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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water-tube boilers

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Academic literature on the topic 'Water-tube boilers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 September 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water-tube boilers"

1

Milton, J. T. "WATER-TUBE BOILERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 6, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1894.tb05838.x.

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Soliani, Nabor. "WATER TUBE BOILERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 7, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 97–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1895.tb01069.x.

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Scott, J. Alvah. "WATER-TUBE BOILERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1898.tb01897.x.

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Almy, Darwin. "WATER TUBE BOILERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 10, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1898.tb05767.x.

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Huang, Hui Lan, and Gang Li. "Analysis of the Performance for a Group-Annulus Type Oil-Fired Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2921.

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To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional hot-water boilers, a oil-fired hot water boilers is improved design for a group-annulus structure. A finished product boiler is thermodynamic analyzed with the tested heat generation amount equivalent to 350 kW. The results indicate that the unique heat exchange structure of group-annulus type hot-water boilers can reduce thermal stresses and intensify convection heat exchange. The radiation heat-exchange space is 2 times more than that of the shell-tube boiler, and surfaces inside the furnace are comparatively large. Compared with shell-tube type boilers, the group-annulus type boilers is made a distinction with small volume and heat-exchange surface area, low metal consumption and high ratio of performance to cost under the same total heat-exchange quantity.

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Watkinson, W. H. "CIRCULATION IN WATER-TUBE BOILERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 8, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1896.tb00731.x.

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Tuński, Tomasz, Cezary Behrendt, and Marcin Szczepanek. "Mathematical Modeling of the Working Conditions of the Ship’s Utilization Boiler in Order to Evaluate Its Performance." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163105.

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The paper presents a mathematical model allowing the determination of the amount of saturated steam produced in marine water tube boilers and smoke tube boilers. The mathematical model includes the impact of the exhaust gas temperature and its amount, ambient temperature, engine power load, and location of boiler tubes. In addition to the amount of steam generated in a boiler, it is also feasible to establish flow resistance of the exhaust gas in the boiler determined by the boiler tubes’ arrangement and the thickness of scale deposits and the exhaust gas temperature after the exhaust gas boiler. Due to the model universality, it may be applied not only to make calculations for existing boilers, but also to perform numerical experiments in order to determine the amount of steam produced by the entire range of boilers used in the waste heat recovery systems in power marine systems and the adopted limit values, such as exhaust gas flow resistance and their temperature, after the boiler. The reliability of the obtained results has been revised by comparing them with the outcomes of the experiments performed on the ships.

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Kurepin, Maxim P., and Mikhail Yu Serbinovskiy. "Simulation and optimization of water-wall tube panels design for power boilers." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800112.

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The article presents a water-wall tube panels simulation technique that uses finite element method as well as the power boiler water-wall structure design optimization method. Results of the proposed method verification and its application to the design of boilers of different capacities are discussed. The technique is to replace water-wall tube panels with equivalent plates. Replacement plates’ parameters calculation is reported, panels one-way heating metering is described. Optimization of the water-wall structure design is carried out in two stages: at the first stage, water-wall tube panels are replaced with orthotropic plates; at the second stage, sub-simulation with solid models is used to identify problem areas of the design. Solid-state models of the problem areas get connected to the orthotropic plates at calculated boundary conditions. The described approach improves accuracy of the simulation results and significantly reduces the models complexity and its computation time. The proposed simulation and optimization method has been tested and successfully applied to design power steam boilers with steam generating capacity of 500, 1030 and 1900 tons of steam per hour. As a result, while maintaining the specified reliability and durability, significant reduction of metal content in boiler structure is achieved.

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Taler, Jan, Dawid Taler, Tomasz Sobota, and Piotr Dzierwa. "New technique of the local heat flux measurement in combustion chambers of steam boilers." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0016-2.

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New technique of the local heat flux measurement in combustion chambers of steam boilers A new method for measurement of local heat flux to water-walls of steam boilers was developed. A flux meter tube was made from an eccentric tube of short length to which two longitudinal fins were attached. These two fins prevent the boiler setting from heating by a thermal radiation from the combustion chamber. The fins are not welded to the adjacent water-wall tubes, so that the temperature distribution in the heat flux meter is not influenced by neighbouring water-wall tubes. The thickness of the heat flux tube wall is larger on the fireside to obtain a greater distance between the thermocouples located inside the wall which increases the accuracy of heat flux determination. Based on the temperature measurements at selected points inside the heat flux meter, the heat flux absorbed by the water-wall, heat transfer coefficient on the inner tube surface and temperature of the water-steam mixture was determined.

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Nie, Li Jun, Yang Liu, and Mei Huang. "The Design of Electrostatic Precipitation for the Home Heating Boiler with Fine Coal Water Slurry Combustion." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1972.

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The coal-water slurry produced with Datong coal was tested in a home boiler for heating. The experiment results of dust collection with the new tube type electrostatic precipitation of fly ash of coal water slurry combustion fit the emission standard of air pollutants for boilers (GB 13271-2001). The parameters for the electrostatic precipitation are as follows: the drift velocity of fly ash of coal water slurry combustion, 10.39 cm/s, the number of the tube, 64, the size of the tube, 25.6cm×25.6cm×20cm, the power, 0.24kW.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water-tube boilers"

1

Kulas, Gregory S. "An investigation of some factors affecting the corrosion of carbon steel boiler tube material exposed to simulated kraft smelt." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5494.

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Kuriger, Raymond J. "Phase Analysis and Modeling of Scale Deposition in Steel Tubes." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1450375676.

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Pacheco, Susana Leonor Fonseca dos Santos Delicado. "As caldeiras Babcock & Wilcox em Portugal (1867 a 1926), uma inovação? Análise do ponto de vista da arqueologia industrial." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21387.

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Esta dissertação pretende estudar as caldeiras Babcock & Wilcox em Portugal no período entre 1867 e 1926. Para tal combina-se o estudo destes objectos da cultura material propriamente dito com as fontes escritas e orais, tratando-se de uma tese que põe em prática a interdisciplinaridade da Arqueologia Industrial. Desta forma pretendese dar a conhecer melhor um tipo de património industrial relativamente pouco conhecido até aqui, através da criação do seu inventário o mais completo possível. Começa-se por analisar o impacto destas caldeiras em Portugal, não só em termos geográficos, mas também ao nível da sua aplicação nos vários sectores económicos e sociais. Tratando-se de uma dissertação de mestrado em Arqueologia, não é suficiente analisar os objectos só por si, pelo que se revela aqui fundamental tentar perceber a importância que estes tiveram na sociedade que lhes foi contemporânea. Quando abordamos questões associadas com património industrial é impossível não mencionar a sua preservação, que tantos problemas levanta, apresentando-se aqui alguns exemplos daquilo que se verifica em Portugal. Assim tenciona-se, também, sensibilizar as várias entidades responsáveis para esta situação, antes que seja demasiado tarde.
This dissertation intends to study Babcock & Wilcox boilers in Portugal between 1867 and 1926. For this, the study of these objects of material culture is combined with written and oral sources, this being a thesis that implements the interdisciplinarity of the Industrial Archaeology. In this way it is intended to further explain a type of industrial heritage relatively less known until now, by creating its inventory as complete as possible. Beggining by analyzing the impact of these boilers in Portugal, not only in geographical terms, but also in terms of their application in the various economic and social sectors. It is not enough to analyze the objects alone, so it is fundamental to try understanding the importance they had in the society that was contemporary to them. When we address issues associated with industrial heritage, it is impossible not to mention its preservation, which presents many problems, and in this work are some examples of what is happening in Portugal. It is also intended to raise the awareness of the various entities responsible for this situation, before its too late.

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Books on the topic "Water-tube boilers"

1

Howell, David R. Industrial materials for the future R&D strategies: A case study of boiler materials for the pulp and paper industry. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003.

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2

Babcock & Wilcox Company. Steam: Its Generation and Use. Nabu Press, 2010.

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3

C, Stultz S., Kitto John B, and Babcock & Wilcox Company., eds. Steam, its generation and use. 4th ed. Barberton, Ohio: Babcock & Wilcox, 1992.

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B, Kitto John, Stultz S. C, and Babcock & Wilcox Company., eds. Steam, its generation and use. 4th ed. Barberton, Ohio: Babcock & Wilcox, 2005.

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5

V, Balakrishnan P., and Chalk River Laboratories. Reactor Chemistry Branch., eds. Hideout of sea water impurities in steam generator tube deposits: Laboratory and field studies. Chalk River, Ont: Reactor Chemistry Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, 1996.

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6

Eckert, Jeffrey Allen. Maintenance welding of water filled SA 210 Gr. C boiler tubing. 1994.

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7

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Fire Tube Steam and Vertical Water Tube Steel Power Boilers and Other Stationary and Marine Power Boilers Excluding for Nuclear Applications. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Fire Tube Steam and Vertical Water Tube Steel Power Boilers and Other Stationary and Marine Power Boilers Excluding for Nuclear Applications. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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9

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering Technology. and Argonne National Laboratory, eds. Assessment of current understanding of mechanisms of initiation, arrest, and reinitiation of stress corrosion cracks in PWR steam generator tubing. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2000.

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Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office., AEA Technology. Energy Technology Support Unit., British Sugar, and Ewbank Preece Ltd, eds. The Application of combustion air pre-heating to 5OT/H water-tube boilers: A demonstration at British Sugar plc. Harwell: ETSU, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water-tube boilers"

1

Flanagan, G. T. H. "Water Tube Boilers." In Marine Boilers, 27–48. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-434-90606-2.50007-0.

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2

Seaton, Albert Edward. "“Use of Water-tube Boilers in the Mercantile Marine”." In ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 1897, 1–11. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ec1897.45200.0035.

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"Role of Water Chemistry in Boiler Tube Failure." In Failure Investigation of Boiler Tubes, 379–408. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430379.

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"Alkaline-Type Boiler Tube Failures Induced by Phosphate Water Treatment." In Handbook of Case Histories in Failure Analysis, 141–44. ASM International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.v02.c9001321.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water-tube boilers"

1

Zhao, Wei-guang, Ying Yang, Guo-qing Xia, and Ya-jun Wang. "A Universal Thermal Dynamic Non-Linear Model for Water Tube Drum Boilers." In 2012 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2012.6307052.

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Gowatski, Shawn. "Improving Boiler Reliability Through NDT." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60056.

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TesTex, Inc. has worked with numerous utilities that experienced Boiler Tube Failures in areas such as water walls, superheaters, reheaters, etc. In this presentation we will discuss specific areas of a given boiler describing what problems (failures) the units were experiencing and what solutions were implemented. We will also discuss various failure mechanisms for boiler tubing, the causes, and various Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods used to locate and identify these flaws. Some specific case studies of boiler tube failures are listed below. Xcel Energy-Valmont Station, Boulder, CO Boiler: This 166mw Coal Fired Boiler was experiencing water wall tube failures due to corrosion cells and hydrogen damage. This unit has been inspected with Low Frequency Electromagnetic Technique (LFET) four times over the last seven years. This unit has gone from experiencing tube failures every two weeks to only having 1–2 failures per year. Western, PA Power Plant: This 835 MW Coal Fired Boiler was experiencing reheater tube failures due to oxidation pitting in their horizontal sections. Sections of this reheater were inspected with the Low Frequency Electromagnetic Technique using Low Profile scanners to access the bottom half of the tubes in the horizontal sections. Several flaws were found and repairs were made. Similar inspections were also performed in the plant’s other two boilers where no defects were found. These inspections helped the plant locate and make repairs to flawed regions in the boilers. Their run-time between boilers tube failures has risen significantly.

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Tang, Guangwu, Bin Wu, Kurt Johnson, Albert Kirk, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "Simulation of an Industrial Tangentially Fired Boiler Firing Metallurgical Gases." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63219.

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In industrial environments, boiler units are widely used to supply heat and electrical power. At an integrated steel mill, industrial boilers combust a variable mixture of metallurgical gases combined with additional fuels to generate high-pressure superheated steam. Most tangentially fired boilers have experienced water wall tube failures in the combustion zone, which are thought to be caused by some deficiency in the combustion process. The challenge faced in this present process is that there are very limited means to observe the boiler operation. In this study, a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation of an industrial tangentially fired boiler firing metallurgical gases was conducted. Simulation results obtained from the assembled CFD model were validated by industrial experiments. A quick comparison of the flame shape from the simulation to the actual flame in the boiler showed a good agreement. The flow field and temperature distribution inside the tangentially fired boiler were analyzed under the operation conditions, and a wall water tube overheating problem was observed and directly related to the flow characteristics.

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Marra, Dominic. "Optimizing Boiler Generating Bank Tube Reliability Through the Use of IRIS Non Destructive Testing." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2223.

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The boilers’ generating bank (convective) section began suffering repeated random failures at the Miami-Dade County Resources Recovery Facility. The plant embarked on an optimization program to better identify and target the failures using non destructive ultrasonic Internal Rotary Inspection Services (IRIS) testing. Through the use of the IRIS nondestructive testing method, the plant was able to identify 3 major contributors to tube failures by mapping out the locations of the tube wastage across all 4 boilers at the facility. The testing allowed optimizing the use of resources allocated to this area of the boiler and resulted in a considerable drop of unscheduled downtime and increase in generating bank tube reliability. The IRIS testing method involves an ultrasonic probe that is lowered down the inside of the tubes. The tubes are flooded with water in order to get a full 360-degree thickness survey of the tubes from top to bottom, (steam drum to mud drum). The data for over 4.7 miles (7.5 Km) of linear tube per boiler is recorded digitally and presented on a CD. By pinpointing the location and severity of tube wastage across the entire generating bank section, the root cause of the failures could be identified. An integrated solution was developed involving a combination of tube replacements, shielding, tube plugging, and soot blower optimization. This paper summarizes the results of the testing and optimization program.

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Платин, Иван Владимирович, and Елена Васильевна Драбкина. "ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF WATER BOILERS OF SMALL POWER." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июль 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt186.2020.74.16.005.

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Приведены основные направления развития котлов малой мощности и выполнен анализ существующих способов интенсификации теплообмена в этих котлах. Выявлена обобщающая зависимость, достоверно отражающая влияние промежуточных излучателей на теплообмен в конвективных поверхностях водотрубных котлов. Применение промежуточных излучателей позволяет повысить энергоэффективность котлов малой мощности и снизить их негативное влияние на окружающую среду. The main directions of development of low-power boilers are given and the analysis of existing methods of heat transfer intensification in these boilers is performed. A generalizing dependence has been revealed that reliably reflects the effect of intermediate emitters on heat transfer in the convective surfaces of water tube boilers. The use of intermediate emitters can improve the energy efficiency of low-power boilers and reduce their negative impact on the environment.

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Si, Jun, Zhenrong Yan, and Jianjun Chen. "Failure Analysis of Spiral Water Wall Tube Cracking in Ultra-Supercritical Power Plant Boiler." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63260.

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The efficiency of conventional boiler/steam turbine fossil power plants has strong relationship to the steam temperature and pressure. At present, steam temperatures of the most efficient fossil power plants are now in the 600°C range. Higher-strength materials are needed for upper water wall tube of boilers with steam pressure above 24 MPa. A high-strength 2.5%Cr steel recently approved by ASME code as T23 is the preferred candidate material for this application. Due to its superior properties, T23 steel is typically not post-weld heat treated. However, after several years running there are a lot of incident reports for T23 tubes especially the breakage of weldment in the ultra-supercritical power plant. This is cause for concern for T23 tubes weldment used under high temperature environments. Previous studies showed that the residual stress may play an important role to the performance of spiral water wall tube. In this paper, the distribution of residual stress in T23 tube weldment has been investigated in detail. Inner wall cracks were found at the butt-jointed seam region of spiral water wall tubes by radiographic testing after one year’s operation. Failure analysis of the spiral water wall tube cracking was conducted by chemical composition analysis, mechanical testing and finite element analysis in this paper. It was found that localized residual stress after the weld process caused concentrated stress, which is the primary reason for failure. Our studies illustrate the necessity of post weld heat treatment for the T23 tubes used under high temperature.

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Vrchota, Stephen, and Tim Peterson. "Updated Case Study of Fireside Corrosion Management in an RDF Fired Energy-From-Waste Boiler." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3512.

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Fireside corrosion management in energy-from-waste (EfW) boilers is the leading cost of boiler maintenance. The combustion of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) processed from municipal solid waste in a boiler for power generation produces a very corrosive environment for boiler tube materials. Water wall corrosion has been greatly reduced by the use of Alloy 625 overlay in the highest corrosion areas. This paper will describe the progression of water wall corrosion up the boiler walls and novel attempts to reduce this problem. This paper presents an updated case study conducted at the Great River Energy plant in Elk River, MN from 2003–2009 on corrosion management. Areas to be addressed are protection of exposed carbon steel water wall tubes, management of Alloy 625 weld overlay on the water walls and corrosion in the high temperature superheat sections. Methods for testing and maintaining the corrosion resistant Alloy 625 cladding are reviewed. High temperature superheat material selection and shielding are reviewed with information leading to a cost effective solution that requires superheat replacement every three years with very few tube failures between replacements.

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8

Hokazono, Mitch, and Clayton T. Smith. "Parametric Study of External Pressure on Steam Generator Tube Bends." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78592.

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Integral light-water reactor designs propose the use of steam generators located within the reactor vessel. Steam generator tubes in these designs must withstand external pressure loadings to prevent buckling, which is affected by material strength, fabrication techniques, chemical environment and tube geometry. Experience with fired tube boilers has shown that buckling in boiler tubes is greatly alleviated by controlling ovality in bends when the tubes are fabricated. Light water reactor steam generator pressures will not cause a buckling problem in steam generators with reasonable fabrication limits on tube ovality and wall thinning. Utilizing existing Code rules, there is a significant design margin, even for the maximum differential pressure case. With reasonable bend design and fabrication limits the helical steam generator thermodynamic advantages can be realized without a buckling concern. This paper describes a theoretical methodology for determining allowable external pressure for steam generator tubes subject to tube ovality based on ASME Section III Code Case N-759-2 rules. A parametric study of the results of this methodology applied to an elliptical cross section with varying wall thicknesses, tube diameters, and ovality values is also presented.

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Porter, Mike, Dennis Martens, Sean McGuffie, and John Wheeler. "A Means of Avoiding Sulfur Recovery Reaction Furnace Fired Tube Boiler Failures." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-78073.

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One of the common causes of premature tube failure in fired tube boilers — technically described as film boiling — is overheating of the tubes caused by steam blanketing. Current literature contains a significant amount of information on this problem, but not much in the way of definitive guidance for avoiding the problem. General “rules of thumb” are available for identifying the heat flux limit required to avoid the problem as in Martens et al [1]. Unfortunately, the values presented by different sources are often in disagreement. This paper will look at a sulfur recovery unit (SRU) Claus waste heat boiler application and, through the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), develop a means of predicting the conditions that lead to steam blanketing and resultant tube failure. Local heat flux conditions at gas side discontinuities (such as the tube inlet ceramic ferrule terminations) combined with associated local water side steam entrainment, and steam generation with coupled velocity effects are discussed.

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10

Ju, Feng, Allen Miller, Simon Yuen, and Brian Tkachyk. "Sulfidation Rate Prediction on Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints in a Waste Heat Boiler in a Sulphur Plant." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-85070.

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Sulfidation corrosion of the carbon steel tubes at the tube-to-tubesheet joint often governs the life of waste heat boilers in sulphur recovery plants. Conventional tube joints typically have a welded joint located at the hot-side face of the tubesheet. An alternative design involves welding the tubesheet joint at the cold-side face of the tubesheet, close to the boiler feed water. The alternative design also employs stainless steel cladding on the tubesheet face and a tube-hole sleeve selectively at high-temperature locations. Finite element heat transfer analysis is used to establish the thermal profiles of the conventional and the alternative designs. From the worked example, the alternative design provided a lower metal temperature by approximately 80 °F at the joint, as compared to the conventional tube joint. Sulfidation rate prediction based on a sample gas composition using ASSET (Alloy Selection System for Elevated Temperatures) Software predicts that the alternative design can reduce the sulfidation rate by 35% because of the lower metal temperature.

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Reports on the topic "Water-tube boilers"

1

Sommer, T., and T. Melick. Utilization of coal-water fuels in fire-tube boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7025420.

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Sommer, T., and T. Melick. Utilization of coal-water fuels in fire-tube boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5193523.

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Sommer, T., and T. Melick. Utilization of coal-water fuels in fire-tube boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5167866.

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Sommer, T., T. Melick, and D. Morrison. Utilization of coal-water fuels in fire-tube boilers. Final report, October 1990--August 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/49118.

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Sommer, T., and T. Melick. Utilization of coal-water fuels in fire-tube boilers. Technical progress report, January 1--March 31, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10178220.

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