Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water user association

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Water user association'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water user association"

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Gholamrezai, Saeed, and Fatemeh Sepahvand. "Farmers’ participation in Water User Association in western Iran." Journal of Water and Land Development 35, no. 1 (2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0067.

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AbstractOne of the main challenges of water scarcity is the water consumption in the agriculture sector. Therefore, optimizing water consumption and applying an optimal management in the agriculture sector is necessary. The implementation of a participatory management of water resources in the rural areas and the creation of Water User Association (WUA) can be a successful approach towards this management. That requires the continuity of the management, the comprehensive participation of farmers, and the exploitation of water resources; however, this action needs to understand the factors affecting the behavior of consumers. Thus identifying the factors influencing farmers’ intentions towards participation in WUA is essential. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting farmers' intentions towards participation in water user association, by theory of planned behavior (TPB). There are 21 agriculture water pumping stations active in Lorestan Province. Farmers at each agriculture water pumping stations make up a Water User Association. The population of this study consisted of all WUAs in western Iran (N = 1990), and through a proportional stratified random sampling technique farmers were selected (N = 133) from the population. Moreover, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated at pre-test stage for different parts of the questionnaire ranging from 0.83 until 0.91. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20 software. The results revealed that there were effective variables including subjective norm, attitude, and extension training courses which contributed to the importance of participation in the water management, and that the educational level of farmer was a controlled variable that could affect farmers' attitudes towards participating in Water User Association; these factors could explain 53% of farmers' participation totally.
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Gupta, Rohit. "Comparative Study on Performance Evaluation of Selected Water User Association." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 6 (2018): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7137.

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Chouhan, Deepak, RK Nema, YK Tiwari, and KS Kushwaha. "Wheat water productivity in Bijori Water User Association (WUA) canal command area>." International Journal of Farm Sciences 11, no. 1and2 (2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2250-0499.2021.00017.3.

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Engler, Alejandra, Oscar Melo, Francisca Rodríguez, Bárbara Peñafiel, and Roberto Jara-Rojas. "Governing Water Resource Allocation: Water User Association Characteristics and the Role of the State." Water 13, no. 17 (2021): 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172436.

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Water, as a common pool resource, is threatened by the possibility of overextraction generating a negative economic impact, conflicts among users, and greater income inequality. Scholars have discussed different governance approaches to deal with this threat, including centralized governance and self-governance, and lately, special attention has been paid to the interactions between formal institutions (the state) and local water user associations and how this promotes self-governance. The aim of this paper was to examine the adoption of Ostrom’s design principles present in the legal norms dictated in the Chilean Water Code by water user associations and to analyze the roles of their size, community homogeneity, and perceived water stress on adopting legal norms. The results showed that water communities generally follow the rules established in the Water Code, but the voting system, distribution of water, and fee payment are adjusted in small and homogenous water user associations. We can also conclude that a cornerstone in the system is implementing graduated sanctions, as water users see the tools provided by the Water Code as ineffective.
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SALAMA, HEBA E. "THE IRRIGATION BEHAVIOR OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS' MEMBERS IN SINORES DISTRICIT IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE (A CASE STUDY OF GARFAS EL-WESTANY WATER USER ASSOCIATION)." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 95, no. 4 (2017): 1965–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2017.151879.

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Garrido-Rubio, Jesús, Jose González-Piqueras, Isidro Campos, Anna Osann, Laura González-Gómez, and Alfonso Calera. "Remote sensing–based soil water balance for irrigation water accounting at plot and water user association management scale." Agricultural Water Management 238 (August 2020): 106236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106236.

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Tenriawaru, A. N., A. Amrullah, D. Salman, et al. "Water user famers association (P3A) and their participation in managing Bantimurung irrigation system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 681, no. 1 (2021): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/681/1/012103.

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MacDonald, Katie. "The User and the Association: Neglecting Household Irrigation as Neglecting Household Well-Being in the Creation of Water Users’ Associations in the Republic of Tajikistan." Water 11, no. 3 (2019): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030505.

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Development initiatives often cite Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) as fundamental to water governance reform or the broad process of decentralizing responsibilities for management, supply and delivery. But the label of “WUA” indicates little about those who take on these duties as association members, suggesting all who use water in pursuit of life or livelihood are eligible to participate and benefit through collective action. Grounded in the belief that participatory projects can equitably empower and distribute resources, the enthusiastic introduction of WUAs continues despite critique that anticipated outcomes are overstated. Since borders opened to neoliberal development institutions in the 1990s, WUAs have been created throughout post-Soviet Central Asia. Yet, there has been limited reflection on how associations’ design and operation interact with physical or social structures to effect resource access across diverse groups. Drawing on fieldwork in Tajikistan, I demonstrate how WUAs reproduce exclusionary outcomes by requiring members to possess farmland in turn threatening rural food security. Held by a minority, farmland dedicated to commercial production stands in contrast to ubiquitous kitchen gardens, where crops sown for self-consumption form a buffer against hunger in the wake of labor migration and income inconsistency. Households’ inability to become members undermines their claim to water and voice in decision-making, ultimately constraining access to irrigation and a robust harvest.
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Ernawati, Ernawati, and Hary Yuswadi. "Irrigation Management by the "Tirtosari" Water User Farmer Association in Kesambirampak Village, Situbondo Regency." Jurnal ENTITAS SOSIOLOGI 7, no. 2 (2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jes.v7i2.16632.

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Many factors drive the success of a food security program. One technical factor that strongly supports agricultural productivity is the availability of irrigation water suitable for crop needs. In this case, irrigation cannot be separated from Irrigation Services, Agricultural Services, and HIPPA. Initially, village irrigation management was carried out by an irrigation inspector named ulu-ulu, who was at the lowest level in the village organizational structure. In its implementation, village irrigation management faced many obstacles, causing gaps in water distribution. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the management of agricultural irrigation by HIPPA. This study uses qualitative methods, and the informants are determined using purposive techniques. From this study, it was found that many factors cause ineffectiveness in irrigation management. One of them is weak coordination in the HIPPA organization. It is even worse with the emergence of money politics in water distribution among farmers and water supervisors. 
 Keywords: Irrigation management, Water User Farmer Association, farmer, irrigation service.
 Referensi:
 Cresswell, John W. 2016. Research Design Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Campuran. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar.
 Duverger, Maurice.1998.Sosiologi Politik.Jakarta:RajaGrafindo Persada.
 E, Suzanne. 1996. Irigasi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES.
 Ferystiawan, Mirza. 2010. Intervensi Penyuluh Pertanian Dalam Pemberdayaan Sosial Ekonomi Gabungan Kelompok Tani Di Asembagus.Universitas Jember. Skripsi . Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politk.
 Jayanti,Nur.2006. Konflik antar Petani Pengguna Air Irigasi Sawah Pertanian di Desa Wongsorejo Kecamatan Wongsorejo Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Universitas Jember. Skripsi. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik.
 Miles dan Hubeerman, A.M. 2014. Analisis Data Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
 Pasandaran, Efendi.1988.Irigasi Kelembagaan dan Ekonomi. Jakarta:PT.Gramedia.
 Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah.2017. Jember University.
 Pusposutardjo, Suprodjo.2001. Pengembagan Irigasi Usaha Tani Berkelanjutan dan Gerakan Hemat Air. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
 Soekanto,Soerjono.2012.Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
 Suratiyah,Ken. 2015. Ilmu Usaha Tani. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
 Susan,Novri. 2009. Pengantar Sosiologi Konflik. Jakarta : Kencana.
 Syahyuti. 2006. Konsep Penting dalam Pembangunan dan pertanian. Jakarta Selatan: PT. Bina Rena Pariwara.
 Syahyuti, dkk. 2014. Organisasi Kesejahteraan Petani. Bogor : IPB Press.
 Yuswadi, Hary. 2005. Melawan Demi Kesejahteraan: Bentuk Perlawanan Petani Terhadap Kebijakan Pembangunan Pertanian. Jember: Kompyawisda Jatim.
 ---------------. 2001. Pengembangan Irigasi Usaha Tani Berkelanjutan. Yogyakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
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Rustinsyah, Rustinsyah. "Determining the satisfaction level of water user association service quality for supporting sustainable rural development." Development Studies Research 6, no. 1 (2019): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2019.1629821.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water user association"

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PUSTINA, GERT. "Stakeholder management in the water sector: the cases of water user association." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202972.

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Water management in irrigation and in water supply and sewage sector is an essential factor for the sustainable development of the water management sector. The main purpose of this research is to create an innovative methodological framework for stakeholder identification and classification in water management sector. The stated purpose will contribute to theory by enriching the knowledge of stakeholder analysis towards water resources management fulfilling also the gap of implementation for this type of analysis in the literature specifically for WUA and WSSA entities. Beside scientific theoretical perspectives the research offers also a contribution to practice by facilitating decision makers and managers in the water sector by using a standardized methodological framework for stakeholder identification and classification of WUA and WSSA. For organizations in general stakeholder analysis is a hypothetic rule for leading them in the success of the firm. Literature review has included a wide range of research articles in stakeholder management in the context of stakeholder analysis by explaining different methods and techniques of different authors; on the other hand there is a limited number of papers in stakeholder analysis of water resources management or either natural resources and even less specifically for WUA and WSSA. The study was developed through case study method in the Lushnja WUA and Tirana WSSA consisting of qualitative data. These data consist of real evidences assembled mainly by water managers deriving an original contribution to the research knowledge. Basing on the results of research was identified and classified the definitive, expectant and latent stakeholders of WUA and WSSA. However the main finding of thesis was assessing the usability and relevance of a method and technique aimed at identifying and classifying relevant stakeholders in the WUA and WSSA, which can serve as directive framework for water managers in the sector. This method can be easily adapted and employed in other similar countries and regions
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Saruchera, Davison. "Emerging farmers in water user associations cases from the Breede Water Management area." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2475.

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Magister Philosophiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) - MPhl(IWM)<br>The aim of the study is to understand the level of co-operation between emerging and commercial farmers in a Water User Associations. The effort is expected to inform policy and improve practice in the building of new water institutions as government strives to implement IWRM.<br>South Africa
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Enarth, Shashidharan. "Decentralization and democratization of natural resources management programs in India : a study of self-governing resource user-groups." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2841.

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For many decades in India, natural resource management (NRM) programs were implemented by government bureaucracies in a centralized, top-down manner. The programs were unsustainable and suffered from resource use inefficiency and inequity. In the 1990s, under pressure from civil society organizations and multilateral agencies, the Government of India and many State Governments introduced policies that decentralized NRM programs and mandated active participation of users in the management of resources. When implementation responsibilities were transferred to resource user-groups many of the problems associated with centralization could be reduced significantly. However, despite their proven capacity of being better resource managers than government agencies, the user-groups encountered difficulties as self-governed people's organizations. Participation of users declined and problems of equity resurfaced in many user-groups. This dissertation describes the research that examines the causes of problems in the governance of user-groups in villages of Mehsana District in Gujarat. Using an eight-fold criteria of good governance, the study looks at eight Water Users Associations (WUAs) that took over irrigation management responsibilities from the Irrigation Department. This program of decentralization of irrigation is called Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). The assessment of each WUA on each of the eight criteria reveals a close link between characteristics of good governance and the process of democratization. It can be seen that the WUAs that performed well on participation, equity, transparency, accountability, rule of law and consensus-orientation were less likely to face situations of dysfunction than the WUAs that performed poorly on these criteria. These criteria for good governance are also the core elements of democratic governance. At the same time, the case-studies reveal the tension between the democratization process that is attempted within the WUAs and the historical and cultural legacy of the feudal, autocratic and patriarchal society that rural India has been for many centuries. The thesis supports the argument, with empirical evidence, that the decentralization process can be sustainable only when user-groups institutionalize democratic processes and the early leaders behave in a democratic manner. It also suggests that the transition from an undemocratic institution to a democratic one can be enabled when external support agencies play an important catalytic role.
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Kadiri, Zakaria. "L'action publique à l'épreuve de la participation : Généalogie du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3051.

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La thèse porte sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'eau d'irrigation au Maroc. Nous analysons la rencontre entre un projet étatique d'aménagement, et un territoire rural au Maroc, à travers les configurations des acteurs et les enjeux locaux de ses composantes sociales et politiques. Comment le projet d'irrigation a-t-il permis d'accélérer une reconfiguration des rapports de pouvoirs et du leadership local, que nous avons analysé à travers les logiques des différents acteurs. Nous avons adopté un cadre analytique emprunté à la sociologie politique et basé sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'irrigation. Ce cadre analytique nous a permis de mobiliser en parallèle deux modèles d'analyse : 1) le modèle synoptique pour l'analyse d'une action publique monopolisée par les acteurs publics, 2) celui des ajustements mutuels pour l'analyse d'une multitude d'acteurs dans une situation où l'Etat n'a plus le monopole de l'action publique. Nous avons fais le choix méthodologique d'analyser les acteurs en action, en privilégiant un travail empirique basé sur l'analyse des pratiques, et en décryptant une généalogie fine du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc. C'est une zone aménagée par les pouvoirs publics dans une perspective de gestion centralisée par l'administration agricole. Les négociations avec le bailleur de fonds, surgies lors du débat international sur la Gestion Participative en Irrigation, ont amené l'administration à confier la gestion de l'irrigation après aménagement à des agriculteurs organisés en associations<br>The subject of this thesis is the analysis of public action in the field of irrigation water in Morocco. We analyze the confrontation of a state-led irrigation project, and a rural territory in the North of Morocco, by looking at the configuration and interaction of actors and local issues of its social and political components. How did the irrigation project contribute to the acceleration of a reconfiguration of power relations and local leadership in the area? Our analysis examined this question through the logic of the different actors. We worked within an analytical framework borrowed from political sociology and based on the analysis of state action in the field of irrigation. This analytical framework allowed us to identify two parallel models of analysis: 1) the synoptic model for the analysis of public action monopolized by public actors, 2) the mutual adjustments for the analysis of a multitude of actors in a situation where the state no longer has the monopoly of public action. We have made the methodological choice of analyzing the actors in action, focusing on empirical work based on the analysis of practices, and by decrypting a fine genealogy of the Moyen Sebou scheme in Morocco. The area is managed by public authorities in the context of a state-centralized management of the agricultural administration. Negotiations with the financial donors, that took place during the international debate on ‘Participative Irrigation Management', led the public administration to entrust the management of irrigation to farmers who are active in associations
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Gouws, Catharina Maria. "Responding to water demand strategies : case study in the Lower Orange catchment management area (LOCMA) / C.M. Gouws." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4764.

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This study is an investigation into water management policies in South Africa, their effect on water users and the perceptions users have of these policies. The investigation begins with an exposition of concepts such as water demand management (WDM), as well as integrated water resource management (IWRM). A sub-discourse of the main theme is the societal tendency to neglect its common property. Garret Hardin's groundbreaking observations on the "tragedy of the commons" (1968) are explored in an effort to locate issues of relevance in effective water management strategies. In contemplating the commons, it is evident that aspects of morality and ethics are involved. The morality of a society be it in a global or national context, seems to manifest itself in legislation and policies, and in the way these are implemented. The relevance of good governance, hydropolitics and sustainable development is also discussed to provide the necessary theoretical background to an understanding of the relationship between consumers and the water commons. Access to safe drinking water is protected in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996. Flowing from the government's obligation to take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the progressive realisation of fundamental human rights stipulated in section 27(2) of the Constitution, the challenge since 1994 has been to provide access to water for all inhabitants and to manage the available water resources effectively. Furthermore, the objective of subsequent water legislation such as the National Water Act, 36 of 1998 and regulatory plans, like the National Water Resource Strategy has been to incorporate international trends in water governance. The Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) divided South Africa into 19 regions, called water management areas (WMA). In this study, attention is focused on what constitutes a catchment and how a catchment management agency (CMA) governs its water resources. A description is provided of the functions of water user associations (WUAs) and how ththe Lower Orange Catchment Management Area is, for example, the blueprint from which stakeholders develop their goals. In this study, the water situation in the Lower Orange Water Management Area is under scrutiny. The focus is on the three main institutional components of water management (the Lower Orange catchment management, the Upington Islands Water User Association [UIWUA] and the //Khara Hais Local Municipality). The progress of the establishment of the Lower Orange Catchment Management Agency is outlined over a period of five years. Meanwhile, the Upington Islands Water User Association was developed and this has grown in stature. The work being done by these institutions is investigated by looking at grassroots effects, especially in respect of irrigation activities. The unique water management circumstances of the //Khara Hais Local Municipality are then investigated along with the plans outlined in their Integrated Development Plan {lOP) and their Water Services Development Plane Internal Strategic Perspective (ISP) of(WSDP). Because local irrigation operations consume most of the available surface water in the Lower Orange Water Management Area, irrigation farmers and their activities warrant closer attention. A historical overview is given of the development of irrigation in the region followed by an assessment of the role of two of the most prominent historical figures in Upington, Reverend Adriaan Schroder and Abraham "Holbors" September. Ultimately, however, the focus falls on the current state of irrigation in the area. It is possible to distinguish between the approach of large commercial farming operations and that of smaller irrigation farming units to irrigation. Specific attention is given to the perceptions of irrigation farmers as far as the policies and legislation pertaining to water issues is concerned. This study will hopefully provide the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs(DWEA), //Khara Hais Local Municipality and organised agriculture with some recommendations on efficient integrated water management strategies. It might well be of value to other municipalities who are experiencing similar problems. The aim has been to identify typical problems and potential disputes between water management institutions and relevant role-players.<br>Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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Orne-Gliemann, Maud. "Des représentations de la gestion locale de l'eau : étude des discours et représentations à l'oeuvre dans la mise en place de la réforme institutionnelle de l'eau en Afrique du Sud au sein de petits périmètres irrigués." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700898.

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Cette recherche porte sur la place des petits périmètres irrigués (PPI) dans le système national de gestion de l'eau en Afrique du Sud. Nous avons choisi une approche par les représentations pour étudier et expliquer les difficultés rencontrées au sein des PPI par la création des water user associations (WUA) prévues par la réforme sur l'eau de 1998. Cette étude mène en parallèle un travail de déconstruction de la politique publique sud-africaine et un travail d'exploration des représentations sociales de petits agriculteurs. L'analyse des interprétations et des choix réalisés par les politiques dans la définition et la mise en place des WUA met en évidence une négation progressive de la capacité de participation des PPI par le biais de révisions successives du modèle de WUA. L'étude des représentations des agriculteurs est menée à l'aide d'un protocole de recherche novateur combinant méthodes discursives et visuelles. Elle révèle des représentations de la gestion de l'eau dépersonnalisées et dissociées du concept de contrôle. La notion de contrôle, centrale au discours des politiques, cristallise les problèmes rencontrés dans la participation des PPI au système national de gestion de l'eau : elle est la marque d'une divergence de représentations entre politiques et agriculteurs et la marque de la marginalisation des PPI. Notre recherche conclut en proposant de redéfinir le rôle des comités d'irrigation existants au sein des PPI mais oubliés de la réforme sur l'eau. Elle propose d'en faire des sous-comités des WUA à la fois indépendants et intégrés, des catalyseurs de la participation des PPI, et des intermédiaires entre agriculteurs et politique nationale de gestion de l'eau.
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Jamil, Fathi El Sadig. "Irrigation management transfer in a hostile context : a case study of the implementation of a transferred policy in the Kano River irrigation project - Northern Nigeria." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289387.

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Kadirbeyoglu, Zeynep. "Decentralization and democratization: the case of water user associations in Turkey." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32510.

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This thesis examines whether and under what conditions the recent decentralization of irrigation management in Turkey can deepen democracy through a comparative study of irrigation management decentralization in two provinces in Turkey: Urfa and Aydin. In Turkey, the state agency, which planned, built, and managed all major irrigation schemes, transferred the duty of water management, fee collection and maintenance to Water User Associations (WUAs) starting in 1993. The democratic processes established by WUAs in Urfa were plagued by allegations of bribery, corruption, embezzlement and service delivery failures; whereas Aydin WUAs have proven to be the very definition of successful decentralization in irrigation management. The hypothesis is that inequalities in access to resources, unequal power structures, low-levels of education and inexperience with civic activism lead to weaker links between decentralization and democratic deepening. Moreover, these same factors increase the likelihood that decentralized organizations will fail to satisfy their users in the provision of efficient and effective services. Hence, I hypothesize that the same factors are responsible for hampering the performance of decentralized institutions. I argue that divergent outcomes in decentralized irrigation management are a result of diverging social, economic and political contextual variables. The study shows that if there are significant inequalities in access to resources and power, decentralization does not promote democratic deepening and does not improve the performance of service delivery. This is especially true if the actors do not have a past of civic activism.<br>Cette thèse considère si la décentralisation récente de la gestion de l'irrigation en Turquie peut approfondir les processus démocratiques, et sous quelles conditions, au moyen d'une étude comparative sur la décentralisation de la gestion de l'irrigation dans deux provinces turques : Urfa et Aydin. En Turquie, dès 1993, l'organisme de l'État qui avait planifié, construit et géré l'ensemble des plans d'irrigations a transféré les tâches reliées à l'aménagement des ressources en eau, la collecte des frais et l'entretien aux associations des usagers de l'eau (AUE). Les processus démocratiques établis par les AUE se plaignaient d'allégations de trafic d'influence, de corruption, de détournement et de retards de livraison de service tandis que les AUE d'Aydin ne manifestaient que du succès en gestion d'irrigation décentralisée. L'hypothèse propose que l'accès inéquitable aux ressources, l'inégalité des dynamiques de pouvoir, les faibles taux de scolarité et le manque d'expérience en activisme communautaire contribuent à l'affaiblissement des liens entre la décentralisation et l'approfondissement des processus démocratiques. Or, ces mêmes facteurs réduisent les probabilités que les services de ces organismes décentralisés seront fournis aux utilisateurs de manière efficace. Ainsi, je propose que ces facteurs mêmes contribuent à la pauvre performance des organismes décentralisés. Mon argument démontre que les résultats divergents relatifs aux structures décentralisées de gestion d'irrigation sont liés aux variables sociales, économiques et politiques du contexte. L'étude démontre que les inéquations d'accès aux ressources
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Gove, Nancy Elizabeth. "Detecting relationships between land use and water quality trends : questions of association, scale, and independence /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6362.

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Jansen, van Vuuren Arno. "The implementation of the water release module of the WAS program at the Vaalharts Water Users' Association." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/112.

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Thesis (M. Tech) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008<br>Food and water are two basic human needs. International projections indicate that water shortages will be prevalent among poorer countries where resources are limited and population growth is rapid, such as the Middle East, parts of Asia and Africa. Provisional estimates are that South Africa will run out of surplus usable water by 2025, or soon thereafter. Urban and peri-urban areas will therefore require new infrastructure and inter-basin transfers to provide safe water and adequate sanitation. Due to the high cost of these developments, such water is seen as being used for industrial and public needs only and not for irrigation. Currently, the agricultural water users consume the majority of the water used by humans. Taking cognisance of the before mentioned it is a reality that in the future the irrigation sector will have to sacrifice some of its water for public and industrial usage. This suggests growing conflict between the different water users and the agricultural water users. An attempt by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) to address this conflict has been the implementation of pilot studies to determine the steps Water User Associations (WUAs) could take to ensure more effective water use in the future by the agricultural sector. These steps include an increase in irrigation efficiency according to the benchmarks of crop irrigation requirements and more efficient dam and canal management. The Water Administration System (WAS) has been developed to fulfill this exact requirement as it ensures optimal delivery of irrigation water on demand. The program is designed as a management tool for irrigation schemes, WUAs and water management offices to manage their accounts, and also to manage water supply to clients more efficiently through canal networks, pipelines and rivers. The WAS program consists of four modules that are integrated into a single program. Three modules of the WAS program have already been implemented at the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. This scheme has been transformed from a government controlled scheme to a privately owned scheme, and is now known as the Vaalharts Water User’s Association (VHWUA). The main purpose of this study was to implement the fourth module of the WAS program at the VHWUA as only full functionality of the complete program will ensure effective water use at the scheme. The fourth module calculates the volume of water to be released for all the canals (main canal and all its branches), allowing for lag times, water losses and accruals in order to minimise waste and thus save water. The methodology followed in this study was to first of all develop an understanding of the distribution cycle and the current calculation procedure of the VHWUA. The fourth module was then applied on a typical feeder canal and used to calculate the release volumes in order to compare these results with the current values. The next step was then to verify all data abstracted from the database used by the WAS program to calculate the release volumes. The database consists of information like cross-sectional properties, positioning of the sluices, canal slope, as well as canal capacities. The verification of data was done by field work, by studying existing engineering design drawings, through meetings and consultations with all parties involved in the VHWUA as well as by mathematical calculations. Cross-checking and verification, if necessary, of all above mentioned data were done. After the verification process, the database was updated and another cycle of calculations were run to do the final calibrations. Accurate calibrations were done to the seepage and the lag time coefficient. Some final adjustments were also made to the canal geometry in the database. This was an important part of the study as only a trusted and verified database will deliver correct results, irrespective of the software program used. After calibration of the database, the fourth module was again applied, but this time water losses were included in the calculations and the results revealed trustworthy and accurate real-time release volumes. The study therefore succeeded in the implementation of the fourth module on a typical feeder canal at the VHWUA. The study was concluded by the compilation of a checklist, which the VHWUA can use to implement the module on the whole scheme. This would enable the VHWUA to implement and apply the complete WAS program, which offers all the benefits and answers in every need of any water management office. Sustainable water resource utilisation can only be achieved through proper management. Applying this most effective management program will ensure a cost effective and optimised process at the VHWUA.
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Books on the topic "Water user association"

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1950-, Subramanian Ashok, Jagannathan N. Vijay, and Meinzen-Dick Ruth Suseela, eds. User organizations for sustainable water services. World Bank, 1997.

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Goldensohn, Max David. Participation and empowerement: An assessment of water user associations in Asia and Egypt. ISPAN, Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East, 1994.

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The legal framework for water users' associations: A comparative study. World Bank, 1997.

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Byrnes, Kerry J. Water users associations in World Bank-assisted irrigation projects in Pakistan. World Bank, 1992.

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Handing over the sunset: External factors influencing the establishment of water user associations in Uzbekistan : evidence from Khorezm Province. Cuvillier Verlag, 2010.

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Institutions, technology, and water control: Water users associations and irrigation management reform in two large-scale systems in India. Orient Longman, 2003.

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Phadnis, Sanjay Sitaram. A benchmarking framework for evaluating efficiencies of major irrigation projects: Role of water users associations. India Core Publishing, 2012.

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Bahls, Loren L. Support of aquatic life uses in the Upper Boulder River (Yellowstone River drainage) based on Diatom species composition and Diatom association metrics. [Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality], 1999.

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Jairath, Jasveen. Water user associations in Andhra Pradesh: Initial feedback. Published for Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad by Concept Pub. Co, 2001.

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Sustainable water user associations: Lessons from a literature review. Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, The World Bank, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water user association"

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Moss, Timothy, and Ahmad Hamidov. "Where Water Meets Agriculture: The Ambivalent Role of Water Users Associations." In Society - Water - Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18971-0_11.

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Shen, Dajun, Xuedong Yu, and Ali Guna. "Information transfer and knowledge sharing by water user associations in China." In Handbook of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119271659.ch2.

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Ahmed, F., F. N. Teferle, R. M. Bingley, and D. Laurichesse. "The Status of GNSS Data Processing Systems to Estimate Integrated Water Vapour for Use in Numerical Weather Prediction Models." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2015_178.

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Roy, Arnab, M. N. Venkataramana, and G. Sagar. "An Economic and Institutional Review of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Odisha." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6412-7_23.

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Umetsu, Chieko, Sevgi Donma, Takanori Nagano, and Ziya Coşkun. "The Role of Efficient Management of Water Users’ Associations for Adapting to Future Water Scarcity Under Climate Change." In Climate Change Impacts on Basin Agro-ecosystems. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01036-2_15.

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Wu, Chen-Fa, Chen Yang Lee, Chen-Chuan Huang, et al. "Sustainable Rural Development and Water Resources Management on a Hilly Landscape: A Case Study of Gonglaoping Community, Taichung, ROC (Chinese Taipei)." In Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS). Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_7.

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AbstractThe Gonglaoping community is located in Central Western Taiwan, with approximately 700 residents. The hilly landscape contains farmlands and sloping areas with abundant natural resources. Locals rely on the Han River system and seasonal rainfall for water supply for domestic use and irrigation. Uneven rainfall patterns and high demand for water has led to the overuse of groundwater and conflicts among the people. The surrounding natural forests provide important ecosystem services, including wildlife habitats and water conservation, among others; however, overlap with human activities has brought threats to biodiversity conservation. Considering these challenges, locals were determined to transform their community towards sustainability. The Gonglaoping Industrial Development Association (GIDA) and the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB) joined hands to initiate the promotion of the Satoyama Initiative, playing catalytic roles in several implementations, such as establishing water management strategies based on mutual trust, rebuilding the masonry landscape, and economic development, forming partnerships with other stakeholders. This multi-stakeholder and co-management platform allowed the community to achieve transformative change, particularly in resolving conflicts of water use, restoring the SEPL, enhancing biodiversity conservation, and developing a self-sustaining economy.Achieving sustainability in a SEPL requires the application of a holistic approach and a multi-sector collaborating (community-government-university) platform. This case demonstrates a practical, effective framework for government authorities, policymakers and other stakeholders in terms of maintaining the integrity of ecosystems. With the final outcome of promoting a vision of co-prosperity, it is a solid example showing a win-win strategy for both the human population and the farmland ecosystem in a hilly landscape.
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Knitschky, Roland, and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. "Selecting the Treatment Technology for Wastewater Use in Agriculture Based on a Matrix Developed by the German Association for Water, Wastewater, and Waste." In Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74268-7_4.

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de Montard, F. X., H. Rapey, R. Delpy, and P. Massey. "Competition for light, water and nitrogen in an association of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)." In Agroforestry for Sustainable Land-Use Fundamental Research and Modelling with Emphasis on Temperate and Mediterranean Applications. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0679-7_9.

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Kruger, Erna, Hendrik Smith, Phumzile Ngcobo, Mazwi Dlamini, and Temakholo Mathebula. "Conservation agriculture innovation systems build climate resilience for smallholder farmers in South Africa." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development. CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0021.

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Abstract Introduction of Conservation Agriculture (CA) and associated climate-resilient agriculture practices within an innovation system approach, and using farmer-level experimentation and learning groups as the primary learning and social empowerment processes, has created a sustainable and expanding farming alternative for smallholders that is improving their resilience to climate change substantially. Through a knowledge co-creation process, smallholder farmers in the programme have adapted and incorporated a wide range of practices into their farming system, including minimum soil disturbance, close spacing, improved varieties, judicious use of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides, crop diversification, intercropping and crop rotation as well as fodder production and livestock integration. They have organized themselves into learning groups, local savings and loan associations, water committees, farmer centres and cooperatives and in so doing have created innovation platforms for local value chain development. They have built ongoing relationships with other smallholders, NGOs, academic institutions, government extension services and agribusiness suppliers, and have promoted CA tirelessly within their local communities and social networks. To date, this is the most successful model for implementation of CA in smallholder farming in South Africa and, through networking and upscaling activities, is being promoted nationally as a strategic approach to smallholder adaptation and mitigation programming, in line with the Africa climate smart agriculture (CSA) Vision 25×25 (NEPAD, Malabo, June 2014).
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"Balancing Fisheries Management and Water Uses for Impounded River Systems." In Balancing Fisheries Management and Water Uses for Impounded River Systems, edited by Earl W. Chilton, Mark A. Webb, and Richard A. Ott. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874066.ch17.

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&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—Lake Conroe has long been synonymous with the controversy surrounding control of the exotic plant hydrilla &lt;em&gt;Hydrilla verticillata&lt;/em&gt;. By the time hydrilla was first identified in Lake Conroe in 1975 (2 years after impoundment), the plant covered 470 acres. By 1979, hydrilla increased to 4,500 acres and was causing problems for boaters, skiers, and swimmers. As a result of efforts by the Lake Conroe Association and its supporters and despite objections by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) staff, the Texas Legislature directed the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and TPWD to conduct a study to determine the ability of grass carp &lt;em&gt;Ctenopharyngodon idella &lt;/em&gt;to control hydrilla and the effects of hydrilla removal on fish populations, the fishery, and the limnology of the reservoir. Between September 1981 and September 1982, 270,000 diploid grass carp were released into Lake Conroe. By October 1983 hydrilla and all other aquatic vegetation had disappeared from the reservoir. Hydrilla growth was suppressed in Lake Conroe for the next 13 years; however, in 1996, approximately 3 acres of hydrilla were discovered. For the next 8 years (1997–2004), herbicide treatments funded primarily by the San Jacinto River Authority (SJRA) and conducted by SJRA and TPWD successfully limited hydrilla expansion. At the same time, native vegetation establishment by TPWD, U.S. Army Engineer Environmental Research and Development Center’s Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility, and several angling groups led to diversification and expansion of the native aquatic plant community in Lake Conroe and provided an alternative to a monoculture of hydrilla for fish habitat. However, by 2005, herbicide treatments alone were unable to control hydrilla expansion. As a result, TPWD and SJRA determined the need to develop a comprehensive hydrilla management plan for Lake Conroe. Therefore, a plan based on the principles of Integrated Pest Management was developed with the cooperation of angler organizations, property owner associations, local businesses, and other user groups. The plan integrated use of ecological, biological, chemical, and mechanical strategies for control of hydrilla while promoting diversity of the aquatic plant community. The stated time line of the plan was to reduce the surface coverage of hydrilla at Lake Conroe to less than 40 acres by spring of 2008, while preserving a diverse aquatic plant community.
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Conference papers on the topic "Water user association"

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Lingxia Guo, Zhang Bo, Yifei Zhao, and Xuqiang He. "Farmer's attitude to water user association participation management, based on gender analysis." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893396.

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Gunda, Thushara. "NM Technical Working Group: Balancing Standards Development with User Priorities and Platform Needs." In Proposed for presentation at the American Water Resources Association Annual Meeting. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1831349.

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Indra, Indra, Rahmat Fadhillah, and Safrida Safrida. "The Development Strategy of Customary Institutions Utilization of Keujruen Blang (Association of Water User Farmer; GP3A) in Increasing Rice Production in Pidie Regency." In Proceeding of the First International Graduate Conference (IGC) On Innovation, Creativity, Digital, & Technopreneurship for Sustainable Development in Conjunction with The 6th Roundtable for Indonesian Entrepreneurship Educators 2018 Universitas Syiah Kuala October, 3-5, 2018 Banda Aceh, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-10-2018.2284265.

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Rustinsyah, Rustinsyah, Ratna Azis Prasetyo, and Djoko Adi Prasetyo. "HIPPA - Himpupan Petani Pemakai Air (Water User Association-WUAs) and Employment Opportunities in Rural Area - Case Study of a Village in Plumpang District, Tuban Regency." In 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007552908590865.

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Wijaya, A. B. "Thermoelectric Peltier-based Cooler Generatoras the Right Option to Optimize Flare Gas Utilization in Mature Fields." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-f-225.

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Cepu is a mature field that has been producing since 1877 with a total production of 2,200 BOPD, with the challenge of developing new wells to control the decline in well production coupled with the high water cut in each well. In addition, production facilities in some sub-districts still use conventional equipment with durability and functions that need to be updated and are generally not equipped with the use of gas flares and purification equipment and in actual conditions in which gas is burned directly into the atmosphere. The thermoelectric Peltier is an innovation in the form of a device with a solid-state electric cooling component that functions to pump heat in the air during the cooling process. By being installed on a flowline leading to a flare stack, it is able to maximize the cooling process to enable the collected condensate and sweet gas be reused as a fuel gas engines. On this basis, the use of Thermoelectric Peltier in mature fields has great potential in reducing exhaust emissions of fuel gas/zero flares, heavy hydrocarbons (CH3+) contained in gas flares can be fully condensed and potentially to increase oil recovery from the Cepu field. In addition, the material used is user friendly requires only a power source, easy to be operated as it uses a 9-12 VDC power source, can be applicable in mature fields because it doesn't need spacious place, simply installed on the pipes, low price cost of Rp 5.312 million and is easy to find in the market.
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Ulugov, Umidjon, and Alexey Zolotukhin. "Agreement of Water User Associations Services on Agricultural Water Supply." In Proceedings of the International Conference "Topical Problems of Philology and Didactics: Interdisciplinary Approach in Humanities and Social Sciences" (TPHD 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/tphd-18.2019.82.

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Petrov, Andrei Yu, Abdolreza Zaltash, Solomon D. Labinov, D. Tom Rizy, Xiaohong Liao, and Reinhard Radermacher. "Evaluation of Different Efficiency Concepts of an Integrated Energy System (IES)." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60285.

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The Integrated Energy System (IES) market in the United States (US) and worldwide has been increasingly expanding over the last few years. But there is still a lot of disagreement in interpretation of one of the most important IES performance parameters — efficiency. Some organizations, for example, use higher heating value (HHV) of fuel in efficiency calculations while some use lower heating value (LHV). Some accounts for auxiliary and parasitic losses while others do not. Some adhere to the “first-law” of efficiency while some use other methods, i.e., calculations recommended by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or the US Combined Heat &amp; Power Association. Different efficiency concepts based on actual performance testing from the IES Laboratory at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are evaluated in this paper. The equipment studied included: a 30-kW microturbine, an air-to-water heat recovery unit (HRU), a 10-ton (35 kW) hot water-fired (indirect-fired) single-effect absorption chiller, and a direct-fired desiccant dehumidification unit. Efficiencies of different configurations of the above-mentioned equipment based on various approaches are compared. In addition, IES efficiency gains due to the replacement of a 1st generation HRU (effectiveness of approximately 75%) with a 2nd generation HRU (effectiveness of approximately 92%) for the same IES arrangement are discussed. The results showed that the difference in HHV- and LHV-based efficiencies for different IES arrangements could reach 5–8%, and that the difference in efficiency values calculated with different methods for the same arrangement could reach 27%. Therefore, it is very important to develop standard guidelines for efficiency calculations that would be acceptable and used by the majority of IES manufacturers and end-users. At the very least, every manufacturer or user should clearly indicate the basis for their efficiency calculations.
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Ngowi, N. J., and E. Makfura. "Descriptive analysis of sub catchment associations’ contribution to management of water use conflicts in the Great Ruaha River of southern Tanzania." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2015. WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm150101.

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Niu, Yabin, Ouyang Jian, Zhuoyan Zhu, Guijiang Wang, Guanghua Sun, and lijun Shi. "Research on Hydrophobically Associating Water-soluble Polymer Used for EOR." In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/65378-ms.

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Bharadwaj, R. "Technological Advances in Water-less Fracking: A Case Study." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-se-169.

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Hydrofracking transfigured the concept of producing from unconventional reservoirs. The Fracking fluid used in fracturing has unlocked many tight reservoirs but in terms of an aquifer, it poses threats like consumption of large quantity of water and also, used water becomes polluted as well as recycling cost is uneconomic. This paper evaluates alternatives to water-based frac fluids and discusses their environmental &amp; economic impact along with resource availability and commercial feasibility. Pure Propane Fracturing uses propane in combination with non-toxic man-made proppants (light glass &amp; carbon fullerene microbeads) with desired properties. Pure Propane is fluorinated and carbonated without water or harmful additives, thereby eliminates the risk of catching fire. Pure Propane Fracturing eliminates the need for water completely and thus, a perfect option for fracturing in water scarcity regions. Fracture flow capacity of Pure Propane can be enhanced with the use of phase change chemical proppants in the slurry stage. CO2 Foam Fracturing predominantly comprises liquid carbon-dioxide which reduces the water requirement up to 80%. CO2 foam-based frac fluid uses relatively fewer chemical additives as compared to the water-based frac fluid which in-turn does minimal formation damage. Foam Fracturing fluids have high fluid recovery and clean-up efficiency. CO2 foam-based frac fluid is available in a wide range of viscosities and can also work in high pressure high temperature conditions at significantly low polymer loadings. Energized frac fluid comprises N2/CO2 (20-30%) which reduces water consumption and provides additional energy to aid in load recovery during the post-frac flow-back stage. N2 gas can propagate more easily into small pores and micro-fractures to get lower breakdown pressure and enhance fracture complexity &amp; CO2 exists in dense phase at static bottom hole conditions, thus is less susceptible to dissipation and dissolves in crude oil which reduces its viscosity and improves cleanup and recovery.
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Reports on the topic "Water user association"

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Aarnoudse, E., A. Closas, and N. Lefore. Water user associations: a review of approaches and alternative management options for Sub-Saharan Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2018.210.

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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.

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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Paterson, Andrew H., Yehoshua Saranga, and Dan Yakir. Improving Productivity of Cotton (Gossypsum spp.) in Arid Region Agriculture: An Integrated Physiological/Genetic Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573066.bard.

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Objectives: We seek to establish the basis for improving cotton productivity under arid conditions, by studying the water use efficiency - evaporative cooling interrelationship. Specifically, we will test the hypothesis that cotton productivity under arid conditions can be improved by combining high seasonal WUE with efficient evaporative cooling, evaluate whether high WUE and/or evaporative cooling are based on specific physiological factors such as diurnal flexibility in stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status. Genes influencing both WUE and evaporative cooling, as well as other parameters such as economic products (lint yield, quality, harvest index) of cotton will also be mapped, in order to evaluate influences of water relations on these parameters. Approach: Carbon isotope ratio will be used to evaluate WUE, accompanied by additional parameters to elucidate the relationship between WUE, evaporative cooling, and cotton productivity. A detailed RFLP map will be used to determine the number, location, and phenotypic effects of genes underlying genetic variation in WUE between cultivated cottons, as well as test associations of these genes with traits of economic importance such as harvest index, lint yield, and lint quality. Major Conclusions: Productivity and quality of cotton grown under well-watered versus water-limited conditions was shown to be partly accounted for by different quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Among a suite of physiological traits often found to differ between genotypes adapted to arid versus well-watered conditions, genetic mapping implicated only reduced plant osmotic potential in improved cotton productivity under arid conditions. Our findings clearly implicate OP as a major component of cotton adaptation to arid conditions. However, testing of further physiological hypotheses is clearly needed to account for additional QTL alleles conferring higher seed-cotton yield under arid conditions, such as three of the five we found. Near-isogenic lines being made for QTLs discovered herein will offer a powerful new tool useful toward identification of the underlying gene(s) by using fine-scale mapping approaches (Paterson et al 1990). Implications: Adaptation to both arid and favorable conditions can be combined into the same genotype. We have identified diagnostic DNA markers that are being applied to creation of such desirable genotypes. Simultaneous improvement of productivity (and/or quality) for both arid and irrigated conditions will require more extensive field testing and the manipulation of larger numbers of genes, reducing the expected rate of genetic gain These difficulties may be at least partly ameliorated by efficiencies gained through identification and use of diagnostic DNA markers. Genomic tools and approaches may expedite adaptation of crops to arid cultivation, help to test roles of additional physiological factors, and guide the isolation of the underlying genes that protect crop performance under arid conditions.
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Daudelin, Francois, Lina Taing, Lucy Chen, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, and Hamid Mehmood. Mapping WASH-related disease risk: A review of risk concepts and methods. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/uxuo4751.

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The report provides a review of how risk is conceived of, modelled, and mapped in studies of infectious water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases. It focuses on spatial epidemiology of cholera, malaria and dengue to offer recommendations for the field of WASH-related disease risk mapping. The report notes a lack of consensus on the definition of disease risk in the literature, which limits the interpretability of the resulting analyses and could affect the quality of the design and direction of public health interventions. In addition, existing risk frameworks that consider disease incidence separately from community vulnerability have conceptual overlap in their components and conflate the probability and severity of disease risk into a single component. The report identifies four methods used to develop risk maps, i) observational, ii) index-based, iii) associative modelling and iv) mechanistic modelling. Observational methods are limited by a lack of historical data sets and their assumption that historical outcomes are representative of current and future risks. The more general index-based methods offer a highly flexible approach based on observed and modelled risks and can be used for partially qualitative or difficult-to-measure indicators, such as socioeconomic vulnerability. For multidimensional risk measures, indices representing different dimensions can be aggregated to form a composite index or be considered jointly without aggregation. The latter approach can distinguish between different types of disease risk such as outbreaks of high frequency/low intensity and low frequency/high intensity. Associative models, including machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), are commonly used to measure current risk, future risk (short-term for early warning systems) or risk in areas with low data availability, but concerns about bias, privacy, trust, and accountability in algorithms can limit their application. In addition, they typically do not account for gender and demographic variables that allow risk analyses for different vulnerable groups. As an alternative, mechanistic models can be used for similar purposes as well as to create spatial measures of disease transmission efficiency or to model risk outcomes from hypothetical scenarios. Mechanistic models, however, are limited by their inability to capture locally specific transmission dynamics. The report recommends that future WASH-related disease risk mapping research: - Conceptualise risk as a function of the probability and severity of a disease risk event. Probability and severity can be disaggregated into sub-components. For outbreak-prone diseases, probability can be represented by a likelihood component while severity can be disaggregated into transmission and sensitivity sub-components, where sensitivity represents factors affecting health and socioeconomic outcomes of infection. -Employ jointly considered unaggregated indices to map multidimensional risk. Individual indices representing multiple dimensions of risk should be developed using a range of methods to take advantage of their relative strengths. -Develop and apply collaborative approaches with public health officials, development organizations and relevant stakeholders to identify appropriate interventions and priority levels for different types of risk, while ensuring the needs and values of users are met in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -Enhance identification of vulnerable populations by further disaggregating risk estimates and accounting for demographic and behavioural variables and using novel data sources such as big data and citizen science. This review is the first to focus solely on WASH-related disease risk mapping and modelling. The recommendations can be used as a guide for developing spatial epidemiology models in tandem with public health officials and to help detect and develop tailored responses to WASH-related disease outbreaks that meet the needs of vulnerable populations. The report’s main target audience is modellers, public health authorities and partners responsible for co-designing and implementing multi-sectoral health interventions, with a particular emphasis on facilitating the integration of health and WASH services delivery contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
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5

Rine, Kristin, Roger Christopherson, and Jason Ransom. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) occurrence and habitat selection in North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293127.

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Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are sea ducks that migrate inland each spring to nest along fast-flowing mountain streams. They are considered one of the most imperiled duck species in North America and occur in two distinct populations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Pacific coast population includes Washington State, where harlequin ducks breed in the Olympic, Cascade, and Selkirk Mountains. This species is designated as a Management Priority Species by the National Park Service within North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA). This report summarizes harlequin duck surveys conducted during 15 years across a 27-year period (1990 and 2017) on major streams within NOCA, and incidental observations collected from 1968–2021. The primary objectives of these surveys were to 1) document the distribution and abundance of harlequin duck observations within NOCA boundaries, 2) describe productivity (number of broods and brood size), 3) describe breeding chronology of harlequin ducks, and 4) describe habitat characteristics of breeding streams. Sixty-eight stream surveys over 15 years resulted in observations of 623 individual harlequin ducks comprising various demographics, including single adults, pairs, and broods. In addition, we collected 184 incidental observations of harlequin ducks from visitors and staff between 1968–2021. Harlequin ducks were observed on 22 separate second- to sixth-order streams throughout NOCA across the entire 53-year span of data, both incidentally and during harlequin duck surveys by Park staff. Harlequin ducks were detected on 8 of the 13 streams that were actively surveyed. Excluding recounts, 88.7% (n = 330) of individual harlequin duck observations during surveys occurred in the Stehekin River drainage. Between all surveys and incidental observations, 135 unpaired females without broods were sighted across all NOCA waterways. Thirty-nine broods were recorded between NOCA surveys and incidental observations, with a mean brood size of 3.61 (± 1.44 SD; range = 2–10). Breeding pairs were recorded as early as April 5 and were seen on streams until June 15, a period of less than seven weeks (median: May 2), but most pairs were observed within a 3-week span, between April 26 and May 17. Single females (unpaired with a male, with (an)other female(s), or with a brood) were observed on streams between April 26 and August 25 (median: July 3), though most observations were made within a 5-week period between June 12 and July 19. Habitat data collected at adult harlequin duck observation sites indicate that the birds often used stream reaches with features that are characteristic of high-energy running water. While adults occupied all instream habitat types identified, non-braided rapids and riffles were used most frequently, followed by pools and backwaters. Larger instream substrate sizes (cobbles and boulders) were present at most observation sites. Adult harlequin ducks were more often found at locations that lacked visible drifting or lodged woody debris, but drift debris was a slightly more abundant debris type. The presence of gravel bars and at least one loafing site was common. Adult harlequin ducks were more often observed in association with vegetation that offered some cover over the channel, but not where banks were undercut. The average channel width at adult observation sites was 34.0 m (range: 6-80 m; n = 114) and 27.6 m (± 15.7 m; range: 10-60 m; n = 12) at brood observation sites. Compared to adult harlequin duck sites, broods were observed more frequently in low velocity habitat (pools, backwaters), but rarely in rapids. Cobble and boulder substrates were still the most dominant substrate type. Contrary to adult ducks, broods were observed most often observed in meandering stream channels, a morphology indicative of low gradient, low velocity stream reaches. Most broods were observed in stream reaches with gravel bars, loafing sites, and...
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