg/L, sludge cake be decreased 4,634.1 kg/day. If influent percentage use 1.0：0.0：0.0, The effluent anmonia attenuate percentage from 91.32% be raised 94.46%.
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Wen, Jheng-Yan, and 溫鉦晏. "Modeling of a Reaction Clarifier of Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40131212200786752312.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
97
This study uses the software FLUENT(used for computational fluid dynamics) to simulate reaction clarifier blanket inside Bansin water treatment plant. We first establish the geometric structure and mesh of the clarifier blanket, then provide feed velocity, concentration, impeller rotation, and operation conditions for the sludge blanket. Then we use the Eulerian multiphased turbulent model to calculate and analyze the flow field inside the water treatment plant. Next we explore flow field alterations and compare it with the clarifier researches in the past. 1.the compare in different feed concentration 2.the compare in different impeller rotational velocity 3.the compare in sludge blanket height, 4 simulate particle’s path by DPM 5.the compare in clarifier blanket structure 6.simulate the flow field in the clarifier by the viscosity function defined myself. Using the above calculations and analysis, we hope to obtain better water quality. This study shows that turbulent model isn’t easy agitate than laminar model. High impeller rotational velocity causes the sludge blanket easily to agitate. With high concentration feed, the sludge blanket to agitate fast.; The height blanket the sludge blanket to agitate fast.; Regarding changes in the geometric structure, we find the longer the solid particles stay in the reaction well. A parameter called particle dissipation energy control the viscosity calculation that the defined viscosity function.
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Lee, Tsung-Hao, and 李宗浩. "Modeling of the Blanket Clarifier of Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75300899346208443457.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
93
In this thesis, the geometry of the blanket clarifier was established, the meshes were constructed, and the boundary conditions were set, then the velocity field of the clarifier was calculated. Three models were computed individually: 1. the flow filed of the whole clarifier is pure water; 2. the flow filed contains a homogeneous blanket of permeability k and pure water; 3. multiphase flow of pure water and solid particles with different sizes and densities. The results showed that when the inlet velocity decreased from υx=0.3 m/s to 0.1 m/s, the effect of channel flow or break-through of blanket decreased. And decreasing of the rotation velocity of the impeller could decrease the effect of the reversed flow in the secondary reactor. In the case of a uniform blanket on the bottom of the clarifier, the high permeability of the blanket indicates the similar velocity filed with those of pure water. While the clarifier with a low permeability blanket, the break-through of the blanket is seriously. In the multiphase flow modeling, the effect of density of the solid particle on the distribution of the particles is more obviously than particle size.
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Sharifi-Nistanak, Mehdi. "Reuse of Biosolids from a Waste Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2014. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978509/4/Sharifi%2DNistanak_MSc_S2014.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Since the limit of resources has been realized, preventing from waste of resources became an important issue. Sludge is a source of nutrients and organic materials and has the capability of use as a fertilizer but unfortunately disposal of the sludge is the most current approach in WWTPs including Montreal WWTP. At the Jean. R. Marcotte waste water treatment plant, the sludge is incinerated and sent for disposal. In this study an attempt has been made to solve this issue by recycling the sludge.
The mentioned sludge has high concentrations of cadmium, copper, cobalt and selenium and therefore a treatment process is needed to pass Quebec regulations before use as fertilizer. Among all treatment methods, leaching was selected in this research. Leaching has high efficiency for heavy metal removal but nutrient loss is also its disadvantage. In this thesis, preserving nutrients and removing heavy metals are performed at the same time.
To meet the mentioned goals, a new leaching agent is proposed, K2HPO4, and its effects and removal efficiency on the sludge was investigated. The correlation of heavy metal removal and preserved nutrient concentration with time and pH is shown.
Based on the result, the removal efficiencies of cadmium, copper, cobalt and selenium are respectively 80%, 44%, 70% and 93%. Also the remaining concentrations of primary nutrients in the biosolids including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are respectively 17%, 17% and 25%.
To conclude, using dipotassium phosphate as a leaching agent is an effective method to remove heavy metals and increase primary macro nutrients at the same time. The efficiency of this method has indirect correlation with pH and direct correlation with time and considering the product properties, its price is acceptable.
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Ndlovu, Vuyani. "Waste water treatment of effluents from corn processing plant." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11095.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is facing numerous challenges that pertain to increasing water deficit and pollution of water resources. Only 40 out of 821 wastewater treatment works in South Africa achieved Green Drop certifications in the 2010 Green Drop assessments (DWA, 2011). This is not only threatening net water availability but also human health. South African water sources are comprised of 77 % surface water, 14 % return flows and 9 % groundwater (van Vuuren, 2009). This study was therefore intended to explore the quality, quantity and treatability of corn wet milling effluent resulting from Tongaat Hulett Starch Pty Ltd (THS) operations.
THS is a major producer of corn derived starch and glucose in Africa. Amongst its three corn wet milling plants in Gauteng (Kliprivier, Germiston and Meyerton) and one in Western Cape (Bellville), 600000 tonnes of maize were processed in the 2011/2012 financial year.
The objective of the study was to establish the wastewater footprint of the corn wet milling process. To achieve this, qualitative and quantitative characterisation studies were completed on effluents generated from the Germiston and Meyerton corn wet milling plants, respectively. This characterisation study was focused on volumetric and organic load analyses of the various sections of the corn wet milling process. A full scale anaerobic digestion treatability study of the Meyerton plant effluent was also conducted.
The study results indicated that the combined effluent discharged to the Municipal sewer averaged between 2.9 and 3.1 m3/tonne of corn processed. The effluent generated resulted in an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of between 6211 and 7790 mg/L, with suspended solid concentrations of between 635 and 899 mg/L. From the full scale anaerobic treatability study, a minimum of 87 % COD removal at organic volumetric loading rates (OLR) of between 0.3 and 3.9 kg COD/m3.d was achieved.
It was concluded that corn wet milling effluent can be categorised as high strength in terms of COD concentrations. This type of effluent proved to be amenable to anaerobic digestion treatment. Anaerobic pretreatment of corn wet milling effluent can proportionately reduce pollution loading into the receiving municipal conventional wastewater treatment systems.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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薛志宏. "Study of dewatering characteristics of water treatment plant sludge." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09437329934162090575.
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Swarts, R. J. (Raymond Joseph). "An investigation into a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei water treatment plant." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27308.
Full textAbstract:
Since the demand for fresh potable water increases every year, it is important to have future water demand strategies in place. People expect a secure, high quality, water supply and the water supply industry is governed by increasingly stringent water quality guidelines and legislation. The Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) faces the challenge of an increasing demand for fresh water in excess of the existing supply. The City is responsible for the planning and development of the local water supply resources as well as managing the water demand in the CMA and to supplement the water supply to the City of Cape Town from local sources. The ‘Voëlvlei Augmentation Scheme’ was identified as one of the options to augment the water supply to the CMA. This option would involve pumping winter water from the Berg River via a pipeline to the Voëlvlei water treatment plant (WTP). The Voëlvlei WTP was designed to treat water from the adjacent Voëlvlei Dam. This Voëlvlei WTP raw water has a higher turbidity and a lower colour in comparison to the Berg River water. The plant’s treatment conditions were optimized to remove this high turbidity. The Voëlvlei WTP raw water also contains a relatively high manganese concentration and coagulation therefore occurs at a high pH with ferric sulphate to remove the manganese during the initial stages of the water treatment process. As the quality of the Berg River water is different to that of the Voëlvlei WTP raw water, it might not be possible to treat the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants current treatment parameters. The Berg River water could possibly be blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water before treatment at the WTP. If the Berg River water, or its blends, could not be treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants current treatment parameters, then this water would have to be pre-treated before entering the plant. Various forms of pre-treatment could be used, e.g., conventional water treatment using either aluminium or ferric sulphate as primary coagulants or ion-exchange water treatment using the MIEX® resin or even a combination of both. The main objective of this study was to determine a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP. It is therefore important to determine if the Berg River water could be treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the current treatment regime. Also, if the Berg River water should be blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water, this study would determine which blend would be the most suited for treatment at the Voëlvlei WTP. If the Berg River water could not be treated directly at the Voëlvlei WTP, a pre-treatment strategy for this water should be determined. The cost of pretreatment of the Berg River water as compared to the cost of direct treatment at the Voëlvlei WTP should also be evaluated. In order to determine the best treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP, it was important to sample the Berg River water and the Voelvlei WTP raw water at regular intervals over a period of at least a year to determine its quality and the impact of seasonal changes. Various laboratory physical (e.g., turbidity) and chemical (e.g., total alkalinity) analyses were conducted on the Berg River water and Voëlvlei WTP raw water to determine its quality. The experimental procedure focused mainly on the Jar test which simulates the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes at the Voëlvlei WTP. Jar tests were conducted on the Berg River water and the Voëlvlei WTP raw water using ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate as coagulants to determine the optimum pH and optimum coagulant dosage concentration for each coagulant. The Berg River water was also blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water in three different proportions and Jar tests were conducted on these blends using ferric sulphate as the coagulant at a coagulation pH of 5.0 and a Fe3+ dosage of 5.0 mg/L. Jar tests were also conducted on these blends with the Voëlvlei WTP treatment parameters using ferric sulphate as the coagulant at a coagulation pH of 9.2 and a Fe3+ dosage of 3.5 mg/L. The analytical results showed a similar pattern for the characterization of the Berg River water and the Voëlvlei WTP raw water. The iron and aluminium concentrations were consistently low during the summer months with significant increases during the winter months. There were no significant seasonal impact on the UV absorbance and colour. The Jar test results of the Voëlvlei WTP raw water and the Berg River water with ferric sulphate as the coagulant showed an optimum Fe3+dosage of 3.0 to 4.0 mg/L and 4.0 to 6.0 mg/L, respectively, with an optimum coagulation pH range of 6.6 to 9.5 and 5.0 to 10.0, respectively. The Jar test results of the Voëlvlei WTP raw water and the Berg River water with aluminium sulphate as the coagulant showed an optimum Al3+ dosage of 2.5 to 3.0 mg/L and 4.0 to 5.0 mg/L, respectively, with an optimum coagulation pH of 6.0 to 7.0 and 6.0, respectively. The Jar test results obtained for all 3 blends were similar to each other. The UV absorbance of the treated water was consistently below the operational specification, while the turbidities were inconsistent and did not always comply with the SANS 241:2006 Specification (Class I) for drinking water. The iron of the treated water was also consistently above the specified value of <0.200 mg/L. The Jar tests conducted on all 3 blends, with the Voëlvlei WTP treatment parameters, also yielded similar results. The UV absorbance of the treated water was consistently above the maximum operational specification of 0.100, while the turbidities were also consistently above the SANS 241:2006 Specification of <1 NTU. Both ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate can be used as coagulants to treat the Berg River water, although ferric sulphate would be the preferred choice due to its wide coagulation pH range and also because of differences in their health effects. The Voëlvlei WTP coagulates at a pH of 9.2 to remove turbidity and any manganese that might be present in the raw water. The manganese would not be removed at the low coagulation pH of aluminium sulphate. The specified treatment parameters, including the Voëlvlei WTP treatment parameters, used in treating the raw water blends were not effective and further investigation and research is necessary to determine its optimum treatment parameters. This study concluded that the Berg River water cannot be effectively treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants treatment parameters, even if it is blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water. Therefore, the best treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP would be pre-treatment of the water before entering the Voëlvlei WTP. Although there are various ways of pre-treating the Berg River water, this study has identified the following possible pre-treatment strategies:- pre-treatment with ferric sulphate and lime
- pre-treatment with ferric sulphate and lime in conjunction with MIEX® resin
- pre-treatment with MIEX® resin only
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted
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Guesmi, Meriem. "Sludge dewatering from a WTP and WWTP using a natural coagulant." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/23260.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Libre de TunisIn the wastewater treatment process we protect our environment from eutrophication, bacterial resistance and water contamination with heavy metal... But along this treatment significant amount of sludge are generated contains organic material and nutrients that have agriculture value. For the sludge recovery it should be treated to reduce the water volume before being disposed in the land. In this process generally we use chemicals such as polymers for the sludge dewatering but these products are expensive and can damage our environment. That’s why several researches enhance the use of natural coagulants. In this context Moringa oleifera showed a good result for sludge dehydration. The Moringa oleifera powder replaces the chemical coagulant like polyaluminum and many other chemical products. The use of Moringa Oleifera can be a cheap and environmentally solution to the utilization of toxic products. But the main question is about its efficiency for the coagulation process, that’s why we try in these theses to compare the yield of chemical polymers and our natural one. The experiment, are done to evaluate the efficiency of the coagulation process by Moringa (solution and powder) also some chemical solutions, the drainage rate for different amount of coagulant in the sorption line were analysed, to compare the velocity of the sludge filtration . Also were measured the filtrate turbidity and total solids in the final cake. Drainage rate, TS and turbidity, for different coagulant dosage, were used to analyse the dewatering of a different volumes of sludge (H sludge – 10, 20 and 40 cm). The efficacy of the water dehydration was notable with Moringa extract: the TS increase average is around 9 times. Moringa showed a better action against Al2SO4 which had a good efficiency us the average of TS increase is around 7 times.
No processo de tratamento de águas residuais, protegemos nosso meio ambiente da eutrofização, resistência bacteriana e contaminação da água com metais pesados ... Mas, ao longo deste tratamento, uma quantidade significativa de lodo é gerada contém material orgânico e nutrientes que possuem valor agrícola. Para a recuperação do lodo, este deve ser tratado para reduzir o volume de água antes de ser descartado na terra. Nesse processo, geralmente usamos produtos químicos, como polímeros, para a desidratação do lodo, mas esses produtos são caros e podem danificar o meio ambiente. É por isso que várias pesquisas aprimoram o uso de coagulantes naturais. Nesse contexto, Moringa oleifera mostrou um bom resultado para a desidratação do lodo. O pó da Moringa oleifera substitui o coagulante químico como o polialumínio e muitos outros produtos químicos. O uso de Moringa Olifera pode ser uma solução barata e ambientalmente correta para a utilização de produtos tóxicos. Mas a questão principal é sobre sua eficiência no processo de coagulação, por isso, tentamos nessas teses comparar o rendimento de polímeros químicos e o natural. No experimento, são realizados para avaliar a eficiência do processo de coagulação por Moringa (solução e pó) e também algumas soluções químicas, foram analisadas as taxas de drenagem para diferentes quantidades de coagulante na linha de sorção, para comparar a velocidade de filtração do lodo. Também foram medidos a turbidez do filtrado e sólidos totais na torta final. Taxa de drenagem, TS e turbidez, para diferentes dosagens de coagulante, foram usados para analisar a desidratação de diferentes volumes de lodo (lodo H - 10, 20 e 40 cm). A eficácia da desidratação da água foi notável com o extrato de Moringa: a média de aumento de TS é em torno de 9 vezes. Moringa apresentou uma melhor ação contra Al2SO4 que teve uma boa eficiência e a média de aumento de TS é em torno de 7 vezes.
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Hsu, Wu-Shih, and 吳世旭. "Study of Optimal Residual aluminum Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment Plant–Case Study of Nan-Yu Water Plant." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98334592158509159115.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系
101
Taiwan's drinking water quality standards are not currently set given aluminum content limits, EPA is one of the objectives have been included in the quality of drinking water contaminants for screening, According to the research results, part of the water purification plant in the water distribution mainsthe network included in the total aluminum concentrations exceeding 0.2 mg / L. Nan jade water purification plant, the research for the study, conduct on-site investigations to operating technical documents and the establishment of the assessment tasks on the field with major unit operations assessment, the main unit of this field, the project contains the raw water quality characteristics, coagulation / gelling unit specifications, coagulant type and usage, coagulation / gelation unit operating conditions. Draw new dosing bottle cup test results according to the turbidity of the research carried out under the curve updated the dosing curve to reduce the total residual aluminum content. Add another two ferric chloride in a sink of water purification water treatment and water unit unit only in the submerged unit of more than 0.2 mg / L, two other water treatment and water unit residual aluminum volume of less than 0.05 mg / L. Via Nan jade water purification plant ferric chloride dosing trial results found that the switch to ferric chloride coagulant can reduce the amount of residual aluminum in the water.