Dissertations / Theses: 'Water treatment plants'

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Momba, MNB, CL Obi, and P. Thompson. "Survey of disinfection efficiency of small drinking water treatment plants: Challenges facing small water treatment plants in South Africa." Water SA, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001759.

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Abstract A survey involving 181 water treatment plants across 7 provinces of South Africa: Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape was undertaken to identify the challenges facing small water treatment plants (SWTPs) in South Africa . Information gathered included ownership and design capacity of the plants, water sources, and various methods of disinfection, equipment currently employed and performance of the treatment plants. In general, the majority (over 80%) of the SWTPs surveyed in the designated provinces were owned by the district municipalities. The designed capacities of these plants varied between 1 and 60 Mℓ/d; the smallest capacity was 100 m3/d and the largest 120 Mℓ/d. The small water treatment plants abstracted their raw water from either surface or groundwater or a combination of both water sources with greater preponderance for surface water sources (over 86%). Water treatment practices were noted to be the conventional types mainly coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Two types of coagulants namely polyelectrolyte (66%) and alum (18%) were commonly used by the water treatment plants across the provinces studied. Rapid gravity filtration, pressure filter and slow sand filtration systems accounted for 60%, 23% and 9% of the filtration systems across the provinces, respectively. The predominant types of disinfectants employed were chlorine gas (69%) followed by sodium (15%) and calcium (14%) hypochlorite. Over 50% of the various SWTPs did not comply with the SANS 241 Class I (< 1 NTU) and Class II (1 to 5 NTU) recommended turbidity values. The recommended target range of 0.3 to 0.6 mg/ℓ free chlorine residual concentrations at the point of use was not always met by 40% of the plants. Seventy percent of the SWTPs complied with the SANS 241 criteria of microbiological safety of drinking water vis-à-vis total and faecal coliforms. Operational problems affecting the efficiency of small water treatment plants included: inability to appropriately determine the flow rate, chemical dosage and turbidity, lack of chlorine residual at the point of use and lack of water quality monitoring. To produce safe drinking water, appropriate operational practices must be implemented in all small water treatment plants.

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2

Gang, Dianchen. "Modeling of THM and HAA formation in Missouri waters upon chlorination /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025619.

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Young, Kevin Bradley. "Development of Operational Strategies to Minimize Bromate Formation in the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27277.

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A recent study at the Moorhead water treatment plant (MWTP) determined that bromate formed during ozone disinfection and, at times, exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in the summer months. Operational data showed that bromate formation was directly related to raw water bromide concentration and control of the ozone system. This study was conducted with the purpose of developing and implementing operational strategies to minimize bromate formation in the MWTP. Several operational changes, including selection of source water based on bromide concentration and controlling ozone addition in a manner that reduces the ozone dose used to achieve disinfection, were implemented and were effective at minimizing bromate formation in the ozone chambers. The bromate concentration in the finished drinking water was significantly reduced and only a few samples contained greater than 10 ppb bromate.
Moorhead Public Service
American Water Works Association

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Cortés, de la Fuente Christian. "Supervisory systems in waste water treatment plants: sistematise their implementation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7777.

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La implantació de Sistemes de Suport a la presa de Decisions (SSD) en Estacions Depuradores d'Aigües Residuals Urbanes (EDAR) facilita l'aplicació de tècniques més eficients basades en el coneixement per a la gestió del procés, assegurant la qualitat de l'aigua de sortida tot minimitzant el cost ambiental de la seva explotació. Els sistemes basats en el coneixement es caracteritzen per la seva capacitat de treballar amb dominis molt poc estructurats, i gran part de la informació rellevant de tipus qualitatiu i/o incerta. Precisament aquests són els trets característics que es poden trobar en els sistemes biològics de depuració, i en conseqüència en una EDAR. No obstant, l'elevada complexitat dels SSD fa molt costós el seu disseny, desenvolupament i aplicació en planta real, pel que resulta determinant la generació d'un protocol que faciliti la seva exportació a EDARs de tecnologia similar.
L'objectiu del present treball de Tesi és precisament el desenvolupament d'un protocol que faciliti l'exportació sistemàtica de SSD i l'aprofitament del coneixement del procés prèviament adquirit. El treball es desenvolupa en base al cas d'estudi resultant de l'exportació a l'EDAR Montornès del prototipus original de SSD implementat a l'EDAR Granollers. Aquest SSD integra dos tipus de sistemes basats en el coneixement, concretament els sistemes basats en regles (els quals són programes informàtics que emulen el raonament humà i la seva capacitat de solucionar problemes utilitzant les mateixes fonts d'informació) i els sistemes de raonament basats en casos (els quals són programes informàtics basats en el coneixement que volen solucionar les situacions anormals que pateix la planta en el moment actual mitjançant el record de l'acció efectuada en una situació passada similar).
El treball està estructurat en diferents capítols, en el primer dels quals, el lector s'introdueix en el món dels sistemes de suport a la decisió i en el domini de la depuració d'aigües. Seguidament es fixen els objectius i es descriuen els materials i mètodes utilitzats. A continuació es presenta el prototipus de SSD desenvolupat per la EDAR Granollers. Una vegada el prototipus ha estat presentat es descriu el primer protocol plantejat pel mateix autor de la Tesi en el seu Treball de Recerca. A continuació es presenten els resultats obtinguts en l'aplicació pràctica del protocol per generar un nou SSD, per una planta depuradora diferent, partint del prototipus. L'aplicació pràctica del protocol permet l'evolució del mateix cap a un millor pla d'exportació.
Finalment, es pot concloure que el nou protocol redueix el temps necessari per realitzar el procés d'exportació, tot i que el nombre de passos necessaris ha augmentat, la qual cosa significa que el nou protocol és més sistemàtic.
The decision support systems (DSS) implemented in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) make easier the application of better techniques based on the knowledge to manage the process, insuring the effluent quality and minimising the economical costs of its exploitation. The knowledge-based systems are characterised by its capability of working in ill structured domains, and with relevant information of type qualitative or uncertain. These are the characteristics that could be found in the biological systems treatments, and consequently in a wastewater treatment plant. However, the high complexity of the DSS makes very expensive their design, development and the application in a real WWTP, and because this reason it is very important the generation of a protocol that makes easier the exportation of the program to other similar plants.
The objective of the present document is the development of a protocol that makes easier the systematic exportation of DSS and the reuse of the process knowledge acquired previously. The document is developed in basis on the study case from the DSS exportation from the Granollers WWTP to Montornès WWTP. This knowledge-based system integrates two kinds of systems based on knowledge, concretely the rule-based systems (which are programs that simulate the human reasoning and its capability of problem solving using the same information sources) and the case-based reasoning systems (which are informatic programs based on knowledge that solve the current abnormal situations in the plant by means of retrieving the executed action in a similar past situation).
The document is structured in different chapters, in the first chapter; the lector is introduced in the DSS domain and in the wastewater treatment domain. Afterwards the objectives are defined and the materials and methods used are explained. Following, the Granollers DSS prototype is presented. Once, the prototype is explained, the first protocol made by the author in his research work is presented. Afterwards, the results obtained from the protocol application to export the DSS to other plant are presented. The real application of the protocol allows making better itself.
In conclusion, the new protocol reduces the needed time to make the exportation process, although the new protocol needs more steps to make the same work, this means that it is more systematic.

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Malan, Cheryl. "The efficiency of drinking water treatment plants in removing immunotoxins." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5762_1308732795.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment processes of two drinking water plants to remove immunotoxins and steroid hormones. Raw and treated drinking water was screened for effects on inflammatory activity using the biomarker IL-6, humoral immunity using the biomarker IL-10 and cell mediated immunity using the biomarker IFN-&gamma
. In vitro human whole blood culture assays were used in order to elucidate potential immunotoxicity.

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Montaña, Guerra Montserrat. "Optimization of alpha emitter's determination in water. Behavior of radionuclides in water treatment plants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129458.

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La determinació de l’índex alfa total en aigües és d’interès per ser un dels paràmetres inclòs en la legislació nacional e internacional associada a la qualitat de l’aigua per al consum humà. Aquest índex informa de la concentració d’emissors alfa continguts en l’aigua referits a un patró emissor alfa. Concretament en el nostre país, el control de la qualitat de l’aigua està regulat pel Reial Decret 140/2003. La determinació de l’índex d’alfa total en aigües és un assaig aparentment senzill, però a conseqüència de la variabilitat isotòpica que pot presentar una aigua i els procediments utilitzats, es poden obtenir resultats molt diferents, inclús en ordres de magnitud. A més a més, en certs casos el valor de l’índex alfa total no concorda amb el valor obtingut al sumar les activitats dels emissors alfa determinats en la mostra d’aigua. Per tot això es considera necessari dur a terme un estudi experimental, en el qual es determinin tots els possibles factors que influeixin en la variabilitat dels resultats i realitzar un procediment suficientment detallat en el qual s’estableixi tant l’ interval de validació com les condicions més adequades d’utilització, de forma que es pugui garantir que el resultat que s’obté sigui el més representatiu possible i que aquesta variabilitat romanent es tingui en compte en la determinació de la incertesa associable al resultat. Per una altra banda, a causa de la gran importància de l’aigua i les cada cop més exigents disposicions legals en quant a la depuració d’aigües residuals i tractament d’aigua potable, la construcció d’estacions de tractaments han anat incrementant notablement en els últims anys en un gran nombre de països. Com a conseqüència, grans quantitats de residus sòlids o llots son generats cada any com a subproducte d’aquestes plantes de tractament, per als quals s’apliquen diferents alternatives d’aprofitament i eliminació. Durant els processos habituals de tractament per a l’obtenció d’aigua potable i de depuració d’aigua residual, els isòtops radioactius es poden distribuir en les diferents etapes dels cicles de tractament, com les resines d’intercanvi, carbó actiu, filtres, membranes, materials absorbents i finalment en els subproductes produïts (fangs o llots), on es pot concentrar-se un percentatge elevat d’isòtops radioactius. Les aigües més afectades per la radioactivitat natural son les aigües d’aqüífers subterranis, ja que els processos de circulació lenta afavoreixen la seva incorporació. Els isòtops presents generalment a les aigües són els isòtops naturals d’Urani i Radi, 210Pb, 210Po, 222Rn i el 40K. També existeix la possibilitat de contaminació amb isòtops d’origen artificial que provenen de la indústria nuclear i de les probes nuclears. Per tant es considera d’interès realitzar un estudi detallat de la distribució dels isòtops radioactius en les diferents fases dels processos de potabilització i depuració convencionals o amb nous mètodes i en els subproductes generats per tal de poder valorar el possible impacte radiològic associat a la potabilització i reutilització de les aigües i dels subproductes.
Gross alpha activity measurement is one of the simplest radioanalytical procedures which are widely applied as screening techniques in the fields of radioecology, environmental monitoring and industrial applications. It is used as the first step to perform a radiological characterization of drinking water. According to the WHO guidelines (2011), this screening parameter must be measured in drinking water to ensure that it is safe for consumption. Different methods are used to measure gross alpha activity. Two of them, the classic ones, are based on evaporation (EPA, 1980) or co-precipitation (EPA, 1984) of the sample, using either a gas proportional counter or a solid scintillator detector. Another alternative method based on concentration of the sample and measurement by liquid scintillation counting (ASTM, 1996), is being increasingly used. The gross alpha activity of a water sample is an estimate of the actual alpha activity of the water sample (excluding radon). However, it is usually considered that gross alpha activity must be very close to the sum of alpha emitter activities, though in general this is not the case. There are many other factors (e.g., alpha particle energies, calibration standard used, time elapsed from sample preparation to measurement and variability of the results between methods) that affect the gross alpha measurement causing major differences between the gross alpha activity values and the sum of the activities of the main alpha emitters. For this reason, we propose to conduct an eminently experimental study to determine most of the possible factors that may be involved in the above mentioned variability of the results. In addition, we intend to propose a detailed procedure on that basis to establish both their range of validity and the most suitable conditions for their use, thereby ensuring: (A) that the result obtained is the most representative of the sample's real total alpha activity; (B) that it is subject to the lowest technically possible variability; and (C) that this remaining variability is taken into account in determining the uncertainty associated with the result. In this context, we propose to study these aforementioned considerations using the co-precipitation method. Aditionally, given the problems with the scarcity and quality of water, the implementation of water treatment plants has been significantly increasing over the last years in several countries. Consequently, large quantities of solid wastes or sludge are generated every year which can be re-used for different applications. These solid wastes may contain all kind of pollutants, including significant levels of radioactivity. For these reasons, it is considered important studying the occurrence and behavior of radioactivity in water treatment plants. Although radioactivity in water treatment plants has been studied by some authors, we propose an original work analyzing the radioactive temporal evolution in different water treatment plants in which drinking and wastewater are treated. These plants have been selected taking into account both variations in water source and the treatment applied. This thesis contributes to these goals by analyzing the factors that affect the gross alpha measurement, involving an optimization and validation of the co-precipitation method and studying the behavior of radionuclides in water treatment plants. To this end, Part I provides a comprehensive analysis for the optimization and validation of the gross alpha activity determination using the co-precipitation method. Then, in Part II, we present a set of case studies related to the radionuclide behavior and the temporal evolution of the radioactivity in different drinking water and wastewater treatment plants.

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7

Obi, CL, MNB Momba, A. Samie, JO Igumbor, E. Green, and E. Musie. "Microbiological, physico-chemical and management parameters impinging on the efficiency of small water treatment plants in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa." Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000861.

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In the wake of the growing dependence on small water treatment plants (SWTPs) in providing quality water to rural areas and the global burden of water borne diseases, this study sought to examine the efficiency of 55 SWTPs located in rural or peri-urban areas of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces in order to gauge the safety of water supply for human consumption. The microbiological and physical parameters of raw water, treated water and water in the distribution systems were examined using standard methods. Management issues impacting on quality of water supply were determined by use of questionnaires and focus group discussions. Results obtained showed that the pH, turbidity, temperature and conductivity of the raw water in SWTPs studied in both provinces ranged between 6.46 to 9.05 pH units, 0.19 to 8.0 NTU, 15.4oC to 31.40oC and 44.40.4 μS to 108 μS respectively. Water quality compliance at point of use (treated water) according to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa guidelines in SWTPs studied in both provinces were 85% for faecal coliforms and 69% for total coliforms. In the distribution systems, TCCs, FCCs and HPCs were within recommended limits except for few SWTPs suggesting a possibility of inadequate treatment and this may represent post-treatment contamination and possible risk of infection from these water supply sources. Physical parameters were generally within the recommended ranges . In terms of administrative issues, some plant operators did not have adequate knowledge of the functioning of the SWTPs and most were unable to calculate chlorine dosage, determine flow rates or undertake repairs of basic equipment. Poor working conditions , frequent stock depletion of chemicals , lack of maintenance culture , lack of emergency preparedness and poor communication were also cited . The study has revealed that the microbiological quality of raw water was very poor but that water treatment was efficient in the majority of SWTPs studied in both provinces. Regular monitoring of microbial and physico-chemical parameters of water quality served by the different SWTPs to the population is recommended to gauge their safety for human consumption. Issues such as enhanced incentives and periodic training of plant operators, improved communication and conditions of service , periodic stock inventory and entrenchment of maintenance culture may be necessary to ensure sustained and efficient water distribution systems.

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Jackson, Patricia. "Assessment of water samples from the Cahaba River and Buck Creek for the presence of estrogenic compounds." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2010m/jackson.pdf.

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Storlie, Leslee. "An Investigation into Bromate Formation in Ozone Disinfection Systems." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26896.

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Ozonation is used as an alternative disinfection process to chlorination but unfortunately has a potential of oxidizing bromide, a natural component of water sources, to bromate. Bromate is a possible carcinogen with a maximum contaminant level of 10 ppb. To understand bromate formation in full-scale systems, a comprehensive study was conducted at the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant (WTP). Bromide concentrations in source waters were monitored. Water samples from locations in the ozonation chambers were collected and analyzed for bromate and other parameters. Results showed that bromate formation was increased through increases in pH, bromide, and ozone dose during high temperatures and was decreased by increases in organics. The impact of the bromate influential parameters was minimized at low temperatures. To assist Moorhead WTP on developing bromate control strategies, a modeling approach was adopted to predict bromate formation at various operational conditions using temperature, pH, ozone dose, bromide, and TOC.
MWH Global, AWWA Scholarship
American Water Works Association (AWWA), Minnesota and North Dakota sections
North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute
Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University

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Todd, Malcolm John. "Development and characterisation of a WO3-based photoanode for application in a photoelectrocatalytic fuel cell." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33583.

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Dulin, Betsy Ennis. "Relating treatment process decisions to sludge management concerns at water plants." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101273.

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In this study, the effects of organics removal efficiency, oxidant dose, and alum dose on aluminum hydroxide sludge characteristics were assessed. In order to maintain control over operating parameters, a continuous-flow laboratory-scale plant was operated in the laboratory with daily monitoring of pH, as well as influent and effluent turbidity, total organic carbon, and color. Sludge thickening and dewatering characteristics were found to worsen when increasing amounts of organic matter were incorporated into the sludge floe matrix. Sludge properties improved with increases in oxidant dose and decreases in alum dose and alum/influent turbidity ratio. Changes in coagulation mechanism from sweep to charge neutralization were hypothesized to be partially responsible for changes in sludge properties caused by changing alum dose. Improvements in thickening and dewatering characteristics were found to be heavily dependent upon increases in sludge floe density, as well as decreases in aggregate water content.
M.S.

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Jack, Andrew G. "Total emission analysis of sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants." Thesis, Abertay University, 1999. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3a4ee741-9f14-47df-ab48-2759ca7c39f3.

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The proposed methodology to most effectively manage intermittent combined sewage discharges into urban watercourses in the UK is given in the Urban Pollution Management (UPM) manual. The method is based on the use of detailed computer models of the sewerage system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving watercourse. Solving intermittent discharge problems using UPM, often requires the installation of in-sewer storage tanks. However, recent research from Germany and elsewhere (e.g. Austria and Denmark) has shown that this type of solution may be of little benefit with respect to the total emissions discharged from the entire system, where emissions from both the Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) and the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) are considered together. This is because, in certain situations, WTP efficiency can be compromised by the prolonged periods of dilute (low nutrients and substrate) inflows which can result from the draining down of in-sewer storage tanks. The earlier research in Germany and elsewhere has been concerned with long term total emissions (annual loads) and not the problems specific to individual sites, or the benefits and/or limitations of storage with respect to acute pollution. Thus the principal objective of the research described here has been to substantiate and quantify the total emission problem by means of detailed modelling, via an evaluation of the likely storage volumes which could give rise to total emissions problems for the Perth wastewater system. Following this, a general method has been developed to investigate and resolve total emission problems related to acute pollution effects. As WTP disruption due to flow dilution can last for a prolonged period after even a single rainfall event, computational simulation times need to be long enough to represent the delay in WTP performance returning to normal operating conditions. As long term continuous simulation is usually impractical due to protracted computational times, a method referred to as the Total Emission Analysis Period (TEAP) has been developed. This will define the minimum required computational time and rainfall inputs to be used to ensure that the effect of in-sewer storage on total emissions could be modelled. Utilising the TEAP method to analyse total emissions it has been concluded that increasing volumes of storage would not be expected to create a total emission XXVI problem with respect to the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Consequently, it was concluded that the best storage volume with respect to BOD was the minimum volume which would allow compliance with receiving water quality standards. No direct comparison could be made with the conclusion derived from the German research due to the long term nature of their analysis, however, it would appear from an interpretation of their results, that similar findings were obtained. With respect to ammonia, it was found that increases in total emissions can occur as, ammonia concentrations, unlike BOD, do not increase at the start of a storm due to first foul flush effects. Consequently, any increased emissions from the WTP would not be offset via a reduced CSO spill load. It was also found, however, that increasing volumes of storage would not be expected to exacerbate acute pollution problems within a receiving watercourse and that both large and small storage volumes had the potential to give rise to very similar degrees of WTP disruption. This was due to the way in which different hydraulic loading conditions (caused by the different volumes of storage) affected the bacterial concentrations in the reactor. The conclusion that storage would not provide a significant benefit for ammonia total emissions was supported by the Austrian and Danish research.

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Wadhawan, Tanush. "Investigating Biodegradability of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27344.

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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in water and wastewater is a major public concern. In drinking water treatment plants (WTP), DON and biodegradable DON (BDON) may form carcinogenic by-products during disinfection and might also serve as a nutrient for microbiological growth in distribution systems. BDON in treated wastewater can promote algal growth in receiving water bodies. Understanding biodegradability of DON is important to develop strategies and processes capable of minimizing DON impact on the wastewater effluent receiving water bodies and drinking water. WTPs are nutrient-poor oligotrophic systems that receive source water with DON of about ?2 mg N/L. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are nutrient-rich eutrophic systems which receive raw wastewater with DON of ?8 mg N/L. At WWTPs, sidestream deammonification is a highly eutrophic system employed to treat highly concentrated streams of DON (?100 mg N/L) and ammonia (?1,500 mg N/L) generated from filtrate from anaerobically digested sludge dewatering. DON characteristics including biodegradability for different trophic levels could differ. The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate biodegradability of DON in these oligotrophic and eutrophic systems. Three research tasks were performed. In the first task, a method to measure BDON in oligotrophic systems was developed and applied to determine the fate of BDON along four treatment stages of a WTP with ozonation prior to filtration. Optimum dose of inocula and incubation time were identified for the BDON measurement. The Moorhead WTP, Moorhead, MN on average removed 30% of DON and 68% of BDON. The second task involved investigating the role of four biological wastewater treatment processes in removing DON from eutrophic systems. Nitrification process biodegraded 70, 54, and 57% of DON in influent, primary effluent, and secondary effluent, respectively. Heterotrophic DON removal was less (1.7 to 38%) while denitrification and deammonification did not remove DON. For the third task, BDON biodegradability in highly eutrophic system was investigated using nitrifying sludge. About 45 to 90% of DON in sidestream effluent was biodegradable. Information from this dissertation provides a better understanding on DON and BDON fate through water and wastewater treatment processes representing different trophic levels.
District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DC WASA)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University

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Bruzzone, David W. "The effect of various oxidants on water treatment processes." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51900.

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The effects of four oxidants upon water treatment process parameters were investigated. The four oxidants under consideration were ozone, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and chlorine, Experimentation was directed towards the impact of these oxidants upon turbidity, TOC, and color removal, as well as reduced manganese oxidation. Studies were conducted with an experimental water with enhanced TOC levels. Experimentation was accomplished by a series of jar tests in which solution pH, coagulant dose, and oxidant dose were varied. Results show that, in general, oxidant application had either no impact or a negative impact upon TOC, turbidity, and color removal. Further deterioration of finished water quality was observed with increasing oxidant dose. Reduced manganese was oxidized by both potassium permanganate and chlorine dioxide. Ozone effectively oxidized reduced manganese in waters of low TOC, while chlorine was an ineffectual oxidant. Additionally, particle counts were conducted. Results show that the application of an oxidant increased the number of smaller particles present alter settling However, this immense of particles did not significantly alter settled turbidity levels.
Master of Science

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Mant, Rebecca Catherine. "The control of encrusting organisms within drinking water treatment works." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608989.

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Hoyland, Victoria Wheaton. "Evaluating the use of manganese-oxidizing bacteria in surface water treatment plants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19226.

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Soluble manganese (Mn) presents a significant treatment challenge to many water utilities, causing aesthetic and operational concerns. Surface water treatment plants using ozonation followed by biofiltration are unable to apply free chlorine across the filter, a method used by many utilities for soluble Mn control. These facilities are vulnerable to periodic problems of elevated Mn in the finished water. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) readily oxidize Mn in groundwater treatment applications, which normally involve pH values above 7.0. However, the ability of MOB to facilitate Mn oxidation under lower pH conditions (6.2--6.3) often employed to optimize organics removal has not been demonstrated. Laboratory-scale biofilters were operated to evaluate the ability of MOB to accomplish soluble Mn control at a range of pH (6.3--7.3). The biofilters were able to oxidize Mn at a pH as low as 6.3 at greater than 98% removal. Ozonation by-product removal was also greater than 90% in all filter columns. Stress studies indicated that well-acclimated MOB can withstand variations in Mn concentration, hydraulic loading rate, and temperature typically found at surface water treatment plants, at least for relatively short (1-2 days) periods of time. Pilot studies demonstrated that there are unknown factors that affect MOB acclimation, and MOB may be present in full-scale biofilters already. MOB are difficult to identify with current biological analysis techniques and comprise small percentages of the total microbial population. MOB have demonstrated potential for use in surface water treatment plants, but further research is needed before this application is fully feasible.
Master of Science

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17

Lundgren, Sandra. "Efficiency of two wastewater treatment plants situated in Zomba, Malawi." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201901.

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18

Kamalesh, Joseph M. "An analysis of wastewater temperature variations in six remote monitored onsite systems." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5875.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 55 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).

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Wiking, Viktoria. "A study of naturally occurring radon in Swedish water purification plants." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199216.

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Radon dissolved in drinking-water can be transferred into the indoor air and is one of the main transfer pathways for radon. At water purification plants, large quantities of water are treated and there is a risk that radon degasses from the water and enters into the indoor air. Hence, there is a risk for elevated radon levels in the indoor air at these facilities. This study aims to investigate the general impact of water treatment processes on the radon concentration in water and its transfer into the indoor air. Moreover, the risk that radon exposure exceeds the regulatory limits at workplaces was investigated. In total, the results from 39 Swedish water purification plants are included in the study. The methodology includes long-term air measurements with alpha track detectors, and short-term air measurements with AlphaGUARDs. In addition, water samples were collected in order to analyze the radon concentration in the untreated and treated water. The results show that several plants experience elevated radon levels in the indoor air and in some cases the exposure could be problematic. Several connections were investigated without finding apparent connections for those cases. For example, the relation between radon concentration in the water and radon level in the indoor air was investigated and the connection between the volume of water treated and the radon level in the indoor air. Calculations with transfer coefficients indicate that the transfer of radon into the indoor air is relatively small. However, there can also be contribution from other radon transfer pathways, such as soil and buildings, which may have an impact on the radon levels in the indoor air.

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Dlugolecka, Maja. "Pharmaceutical compounds : a new challenge for wastewater treatment plants /." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4348.

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Nyirenda, Michael. "Open Waters - Digital Twins With use of Open Data and Shared Design for Swedish Water Treatment Plants." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281703.

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Digital twins (DTs) are digital copies of a physical system that incorporates the system environment, interactions, etc. to mirror the system accurately in real time. As effective decision support systems (DSS) in complex multivariate situations, DTs could be the next step in the digitalization of water management. This study is done in cooperation with the Open Waters project group at the Swedish environmental research institute (IVL). The aim of the project group is to investigate the possibility to realize DTs with the use of open data (OD), and shared design (SD), in Swedish water management while also promoting ecosystems for innovation in virtual environments. This study will aid the project group by bridging the gap between project stakeholders and water managers. A DSS developed by IVL for automatic dosage of coagulants in water treatment which is based on the same industry 4.0 technology as DTs will be evaluated as a possible starting point for DTs, OD, and SD. In depth interviews were held with representatives from water management, and experts in DTs, OD, and SD. This was to identify key opportunities and threats, and to understand water managers perception and opinion of the project. This is complimented by a brief review of Swedish water management, and the international state of DTs. There were 4 main opportunities and threats. Challenges and goals are very similar between different WTPs Water managers are already collaborating to reach common goals WTPs are unique in terms of treatment steps and composition/properties of raw water WTPs are objects of national security which raises questions regarding safety when digitalization is discussed.
Digitala tvillingar (DT) är digitala kopior av fysiska system som inkluderar systemets miljö, interaktioner, etc. för att noggrant spegla systemet i realtid. Som effektiva beslutsunderlag i komplexa, multivariabla situationer har DT fått uppmärksamhet inom vattensektorn och kan vara nästa steg i industrins digitalisering. Denna studie utförs i samarbete med svenska miljöinstitutets (IVLs) projektgrupp Open Waters. Syftet är att utforska möjligheten att förverkliga DT med hjälp av öppna data (OD) och delad design (SD) i den svenska vattensektorn, samt att främja innovationsekosystem i virtuella miljöer. Målet med denna studie är att överbygga klyftan mellan projektgruppen och dess målgrupp. Till hjälp kommer den IVL utvecklade DOS-modellen för automatisk dosering av fällningskemikalier för vattenrening. Denna är baserad på samma industri 4.0 teknologi som DT och ses som en startpunkt för DT, OD, och SD. Djupintervjuer hölls med representanter inom vattensektorn, såväl som experter inom DT, OD, och SD. Målet med detta var att identifiera centrala möjligheter och hot för projektet, samt för att förstå vattensektorns bild och åsikt av DT. Detta kompletteras med en övergripande genomgång av den svenska vattensektorn, och DT. 4 huvudsakliga möjligheter och hot identifierades. Utmaningar och mål är väldigt lika mellan olika vattenverk Det sker redan samarbeten i vattensektorn när gemensamma mål identifieras Vattenverk är unika i förhållande till reningssteg och råvatten Vattenverk är skyddsobjekt vilket höjer frågor gällande informationssäkerhet när digitalisering diskuteras.

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22

Piyachaturawat, Piti. "Potential N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from water treatment polymers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/36543.

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N-Nitrosodimethylamine (commonly known as NDMA) is a probable human carcinogen that has been recognized as an emerging drinking water contaminant in recent years. Previous studies have shown that certain N-containing organic compounds may form NDMA in reaction with chlorine or monochloramine and the NDMA yield is affected by the structure of the organic-N compounds, water conditions and treatment parameters. Many amine-based water treatment polymers contain organic-N functional groups and thus have been suspected as potential NDMA precursors in water treatment systems. The purpose of this research was to systematically assess the potential NDMA formation from different structural types of water treatment polymers in reactions with various oxidants and probe the possible factors that influence the NDMA formation. Robust analytical methods for detection of NDMA and the well-known NDMA precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in the reaction samples were established. The cationic polyacrylamide (cationic PAMS), aminomethylated polyacrylamide (Mannich), poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) and polyamine polymers were evaluated in reactions with nitrite, free chlorine, monochloramine or chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions at circumneutral pH and room temperature conditions. This study employed high dosages of polymer and oxidant and long reaction time in order to assess the maximum potential to form NDMA. A range of operational parameters that may affect the above reactions were also evaluated.

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23

Al-Houri, Zain Mohammed. "Modifications on the existing design parameters to improve the performance of infiltration treatment BMPs in cold climates." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2008/Z_AL-Houri_062008.pdf.

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24

Simsek, Halis. "Fate and Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen through Wastewater Treatment Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26650.

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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant portion (25-80%) of total dissolved nitrogen in the final effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). DON in treated wastewater, once degraded, causes oxygen depletion and/or eutrophication in receiving waters and should be reduced prior to discharge. Biodegradability, bioavailability, and photodegradability are important characteristics of wastewater derived DON and are subjects of research in this dissertation. Four research tasks were performed. In the first task, laboratory-scale chemostat experiments were conducted to examine whether solids retention time (SRT) could be used to control DON and biodegradable DON (BDON) in treated wastewater. Nine different SRTs from 0.3 to 13 were studied. There was no correlation between effluent DON and SRTs. However, BDONs at SRTs of 0.3 to 4 days were comparable and had a decreasing trend with SRTs after that. These results indicate the benefit of high SRTs in term of producing effluent with less BDON. The second task was a comprehensive year-round data collection to study the fate of DON and BDON through the treatment train of a trickling filter (TF) WWTP. The plant removed substantial amounts of DON (62%) and BDON (76%) mainly through the biological process. However, the discharged concentrations in the effluent were still high enough to be critical for a stringent total nitrogen discharge limit (below 5 mg-N/L). Evolution of bioavailable DON (ABDON) along the treatment trains of activated sludge (AS) and TF WWTPs and relationship between ABDON and BDON were examined in the third task. ABDON exerted from a combination of bacteria and algae inocula was higher than algae inoculated ABDON and bacteria inoculated BDON suggesting the use of algae as a treatment organism along with bacteria to minimize effluent DON. The TF and AS WWTPs removed 88% and 64% of ABDON, respectively. In the last task, photodegradable DON (PDON) in primary wastewater and final effluent from TF and AS WWTPs was studied. PDON and BDON fractions of DON data in the final effluent of TF and AS WWTP samples elucidate that photodegradation is as critically important as biodegradation when mineralization of effluent DON is a concern in receiving waters.

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Palmer, Huckleberry Richardson. "High rates of ammonia removal in constructed treatment wetland mesocosms using oxygenation." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2008/h_palmer_042508.pdf.

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CAMACHO, PAULO R. R. "Desinfeccao de efluentes de sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sanitarios por meio da radiacao ultravioleta." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1995. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10428.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06057.pdf: 4829282 bytes, checksum: d92eb047d0390013a61d21a5e1144641 (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Yavuz, Merve. "Investigation Of Occurrence And Fate Of Biocides In Wastewater Treatment Plants And Surface Waters." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615634/index.pdf.

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Biocides are widely used as a preservative or as an antiseptic agent in consumer care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and soaps, as well as in household cleaners and even in textiles due to their high antimicrobial effectiveness. The usage of this compounds results in discharge to wastewater treatment plants and so into surface waters. Their existence in the environment is of importance due to their negative effects on aquatic environment microorganisms and human health in terms of occurrence in surface waters and their fate in wastewater treatment plants. In this scope, this study focuses on occurrence and fate of selected biocides, namely triclosan (TCS) and chlorhexidine (CHD), in wastewater treatment plants and in surface waters. It was aimed to determine the biocides levels in surface water and wastewater in Turkey. For the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) studies, several WWTPs with different process configurations, namely, Tatlar WWTP, METU WWTP, Kayseri WWTP and Antalya WWTPs were selected. Composite wastewater samples were taken from various points along the WWTPs on a seasonally basis for one year period. For the surface water part, samples were taken monthly from three different sources with different pollution levels, namely, Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir, Ç
amlidere Reservoir and Eymir Lake for one year period. All water samples were analyzed for their biocide level using liquid chromatography, following solid phase cartridge extraction. As a result of analyses, TCS concentration in surface water samples was detected as in the range of 0.65-11.15 ng/L, 0.86-48.96 ng/L and 0.86-757.7 ng/L for clean, moderately polluted and polluted water sources respectively. The recovery of solid phase extraction analyses for TCS was achieved as %92. CHD concentration was determined as in the range of <
1.33-5.31 ng/L for surface water samples and the recovery of extraction were calculated as %96 for CHD. The concentration of TCS in wastewater samples was measured as in the range of 1.77-94.47 ng/L and 1.40-15.09 ng/L for influent and effluent samples respectively. These ranges became 1.39-10.45 ng/L and <
1.32-2.44 ng/L for CHD. The highest concentrations of biocides were observed in sludge samples with concentrations of 1117-3687 &mu
g/kg and 510-2742 &mu
g/kg for TCS and CHD. Biocide removal efficiency of primary and biological treatment together was reported as % 67.5±
8.2 in January 2012 Tatlar WWTP analyses.

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Adeleye, Adeola Patience. "Perfluorinated compounds, bishenol a and acetaminophen in selected waste water treatment plants in and around Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2331.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The release of wastewater to the aquatic environment is most likely to introduce some trace levels of organic contaminants, some of which may be toxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine disruptors, as well as, persistent in the environment. Additionally, increasing contamination of surface waters by wastewater effluents has made water treatment processes more challenging and expensive. The presence of these pollutants in the receiving water body may have negative effects on aquatic species and often pose potential human health risks through the reuse of treated wastewater for drinking purposes and other household use. In countries like South Africa, Namibia, USA, Singapore and Australia, water agencies are intensifying wastewater reclamation/wastewater reuse as part of their water resource agenda: in order to meet the demands of the growing populations. Nowadays, water reuse is generally considered as a viable method of water supply management. This study focused on the identification of the occurrence, quantification of emerging contaminants and evaluation of removal efficiency in wastewater treatment processes of three classes of emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater: 1) six types of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), namely; perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUDA); 2) bisphenol A (BPA); and 3) Acetaminophen (ACP). These contaminants were identified and quantified in four wastewater treatment plants in the Western Cape. These treatment plants include three WWTPs in Cape Town, namely: Bellville WWTP, Scottsdene WWTP and Zandvliet WWTP and one WWTP in the central Karoo (Beaufort West wastewater reclamation plant).

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Gustavsson, Hanna. "Opportunities for increased nutrient recovery at centralised wastewater treatment plants through urine separation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-440801.

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Municipal wastewater contains a significant amount of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Therefore have the interest of recovering these nutrients at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) increased. Nutrient recovery would generate revenue for the WWTP, as it is possible to sell the products as fertiliser. Today, there are several techniques on the market to recover P as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and N as ammonium sulphate (AMS). Urine is the fraction contributing with the highest concentration of nutrients. Techniques to separate urine from the rest of the wastewater have been developed. These techniques enable the possibility to recover nutrients from the urine fraction separately; this is beneficial since the nutrient concentration would be higher. The purpose with this study was to examine the possibility for increased nutrient recovery at centralised WWTPs through urine separation. Different techniques for nutrient recovery were compared by their recovery efficiency, chemical demand, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A WWTP with enhanced biological P removal was modelled with Danish Hydraulic Institute’s (DHI) software WEST. Eight scenarios, with different percentage of the population equivalents using urine separation techniques, were simulated. The P recovery was calculated from phosphate (PO4) in the hydrolysed excess sludge and the separated urine. The N recovery was calculated from the ammonium (NH4) in the supernatant from the anaerobe digester. The theoretical biogas production was also calculated, from the modelled sludge. The comparison of P recovery techniques showed no substantial differences in their recovery efficiency, chemical demand, and HRT. The comparison of N recovery techniques showed three techniques with a higher efficiency than the other methods. Ekobalans Fenix AB, CMI Europe Environment, and Organics developed these techniques. To determine which method to use, requests for proposal from different providers are recommended. As the urine separation increased, the influent P and N load decreased. When the urine separation increased and the operational parameters were kept constant, the effluent concentration of P and N decreased. The ratio of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total nitrogen (TN) however increased as the urine separation increased. The total MAP production calculated from the modelled hydrolysis showed that the production increased as the urine separation increased. On the other hand, the total MAP production from calculated hydrolysis showed a decrease in production as the urine separation increased. The difference in these results could be because of the performance of the modelled hydrolysis was better with a smaller nutrient load, resulting in a larger release of PO4 as the urine separation increased. The total AMS production increased as the urine separation increased. This, due to the increase of the TKN:TN ratio. The biogas production was not substantially affected by the increased urine separation.

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30

Ifelebuegu, A. O. "Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment applications." Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/2f9cce20-314e-42ee-8971-edb7304f8b42/1.

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This critical overview document (COD) presents, discusses and brings together the selected portfolio of publications that the author believes make a significant contribution to the field of wastewater treatment, focusing on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewater treatment applications. The aim of the research within this COD was to investigate the fate, mechanisms and optimisation of EDCs removal in wastewater treatment applications. The key objectives were to: 1. Investigate and understand the mechanisms of removal of EDCs in wastewater and sludge treatment processes. 2. Evaluate novel methods for the removal of EDCs in water and wastewater treatment applications. 3. Establish the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the removal processes to inform process modelling of full scale design of treatment processes.

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Mulas, Dani. "Levels and behaviour of radionuclides in water treatment plants : the case of the Barcelona metropolitan area urban water cycle." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668856.

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The Barcelona metropolitan area (BMA; 3.2 M inhabitants) has an integrated urban water cycle management. Different type of treatment plants are located along the drinking, sewerage and reuse networks where specific treatments are applied to guarantee a good enough standard of the water quality. The presence of radionuclides in treatment plants and in the aquatic environment is well known. Primordial and daughters, cosmogenic, global fall-out and nuclear-legacy radionuclides can be found in the urban water cycle. Moreover in nuclear medicine (NM), short-lived radionuclides are administered to patients, excreting part directly into the sewage network and entering into the urban water cycle. Thus, the levels of radionuclides in waters and materials from water treatment plants were experimentally checked in the BMA in order to understand the behaviour during the water treatment and to perform a risk assessment. An integrated study focused on the study of the radionuclides levels at different three types of water treatment plants from the same network was carried out. A total of 233 samples were taken at 1 drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 1 reclaimed water treatment plant (RWTP). The concentrations were determined by gamma-spectroscopy techniques after acquisitions performed by high-purity germanium detectors. Primordial and daughters radionuclides were found in materials from the DWTP studied and the highest specific activities found for sludge, sand and reverse osmosis brine corresponded to K-40. Nevertheless, the maximum concentration in the case of granular activated carbon was found for U-238. Moreover cosmogenic Be-7 and fall-out Cs-137 were found in sludges. A total of 5 different NM radionuclides were found in the analysis carried out in the samples from the 7 WWTPs. In the case of water and sewage sludge the highest maximum values and detection frequencies corresponded to Tc-99m and I-131. Moreover Ga-67, In-111 and I-123 were found but showing significantly lower levels. The detection frequencies and the mean levels found at the WWTPs of Ga-67, Tc-99m, In-111 and I-131 agreed with the NM radionuclides total activity administered in the region studied. Furthermore the concentrations and detection frequencies were significantly higher in the sewage sludge samples taken at the very large-sized WWTP-1 (325,000 m3/d), partially explained by their low sludge age. Medically-derived I-131 was also found in reclaimed water for reuse from the RWTP and materials from DWTP, which represent novel contributions to the current knowledge in this field. Taking into account the present findings some considerations from the radiological protection point of view can be done. Despite the presence of radionuclides in the DWTP materials, they do not pose a radiological risk. In the case of the WWTPs and the RWTP studied, the levels found in waters and materials do not represent a significant risk, however, I-131 concentrations were pointed out as the most significant. With the aim to achieve a better understanding of I-131 behaviour in WWTPs and predict the I-131 levels novel methods of I-131 partitioning analysis as well as prognosis models were adapted successfully to a WWTP. I-131 partitioning results pointed out that the settling fraction predominates in the reactor while in the rest of the WWTP samples dissolved iodide fraction was the most significant. Furthermore the activated sludge reactors from WWTPs were revealed as the key step for I-131 removal from wastewater. Specifically, reactors with the highest total nitrogen kjeldahl removal were also the most effective for I-131 reduction. Regarding the I-131 modelling a total of 82 % of simulated data fit with the experimental results in the sewage effluent within uncertainties.
El Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB; 3.2 M de habitantes) posee un sistema integrado para la gestión del ciclo urbano del agua con diferentes tipos de plantas de tratamiento. En las redes de agua potable, residual y regenerada se aplican tratamientos específicos para garantizar los estándares de calidad requeridos en cada caso. Estudios previos en plantas de tratamiento de aguas revelan la presencia de radionúclidos primordiales y de su cadena de desintegración, cosmogénicos y procedentes de accidentes y del legado nuclear. Además, en medicina nuclear (MN) radionúclidos artificiales de vida corta son administrados a pacientes, dichos isótopos son posteriormente excretados entrando en el ciclo urbano del agua a través del agua residual. En el presente estudio en el AMB las concentraciones de radionúclidos en aguas y materiales de las plantas de tratamiento se han estudiado de forma integrada con el objetivo de determinar su comportamiento durante el tratamiento y realizar una evaluación radiológica de los niveles. El estudio ha incluido 233 muestras tomadas en tres tipos diferentes de plantas de tratamiento, 7 estaciones depuradoras de agua residual (EDAR), 1 estación de regeneración de agua (ERA) y de 1 estación de tratamiento de agua potable (ETAP). Las concentraciones de radionúclidos se han determinado con detectores de germanio de alta pureza mediante la aplicación de técnicas de espectrometría gamma. Radionúclidos primordiales y de su cadena de desintegración fueron detectados en los materiales sólidos de la ETAP. Las actividades más altas en el caso de los fangos, las arenas y el rechazo del osmosis inversa correspondieron al K-40 mientras que en el caso de carbón activo granulado al U-238. Además, se confirmó la presencia de Be-7 y Cs-137. Un total de 5 radionúclidos relacionados con la MN fueron detectados en los análisis de las muestras de las 7 EDARs. Respecto a las aguas y los fangos analizados las máximas concentraciones y los más detectados fueron el Tc-99m y el I-131. Además, fueron detectados en concentraciones más bajas el Ga-67, In-111 y el I-123. Las frecuencias de detección y niveles concordaron con la actividad total administrada en la zona de estudio. Especial mención merecen los resultados de la EDAR-1 (325,000 m3/d), de grandes dimensiones, ya que los valores y frecuencia de detección fueron mayores que en el resto lo que se explica en parte por la reducida edad del fango que genera. El I-131 se encontró también en agua regenerada de la ERA y los materiales de EDAR estudiadas, lo que representa una nueva aportación por a lo que I-131 de origen médico se refiere. Con los presentes resultados se pueden realizar las siguientes consideraciones desde el punto de vista de la protección radiológica. A pesar de la presencia de radionúclidos en aguas y materiales de las plantas estudiadas, las concentraciones de actividad determinadas no suponen un riesgo radiológico significativo. Sin embargo, puede afirmarse que las concentraciones de I-131 fueron las más relevantes. Con el objetivo de avanzar en el conocimiento del comportamiento de I-131 en EDARs y predecir sus concentraciones nuevas metodologías de análisis del I-131 así como modelos predictivos se adaptaron satisfactoriamente a una de las EDAR estudiadas. La distribución fisicoquímica del I-131 resultó en que la fracción precipitable predominó en las muestras tomadas en el reactor ya que es un tratamiento clave para su eliminación, mientras que en el resto de muestras analizadas el yodo inorgánico disuelto fue mayoritario. Otro descubrimiento relevante fue constatar que los reactores que presentaban una mayor disminución de la concentración del nitrógeno kjeldahl mostraron también una reducción significativa del I-131. Respecto al modelo, un total del 82 % de las concentraciones de I-131 simuladas para los efluentes de planta se ajustaron satisfactoriamente a los resultados experimentales considerando las incertidumbres

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32

Verrelli, D. I. "Drinking water treatment sludge production and dewaterabilityф." D. I. Verrelli, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3521.

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The provision of clean drinking water typically involves treatment processes to remove contaminants. The conventional process involves coagulation with hydrolysing metal salts, typically of aluminium (‘alum’) or trivalent iron (‘ferric’). Along with the product water this also produces a waste by-product, or sludge. The fact of increasing sludge production — due to higher levels of treatment and greater volume of water supply — conflicts with modern demands for environmental best practice, leading to higher financial costs. A further issue is the significant quantity of water that is held up in the sludge, and wasted.
One means of dealing with these problems is to dewater the sludge further. This reduces the volume of waste to be disposed of. The consistency is also improved (e.g. for the purpose of landfilling). And a significant amount of water can be recovered. The efficiency, and efficacy, of this process depends on the dewaterability of the sludge.In fact, good dewaterability is vital to the operation of conventional drinking water treatment plants (WTP’s). The usual process of separating the particulates, formed from a blend of contaminants and coagulated precipitate, relies on ‘clarification’ and ‘thickening’, which are essentially settling operations of solid–liquid separation.WTP operators — and researchers — do attempt to measure sludge dewaterability, but usually rely on empirical characterisation techniques that do not tell the full story and can even mislead. Understanding of the physical and chemical nature of the sludge is also surprisingly rudimentary, considering the long history of these processes.
The present work begins by reviewing the current state of knowledge on raw water and sludge composition, with special focus on solid aluminium and iron phases and on fractal aggregate structure. Next the theory of dewatering is examined, with the adopted phenomenological theory contrasted with empirical techniques and other theories.The foundation for subsequent analyses is laid by experimental work which establishes the solid phase density of WTP sludges. Additionally, alum sludges are found to contain pseudoböhmite, while 2-line ferrihydrite and goethite are identified in ferric sludges.
A key hypothesis is that dewaterability is partly determined by the treatment conditions. To investigate this, numerous WTP sludges were studied that had been generated under diverse conditions: some plant samples were obtained, and the remainder were generated in the laboratory (results were consistent). Dewaterability was characterised for each sludge in concentration ranges relevant to settling, centrifugation and filtration using models developed by LANDMAN and WHITE inter alia; it is expressed in terms of both equilibrium and kinetic parameters, py(φ) and R(φ) respectively.This work confirmed that dewaterability is significantly influenced by treatment conditions.The strongest correlations were observed when varying coagulation pH and coagulant dose. At high doses precipitated coagulant controls the sludge behaviour, and dewaterability is poor. Dewaterability deteriorates as pH is increased for high-dose alum sludges; other sludges are less sensitive to pH. These findings can be linked to the faster coagulation dynamics prevailing at high coagulant and alkali dose.Alum and ferric sludges in general had comparable dewaterabilities, and the characteristics of a magnesium sludge were similar too.Small effects on dewaterability were observed in response to variations in raw water organic content and shearing. Polymer flocculation and conditioning appeared mainly to affect dewaterability at low sludge concentrations. Ageing did not produce clear changes in dewaterability.Dense, compact particles are known to dewater better than ‘fluffy’ aggregates or flocs usually encountered in drinking water treatment. This explains the superior dewaterability of a sludge containing powdered activated carbon (PAC). Even greater improvements were observed following a cycle of sludge freezing and thawing for a wide range of WTP sludges.
Further aspects considered in the present work include deviations from simplifying assumptions that are usually made. Specifically: investigation of long-time dewatering behaviour, wall effects, non-isotropic stresses, and reversibility of dewatering (or ‘elasticity’).Several other results and conclusions, of both theoretical and experimental nature, are presented on topics of subsidiary or peripheral interest that are nonetheless important for establishing a reliable basis for research in this area.
This work has proposed links between industrial drinking water coagulation conditions, sludge dewaterability from settling to filtration, and the microstructure of the aggregates making up that sludge. This information can be used when considering the operation or design of a WTP in order to optimise sludge dewaterability, within the constraints of producing drinking water of acceptable quality.

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33

Dowd, Frances S. "Municipal wastewater treatment plants' nitrogen removal response to financial incentives in Maryland and Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56479.

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As one of the largest and most productive estuaries in the United States, the Chesapeake Bay is a great economic, ecological, and cultural asset to the Mid-Atlantic region. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus discharge, however, has contributed to reduced levels of dissolved oxygen in various locations throughout the Bay. In 2010, the EPA developed a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the entire watershed that established nutrient reduction targets to achieve Bay water quality objectives. The TMDL required states in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to create implementation plans to meet nutrient reductions. Maryland and Virginia specifically established stringent point source regulatory policies designed to meet point source reduction targets. Point source control programs created financial incentives for reducing nutrient discharge beyond regulatory requirements. This thesis will examine the extent to which Maryland and Virginia wastewater treatment plants undertake operational improvements to increase nutrient removal in response to state program incentives. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, this thesis found evidence of lowered nitrogen discharges in response to financial incentives presented by each states point source control programs at municipal wastewater treatment plants. Maryland achieves modest improvements at a subset of advanced treatment WWTPs as a result of financial incentives presented by the state's public subsidy program. Although Virginia advanced treatment plants operating within a nutrient trading program have little incentive to over-comply, there is some evidence of operational improvements at less advanced nitrogen removal plants
Master of Science

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Dale, Cari K. "Achieving effective asset management for water and wastewater utilities: A comparison of policy options for a special district and a medium city." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2812.

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This project developed a model for effective asset management drawn from successful programs in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Asset management practices were examined at the City of Ontario Utilities Department; a medium sized utility, and also at the Rainbow Municipal Water District, a small sized utility. Gaps between the ideal model and the existing practices were investigated.

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CAPOLETI, CARLA. "Biomonitoramento da qualidade da água na Estação de Tratamento de Água Rio Grande, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11339.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Cornejo, Pablo K. "Environmental Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Plants Integrated with Resource Recovery: The Impact of Context and Scale." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5669.

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There is an urgent need for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to adapt to a rise in water and energy demands, prolonged periods of drought, climate variability, and resource scarcity. As population increases, minimizing the carbon and energy footprints of wastewater treatment, while properly managing nutrients is crucial to improving the sustainability WWTPs. Integrated resource recovery can mitigate the environmental impact of wastewater treatment systems; however, the mitigation potential depends on various factors such as treatment technology, resource recovery strategy, and system size. Amidst these challenges, this research seeks to investigate the environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) integrating resource recovery (e.g., water reuse, energy recovery and nutrient recycling) in different contexts (developing versus developed world) and at different scales (household, community, and city). The over-arching hypothesis guiding this research is that: Context and scale impact the environmental sustainability of WWTPs integrated with resource recovery. Three major research tasks were designed to contribute to a greater understanding of the environmental sustainability of resource recovery integrated with wastewater treatment systems. They include a framework development task (Chapter 2), scale assessment task (Chapter 3), and context assessment task (Chapter 4). The framework development task includes a critical review of literature and models used to design a framework to assess the environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment and integrated resource recovery strategies. Most studies used life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess these systems. LCA is a quantitative tool, which estimates the environmental impact of a system over its lifetime. Based on this review, a comprehensive system boundary was selected to assess the life cycle impacts of collection, treatment, and distribution over the construction and operation and maintenance life stages. Additionally, resource recovery offsets associated with water reuse, energy recovery, and nutrient recycling are considered. The framework’s life cycle inventory includes material production and delivery, equipment operation, energy production, sludge disposal, direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and nutrients discharged to the environment. Process-based LCA is used to evaluate major environmental impact categories, including global impacts (e.g., carbon footprint, embodied energy) and local impacts (e.g., eutrophication potential). This is followed by an interpretation of results using sensitivity or uncertainty analysis. The scale assessment task investigates how scale impacts the environmental sustainability of three wastewater treatment systems integrated with resource recovery in a U.S. context. Household, community, and city scale systems using mechanized technologies applicable to a developed world setting were investigated. The household system was found to have the highest environmental impacts due high electricity usage for treatment and distribution, methane emissions from the septic tank, and high nutrient discharges. Consequently, the life cycle impacts of passive nutrient reduction systems with low energy usage at the household level merit further investigation. The community scale system highlights trade-offs between global impacts (e.g., embodied energy and carbon footprint) and local impacts (e.g., eutrophication potential) where low nutrient pollution can be achieved at the cost of a high embodied energy and carbon footprint. The city scale system had the lowest global impacts due to economies of scale and the benefits of integrating all three forms of resource recovery: Energy recovery, water reuse, and nutrient recycling. Integrating these three strategies at the city scale led to a 49% energy offset, which mitigates the carbon footprint associated with water reuse. The context assessment task investigates how context impacts the environmental sustainability of selected community scale systems in both Bolivia and the United States. In this task, rural developing world and urban developed world wastewater management solutions with resource recovery strategies are compared. Less mechanized treatment technologies used in rural Bolivia were found to have a lower carbon footprint and embodied energy than highly mechanized technologies used in urban United States. However, the U.S. community system had a lower eutrophication potential than the Bolivia systems, highlighting trade-offs between global and local impacts. Furthermore, collection and direct methane emissions had more important energy and carbon implications in Bolivia, whereas treatment electricity was dominant for the U.S. community system. Water reuse offsets of embodied energy and carbon footprint were higher for the U.S community system, because high quality potable water is replaced instead of river water. In contrast, water reuse offsets of eutrophication potential were high for the Bolivia systems, highlighting the importance of matching treatment level to end-use application. One of the Bolivia systems benefits from the integration of water, energy, and nutrient recovery leading to beneficial offsets of both global and local impacts. This research can potentially lead to transformative thinking on the appropriate scale of WWTPs with integrated resource recovery, while highlighting that context lead to changes in the dominant contributors to environmental impact, appropriate technologies, and mitigation strategies.

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Galvis, Gerardo. "Development and evaluation of multistage filtration plants : an innovative, robust and efficient water treatment technology." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843701/.

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1. This thesis addresses the major problem of providing 'safe' drinking water to small rural and urban populations, which are dependent upon polluted surface water sources. The problem is addressed in the context of the Andean highlands of Colombia and based on gravity flow systems, but the solutions proposed may be applicable in other parts of the world. 2. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the appropriate combinations of different type of filtration stages provide a uniform quality of water of low risk to consumers. Where institutional and community development make chemical disinfection constantly reliable, the addition of low dose terminal disinfection should be enough to ensure that the drinking supply is safe. 3. The hypothesis was initially tested in the Cauca River valley at pilot scale. A range of designs of upflow, downflow and horizontal flow coarse gravel filters followed by slow sand filtration were compared in an intensive evaluation for their ability to remove key water quality parameters. A novel dynamic fine gravel filter was developed by the author and introduced in advance of the coarse gravel filters to cope with peaks of suspended solids. 4. Highly improved filtrates were achieved during the pilot scale trials and detailed comparative analyses demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of all component stages. Bacteriological and turbidity removals were particularly impressive compared with earlier studies in Peru and elsewhere. The most efficient combinations of filtration stages consistently achieved five-log faecal coliform removal and this contributed to the full-scale application of the technology within the region. 5. Full scale systems in a range of locations in the Cauca Valley, and elsewhere in Colombia, have demonstrated convincingly that the combination of dynamic gravel filtration, single or multistage coarse gravel filtration and slow sand filtration provide a robust, reliable and efficient technology. It can be successfully operated and maintained at community level, and even without terminal disinfection, multistage filtration provides a consistently low risk drinking water. The inclusion of terminal disinfection provides a fail-safe barrier against occasional high peaks of pollution. 6. The work carried out during the course of this thesis has established multistage gravel filtration as an essential technology when dealing with polluted waters of highly variable quality, and more appropriate and economical than so-called 'conventional' water treatment for small to medium size rural and urban communities. 7. The research has introduced and established dynamic fine gravel filters as a vital and economical component in multistage filtration, which is capable of dealing with occasional high peaks of pollution within established routines of maintenance. 8. The studies on full-scale systems over the past 5 to 10 years have demonstrated that the technology is sustainable in the hands of local operators as a result of a participatory and joint- learning project approaches. 9. The limits of the technology with respect to extremes of raw water quality have been defined. A selection procedure to identify and combine filtration stages in a treatment plant is proposed. It is based on a set of treatment objectives, contamination levels in raw water sources, and removal efficiencies expected at each treatment stage.

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Coogan, Melinda Ann La Point Thomas W. "Bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyl-triclosan in a North Texas wastewater treatment plant receiving stream and effects of triclosan on algal lipid synthesis." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3986.

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Bozinis, Nikolaos. "Optimal design and operation of multi-purpose anaerobic co-digestion wastewater treatment plants under seasonal variation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7275.

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Renew, Jay Earl. "Novel analytical method development and fate assessment for fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide and trimethoprim antibiotics in engineered water treatment systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19910.

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41

Icardi, Keely Marie. "The Microbial Community Composition of Cincinnati Wastewater Treatment Plants and Eutrophic Freshwater Lakes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1547061201437937.

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42

Hilmer, Tanja. "Water in society integrated optimisation of sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants with computational intelligence tools." Berlin mbv, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990627608/04.

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43

Carey, Heath Nicolas. "The Missoula Poplar Project: Utilizing Poplars to Enhance Wastewater Treatment." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05142010-135901/.

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Wastewater treatment plants rank second to agricultural runoff in the top ten major pollution sources to U.S. surface waters. Such nutrient-rich inputs can degrade aquatic ecosystems by accelerating eutrophication events, especially in summer months when surface water flows are low. Alternative treatment practices, modeled after natural ecosystem processes, could reduce nutrient inputs to surface waters while accumulating biomass and sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide. I designed and implemented an alternative treatment strategy, using effluent to fertilize trees at the Missoula Wastewater Treatment Facility. The objectives of this work were to assess: 1) environmental impacts of effluent application; 2) tree survivorship; and 3) growth effects. A two acre plantation was established in May 2009 by planting 316 dormant, unrooted stem cuttings of two hybrid poplar species, Populus deltoides X Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides X Populus nigra, and the native Black Cottonwood, Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa. The effects of effluent fertilization on poplar growth, soil and ground water nutrient contents were monitored throughout the first growing season of this pilot project. Effluent fertilization nearly doubled poplar growth, and as suspected, had no major impacts on soil or ground water nutrient concentrations. Continued research at this site is necessary to observe environmental impacts as effluent loading rates increase. Our initial results suggest that surface application of wastewater effluent offers a valuable strategy for decreasing effluent input rates to the Clark Fork River. Moreover, this project offers smaller communities a "blue print" from which to design similar projects that remediate nutrient-rich effluent in a cost-effective way.

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Kasongo, Wa Kasongo Godwill. "Enhancement of membrane surface characteristics to improve membrane performance and durability in the treatment of municipal MBR effluent." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2695.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Fresh, clean water has always been critical for the world's social development. Supply of water can be reinforced through recycling and reuse; and secondary treatment of municipal wastewater effluent with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by a reverse osmosis (RO) process, has emerged as a crucial treatment process for water reuse. However, fouling of RO membranes in such process is unavoidable. This leads to poor performance, increase in operational cost and degradation of the membrane material, which reduces the membrane life span. Various researches have been conducted to provide an understanding of the mechanism of fouling, and methods have been developed to minimize it. In this research, the effect of surface modification to minimise fouling on a thin film composite polyamide RO membrane was investigated. This study was divided into three parts, namely: membrane modification, biofouling and filtration using RO. Two modifying agents, PVA and DMAEMA, were used as grafting solutions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used as the biofoulant to study the ant-biofouling properties of the membranes. A make-up synthetic MBR secondary effluent feed was used in a bench scale RO process. During the membrane modification process, the membrane was treated using two different approaches. Firstly, the covalent attachment of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through Glutaraldehyde (GA) onto the surface and secondly the redox initiated grafting of dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA PVA and DMAEMA grafting solutions were applied at four different concentrations). The PVA and DMAEMA modifying agents were successfully grafted onto the membrane top layers and were confirmed by the functional groups, present, using the Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The morphology of the membrane surfaces was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after treatment. SEM analysis showed better membrane structures with PVA grafting compared to DMAEMA.

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Caraballo, Ginna. "An Arduino Based Control System for a Brackish Water Desalination Plant." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804931/.

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Water scarcity for agriculture is one of the most important challenges to improve food security worldwide. In this thesis we study the potential to develop a low-cost controller for a small scale brackish desalination plant that consists of proven water treatment technologies, reverse osmosis, cation exchange, and nanofiltration to treat groundwater into two final products: drinking water and irrigation water. The plant is powered by a combination of wind and solar power systems. The low-cost controller uses Arduino Mega, and Arduino DUE, which consist of ATmega2560 and Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 CPU microcontrollers. These are widely used systems characterized for good performance and low cost. However, Arduino also requires drivers and interfaces to allow the control and monitoring of sensors and actuators. The thesis explains the process, as well as the hardware and software implemented.

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Carlson, Mark A. "Oxidation of trihalomethane-precursors and manganese(II) by chlorine dioxide and permanganate." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53924.

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The objectives were to evaluate permanganate and chlorine dioxide as preoxidants both when they were dosed individually and when they were dosed together, for their abilities to improve water treatment plant performance. The specific goals were to determine the effect of the preoxidant conditions on coagulant requirements, filter operation, and the removals of organic carbon, trihalomethane precursors, iron, and manganese. Also, the interaction of the preoxidants with each other when dosed together was investigated. The preoxidant conditions were evaluated on both plant- and laboratory-scale bases. The plant-scale study focused on the ability of the preoxidants to enhance those aspects of plant performance listed above. The laboratory-scale study reinforced the results of the plant-scale study and included investigations to the interactions between the two oxidants when they were dosed simultaneously. The plant-scale study yielded information regarding the extent to which these oxidants helped remove the raw water constituents listed previously. The laboratory-scale study expanded on these results and included information concerning the reasons why these oxidants performed in the manner that they did. During the period of lake stratification, when trihalomethane removal caused the greatest treatment concerns, chlorine dioxide provided the greatest removal efficiency (65 percent), but organic carbon removal suffered (45 percent), While the lake was mixing and reduced manganese posed the greatest treatment concerns, the simultaneous use of chlorine dioxide and permanganate resulted in the greatest removal efficiency (95 percent), however, objectionable tastes-and-odors were formed. In comparison, chlorine dioxide was more apt to oxidize organic compounds (including trihalomethane and taste-and-odor precursors), and permanganate was more apt to oxidize manganese(II). When the two oxidants were dosed simultaneously, chlorine dioxide had the capacity to maintain permanganate for extended periods, possibly beyond the hydraulic retention time of the plant. Methods were developed to measure 1) chlorite concentrations in the presence of oxidized forms of manganese and 2) the relative sizes and shapes of molecular—size distributions of naturally occurring organic matter.
Ph. D.

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Tickes, Barry R., and Stanley Heathman. "Eptam 10% Granules vs. Eptam 7EC Water Run as a Preplant Treatment in Alfalfa." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201340.

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A test was conducted to compare EPTC applied preplant to alfalfa as a 10% granule and as a emulsifiable concentrate metered into the irrigation water. Observations and measurements on weed control and phytotoxicity were recorded EPTC appeared to be more active in controlling weeds and injuring seedling alfalfa when applied to 3.0 lb./acre as a granule rather than the same rate applied as a water run.

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Palma, Heredia David. "Development of strategies for waste valorisation in waste water treatment plants (WWTPS): Consorci Besòs Tordera case study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671580.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop and apply to a real case study a method to allow easier WWTP development planning and implementation of circular economy related processes in the wastewater treatment sector. In the WWTP system, sewage sludge is the main waste produced. Hence, the processes regarding its production and transformation are the focus of the thesis
El objetivo de la tesis es desarrollar y aplicar a un caso de estudio real un método que permita facilitar la planificación del desarrollo de EDAR y la implementación de procesos relativos a la economía circular en el sector del saneamiento. En el sistema de la EDAR, el fango de depuración es el principal residuo producido. Por tanto, los procesos relativos a su producción, transformación y valorización son el foco de la tesis

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Perusini, Heather Brittany. "Temporal Variation of Mercury in Effluent from Two Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Southwest Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1472248610.

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李爵好. "Sludge dewatering on water treatment plants." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61331798058807212101.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water treatment plants'

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