Journal articles: 'Water User Associations'

1

Kloezen, W. "Water markets between Mexican water user associations." Water Policy 1, no. 4 (August 1998): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-7017(98)00031-2.

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C¸akmak, Belgin, Mevlu¨t Beyrı˙bey, and Su¨leyman Kodal. "Irrigation water pricing in water user associations, Turkey." International Journal of Water Resources Development 20, no. 1 (March 2004): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620310001635656.

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Mustafa, Daanish, Amelia Altz-Stamm, and Laura Mapstone Scott. "Water User Associations and the Politics of Water in Jordan." World Development 79 (March 2016): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.008.

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Gulam Dasthagir, K. "Participatory Exclusion in Water User Associations: A Subaltern Perspective." Asian Review of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2020.9.1.1609.

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Although Participatory Irrigation Management envisions democratic participation and equity in water sharing among farmers , this article while investigating the challenges of Dalit farmers in Water User Associations and access to surface or ground water for irrigation, espouse the perpetuation of ‘Participatory Exclusion’ of Dalit farmers in canal water sharing and rights in water user associations . Since caste discrimination is embedded in modern user organizations, participatory exclusion of Dalit farmers operates at all levels of membership, participation and representation in PIMinrural Tamil Nadu.

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Engler, Alejandra, Oscar Melo, Francisca Rodríguez, Bárbara Peñafiel, and Roberto Jara-Rojas. "Governing Water Resource Allocation: Water User Association Characteristics and the Role of the State." Water 13, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172436.

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Water, as a common pool resource, is threatened by the possibility of overextraction generating a negative economic impact, conflicts among users, and greater income inequality. Scholars have discussed different governance approaches to deal with this threat, including centralized governance and self-governance, and lately, special attention has been paid to the interactions between formal institutions (the state) and local water user associations and how this promotes self-governance. The aim of this paper was to examine the adoption of Ostrom’s design principles present in the legal norms dictated in the Chilean Water Code by water user associations and to analyze the roles of their size, community homogeneity, and perceived water stress on adopting legal norms. The results showed that water communities generally follow the rules established in the Water Code, but the voting system, distribution of water, and fee payment are adjusted in small and homogenous water user associations. We can also conclude that a cornerstone in the system is implementing graduated sanctions, as water users see the tools provided by the Water Code as ineffective.

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SALAMA, HEBA E. "THE IRRIGATION BEHAVIOR OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS' MEMBERS IN SINORES DISTRICIT IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE (A CASE STUDY OF GARFAS EL-WESTANY WATER USER ASSOCIATION)." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 95, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1965–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2017.151879.

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Hunt, Robert. "Appropriate Social Organization? Water User Associations in Bureaucratic Canal Irrigation Systems." Human Organization 48, no. 1 (March 1989): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.48.1.r508511u785x280v.

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Ngonyani, Happyness, and Khaldoon Mourad. "Role of Water User Associations on the Restoration of the Ecosystem in Tanzania." Water 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010141.

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The Mkoji sub-catchment is the most populated sub-catchment in the uppermost part of the Rufiji basin in Tanzania, with critical users downstream, and it is vulnerable to water shortages. Despite the efforts made by governmental and non-governmental organizations in forming and supporting water user associations, little is known about their role on water resource management in the country. This study aimed to investigate the role of water user associations on the restoration of decreased environmental flow and degraded aquatic ecosystems in Tanzania, taking the Mkoji sub-catchment as a case study. Six water user associations were assessed, focusing on their strategies and influence on restoration, land use, ecosystem degradation, and their role in climate change mitigation strategies. Data were collected from various sources using interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. The Spearman correlation test was used to seek the relationship between the flow and the aquatic ecosystem. Statistical results showed that there was no correlation between the flow and rainfall, and there was a correlation between freshwater ecosystems and the flow. The results showed that 89% of the sample population accepted the decrease of the flow while 75% accepted the decrease of the fish catch in the freshwater ecosystem of the study. Based on the results obtained, the paper concluded that water user associations are doing a great job in management and restoration while politics, funding, and water permits were the main obstacles. Therefore, the government should play a role in restoring the ecosystem, bridging the gaps between farmers and animal keepers, land use planning, and developing aquaculture.

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Qiao, Guanghua, Lijuan Zhao, and K. K. Klein. "Water user associations in Inner Mongolia: Factors that influence farmers to join." Agricultural Water Management 96, no. 5 (May 2009): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.001.

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Ngirazie, Lee A., Ageel I. Bushara, and Jerry W. Knox. "Assessing the performance of water user associations in the Gash Irrigation Project, Sudan." Water International 40, no. 4 (June 7, 2015): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1072677.

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Rap, Edwin, Francois Molle, Doaa Ezzat El-Agha, and Waleed Abou El Hassan. "The limits to participation: branch-canal water user associations in the Egyptian Delta." Water International 44, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1554766.

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Wegerich, Kai. "Blueprints for water user associations' accountability versus local reality: evidence from South Kazakhstan." Water International 33, no. 1 (April 2, 2008): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060801928034.

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MacDonald, Katie. "The User and the Association: Neglecting Household Irrigation as Neglecting Household Well-Being in the Creation of Water Users’ Associations in the Republic of Tajikistan." Water 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030505.

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Development initiatives often cite Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) as fundamental to water governance reform or the broad process of decentralizing responsibilities for management, supply and delivery. But the label of “WUA” indicates little about those who take on these duties as association members, suggesting all who use water in pursuit of life or livelihood are eligible to participate and benefit through collective action. Grounded in the belief that participatory projects can equitably empower and distribute resources, the enthusiastic introduction of WUAs continues despite critique that anticipated outcomes are overstated. Since borders opened to neoliberal development institutions in the 1990s, WUAs have been created throughout post-Soviet Central Asia. Yet, there has been limited reflection on how associations’ design and operation interact with physical or social structures to effect resource access across diverse groups. Drawing on fieldwork in Tajikistan, I demonstrate how WUAs reproduce exclusionary outcomes by requiring members to possess farmland in turn threatening rural food security. Held by a minority, farmland dedicated to commercial production stands in contrast to ubiquitous kitchen gardens, where crops sown for self-consumption form a buffer against hunger in the wake of labor migration and income inconsistency. Households’ inability to become members undermines their claim to water and voice in decision-making, ultimately constraining access to irrigation and a robust harvest.

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Elias, Faisal. "The practice of Integrated Water Resources Management in South Africa: challenges of women in water user associations." GeoJournal 82, no. 6 (July 26, 2016): 1165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9736-9.

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Rouillard, Josselin, and Jean-Daniel Rinaudo. "From State to user-based water allocations: An empirical analysis of institutions developed by agricultural user associations in France." Agricultural Water Management 239 (September 2020): 106269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106269.

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Singh, Sreoshi, Krity Shrestha, Menaka Hamal, and Anjal Prakash. "Perform or wither: role of water users' associations in municipalities of Nepal." Water Policy 22, S1 (November 26, 2019): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.051.

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Abstract In Nepal, water institutions have played a very significant role, and in Tansen and Damauli, the presence of user groups has indicated that proper management of water can help people avert critical water shortages. However, although in both Tansen and Damauli the user groups have been operating for a long time, their performances vary. In Tansen, infrastructural constraints tend to throw up challenges, although operational hazards associated with the supply systems are no less threatening. Moreover, there is large-scale corruption in the systems' upkeep and maintenance, allowing low grade vendors to operate in place of readily available efficient institutions. In Damauli, the systems have been rather perfectly managed, except for minor glitches from time to time. Funding has been good and community bonding has paid off. This paper delves into the community-managed water systems in the two cities and how the performance varies across them and the factors that play a role.

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Zhovtonog, Olga, Vitalii Polishchuk, and Kateryna Chorna. "Land consolidation and creation of water user organizations for sustainable use and restoration of irrigation." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 7(26) (2020): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/7(26)/12.

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The article presents the results of system analysis of the problems in irrigated agriculture and irrigation restoration in Ukraine. The results of classification of water and land use conditions within the irrigation systems are given in this paper. The methodological approaches to the development of integrated plans for consolidation of water and land resources have been elaborated. Based on the surveys and questionnaires in the studied regions, 5 groups of land fragmentation problems were identified, which are outlined in this study and illustrated on some examples with using maps. The following types of conditions of water use were distinguished: lease of land plots by one large farm or agroholding within the area of one or more water distribution channels of large irrigation systems; the using of lands of intra-farm irrigation systems, which typically belong to the territories of individual village councils and are served by several water intake structures, and a large number of medium and small tenants; the using by several tenants of an area serviced by one water intake structure or one pumping station; fragmentation of land use and land ownership conditions within a single field; the presence of land plots with different leases terms within the individual fields, used by one agricultural enterprise. According to the types of land use conditions, three options for integrated land consolidation plans for irrigation systems were proposed. In order to develop integrated land consolidation plans and to restore irrigation, a complex analysis of land use maps and maps of the projected irrigation area will be needed. Therfore, it is necessary to establish a dialogue with stakeholders, namely with all farms, farmers and individual landowners on drawing up the most economically and environmentally optimal land consolidation plan within irrigation restoration areas. When drawing up such a plan, it is necessary to carry out an expert evaluation of the different scenarios of irrigation restoration, taking into account the composition of crops, probable techniques and methods of irrigation. Once the consolidation plan has been agreed, it is important to have a permanent land users association in place to attract and invest in irrigation restoration and to operate the irrigation infrastructure after the restoration. The issues of creating Water User's associations (WUA) in the irrigation areas was considered; the role of associations and land consolidation in restoring the on-farm irrigation network was determined. The list of functions of Water User’s associations has been provided, the main one of which is the exploitation of on-farm irrigation systems and water distribution between water users.

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Akkuzu, Erhan, Halil B. Unal, Bekir S. Karatas, Musa Avci, and Serafettin Asik. "General Irrigation Planning Performance of Water User Associations in the Gediz Basin in Turkey." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 133, no. 1 (February 2007): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2007)133:1(17).

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Pierce, John C., Mark Stephan, Nicholas P. Lovrich, Madina Khalmirzaeva, Abdulkhakim Salokhiddinov, and Edward P. Weber. "Common Pool Resources and the Transfer of Governance Technology: Water User Associations in Uzbekistan." Comparative Technology Transfer and Society 4, no. 3 (2006): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ctt.2007.0011.

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Caizhen, Lu. "Gender Issues In Water User Associations In China: A Case Study In Gansu Province." Rural Society 18, no. 3 (December 2008): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.351.18.3.150.

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Kazbekov, Jusipbek, Iskandar Abdullaev, Herath Manthrithilake, Asad Qureshi, and Kakhramon Jumaboev. "Evaluating planning and delivery performance of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan." Agricultural Water Management 96, no. 8 (August 2009): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.002.

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Alderwish, Ahmed M., and Jane Dottridge. "Evaluation of user satisfaction of rural water supply in Yemen." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (February 25, 2013): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.067.

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This paper compares rural water supply (RWS) and sanitation project schemes where national policies on RWS had been adopted against schemes constructed by public authorities as part of the General Authority for RWS Project. This evaluation tests the policies and provides a comparison of donor supported and government projects. The results indicate that policies will result in relatively high levels of beneficiary satisfaction and will increase the likelihood that the communities will sustain the systems over their design lives. More confidence in Water User Associations as governing and management bodies for water schemes is medium and more transparent selection processes are required. Although beneficiaries are agreeing to and paying tariffs that cover operation and maintenance costs, it affects the quantity of water they use and leads to negative health impact. High percentages of respondents have expressed dissatisfaction with current water charges, water quantity and water quality. Findings suggest that RWS Project's strategy for developing communities' capacity and meaningful involvement in planning and managing their own water systems is effective, however, progress is needed in two areas: RWS subsector still lacks a clearly agreed strategy and a demand-responsive approach should be adopted strictly in all programs.

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Yami, Mastewal. "Sustaining participation in irrigation systems of Ethiopia: what have we learned about water user associations?" Water Policy 15, no. 6 (July 12, 2013): 961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.031.

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Community participation, defined as engaging users of schemes in the decision-making processes for the planning and implementation of irrigation projects, is critical for the sustainability of irrigation schemes. This study was carried out in three regional states of Ethiopia to investigate the contribution of water user associations (WUAs) to sustaining participation in irrigation projects. The paper demonstrates that the poor understanding of community participation and institutional development by project staff in donor-supported irrigation projects results in the poor performance of WUAs in enhancing participation in irrigation systems. The interventions of external bodies in setting up the WUA by-laws and in determining the responsibilities of users and WUA committees contributed to the low level of participation. The transfer of schemes to WUAs without building WUA committees' abilities in operation and maintenance constrained their ability to sustainably manage irrigation schemes. The WUA committees are male-dominated and the views of women are hardly represented in the decision making. Therefore, establishing WUA committees that reflect the interests and inputs of scheme users is crucial to achieve fair decision making. Local authorities and non-governmental organizations could do more to change perceptions and behaviour to reflect the importance of gender equity in sustaining the positive outcomes of irrigation at household and community levels.

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Nixon, Rebecca, and Francis Owusu. "Choice, Inclusion, and Access to Information: Understanding Female Farmers’ Participation in Kyrgyzstan’s Water-User Associations." Sustainability 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9122346.

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Verzijl, Andres, and Carolina Dominguez. "The powers of water-user associations: on multiplicity, fluidity, and durability in the Peruvian Andes." International Journal of the Commons 9, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ijc.537.

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Yercan, Murat, Ela Atis, and H. Ece Salali. "Assessing irrigation performance in the Gediz River Basin of Turkey: water user associations versus cooperatives." Irrigation Science 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0142-z.

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Soto-Garcia, M., P. Del-Amor-Saavedra, B. Martin-Gorriz, and V. Martínez-Alvarez. "The role of information and communication technologies in the modernisation of water user associations’ management." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 98 (October 2013): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.08.005.

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Wang, Yahua, and Jing Wu. "An Empirical Examination on the Role of Water User Associations for Irrigation Management in Rural China." Water Resources Research 54, no. 12 (December 2018): 9791–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021837.

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., Suseno, Theodora M. Katiandagho, and Wilson M. Wangke. "PERILAKU PETANI ANGGOTA PERKUMPULAN PETANI PEMAKAI AIR (P3A) RUKUN SANTOSO DI DESA KONAROM BARAT KECAMATAN DUMOGA TENGGARA." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 11, no. 2 (May 18, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.11.2.2015.8391.

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The aim of research is to describe the Rukun Santoso water user associations (P3A) Konarom West Village, District Southeast Dumoga and analyze behaviour of its members. The collection of data was carried out for five months, from January until May 2015. The primary data collected through face to face interviews. Respondents was selected for 30 respondents by using random sampling mechanism. The interviews was conducted based on questionnaires that have prepared before. The secondary data was obtained through agencies that related to this research topic. The data analysis is descriptive. The results showed that knowledge of water user farmer groups in the organization is very good and then supported by the attitude of members of water user farmers is positive in favor of any program that is planned and the action of water user farmer association is good enough so that each program can run as expected.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, action, Rukun Santoso, Southeast Dumoga

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Ghosh, Souvik, Ashwani Kumar, Prabhakar Nanda, and P. S. B. Anand. "Group dynamics effectiveness of water user associations under different irrigation systems in an eastern Indian state." Irrigation and Drainage 59, no. 5 (November 24, 2010): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.514.

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Koç, Cengiz. "Assessing the financial performance of water user associations: a case study at Great Menderes basin, Turkey." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 21, no. 2 (January 10, 2007): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10795-006-9015-x.

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Adams, Ellis Adjei, Luke Juran, and Idowu Ajibade. "‘Spaces of Exclusion’ in community water governance: A Feminist Political Ecology of gender and participation in Malawi’s Urban Water User Associations." Geoforum 95 (October 2018): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.016.

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Rustinsyah, Rustinsyah, and Ratna A. Prasetyo. "Stakeholder engagement in a water user association for agricultural irrigation management in the villages in Indonesia." Journal of Water and Land Development 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0020.

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Abstract The fostering and empowerment of water user associations (WUAs) has been regulated by the Minister of Agriculture since 2012. However, the implementation of this guideline varies. Some water user associations have achieved improvement, while some others have not. This study discusses how a WUA in the villages that use Bengawan Solo River water has successfully managed the irrigation. One of the factors leading to the success of this WUA is the stakeholder engagement in the agricultural irrigation management and farm business. This study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017 by employing a qualitative approach. It aimed to identify and understand the stakeholder engagement in agricultural irrigation management by: 1) conducting an analysis on stakeholder power and interest indices, 2) mapping the positions, responsibilities, and obligations of stakeholders, and 3) identifying the stakeholder engagement in agricultural irrigation management. The research results are as follows: a) the analysis using Likert scale showed that the power index reached a value of 0.76, while the interest index reached a value of 0.78; b) the mapping of internal stakeholders, especially the responsibilities and obligations, has been regulated under the Articles of Incorporation of WUAs and obligations of external stakeholders, especially the government in making government regulations, irrigation infrastructure support, and flood prevention; c) cooperation of the stakeholders has an important role in the agricultural irrigation management and in solving the problems faced by WUAs.

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Abdrazek, Abdrazek. "Impact of water user associations on economic and productivity efficiency indicators of wheat yield in Sharkia Governorate." Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor 57, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/assjm.2019.98162.

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González-Pavón, César, Jaime Arviza-Valverde, Ibán Balbastre-Peralta, José Miguel Carot Sierra, and Guillermo Palau-Salvador. "Are Water User Associations Prepared for a Second-Generation Modernization? The Case of the Valencian Community (Spain)." Water 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082136.

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This work focuses on the situation of the technological transition to new technologies in drip irrigation in the Valencian Community (Spain). The study covers the last decade with data from interviews to managers of Irrigation Communities in 2010 and 2018. We analyze the main technological problems in seven topics: (i) Catchment & Pumping; (ii) Storage & Regulation; (iii) Treatment & Filtering; (iv) Transport & Distribution; (v) Maneuver, Regulation & Protection; (vi) Automation; (vii) Theft and Vandalism. We also have researched the influence of the performance of the Automation system, the presence of a technician in the Irrigation Community and the use of sensors or climatic data. Results show that problems related to technological maintenance of filtering systems or automation are very common and important and they are more important in large Irrigation Communities. We have also observed that mostly large ICs are using sensors or climatic data for their irrigation schedule. We can conclude that their current situation is focused in the daily maintenance of technological problems, inherited from the first modernization processes at the beginning of 21st century. Hence, they are far away from a second stage of modernization or the smart irrigation pushed by the new advances on technology.

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Koc, C., K. Ozdemir ., and A. K. Erdem . "Performance of Water User Associations in the Management-operation and Maintenance of Great Menderes Basin Irrigation Schemes." Journal of Applied Sciences 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2005): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.90.93.

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Karatas, Bekir S., Erhan Akkuzu, Halil B. Unal, Serafettin Asik, and Musa Avci. "Using satellite remote sensing to assess irrigation performance in Water User Associations in the Lower Gediz Basin, Turkey." Agricultural Water Management 96, no. 6 (June 2009): 982–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.01.010.

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Fernández-Pacheco, D. G., M. Ferrández-Villena, J. M. Molina-Martínez, and A. Ruiz-Canales. "Performance indicators to assess the implementation of automation in water user associations: A case study in southeast Spain." Agricultural Water Management 151 (March 2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.11.005.

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Villamayor-Tomas, Sergio. "Polycentricity in the water-energy nexus: A comparison of polycentric governance traits and implications for adaptive capacity of water user associations in Spain." Environmental Policy and Governance 28, no. 4 (July 2018): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.1813.

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Nickum, James E., and Peter P. Mollinga. "Different Asias, same problems: negotiating the state-user interface in surface irrigation in China and India." Water Policy 18, S1 (October 17, 2016): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.006.

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This paper explores the dynamic interface of state-water users' relationships in large-scale surface irrigation in India and China, to inquire to what extent the issues encountered in large-scale irrigation management and governance are independent of regime characteristics. Though operating in very different overall political regimes, China and India exhibit strong similarities in the way a central state has attempted to relate with local water users, in the types of policy instruments deployed to shape that relationship, and in the problems encountered. Both China and India have a long history of state involvement in irrigation management. Both saw massive expansion after the late 1940s. The state then tried to extend its control in response to ‘underutilisation’ of the created infrastructure, revenue shortfalls and perceived inefficiencies and yield gaps. In recent decades the policy approaches have, at least rhetorically, emphasised water users' self-management and governance, including financial self-management/cost recovery. In both countries the instrument for this has been Water User Associations. Results have been mixed, to say the least, on all counts. Larger institutional and policy characteristics adhering to the problematic of the state-user interface subvert stated reform objectives.

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Vavrus, Frances K. ""A Shadow of the Real Thing": Furrow Societies, Water User Associations, and Democratic Practices in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania." Journal of African American History 88, no. 4 (October 2003): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3559088.

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Vafaei, Elahe, Saeed Shahabi Ahangarkolaee, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Hossein Shabanali Fami, and Demetrio Antonio Zema. "A framework to evaluate the factors influencing groundwater management in Water User Associations: The case study of Tafresh County (Iran)." Agricultural Water Management 255 (September 2021): 107013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107013.

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Sanchis-Ibor, Carles, Mar Ortega-Reig, Amanda Guillem-García, Juan M. Carricondo, Juan Manzano-Juárez, Marta García-Mollá, and Álvaro Royuela. "Irrigation Post-Modernization. Farmers Envisioning Irrigation Policy in the Region of Valencia (Spain)." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (April 4, 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040317.

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During the last three decades, like many other Mediterranean states, Spain has intensively promoted the modernization of irrigation, focusing mainly on the introduction of pressurized irrigation systems. Following 30 years of investment, a shift in irrigation policies is needed to solve some of the deficiencies in this modernization process and to incorporate new measures to cope with upcoming challenges generated by international markets, climate change and other social and economic processes. This paper describes and analyses the results of participatory research carried out with the water user associations in the autonomous region of Valencia, in order to define post-modernization irrigation policies. A survey and 24 local workshops involving 304 water user associations were conducted during the irrigation season of 2018 in order to form an assessment of the sector and design new irrigation policies. The results show that after 30 years of important investment, the obsolescence of the infrastructure has become the current main priority, making farmers dependent on public subsidies. New necessities have also emerged, such as renewable energies and nonconventional water resources, which farmers consider indispensable in order to reduce operating costs and guarantee water supply.

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Kemerink, J. S., L. E. Méndez, R. Ahlers, P. Wester, and P. van der Zaag. "The question of inclusion and representation in rural South Africa: challenging the concept of water user associations as a vehicle for transformation." Water Policy 15, no. 2 (December 5, 2012): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.127.

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The promotion of local governance and the transfer of water management responsibilities to water user associations (WUAs) have been central in water reform processes throughout the world, including in the reforms that took place in post-apartheid South Africa. This paper reflects on the notions of inclusion and representation as put forward by the various actors involved in the establishment of a WUA in a tertiary catchment in the Thukela River Basin. The paper describes how the WUA in the study catchment came to be dominated by commercial farmers, despite the South African government's aim to redress the inequities of the past by the inclusion and representation of historically disadvantaged individuals. The authors argue that the notions of inclusion and representation as embedded in the concept of the WUA are highly contested and more aligned with the institutional settings familiar to the commercial farmers. The paper concludes that, unless the inherently political nature of the participatory process is recognized and the different institutional settings become part of the negotiation process of the ‘why’ and the ‘how’ of progressive collaboration at catchment level, the establishment of the WUA in the study catchment will not contribute to achieving the envisioned transformation.

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Balasubramanya, Soumya, Joseph P. G. Price, and Theodore M. Horbulyk. "Impacts Assessments without True Baselines: Assessing the Relative Effects of Training on the Performance of Water User Associations in Southern Tajikistan." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 03 (July 2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x18500078.

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Conducting rigorous evaluations of whether the process of creating new institutions affects their performance of mandated duties presents several challenges. Not only is assignment to process often not random, but when the process of creating new institutions starts, outcomes and other performance-influencing covariates are not measurable because the yet-to-be created institutions are not functioning at baseline. This paper compares the performance of 74 ‘treated’ water user associations (WUAs) in Tajikistan that were created using a longer training process with 67 ‘control’ WUAs that were created using shorter training, to assess the impact of training on WUA performance of mandated duties. First, propensity scores were constructed to estimate the probabilities of being ‘treated’ by treatment status. These results guided the application of the difference-in-difference technique with right-hand side covariates in a context where field measures of outcomes and other performance-influencing covariates were made after the new institutions were created and functioning. The first measures were taken within 12–18 months of the new institutions being functional and the second measures were taken 24 months after the first. This choice of methods introduces a bias due to measurement error causing an underestimate of the treatment effects, while controlling for biases due to time-invariant and time-varying unobservables. An alternative method that only compared the differences in outcomes at a single point in time after the new institutions were created would have provided an inaccurate estimate of the effects of the intervention. This is a context in which methods such as synthetic controls are impossible to employ due to the nature of the intervention, other macroeconomic structural changes, and severe data restrictions. The methodology employed here generates evidence that, while biased toward generating an underestimate of effect, can still be useful and informative for policy and management purposes, and for evaluating the impact of process on the functioning of new institutions in transition settings.

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Lopez-Gunn, E. "The Role of Collective Action in Water Governance: A Comparative Study of Groundwater User Associations in La Mancha Aquifers in Spain." Water International 28, no. 3 (September 2003): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060308691711.

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Lopez-Gunn, E., and Luis Martinez Cortina. "Is self-regulation a myth? Case study on Spanish groundwater user associations and the role of higher-level authorities." Hydrogeology Journal 14, no. 3 (February 16, 2006): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0014-z.

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Mirra, Laura, Bernardo Corrado de Gennaro, and Giacomo Giannoccaro. "Farmer Evaluation of Irrigation Services. Collective or Self-Supplied?" Land 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040415.

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Economic evaluation of farmland is an important issue in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study was to quantify the economic value of land in the farmland area of the Reclamation and Irrigation Board of Capitanata (Apulia region), differentiating by irrigation water service type (collective or self-supplied). The analysis involved a heuristic evaluation using the hedonic pricing method of the sales comparison approach. The data was gathered through a survey on a group of 75 farmers. The results showed higher capitalization values in the case of lands served by self-supplied sources from groundwater. Actually, in the long-term, an enhanced reliability was found for the self-supplied rather than collective services. The findings highlight the importance for collective water associations of differentiating water rights allocations on the basis of a volume guarantee. In future, water user associations of collective services could consider a different water right system along with price discrimination to efficiently allocate the resource among farmers and improve the sustainability of current water management.

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Theesfeld, Insa. "Irrigation sector in Bulgaria: impact of post-socialist policy reforms." Water Policy 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.155.

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In Bulgaria's irrigation sector, collective action solutions have been propagated by the Bulgarian Government and the World Bank in recent years. However, the introduction of a World Bank Project, the enforcement of the Bulgarian Water Law in 2000 and the Water User Association Act in 2001 find no common ground where collective action can grow. Given that villagers often hardly know anything about the water user associations that had been established on paper, the local situation is closer to one of open access, with efforts by some powerful individuals to exert some authority. This paper will show that what formally gives the impression of being a devolution-oriented policy reform by turning over decision power in resource management to local communities is, in fact, a further concentration of power in the irrigation sector. Empirical evidence is provided for pseudo devolution which is due to the actual implementation process of Bulgaria's recent legislation in the irrigation sector, which results in a concentration of property rights with state authorities. Likewise, individual actors who are capable of achieving short-term access to and management rights for the resource system are able to take advantage of the actual ambiguous local assignments of property rights and gain private benefits.

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Zema, Demetrio Antonio, Pasquale Filianoti, Daniela D’Agostino, Antonino Labate, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Angelo Nicotra, and Santo Marcello Zimbone. "Analyzing the Performances of Water User Associations to Increase the Irrigation Sustainability: An Application of Multivariate Statistics to a Case Study in Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 6327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166327.

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Benchmarking techniques are useful and simple tools to analyze the performance of the collective irrigation in the Water User Associations (WUAs) towards an increase in service sustainability. Several benchmarking techniques have been proposed to process and predict performance indicators. Instead, some meaningful statistical techniques based on the distance of data samples, which overcome the limitations of the traditional benchmarking techniques, have never been applied to the collective irrigation sector. This study applies Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA), Multidimensional Scale Models (MDS), and Distance-Based Linear Models (DISTLM) as benchmarking techniques to evaluate the technical and financial performances of 10 WUAs in Calabria (Southern Italy). These benchmarking techniques revealed that the significant differences in the irrigated areas and financial self-sufficiency of the WUAs, shown by PERMANOVA, depend on the large variability of the remaining performance indicators. Both the MDS and DISTLM demonstrated that a higher number of associated users and larger irrigation service coverage allows an increase in the irrigated areas; this enlargement is facilitated if the water price and the size of the personnel staff decrease. The WUAs’ self-sufficiency is mainly influenced by the number of workers and the maintenance, organization, and management costs, while the impacts of the due service fees and water price are more limited; it is also convenient to increase the number of the associated farmers since this increases the economy of scale and the gross revenues of the irrigation service. Overall, from the analysis carried out for the regional case study, these benchmarking techniques seem to be powerful and easy tools to identify the problems of the irrigation service and help in planning the most suitable policies to improve the sustainability of the collective irrigation at the regional scale.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water User Associations'

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