Journal articles: 'Water use – Zimbabwe'

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Gunda, L., E. Chikuni, H. Tazvinga, and J. Mudare. "Estimating wind power generation capacity in Zimbabwe using vertical wind profile extrapolation techniques: A case study." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i1a8205.

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Only 40% of Zimbabwe’s population has access to electricity. The greater proportion of the power is generated from thermal stations, with some from hydro and solar energy sources. However, there is little investment in the use of wind for electricity generation except for small installations in the Eastern Highlands, as Zimbabwe generally has wind speeds which are too low to be utilised for electricity generation. This paper presents the use of vertical wind profile extrapolation methods to determine the potential of generating electricity from wind at different hub heights in Zimbabwe, using the Hellman and exponential laws to estimate wind speeds. The estimated wind speeds are used to determine the potential of generating electricity from wind. Mangwe district in Matabeleland South province of Zimbabwe was used as a test site. Online weather datasets were used to estimate the wind speeds. The investigation shows that a 2.5kW wind turbine installation in Mangwe can generate more than 3MWh of energy per annum at hub heights above 40m, which is enough to supply power to a typical Zimbabwean rural village. This result will encourage investment in the use of wind to generate electricity in Zimbabwe. Highlights Wind power utilisation is low in Zimbabwe. Vertical wind profile is estimated using extrapolation methods. Online weather data for soil and water analysis tool was used. Electricity can viably be generated from wind in Zimbabwe.

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Kanda, Artwell, Mercy Murongazvombo, and France Ncube. "Adapting household water use in rural Zimbabwe." International Journal of Environmental Studies 74, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2017.1319622.

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Mutandwa, Hudson, and Tawanda Zinyama. "An Analysis of the Potential Use of Public-Private Partnerships in Water Infrastructural Development in Zimbabwe: The Case of Harare City Council." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v5i1.7366.

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The study was carried out to analyse the potential use of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in water infrastructural development in Harare City Council, Zimbabwe. PPPs play a pivotal role in water infrastructural development if fully implemented. Zimbabwe’s rate of uptake is low. There are preconditions that are necessary for successful implementation of PPPs inter alia political will (commitment) legal, institutional and political frameworks. Key informant interviews and documentary search were employed to gather data. The study established that Zimbabwe does not have the preconditions necessary for successful implementation of PPPs and this confirms the thesis. The main challenges include lack of legal and institutional framework, lack of political will, unconducive socio-economic environment. Zimbabwe’s water infrastructure is ramshackle. This is compounded by lack of fiscal space on the part of government to rehabilitate the infrastructure. PPPs could be a viable alternative to infrastructural development with the right environmental conditions. The study recommends that the government should quickly enact a PPP legal framework that enables the establishment of a PPP unit within the Ministry of Finance and this should be followed by an Act of Parliament which should institutionalize PPPs. The Government should promote a conducive investment climate.

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Mosler, H. J., S. M. Kraemer, and R. B. Johnston. "Achieving long-term use of solar water disinfection in Zimbabwe." Public Health 127, no. 1 (January 2013): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.001.

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Mugambiwa, S. S., and J. C. Makhubele. "Indigenous knowledge systems based climate governance in water and land resource management in rural Zimbabwe." Journal of Water and Climate Change 12, no. 5 (February 5, 2021): 2045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.183.

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Abstract This paper interrogates indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) based climate governance in water and land resource management in under-resourced areas of Zimbabwe. Water and land resources are fundamental for smallholder farmers and their productivity. The concept of IKS plays a significant role in climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe's rural communities. Climate change has a considerable influence on the success of agricultural production in the rural communities of Zimbabwe. Hence, it becomes fundamental to assess the community-based methods of climate governance. Qualitative multiple case study exploratory designs were employed with data collected through individual interviews with smallholder farmers, and thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. This study found that enhancing and embracing IKS is of paramount importance for inclusion in local-level strategies in the development process with special reference to climate governance in water and land resource management, particularly in under-resourced communities. It also established that the use of IKS enhances communities' adaptive capacity and it should not be conducted at the expense of scientific methods but rather should be employed in order to complement the existing scientific global knowledge systems.

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Nemarundwe, Nontokozo, and Witness Kozanayi. "Institutional Arrangements for Water Resource Use: A Case Study from Southern Zimbabwe*." Journal of Southern African Studies 29, no. 1 (March 2003): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305707032000060467.

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Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Urban Struggles over Water Scarcity in Harare." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01871.

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Abstract This essay counters the growing tendency in current scholarship to attribute nearly all the enduring water scarcity problems to climate change. Focusing on Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, this essay contends that recurrent water crises can only really be understood within the contentious, long, and complex history of water politics in the capital city from the colonial to the postcolonial period. Although the colonial and postcolonial states in Zimbabwe had very different ideological and racial policies, for various reasons, neither was willing nor able to provide adequate supplies of water to the urban poor even as water was abundant in the city's reservoirs. It posits that while the colonial government racialized access to water by restricting its use by urban Africans, the postcolonial government failed to change the colonial patterns of urban water distribution and did little to increase water supplies to keep pace with a swiftly growing urban population and a geographically expanding city.

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Mugabe, F. T., M. G. Hodnett, and A. Senzanje. "Opportunities for increasing productive water use from dam water: a case study from semi-arid Zimbabwe." Agricultural Water Management 62, no. 2 (September 2003): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(03)00077-5.

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Senzanje, Aidan, Eline Boelee, and Simbarashe Rusere. "Multiple use of water and water productivity of communal small dams in the Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 22, no. 3-4 (November 22, 2008): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10795-008-9053-7.

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Dzikiti, S., J. R. Milford, K. Steppe, and R. Lemeur. "WATER USE BY YOUNG NAVEL ORANGE TREES (CITRUS SINENSIS (L.) OSBECK) IN ZIMBABWE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 707 (April 2006): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.707.16.

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Mtetwa, Sibekile. "Experiences in the water resources development and management for sustainable use in Zimbabwe." Natural Resources Forum 23, no. 1 (February 1999): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1999.tb00236.x.

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Machingambi, Memory, and Emmanuel Manzungu. "An evaluation of rural communities’ water use patterns and preparedness to manage domestic water sources in Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 20-27 (January 2003): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.045.

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Makoni, Fungai S., Gift Manase, and Jerry Ndamba. "Patterns of domestic water use in rural areas of Zimbabwe, gender roles and realities." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29, no. 15-18 (January 2004): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.013.

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Nompumelelo, Sibanda, Ruzvidzo Oziniel, J. Zvidzai Cuthbert, B. Mashingaidze Arnold, B. Dikobe Tshegofatso, M. Takundwa Mutsa, T. Kawadza David, M. Katata-Seru Lebogang, S. Mlambo Sibonani, and Murungweni Chrispen. "The potential use of Lentinus edodes to manage and control water hyacinth in Zimbabwe." Journal of Yeast and Fungal Research 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jyfr2019.0195.

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SIBANDA, ANDREW, SABINE HOMANN-KEE TUI, ANDRÉ VAN ROOYEN, JOHN DIMES, DANIEL NKOMBONI, and GIVIOUS SISITO. "UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF LAND USE CHANGES IN THE RANGELANDS, ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971000092x.

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SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to investigate the user communities' understanding and interpretation of changes in rangeland use and productivity in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. While external knowledge has been instrumental in defining the drivers and effects of ecological changes hitherto, the role of local knowledge is becoming increasingly important in explaining factors that inform user community perceptions and guide their decisions on the use of rangeland resources. Data on community perceptions were collected in four villages, using Participatory Rural Appraisals in each village and household surveys with a total of 104 households. This study showed that user communities in Nkayi district differentiate rangelands among seven categories of livestock feed resources and how these have changed over time. Communities viewed rangelands not as one continuous, designated and specialized land parcel, but differentiated the land by location, productivity, management and uses in different times of the year. Although land use changes affecting these livestock feed resources were considered to be widespread and multi-directional (both negative and positive) they did not cause widespread degradation. Rangelands converted to croplands were not completely lost, but became important dual purpose land parcels fulfilling both household food security needs and dry season livestock feed requirements. The importance of croplands as a feed resource is reflected in the emergence of new institutions governing their use for livestock grazing and to guarantee security of tenure. On the other hand institutions governing the use of common property rangelands decreased or weakened in their application. The study concludes that while this situation presents ecological challenges for the rangelands, it offers opportunities to find innovative ways of utilizing croplands as the new frontier in the provision of dry season feed resources to smallholder farmers in highly variable environments. Implications for livestock water productivity need to be investigated and water saving technologies should be promoted in the land use intensification processes.

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Mutuma, Patrick, and Trevor Jambawo. "The Most Effective Strategies to Curb Corruption and Improve Water Service Delivery in Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5(J) (October 20, 2017): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(j).1908.

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The main objective of this study was to find the most effective strategies to curb and eradicate corruption and improve water service delivery. The study also aimed to present the type, causes, and effects of corruption. A mixed-methods questionnaire survey design was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. 220 questionnaires were distributed to providers and users of water services in Zimbabwe. 149 respondents returned the completed questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The Analysis of Variance was used to test the significance of mean scores. The study revealed that corruption is highly prevalent in Zimbabwe. The main factors that cause corruption in the water sector are poor governance, economic hardship, and weak accountability. Corruption leads to economic stagnation and poor foreign investments. Organisations such as the Zimbabwe National Water Authority must improve systems and structures, enhance the auditing process, and educate staff on good ethical standards and effective governance to effectively fight against corruption and improve service delivery. They must also put in place strong governance and accountability frameworks and work closely with communities and policy makers to eradicate corruption. The availability of water should be the same across all the suburbs, and the country needs to adjust its water bill rates in line with regional rates. Service providers should make use of mobile technology to promote citizenry participation in sharing ideas and making decisions on water sustainability. This study reaffirms the need to fight corruption and improve water service delivery.

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Mutuma, Patrick, and Trevor Jambawo. "The Most Effective Strategies to Curb Corruption and Improve Water Service Delivery in Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5 (October 20, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5.1908.

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The main objective of this study was to find the most effective strategies to curb and eradicate corruption and improve water service delivery. The study also aimed to present the type, causes, and effects of corruption. A mixed-methods questionnaire survey design was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. 220 questionnaires were distributed to providers and users of water services in Zimbabwe. 149 respondents returned the completed questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The Analysis of Variance was used to test the significance of mean scores. The study revealed that corruption is highly prevalent in Zimbabwe. The main factors that cause corruption in the water sector are poor governance, economic hardship, and weak accountability. Corruption leads to economic stagnation and poor foreign investments. Organisations such as the Zimbabwe National Water Authority must improve systems and structures, enhance the auditing process, and educate staff on good ethical standards and effective governance to effectively fight against corruption and improve service delivery. They must also put in place strong governance and accountability frameworks and work closely with communities and policy makers to eradicate corruption. The availability of water should be the same across all the suburbs, and the country needs to adjust its water bill rates in line with regional rates. Service providers should make use of mobile technology to promote citizenry participation in sharing ideas and making decisions on water sustainability. This study reaffirms the need to fight corruption and improve water service delivery.

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Dube, Emmanuel, and Pieter van der Zaag. "Analysing water use patterns for demand management: the case of the city of Masvingo, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 20-27 (January 2003): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.004.

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Mutemi, Stanford, Zvikomborero Hoko, and Hodson Makurira. "Investigating feasibility of use of bio-sand filters for household water treatment in Epworth, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 117 (June 2020): 102864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102864.

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Konradsen, F., M. Chimbari, P. Furu, M. H. Birley, and N. Ø. Christensen. "THE USE OF HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM ZIMBABWE." Impact Assessment 15, no. 1 (March 1997): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349165.1997.9726122.

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Lambert, Robert A., Patricia F. Hotchkiss, Neil Roberts, Richard D. Faulkner, Morag Bell, and Alan Windram. "The use of wetlands (dambos) for micro-scale irrigation in Zimbabwe." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 4, no. 1 (February 1990): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01145970.

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Mugambiwa, Shingirai, and Jabulani Makhubele. "Anthropogenic flash floods and climate change in rural Zimbabwe: Impacts and options for adaptation." Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3977.

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Zimbabwe has been affected by numerous floods-related disasters in the recent past. These disasters often left rural communities in difficult socioeconomic situations. Floods are among the major water-related hazards and natural disasters worldwide. They are associated with excess rainfall, resulting in river overflow due to climate change . Developing countries constitute a large number of losses caused by water hazards. Thereby, in these countries, the vulnerabilities of households that depend on rain fed agriculture and livestock production for their livelihoods increases. This review paper seeks to establish the association between anthropogenic flash floods and climate change and unearth the impacts; vulnerabilities and adaptation options associated with anthropogenic flash floods in rural Zimbabwe. The study found that numerous anthropogenic activities perpetuate an increase in flood risk. These include littering, river or dam regulation measures, intensified land use and emissions of greenhouse gases, which subsequently result in global climate change. The impacts of flash floods established in the study include drought, food insecurity, displacements, malnutrition and severe effects on subsistence economy. The study concluded that even though most rural communities in Zimbabwe are vulnerable to the effects of floods, they have devised numerous diverse adaptation strategies to cope with the changes in the environment.

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SENDA, TRINITY S., DON PEDEN, SABINE HOMANN-KEE TUI, GIVIOUS SISITO, ANDRÉ F. VAN ROOYEN, and JOSEPH L. N. SIKOSANA. "GENDERED LIVELIHOOD IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000943.

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SUMMARYScarcity, lack of access, and ineffective and inefficient use of water in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe, threaten agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to augment understanding of opportunities to increase livestock water productivity (LWP) in Nkayi District by taking into account key differences in the capacities, opportunities, and needs of women and men. There are two important types of female-headed households, de facto and de jure. The results from this study showed that male-headed and de facto and de jure female-headed households share much in common. They all had similar areas of cropland and access to education, finances, veterinary and extension services, and transportation and markets. Households of all types had similar herd sizes. All were desperately poor with incomes much less than a dollar a day. To rise out of poverty, the knowledge, skills and effort of all household heads will be needed. In spite of severe poverty, household heads of all types are literate and have sufficient education that can help enable adoption of intervention options that can lead to increased agricultural production and improved livelihoods. The results also showed that major differences exist in terms of the roles of men and women in ownership, management and decision making related to livestock keeping and animal production. Men clearly dominate in both ownership and decision making even though women play a major role in animal management. Only in de jure female-headed households were women more likely than men to own cattle and goats. They were also more likely to be involved in farming as a primary livelihood activity. Surprisingly, men were more likely to be involved in animal management in these de jure female-headed households. Women were also excluded from water users' and livestock producers' associations although a minority of men was members. By not involving the already-developed capacity of women, the community loses out on a significant opportunity to increase LWP and animal production more widely. Greater inclusion of women in decision making will be an important part of future efforts to improve livelihoods through livestock development.

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Yao, M. N. "(A253) Integrated Community-Based Interventions to Overcome a Deadly Cholera Outbreak in Zimbabwe." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s69—s70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002378.

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An unprecedented cholera outbreak affected Zimbabwe from August 2008 to July 2009 with 98,592 cases and 4,288 deaths, in 54 out of 62 districts. The main strategy used to overcome the outbreak was an integrated community-based interventions package. The present work is a case study to describe the strategy and lessons learned for future humanitarian crises and preparedness. The methodology was based on the review of epidemiological reports, assessment and surveys' reports, minutes of joint Health and Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Clusters' meetings, and direct observation as Health Cluster Coordinator. Epidemiological data showed an increasing number of cases in rural areas with community deaths representing 66% of the 1,948 deaths from 61,304 cases on 31 January 2009. Risk factors identified in communities were: lack of awareness about the disease, cultural and religious behaviors, lack of potable water with weak sanitation, lack and inappropriate use of water purification tablets, and lack of soap and water containers for effective behavior change. There also was late arrival to cholera to the few treatment centers by rural populations. In addition to treatment centers, a package of interventions was implemented by multi-sectoral stakeholders. The package included: health and WASH education tools and practice sessions for healthy and hygienic behavior change and for an effective use of oral rehydration salt as first aid measure; community-based surveillance with an early warning system and response teams; and distribution of containers and water purification tablets with drilling of water points. Epidemiological data showed a significant decrease of cholera cases where the full package was implemented. This work showed that an integrated package of interventions jointly targeting risk factors can be effective on public health threats in rural communities. Community-based preparedness and response should then take into account an integrated joint intervention package to mitigate public health threats.

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Lørup, Jens Kristian, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Dominic Mazvimavi. "Assessing the effect of land use change on catchment runoff by combined use of statistical tests and hydrological modelling: Case studies from Zimbabwe." Journal of Hydrology 205, no. 3-4 (March 1998): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00311-9.

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Kurwakumire, Natasha, Regis Chikowo, Florence Mtambanengwe, Paul Mapfumo, Sieglinde Snapp, Adrian Johnston, and Shamie Zingore. "Maize productivity and nutrient and water use efficiencies across soil fertility domains on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe." Field Crops Research 164 (August 2014): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.05.013.

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RICHES, TWOMLOW, and DHLIWAYO. "LOW-INPUT WEED MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN SEMI-ARID ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (April 1997): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000033.

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Four weeding systems were evaluated for three seasons on sandy soils in a semi-arid area of Zimbabwe. Inter-row weeding with a plough with body (mouldboard breast) attached, produced a ridge and furrow landform. This confers the advantage of increased water retention associated with ridging without the additional investment in labour and equipment needed when ridges are made pre-planting with a ridging plough. Mid-season ridging by plough with body attached achieved more efficient weed control than the common farmer practices of using a cultivator or plough without the body. In terms of crop water use efficiency and grain yield, weeding with the plough and body performed at least as well as any existing farmer practices. Productivity, in terms of grain yield per hour worked, was considerably higher following weeding with the plough and body compared with alternative systems.

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Valeix, Marion. "Temporal dynamics of dry-season water-hole use by large African herbivores in two years of contrasting rainfall in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000647.

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Abstract:As the dry season progresses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, rain-fed surface water sources become depleted, forcing most animals to concentrate in the immediate vicinity of the few remaining permanent sources of drinking water. This study investigates the temporal dynamics of use of water-holes by nine African large-herbivore species in the dry season in the semi-arid savanna of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, and particularly how annual rainfall influences this temporal dynamics. Two contrasting years in terms of annual rainfall were compared: 2003 (a drought – 362.6 mm) and 2004 (average rainfall – 695.8 mm). In 2003, water-holes were used far more intensively and the level of aggregation of herbivores at water-holes was significantly higher. The temporal dynamics of water-hole use in the dry season differed between the two years: in 2003, the peak of water-hole use started much earlier and lasted 3 mo. Elephants and grazers showed the largest difference in use of water-holes between 2003 and 2004 supporting the suggestion that browsers are less water dependent. This study suggests that annual rainfall should be taken into account when predicting the peak of the dry season.

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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Arnold Cole, Moreblessing Munyaka, Steven Mudhuviwa, Taurai Maja, and Aidan Cronin. "Use of group maturity index to measure growth, performance, and sustainability of community health clubs in urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program in Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.023.

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Abstract Zimbabwe experienced an unprecedented cholera outbreak in 2008 and 2009. Reduced access to water, sanitation and hygiene, delayed community health education, and limited knowledge on cholera prevention were the major risk factors of this outbreak which were addressed by urban WASH interventions. Health and hygiene promotion through community health clubs (CHCs) is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the risk of cholera. In 2013, UNICEF Zimbabwe launched the Small Towns WASH Program (STWP) and used the CHC approach for hygiene promotion. To monitor the growth, performance, and sustainability of CHCs, STWP employed the Group Maturity Index, which measures the status of CHCs in five domains: objectives, governance, resources, group systems, and impacts. This study described the maturity status of CHCs as measured by GMI as a new monitoring tool and assessed if CHCs’ performances in GMI's output domains are associated with the impact domain. The results suggested that over 75% of CHCs had reached the managed stage or the mature stage by 2018. Three of the GMI's output domains were independently associated with the overall impact domain after controlling for potential confounders. CHCs and club members may experience overall positive impacts by developing their governance, resource, and group system domains.

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Schreiner, Barbara, and Barbara van Koppen. "Hybrid Water Rights Systems for Pro-Poor Water Governance in Africa." Water 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010155.

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Water-permit systems are widely used across Africa as a blanket requirement for small and micro irrigation enterprises, as well as large enterprises. The present study aimed to, first, further understand the implications of permit systems for both the most vulnerable and the state, and, second, based on the findings, identify options for pro-poor water legislation that also meet the water governance requirements of the state. The growing recognition of the importance of farmer-led irrigation development for food security across the continent underlines the importance of these questions. Focusing on Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and other African countries, we found that permit systems criminalized instead of protected the water rights of small-scale farmers. Moreover, little if any attention is paid to the logistical burdens and costs to the state of implementing such systems relative to the intended revenue generation. As many small-scale farmers in Africa were found to operate under customary land and water tenure systems, the study proposes a hybrid system of water rights that formally recognizes such practices, along with the use of permits, including enforcement of conditions for large users, to serve the interests of both the state and small-scale farmers.

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Mukanga, C., T. Chitata, and B. T. Mudereri. "An analysis of ground water quality in a water stressed urban centre: a case of Gweru city, Zimbabwe." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.038.

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Ground water quality conformance to the World Health Organisation standards for drinking water was carried out and inferred to the health risks associated with use of such quality of water. Water samples were collected thrice a month, from nine boreholes, over a period of twelve months and analysed for physical, chemical and biological parameters. Chemical parameters were tested using UV-Vis photometry. Physical parameters were measured using HI9829 waterproof portable logging multi-parameter meter and biological parameters were determined using the Minimal Media ONRG-MUG test and the Membrane Filtration Method (MF). Results shows that total hardness and Fe concentration were above limit in 78% and 56% of the sampled boreholes, respectively. pH, EC, Ca, Cl, Fl, Mn, Mg and Turbidity were within the acceptable WHO limits. Of the sampled boreholes, 67% were not conforming to the Escherichia coli loads recommended for drinking water. Parametric correlations showed strong and significant correlations between chlorides and fluorides (r = 0.68; p < 0.05), Nitrates and Sulphates (r = 0.78; p < 0.05). There is need to treat borehole water to eliminate E. coli and reduce nitrates and total hardness. Furthermore, analysis and monitoring systems to determine temporal variability and health risks, respectively, needs to be put in place.

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Chemura, Abel, Donald Rwasoka, Onisimo Mutanga, Timothy Dube, and Terence Mushore. "The impact of land-use/land cover changes on water balance of the heterogeneous Buzi sub-catchment, Zimbabwe." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 18 (April 2020): 100292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100292.

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MATTHEWS, R. B., and W. STEPHENS. "CUPPA-TEA: A SIMULATION MODEL DESCRIBING SEASONAL YIELD VARIATION AND POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF TEA. 2. BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND WATER USE." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798004098.

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A model predicting biomass production and water use in tea plantations is described. Biomass production is calculated from the amount of light intercepted and a radiation conversion efficiency. Available assimilate (current production plus reserves) is distributed according to the ‘potential’ demand of each of the shoots, stems and roots. Any excess is stored in the stem and root reserve pool. In the case of the demand for assimilate exceeding the supply, allocation is according to the relative demands of each component. Simulations with the model suggest that assimilate supply is unlikely to limit shoot growth under most conditions. Soil water movement and crop water uptake are simulated using the water balance sub-model used by the CERES crop growth models. The model calculates a water stress factor (Φ) as the ratio of actual to potential crop transpiration, and uses this factor to adjust various crop processes such as dry matter production and shoot development and extension rates. Predicted yields match observed yields well across a range of watering treatments and for different years at sites in Tanzania and Zimbabwe, providing some degree of confidence in the model's ability to predict tea yields for environments in East Africa.

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Nhapi, Innocent, and Huub J. Gijzen. "Wastewater management in Zimbabwe in the context of sustainability." Water Policy 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0033.

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Conventional sanitation approaches are rather inappropriate and expensive ways of providing a satisfactory solution to increasing wastewater problems in developing countries. This paper looks at the financial and environmental implications of the sanitation approaches adopted in Zimbabwe, and from the weaknesses identified, suggests a paradigm shift in which wastewater treatment is geared towards resource recovery and reuse. It was observed that unsustainable methods continue to be used because of deficient institutional arrangements and irrational technology choices made in the past. Natural treatment methods were recommended because they are low cost, easy to operate and maintain, and allow for the re-use of effluent. To achieve this requires a responsive institutional and funding mechanism backed by realistic legislation.

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Ndoziya, Alfonse Tapera, Zvikomborero Hoko, and Webster Gumindoga. "Assessment of the impact of pit latrines on groundwater contamination in Hopley Settlement, Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (May 15, 2019): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.179.

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Abstract A study was conducted to assess the water quality of the groundwater sources and possible impacts of pit latrines on the groundwater for selected boreholes and wells. The City of Harare's peri-urban settlement of Hopley predominantly uses pit latrines for excreta disposal. This puts groundwater at risk to contamination thereby threatening human health. Pit latrine density around groundwater points was assessed using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The pit latrine density ranged from 0 to 5 latrines in a 15 m radius to 3–63 latrines in a 100 m radius. From the analysis of the water samples, it was observed that on average, only 63% and 48% of samples met drinking water quality standards set by the World Health Organization guidelines and Standards Association of Zimbabwe limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that only three components had an eigenvalue of over 1 that explained 76.9% of the total cumulative variance of the observed variable. From the PCA, key parameters in groundwater contamination were nitrates, electrical conductivity, chlorides, ammonia, and thermotolerant coliforms. The spatial variation of the selected water quality parameters suggests that water points at the lowest end of the settlement had the poorest water quality. The point-of-use treatment is recommended for wells.

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Simango, Bilton, Collin Mabiza, Webster Gumindoga, and Alexander Mhizha. "The impacts of land reforms on water infrastructure use and investment: A case study of the Biri dam, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 123 (October 2021): 103050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2021.103050.

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Ncube, N., D. Zhakata, and A. Muchandiona. "Application Of A Remote Sensing Technique In Estimating Evapotranspiration For Nyazvidzi Sub- Catchment., Zimbabwe." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 21 (July 29, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n21p101.

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The integration of Remote Sensing and ground data into hydrological and cropwater requirement models enables water resources managers to adequately quantify the availability of water for irrigation in space and time. The SEBS algorithm was used to derive actual evapotranspiration estimates using MODIS images to assess cropwater requirements in the Ruti irrigation scheme after validation with ground based evapotranspiration measurements. Results show that actual evapotranspiration computed using SEBS (EToS) were comparable to those obtained using Penman Monteith method (R2=0.96). The Kendall’s tau test showed that there is significant statistical association (α = 0.05) between Pan Coefficient (Kp) values determined using EToS and EToPM and Kp values from the Snyder equation. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential use of GIS and remote sensed data for catchment management, planning and irrigation scheduling at irrigation scheme level. Welch’s t test showed that there is no evidence to reject Ho: Kp determined from EToPM – Kp from EToS = 0. The above is crucial in the evaluation and comparison of performance of different irrigation systems in the country for food security and improvement of livelihoods in the light of integrated water resources management.

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Makwerere, David, Gillian Tafadzwa Chinzete, and Charles Massimo. "Accessing good quality water in hazardous mining environments: coping mechanisms for young women in selected districts of Mashonaland central, Zimbabwe." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 24, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v24i2.8.

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The study focused on how environmental degradation due to unregulated illegal mining activities is affecting the welfare of communities in general and women in particular with regards to access good quality water. The methodological design was a qualitative approach and focused on the two districts of Shamva and Bindura in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe. The study noted that the area of environmental policing has remained weak and compromised owing to a combination of factors, key among them being the difficult socio-economic environment which has often seen a lot of communities destroying the environment around them, political populism leading to the destruction of local ecologies and general disregard of responsibilities by companies operating mining, construction, and other enterprises.This has seen the gradual destruction and pollution of fresh water bodies across the communities.The study revealed that there is a considerable level of pollution on some water bodies in the two districts. The pollution is largely caused by the use of mercury and cyanide by the illegal gold panners and artisanal miners in the area. This has restricted opportunities for women’s access to safe domestic water. Women are using strategies such as outsourcing from neighboring communities with relatively safe water for domestic use, differentiating water for cooking and drinking and for other activities like bathing and laundry, water harvesting during rain seasons and buying from shops in extreme circumstances. In conclusion, the coping mechanisms only offer temporary relief and are not be sustainable in the long run.Keywords: Hazards, Coping Mechanisms, Mining, Environment, Legislation, Kyoto Protocol, Human Right

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Basima, Lefranc Busane, Aidan Senzanje, Brian Marshall, and Katharine Shick. "Impacts of land and water use on plankton diversity and water quality in small man-made reservoirs in the Limpopo basin, Zimbabwe: A preliminary investigation." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 31, no. 15-16 (January 2006): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.026.

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Dzinomwa, T., and HGT Ndagurwa. "Effect of land use on water quality and phytoplankton community in the tropical Khami River in semi-arid southwest Zimbabwe." African Journal of Aquatic Science 42, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2016.1277509.

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Wilson, K. B. "'Water Used to be Scattered in the Landscape': Local Understandings of Soil Erosion and Land Use Planning in Southern Zimbabwe." Environment and History 1, no. 3 (October 1, 1995): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734095779522500.

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Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, Hervé Fritz, and Ricardo M. Holdo. "Spatial relationship between elephant and sodium concentration of water disappears as density increases in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 6 (October 29, 2007): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004531.

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African elephants Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach) may profoundly affect vegetation and associated animal bio-diversity in savannas (Conybeare 2004, Skarpe et al. 2004). Understanding the patterns of habitat use by elephants is crucial to predict their impacts on ecosystems (Ben-Shahar 1993, Nelleman et al. 2002), particularly now that many populations are recovering from past culling events or poaching outbreaks (Blanc et al. 2007). Surface water is one of the major constraints on elephant distribution (Chamaillé-Jammes et al. 2007, Stokke & du Toit 2002), and accordingly, elephant impacts are higher in the vicinity of water (Ben-Shahar 1993, de Beer et al. 2006). However, waterhole selection by elephant remains poorly understood. Weir (1972) showed in Hwange National Park (hereafter Hwange NP), Zimbabwe, that elephant numbers at waterholes over 24 h increased with the sodium concentration of water on nutrient-poor Kalahari sands. His work has become widely cited in elephant studies as it remains the only one, to the best of our knowledge, to have studied elephant use of waterholes in relation to the mineral concentration of water. Weir's work, however, took place when elephant densities in Hwange NP were low, likely below 0.5 elephants km−2 as estimated by aerial censuses (Williamson 1975). Since then, the elephant population has increased dramatically, particularly since the halt to culling operations in 1986 (Chamaillé-Jammes 2006, Cumming 1981). The present elephant density is much higher, estimated to be over 2 elephants km−2 (Chamaillé-Jammes et al. 2007, in press), and is one of the highest in the world (Blanc et al. 2007). Increased density may modify ecological constraints and affect the hierarchy of habitat selection processes (Morris 2003), and the extent to which water-nutrient selection still constrains elephant distribution at high population density – when their impact on savanna vegetation is the highest – remains unknown.

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Bromley, J., J. A. Butterworth, D. M. J. Macdonald, C. J. Lovell, I. Mharapara, and C. H. Batchelor. "Hydrological processes and water resources management in a dryland environment I: An introduction to the Romwe Catchment Study in Southern Zimbabwe." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3 (September 30, 1999): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-322-1999.

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Abstract. In Zimbabwe during the 1980s and early 1990s, a sequence of severe droughts caused widespread food shortages and great hardship to rural communities. The droughts exacerbated the problems of environmental degradation in communal lands and highlighted the lack of understanding of the links between the climate, land use and hydrology of dryland regions. The Romwe Catchment Study addresses these issues, and has led to the establishment of the first fully-instrumented research catchment in a communally-managed dryland environment in southern Africa. The key objectives were (a) to improve the understanding of hydrological processes in communal land areas, mostly underlain by crystalline basement aquifers, and (b) to investigate the impacts of variations in climate and changes in land use and management on the hydrology and water resources. In this introductory paper, the physical characteristics of the catchment are described together with the instrumentation to monitor hydrological processes and quantify the catchment water balance.

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Knudsen, J., A. Thomsen, and J. Chr Refsgaard. "WATBAL." Hydrology Research 17, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1986): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1986.0026.

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A semi-distributed, physically based hydrological modelling system, WATBAL, which accounts for the entire land phase of the hydrological cycle is described. As compared to the two alternative hydrological model types, i.e. the traditional lumped, conceptual rainfall runoff models (STANFORD model type) and the complex, fully distributed, physically based model (SHE model type) WATBAL represents an intermediate approach. In the model, primary attention is given to the hydrological processes at the root zone level through a distributed, physically based approach whereas the groundwater processes are simulated in less details by use of a lumped, conceptual approach. This approach allows WATBAL to utilize spatially distributed input data to account for the spatial and temporal variability of meteorological conditions, vegetation and soil properties. Thus WATBAL can e.g. utilize digital satellite information as input data. WATBAL has primarily been designed as a tool for predicting the runoff from ungauged catchments and for assessing the hydrological effects of land use changes. The capability of the model for simulating ungauged catchments is tested using results from a recent feasibility study for medium size dams in Zimbabwe.

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Lindsey, P. A., S. S. Romañach, C. J. Tambling, K. Chartier, and R. Groom. "Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe." Oryx 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000153.

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AbstractUnder conditions of political instability and economic decline illegal bushmeat hunting has emerged as a serious conservation threat in Zimbabwe. Following settlement of game ranches by subsistence farming communities, wildlife populations have been eradicated over large areas. In several areas still being managed as game ranches illegal hunting is causing further declines of wildlife populations (including threatened species such as the wild dog Lycaon pictus and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis), threatening the viability of wildlife-based land uses. From August 2001 to July 2009 in Savé Valley Conservancy 10,520 illegal hunting incidents were recorded, 84,396 wire snares removed, 4,148 hunters caught, 2,126 hunting dogs eliminated and at least 6,454 wild animals killed. Estimated future financial losses from illegal hunting in the Conservancy exceed USD 1.1 million year-1. Illegal hunters’ earnings account for 0.31–0.52% of the financial losses that they impose and the bushmeat trade is an inefficient use of wildlife resources. Illegal hunting peaks during the late dry season and is more frequent close to the boundary, near areas resettled during land reform and close to water. Illegal hunting with dogs peaks during moonlight periods. Our study highlights several management and land-use planning steps required to maximize the efficacy of anti-poaching and to reduce the likelihood of high impacts of illegal hunting. Anti-poaching efforts should be aligned with the regular temporal and spatial patterns of illegal hunting. Leases for hunting and tourism concessions should ensure minimum adequate investment by operators in anti-poaching. Reserve designers should minimize the surface area to volume ratio of parks. Fences should not be constructed using wire that can be made into snares. Land reform involving game ranches should integrate communities in wildlife-based land uses and ensure spatial separation between land for wildlife and human settlement. Means are required to create stake-holdings for communities in wildlife and disincentives for illegal hunting.

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du Preez, Martella, Sibonginkosi Moyo, Natasha Potgieter, Stephen W. Gundry, Ronán M. Conroy, and James A. Wright. "Use of Ceramic Water Filtration in the Prevention of Diarrheal Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural South Africa and Zimbabwe." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.696.

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F, Majeke, Mubvuma S M T, J. Chirima, K. Makaza, T. Hungwe R. Gwazan, Nyoni, and Hove-Musekwa D. "Use of Linear Programming Model to Determine the Optimum Cropping Pattern for an Irrigation Scheme in Masvingo, Zimbabwe." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 450–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2013.56.

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Agricultural systems are often faced by challenges such as crop selection and irrigation planning which can be formulated as optimization problems. Decisions have to be made on the proper set of crops to be cultivated and a proper irrigation scheme. The objectives of such decisions are to maximize net profit or to minimize water waste. In this study, a linear programming model was developed that helped to determine the optimal cropping pattern for an irrigation scheme in Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Crops which considered were wheat, sugar beans for winter and cotton and maize for summer for the 2012/13 agricultural season. The linear programming model was solved by using Microsoft Excel (2007). The model recommended no production of wheat and cotton. Sugar beans and maize gained acreage by 50 percent and 88 percent respectively. On the whole, the optimal cropped acreage did not change as compared to the existing cropping plan. As a result of the optimal solution, a farmer‘s income could be increased by $1,668.60. The optimal income increased from existing level of $1,919.40 to $3,588.00 showing an improvement of 87 percent. The results show that LP models solutions are worthy implementing.

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Rumiano, F., C. Gaucherel, P. Degenne, E. Miguel, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, H. Valls-Fox, D. Cornélis, et al. "COMBINED USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND SPATIAL MODELLING: WHEN SURFACE WATER IMPACTS BUFFALO (<i>SYNCERUS CAFFER CAFFER</i>) MOVEMENTS IN SAVANNA ENVIRONMENTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-631-2021.

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Abstract. In semi-arid savannas, the availability of surface water constrains movements and space-use of wild animals. To accurately model their movements in relation to water selection at a landscape scale, innovative methods have to be developed to i) better discriminate water bodies in space while characterizing their seasonal occurrences and ii) integrate this information in a spatially-explicit model to simulate animal movements according to surface water availability. In this study, we propose to combine satellite remote sensing (SRS) and spatial modelling in the case of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) movements at the periphery of Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe).An existing classification method of satellite Sentinel-2 time-series images has been adapted to produce monthly surface water maps at 10 meters spatial resolution. The resulting water maps have then been integrated into a spatialized mechanistic movement model based on a collective motion of self-propelled individuals to simulate buffalo movements in response to surface water.The use of spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2 in combination with the short-wave infrared (SWIR) band in a Random Forest (RF) classifier provided robust results with a mean Kappa index, over the time series, of 0.87 (max = 0.98, min = 0.65). The results highlighted strong space and time variabilities of water availability in the study area. The mechanistic movement model showed a positive and significant correlation between observations/simulations movements and space-use of buffalo’s herds (Spearman r = 0.69, p-value < 10 e-114) despite overestimating the presence of buffalo individuals at proximity of the surface water.

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Mutaurwa, Ndatenda Shamiso, Ellen Munemo, Garikai Malunga, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Ciprofloxacin Resistant Salmonella Typhi Isolated at National Microbiology Reference Laboratory in Harare, Zimbabwe (January to April 2016)." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010001.

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Background: Typhoid is a life-threatening infectious disease requiring the administration of antibiotics for treatment. Ciprofloxacin is the antibiotic of choice for diarrheal cases in Zimbabwe, adopted by the Ministry of Health and Child Care, from current World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. However, there has been an increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance against ciprofloxacin and conventional drugs antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) isolated in Harare for the first quarter of 2016. Methods: This study was carried out at the National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), located at Harare Central Hospital, in Zimbabwe. The NMRL carries out confirmatory tests and molecular typing of pathogens isolated at different national laboratories. The current study retrieved demographics, clinical data, and isolates for confirmed typhoid cases out of 402 suspected specimens. The isolates from Harare, confirmed as S. Typhi, between January and April 2016, were evaluated for ciprofloxacin resistance. Results: A total of 35 S. Typhi isolates were recovered for the period from January to April 2016. When the 35 isolates were characterised, nine (25.7%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The area with the highest recorded cases of typhoid fever was Budiriro High-Density Suburb in Harare. This area has been hit by other diarrheal outbreaks in the past, most likely due to the intermittent supply of safe water. Conclusion: Most high-density areas, where S. Typhi positive specimens originated, are overpopulated and have regular water cuts, resulting in a decrease in hygiene. More than a quarter of isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, agreeing with other reports from Zimbabwe. The misuse of antibiotics could be associated with resistance, necessitating education on the correct use of antibiotics in the community and other preventive measures. Additionally, molecular research on geographic and phylogenetic relatedness of isolates and other holistic approaches for studying the development of antimicrobial resistance mutations, using whole-genome sequencing, in this setting, are warranted.

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Mugabe, F. T., T. Chitata, J. Kashaigili, and I. Chagonda. "Modelling the effect of rainfall variability, land use change and increased reservoir abstraction on surface water resources in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36, no. 14-15 (2011): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.058.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water use – Zimbabwe'

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