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1
RAY, C. F. "THE USE OF GIS IN A MAJOR WATER UTILITY COMPANY." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 114, no. 6 (January 1996): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icien.1996.28912.
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Akinyi, Agwa Maryline, and Paul A. Odundo. "Revenue Generation Aspects That Influence Financial Sustainability of Public Water Utilities in Kenya: The Case of Homa Bay Water and Sewerage Company Limited." Asian Business Research 3, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v3i2.370.
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Water sector reforms entrenched commercialization of water services and necessitated establishment of autonomous public utilities to cushion poor citizens from high market prices and guarantee access to water. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how well the utility prepared its revenue generation operations to achieve financial sustainability in the commercialized water market. A cross-sectional design, with mixed methods approach, was applied, and primary data sourced in mid-2017 from water officers, users and committee members. Quantitative analysis techniques included cross-tabulation with Chi square statistic, Relative Importance Index and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The results show that non-revenue water was the most important aspect of revenue generation influencing the utility’s financial sustainability (relative weight = 0.879); followed by efficiency of the billing system (relative weight = 0.866); efficiency of revenue collection (relative weight = 0.853); and unaccounted for water (relative weight = 0.790). A strong and significant concordance of views expressed by different respondents implied that the revenue generation pillar was not adequately set to enable the utility achieve financial sustainability in the commercialized water market (Kendall’s W= 0.893, χ2 = 71.222, df = 4 & ρ-value = 0.000). The study amplifies need for the utility to control non-revenue and unaccounted for water; forge active partnership with community administrative structures and groups for early detection and reporting of physical leakages, pilferage and defective metering equipment; among other measures.
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Su, Steve. "Distributional Modeling of Pipeline Leakage Repair Costs for a Water Utility Company." American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences 27, no. 3-4 (February 2007): 369–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01966324.2007.10737706.
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Said, Laila, Fifi Swandari, and Meldasari Said. "CSR Programs of Municipal Water Utility Companies for Wetland Communities of South Kalimantan." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v7i1.1754.
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Many studies on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of private companies' social funds. Only a few studies on CSR programs of municipal utility companies. The municipal utility company is unique because it has a captive market, and the Government regulates the company. These factors impact company's CSR strategy. This study qualitatively analyzed the CSR of municipal water utility companies of Bandarmasih and Intan Banjar. The Bandarmasih, which is located in the city of Banjarmasin, represents urban wetlands. The Intan Banjar, which service area includes Banjarbaru city and Banjar regency, represents rural wetlands. The analysis method was descriptive exploratory through observation, interviews, and focus group discussion. The results showed that the CSR programs had been sufficiently implemented but ineffective to fulfill the wetland community's needs. The CSR programs were sporadic and did not strategically improve the companies' image. The CSR programs were not derived from the companies' vision and mission. There was no formulated social responsibility policy. This current research contributes to designing a 'signature' CSR program under its core business competencies for community welfare. This research is among the first to focus on municipal utility companies' CSR programs concerning communities in wetland areas.
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Guzmán, Diego A., Guilherme S. Mohor, and Eduardo M. Mendiondo. "Multi-Year Index-Based Insurance for Adapting Water Utility Companies to Hydrological Drought: Case Study of a Water Supply System of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil." Water 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112954.
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The sustainability of water utility companies is threatened by non-stationary drivers, such as climate and anthropogenic changes. To cope with potential economic losses, instruments such as insurance are useful for planning scenarios and mitigating impacts, but data limitations and risk uncertainties affect premium estimation and, consequently, business sustainability. This research estimated the possible economic impacts of business interruption to the Sao Paulo Water Utility Company derived from hydrological drought and how this could be mitigated with an insurance scheme. Multi-year insurance (MYI) was proposed through a set of “change” drivers: the climate driver, through forcing the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) hydrological tool; the anthropogenic driver, through water demand projections; and the economic driver, associated with recent water price policies adopted by the utility company during water scarcity periods. In our study case, the evaluated indices showed that MYI contracts that cover only longer droughts, regardless of the magnitude, offer better financial performance than contracts that cover all events (in terms of drought duration). Moreover, through MYI contracts, we demonstrate solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and an annual average actuarially fair premium close to the total expected revenue reduction.
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Levina, A. I., and D. A. Serov. "Model of an Architectural Solution for a Value-Oriented Utility Company." Economics and Management 26, no. 6 (August 25, 2020): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-6-606-612.
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Current trends in the housing and utilities sector are associated with a value-oriented approach, which implies that the key aspect in designing a product or service is the value received by the consumer.Aim. The presented study aims to develop a model of an architectural solution for a utility company that implements a value-oriented approach to services by using technologies for collecting and analyzing personalized data.Tasks. The authors form the value proposition of a utility company (through the example of a water supply and disposal company), determine the role of data collection, transmission, processing, and analysis technologies in the implementation of this value proposition, and develop a model for an architectural solution for a value-oriented utility company.Methods. This study uses an architectural approach to the design of enterprise management systems.Results. The study proposes a model of an architectural solution for a value-oriented utility company that describes the interaction between the user and corporate architecture of value proposition implementation. This model serves as a basis for creating detailed requirements for the services of application architecture, data architecture, and technological architecture of the utility system.Conclusions. The architectural model of a utility company should make allowance for the requirements of compliance with the principles of value-oriented activity - from business services to IT systems and technological architecture. Personalized data collection is one of the most important conditions for the implementation of a value-oriented approach. A model for integrating data processing technologies in the architectural solution of a utility company will allow it to develop and implement the services necessary for value proposition implementation.
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Reid, Scott, Ali Chalak, and Jonathan Hecht. "Determining the optimal investment plan for water utilities: the case of Veolia Water Central." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.098.
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Water utilities face difficult choices in how most efficiently to plan for investments that best meet the needs of their customer base. An obvious interest of water utilities is thus to optimise their investment planning to obtain the maximum possible benefits for the costs accrued by the investments. The objective of this article is to demonstrate an approach for a water utility to determine the benefits of investments in different possible service areas. We used a stated preference choice experiment approach to estimate the willingness-to-pay of customers of a utility company in Southeast England for various water services that are both private and public in nature. Using state-of-the-art econometric methods, we demonstrate how customer preferences can be estimated at the individual level, as opposed to more standard modelling approaches that assume that tastes are homogeneous among the customer population. Willingness-to-pay results were mostly statistically significant for the various private and public services presented to customers, and results conformed to the expectations of economic theory. We demonstrate how individual-level customer preferences can be used to forecast the preferred alternatives of customers when faced with different possible investment programmes. Lastly, we outline how various benefits and costs, including those captured by willingness-to-pay, are used to optimise the water utility's investment planning.
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Annesi, Nora, Massimo Battaglia, and Marco Frey. "Stakeholder engagement by an Italian water utility company: Insight from participant observation of dialogism." Utilities Policy 72 (October 2021): 101270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101270.
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Amankwaa, Godfred, Festus A. Asaaga, Christian Fischer, and Patrick Awotwe. "Diffusion of Electronic Water Payment Innovations in Urban Ghana. Evidence from Tema Metropolis." Water 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041011.
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Recent advances in mobile technologies, especially in the utility payment space, are having an increasingly profound impact on our daily lives and offer advantageous services in the utility sectors. This paper examines the prevalence and patterns of customer uptake of an electronic water payment (EWP) system and its implications for water delivery in the Tema Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Data for the study comprised a survey of 250 utility customers and the review of a 12-month water use and customer payment database from a water supply company. Results indicate that although customers were aware of EWP’s existence, overall uptake was very low. EWP awareness and intention to use EWP were not significantly associated with customers’ gender, phone/mobile money ownership, educational status, and water usage. However, age, employment status, income, and means of receiving monthly bills were found to be statistically different in relation to the awareness of EWP. These findings offer several implications for water service and utility providers to market mobile payment solutions and to increase the consumer uptake of these services and payment options.
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Septiyana, Diah. "WATER CONSUMPTION PREDICTION USING FUZZY TIME SERIES - A CASE STUDY IN PRIVATE COMPANY OF TANGERANG DISTRICT INDONESIA." J@ti Undip : Jurnal Teknik Industri 15, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jati.15.3.203-208.
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Consumption of water in the Tangerang Regency continuously increases from year to year due to the increasing population and birth rates an average increase of 3% every year. So, the water demand prediction to be important to meet customer or community needs. The private water utility company needs to use a new method for predicting future monthly water consumption values and improves accuracy when forecasting time series using a visibility graph and presents to make more accurate predictions. In this study, we aim to measure the trend analysis volume of water consumption prediction by Fuzzy Time Series versus actual usage volume. Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) is a concept plan method that uses fuzzy logic that is able to provide predictions (estimates) of time series data analysis for the next several periods. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is obtained for different configurations of the input sets and of the FTS model structure. From the results of the average value error accuracy was only 4.5% using FTS Chen Method and included in the low category and water consumption actual versus prediction with the FTS Chen method shown related stable.
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Fatimah, Hilmi Azmi, Irman Hermadi, and Yani Nurhadryani. "ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE APPROACHMENT FOR DESIGNING IT MASTER PLAN BASED ON ERP FOR WATER UTILITY COMPANY." JURNAL APLIKASI MANAJEMEN 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2019.017.02.17.
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Nyirenda, Emmanuel, and Christopher Chembe. "Water Utility Mobile Application For Meter Reading: Android Based." Zambia ICT Journal 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33260/zictjournal.v3i2.85.
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Water utility companies have a billing process which involves reading the meter as well as knowing the consumption of its customers. The major challenge faced by water utilities in Zambia is inaccurate customer billing. Affecting hugely this inaccurate customer billing is the manual meter reading process. For most water utilities in Zambia meter reading is a very complex task. The current method for meter reading uses manual work of reading the meter and updating details of the customers. The readings are maintained in a record book and due to manual processing of data there are possibilities of generating an incorrect bill. This process cause extra work load on person who is capturing meter readings. The manual process is associated with the following challenges; transfer errors, poor handwriting, manipulation of figures, lack of analysis of readings, low productivity, time pressure, increase in non-revenue water and meter readers not visiting the property. The other problem with manual meter reading is that both the customer and the water utility company have challenges in monitoring and analyzing of consumption trends for customers and it is very difficult to monitor meter readers in the field. Although technologically advanced solutions exist, most water utilities in Zambia have no budget for them. The proposed model comprised of the android mobile application for capturing readings in the field and the web application for analysing readings and monitoring of field workers in real time. A usability test was undertaken consisting of 36 respondents which comprised of 75% meter readers and 25% customers. The results obtained from the mobile application framework, showed that the capturing, uploading, monitoring and analysis of readings were very good for the users and customers who participated in the study. Three user experience areas were used to undertake the survey namely, perceived ease-of-use, perceived flexibility and perceived information accuracy. With the android and web application customers are also able to take their own readings and view graphical usage at any time anywhere.
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Ambrose, M. J., R. F. Costello, and H. Schreiber. "Utility Combustion Turbine Evaluation of Coal Liquid Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239793.
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A comprehensive field test was performed to evaluate the suitability of H-Coal middle distillate and full-range Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) coal-derived liquids (CDLs) as utility combustion turbine fuels. A Westinghouse W251AA 26 MW combustion turbine operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company was the test engine. No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel was also fired to establish baseline data. This program was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. Site modifications included a temporary CDL storage and fuel transfer system, water storage and injection equipment, an instrumented combustor, engine and emissions instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and industrial hygiene facilities required for the proper handling of the CDLs. The overall results of testing were positive for using such CDL fuels in combustion turbines for power generation. With the exception of higher combustor metal temperatures with the CDLs, and persistent fuel filter plugging with the EDS fuel (which occurred even with increased fuel temperature and filter size), the engine operated satisfactorily during approximately 80 hr of total running over the standard range of load and water injection conditions.
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Sardjono, W., and R. M. Vijayanto. "Designing of IT master plan based on TOGAF ADM framework in the regional water utility company." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 729, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/729/1/012016.
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Hirst, Eric. "Reforming Electric Utility Regulation: The Engineer as Anthropologist." Practicing Anthropology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.16.2.v17026m775810l51.
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Trained as an engineer and employed at a national laboratory, I have been working on new forms of planning for electrical utilities. To learn how environmental groups have influenced utility company decisions, I spent a year (July 1992 through June 1993) working with the Energy Project of the Land and Water Fund of the Rockies (LAW Fund). The LAW Fund provides legal support to local environmental groups throughout the Rocky Mountain region. The LAW Fund's Energy Project focuses on the use of demand-side management programs, renewable resources, and integrated resource planning as ways for utilities to deliver desired energy services to their customers at minimal environmental cost. (Demand-side management programs are those that affect the amount and timing of customer electricity use, such as energy audits.)
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Nayyar Hassan, Ahmad, and Ayman El-Hag. "Two-Layer Ensemble-Based Soft Voting Classifier for Transformer Oil Interfacial Tension Prediction." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071735.
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This paper uses a two-layered soft voting-based ensemble model to predict the interfacial tension (IFT), as one of the transformer oil test parameters. The input feature vector is composed of acidity, water content, dissipation factor, color and breakdown voltage. To test the generalization of the model, the training data was obtained from one utility company and the testing data was obtained from another utility. The model results in an optimal accuracy of 0.87 and a F1-score of 0.89. Detailed studies were also carried out to find the conditions under which the model renders optimal results.
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Jacinto, R., M. J. Cruz, and F. D. Santos. "Water use scenarios as a tool for adaptation to climate change of a water supply company." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 5, no. 1 (June 28, 2012): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-5-265-2012.
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Abstract. The project ADAPTACLIMA, promoted by EPAL, the largest Portuguese Water Supply Utility, aims to provide the company with an adaptation strategy in the medium and long term to reduce the vulnerabilities of its activities to climate change. We used the special report emissions scenarios (SRES) of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) to produce local scenarios of water use. Available population SRES for Portugal were downscaled to the study area using a linear approach. Local land use scenarios were produced using the following steps: (1) characterization of the present land use for each municipality of the study area using Corine Land Cover and adapt the CLC classes to those used in the SRES; (2) identification of recent tendencies in land use change for the study area; (3) identification of SRES tendencies for land use change in Europe; and (4) production of local scenarios of land use. Water use scenarios were derived considering both population and land use scenarios as well as scenarios of change in other parameters (technological developments, increases in efficiency, climate changes, or political and behavioural changes). The A2 scenario forecasts an increase in population (+16%) in the study area while the other scenarios show a reduction of resident population (−6 to 8%). All scenarios, but especially A1, show a significant reduction in agricultural area and an increase in urban area. Regardless of the scenario, water use will progressively be reduced until 2100. These reductions are mainly due to increased water use efficiency and reduction of irrigated land. The results concord with several projects modelling water use at regional and global level.
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D’Andrea, Alessia. "Applying GRI Sustainability Reporting in the Water Sector: Evidences from an Italian Company." International Journal of Business Administration 8, no. 3 (May 4, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v8n3p10.
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Sustainability reporting is considered the most applicable and reliable tool for disclosing financial and non-financial information to stakeholders and a means for strengthening company credibility. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is the most common standard followed to implement and to develop sustainability reporting. Nevertheless, a few studies have focused on the real adoptability of the standard. The aim of the present study is to illustrate how GRI indicators could be applied and interpreted by managers of a water company to implement sustainability reporting. A single case study is developed to identify which factors could affect the standardized implementation of the G4 guidelines by a water utility company. The research was conducted in an Italian medium-sized enterprise, an entirely publicly owned joint-stock company under the in-house providing rules. Evidence from the case study was gathered through direct observation as well as semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the human resources responsible for the data collection. The research highlights that the process generated an internal validation of the practices carried out by the managers to achieve sustainable development. The case study presented shows that GRI Guidelines adoption is left to interpretation: certain practices and recommendations contained in the G4 implementation manual are, in fact, operationalized within the organization in consideration of the company’s activities and governance. The illustration of the case study may guide practitioners in the GRI implementation process in all sectors, especially in public utilities.
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Piedrahíta, F. J., F. A. Zuleta, and J. F. Manjarrés. "Initiatives to meet the challenge of providing water services to the most underprivileged communities: tools and oportunities - the case of Empresas Públicas de Medelín (EEPPM)." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0700.
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Due to problems such as migration from rural areas to cities and to the difficulties generated by those displaced by violence, the water utility companies in developing counties are faced with the challenge of supplying this service to communities that have settled in an irregular and disorganized manner. The challenge public utility services face is solving the problem without letting such circumstances impinge on the financial feasibility of the company. In order to achieve this, it is essential to design programs with a prominent degree of community participation and self-management, which may even change this social problem into a commercial opportunity. This paper portrays EEPPM's experience in four successful programs within this field, illustrating their benefits as regards sustainability and replication.
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Maryanto, Maryanto. "Analisis Pengaruh Keterbukaan dan Audit Internal Terhadap Penerapan Good Corporate Governance Pada Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Tirta Sakti Kerinci Tahun 2017." Eksis: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis 9, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/eksis.v9i1.129.
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Disclosure of information is an openness and honesty of information within a company that the government is responsible for its trusting resources in accordance with the laws and regulations in order to know openly the circumstances of a company based on the consideration that everyone has the right to know openly and thorough information. Disclosure of information and internal audit is an important factor in the implementation of good corporate governance. This study aims to determine the effect of information disclosure and internal audit on the implementation of good corporate governance in water utility company PDAM Tirta Sakti Kerinci Year 2017. Population and sample in this study are internal auditors who are in the Division of Internal Control Unit (SPI) working on PDAM Tirta Sakti Kerinci samples taken as many as 12 people. The sample in this research use purposive sampling technique. Based on the research that the authors do, show that There is a significant influence between the Public Information Disclosure Against the Application of Good Corporate Governance in Regional Water Company PDAM Tirta Sakti Key words: Information Disclosure. internal audit and Good Corporate Governance
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da Silveira, Ana Paula Pereira, and Herlander Mata-Lima. "Energy audit in water supply systems: a proposal of integrated approach towards energy efficiency." Water Policy 22, no. 6 (November 13, 2020): 1126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.203.
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Abstract An integrated procedure has been designed to identify and rank the opportunity for energy efficiency in water supply systems (WSS). The main objective is to help WSS managers to identify key issues to be treated as nonconformity and develop a program for continual improvement of energy efficiency. The procedure was built in collaboration with practitioners and implemented in a company. One of the concerns during the development of the procedure was to provide companies with a fast and user-friendly tool. Complementarily, it also complies with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standards, and is of great relevance for any company of the sector of water utility. Recommendations for enhancing the energy management in WSS are also addressed in the audit procedure. The findings derived from the evaluation of the state-of-the-art and applications have led to the identification of key issues for energy saving. The success of energy management programs will be based on energy audit and on the top managements' engagement, workers' attitude and qualification, and the financial resources available.
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Dixon, M. L. E. "TCS in Action." Industry and Higher Education 12, no. 1 (February 1998): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229801200108.
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In the context of the respective needs of companies, universities and individual graduates in the partnership process, this paper describes a TCS Programme involving Welsh Water, a major UK utility provider, Lusis Business Solutions, an IT company, and the Department of Computer Science of the University of Wales, Swansea. The author presents a case study of a project to control coagulation in water treatment through a neural network, illustrating how the structure of the partnership was used to facilitate and produce a successful outcome. Finally he summarizes the key benefits of the Programme experienced by the various participants.
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Pedersen, Agnethe N., Morten Borup, Annette Brink-Kjær, Lasse E. Christiansen, and Peter S. Mikkelsen. "Living and Prototyping Digital Twins for Urban Water Systems: Towards Multi-Purpose Value Creation Using Models and Sensors." Water 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050592.
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In this paper, we review the emerging concept of digital twins (DTs) for urban water systems (UWS) based on the literature, stakeholder interviews and analyzing the current DT implementation process in the utility company VCS Denmark (VCS). Here, DTs for UWS are placed in the context of DTs at the component, unit process/operation or hydraulic structure, treatment plant, system, city, and societal levels. A UWS DT is characterized as a systematic virtual representation of the elements and dynamics of the physical system, organized in a star-structure with a set of features connected by data links that are based on standards for open data. This allows the overall functionality to be broken down into smaller, tangible units (features), enabling microservices that communicate via data links to emerge (the most central feature), facilitated by application programing interfaces (APIs). Coupled to the physical system, simulation models and advanced analytics are among the most important features. We propose distinguishing between living and prototyping DTs, where the term “living” refers to coupling observations from an ever-changing physical twin (which may change with, e.g., urban growth) with a simulation model, through a data link connecting the two. A living DT is thus a near real-time representation of an UWS and can be used for operational and control purposes. A prototyping DT represents a scenario for the system without direct coupling to real-time observations, which can be used for design or planning. By acknowledging that different DTs exist, it is possible to identify the value-creation from DTs achieved by different end-users inside and outside a utility organization. Analyzing the DT workflow in VCS shows that a DT must be multifunctional, updateable, and adjustable to support potential value creation across the utility company. This study helps clarify key DT terminology for UWS and identifies steps to create a DT by building upon digital ecosystems (DEs) and open standards for data.
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Suleiman, Lina, and Göran Cars. "Water supply governance in Accra: “authentic” or “symbolic”." Water Policy 12, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.162.
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This paper uses a governance theory framework to analyse the introductory process for the private sector managing and operating the public water utility Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). The analysis was performed from three standpoints: process inputs, process conduct and process outcomes. The consultation process on involvement of the private sector was hostile and resulted in a “light” form of private sector participation in the form of a management contract that can be considered a de facto compromise, although not deliberate, by stakeholders. The challenges in improving the water sector performance and water supply services are profound. Because of continuing institutional, social, political and legal constraints, the involvement of the private sector per se is not the solution to providing long-term improvement in water services. The article concludes that it is misleading to leapfrog from government to governance, calling for the transmission of a governance “recipe”, as conceptualised in the Western context, and to assume that it can work in an unaccommodating institutional context.
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Criminisi, A., C. M. Fontanazza, G. Freni, and G. La Loggia. "Evaluation of the apparent losses caused by water meter under-registration in intermittent water supply." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 9 (November 1, 2009): 2373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.423.
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Apparent losses are usually caused by water theft, billing errors, or revenue meter under-registration. While the first two causes are directly related to water utility management and may be reduced by improving company procedures, water meter inaccuracies are considered to be the most significant and hardest to quantify. Water meter errors are amplified in networks subjected to water scarcity, where users adopt private storage tanks to cope with the intermittent water supply. The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of two variables influencing the apparent losses: water meter age and the private storage tank effect on meter performance. The study was carried out in Palermo (Italy). The impact of water meter ageing was evaluated in laboratory by testing 180 revenue meters, ranging from 0 to 45 years in age. The effects of the private water tanks were determined via field monitoring of real users and a mathematical model. This study demonstrates that the impact on apparent losses from the meter starting flow rapidly increases with meter age. Private water tanks, usually fed by a float valve, overstate meter under-registration, producing additional apparent losses between 15% and 40% for the users analysed in this study.
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Pawlowska, Elzbieta, Joanna Machnik-Slomka, Iwona Klosok-Bazan, Miroslava Gono, and Radomir Gono. "Corporate Social Responsibility of Water and Sanitation Company in the Czech Republic—Case Study." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 3981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133981.
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The issue discussed in this article concerns corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is playing an increasingly important role in the context of sustainable development of enterprises. The purpose of the current work was to assess the practices applied in the area of corporate social responsibility in water and sanitation companies, based on the opinions of employees and managers. The motivation for undertaking research on this topic resulted from the scarcity of scientific studies on the measurement of the corporate social responsibility concept in water and sanitization companies using a multidimensional approach based on the ISO 26000 standard. The study used methodological triangulation based on the use of qualitative and quantitative research methods to verify information from different sources. This approach allowed the authors to obtain the data more effectively and analyze the problem from numerous different perspectives. The study used an interview method that targeted water and sanitization utility staff. In-depth research was based on the case study method, which is particularly important when researching complex phenomena. For this purpose, surveys were carried out, the results of which indicate that corporate social responsibility of the surveyed enterprise is at a high level, and that there are statistically significant differences between individual dimensions of CSR. The results indicate that the surveyed company is oriented towards supporting activities in the area of corporate social responsibility, in accordance with the in the concept of sustainable development.
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Majid, Aman, Iliana Cardenes, Conrad Zorn, Tom Russell, Keith Colquhoun, René Bañares-Alcantara, and Jim W. Hall. "An Analysis of Electricity Consumption Patterns in the Water and Wastewater Sectors in South East England, UK." Water 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010225.
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The water and wastewater sectors of England and Wales (E&W) are energy-intensive. Although E&W’s water sector is of international interest, in particular due to the early experience with privatisation, for the time being, few published data on energy usage exist. We analysed telemetry energy-use data from Thames Water Utilities Ltd. (TWUL), the largest water and wastewater company in the UK, which serves one of the largest mega-cities in the world, London. In our analysis, we: (1) break down energy use into their components; (2) present a statistical approach to handling seasonal and random cycles in data; and (3) derive energy-intensity (kWh m−3) metrics and compare them with other regions in the world. We show that electricity use in the sector grew by around 10.8 ± 0.4% year−1 as the utility coped with growing demands and stormwater flooding. The energy-intensity of water services in each of the utility’s service zone was measured in the range 0.46–0.92 kWh m−3. Plans to improve the efficiency of the system could yield benefits in lower energy-intensity, but the overall energy saving would be temporary as external pressures from population and climate change are driving up water and energy use.
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Bashynska, Iryna. "Production Implementation of Sodium Permanganate (Carusol) for Improving the Quality of Drinking Water at the Treatment Facilities of the “Zhyto-myrvodokanal” Utility Company." Path of Science 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 4001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.64-8.
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The article presents the results of the research, obtained during the production of a new reagent - sodium permanganate oxidant (Carusol trademark) in the technology of water treatment at the treatment plant of the «Zhytomyrvodokanal» utility company. The purpose of this work is to determine the effectiveness of removal from the composition of tap water of such pollutants as permanganate oxidation, manganese, phytoplankton, and especially chloroform and improve its quality by organoleptic parameters. This experiment was conducted in summer to determine the technological and environmental efficiency of the reagent at high water temperatures, because it is in summer that the water supply source in Zhytomyr is characterized by the increased levels of organic pollution, which causes excessive concentration of chloroform, high concentration of manganese and phytoplankton. The production experiment showed that the efficiency of water purification with Carusol reagent in the warm period of the year at increased water temperatures in terms of chromaticity is quite high; according to the oxidation index of permanganate, although it is not sufficient for the normative quality of drinking water and requires the use of additional activated carbon for more thorough removal of organic pollution; there is a high technological and environmental efficiency of purification of drinking water from chloroform, in some experimental days the efficiency was up to 60-70%; oxidation of manganese occurred by 60-90%; removal of phytoplankton with the reagent was characterized by high efficiency and was at the level of 90% or more.
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Imbernon, J. A., X. Aldea, B. Usquin, and D. Marin. "Auditing and monitoring to enhance energy efficiency (AGBAR experience)." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.015.
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The changing global energy environment which promotes efficiency in energy use and production as well as the use of renewable energies has led to the need for appropriate methodologies and tools in order to manage energy more efficiently. The objective of this paper is to describe the methodology and tools developed and implemented by Aqualogy (a subsidiary company of the AGBAR water utility company, specialised in technology) in order to improve energetic performance and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from water facilities. The methodology combines energy auditing with an energy consumption monitoring plan. Some tools have been developed in this field in order to support decision-making, such as those regarding tariff optimisation, and prediction of equipment anomalies that could lead to an increase in energy consumption. Using the tool CAFCA, a carbon footprint calculator specifically for the water cycle, it is possible to report greenhouse gases emissions and to quantify savings in CO2 emissions. By applying this methodology to 21.7% of AGBAR's facilities we have been able to observe a reduction of 3% audited energy, which means 6% of the facilities' energetic cost.
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Parker, M. J., R. J. Casey, L. K. Reynolds, R. R. de Vries, T. M. Brueck, and C. N. Williams. "Functional Approach Leads to Successful ICA across 124 Water and 389 Wastewater Treatment Works." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1993): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0644.
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Thames Water Utilities Limited operates a complex network of 124 water and 389 wastewater treatment works. Regulatory requirements are driving a massive capital programme of more than ₤2 Billion over 5 years to improve performance of these facilities. Improvements are planned, engineered, and operated by a variety of internal and external groups and individuals. Shareholders are demanding profitability and the Director General is pushing for improvements to customer service. To achieve its objectives, Thames has developed an instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) systems master plan. The plan is based on the utility s water and wastewater functional requirements. The functional approach is applied to the large number of diverse facilities by grouping facilities and processes into classifications. The approach is used throughout the plan. Each process and its associated process control strategy are clearly defined to ensure consistency and the cost-effective implementation of instrumentation and control across Thames. The functional approach was developed for each process control strategy using a series of structured workshops to achieve consensus and company-wide acceptance. Each department of the utility was involved in the workshops (including engineering, operations, maintenance, management systems, research and development, operational science). Top management sponsored the planning effort and committed to making the plan a reality.
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van der Hoek, Jan Peter, Stefan Mol, Theo Janse, Enna Klaversma, and Joost Kappelhof. "Selection and prioritization of mitigation measures to realize climate neutral operation of a water cycle company." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.026.
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Waternet, the public water cycle utility of Amsterdam and surroundings, has the ambition to operate climate neutrally in 2020. This requires a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 48 kton CO2-eq. An inventory was made of measures to realize the target either in 2020 or in 2050. For all measures the effects on GHG emissions and on costs were determined. To comply with two core values of Waternet – economic effectivity and sustainability – the measures were prioritized based on CO2 effectivity, defined as costs per ton GHG emission reduction. To realize the target in 2020, 34 measures have to be implemented. The total investments are € 60 million, while the measures result in a decrease in yearly costs of € 5 million from 2020 onwards. In the case where the target has to be realized in 2050, 10 measures have to be implemented with a total investment of € 100 million and a decrease in yearly costs of € 16 million from 2050 onwards. As the cumulative cost savings in 2050 are € 50 million higher for the case where the target is already reached in 2020, and the uncertainty is lower, the realization of the target in 2020 is preferred.
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Zhurkina, T. A., and T. V. Sabetova. "The ways to improve the financial results of the housing and utility sector companies." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-304-312.
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Housing and communal services is an integral part of the social sphere of any settlement. Currently, its technical condition is characterized by a high degree of wear, low efficiency and loss of resources and coolants. Because of this, housing and communal services is unattractive to investors. A detailed analysis of the financial results of the municipal unitary enterprise of the Kamenno-Stepnoy rural settlement “Oasis” was carried out, the reasons for the decrease in efficiency by types of activities: heat supply, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management were identified. The analysis of the problems of the work of the MUE “Oasis” for 2016–2018. In 2017, from the 7.3 km heating network, 2.1 km already needed to be replaced, and in 2018 – 2.3 km or 31.5%. The number of accidents for 2017–2018 on heat supply sources (on steam and heat networks) – 4. Among water consumers, less than 50% have individual meters. For 2017-2018 7 accidents occurred on the water supply system, water losses amounted to approximately 13% of its total volume. Due to breakthroughs of heating networks, the loss of thermal energy in 2017 amounted to 1116 gigacalories, and in 2018 – 1235 gigacalories. The analyzed company has an unstable financial condition, it is insolvent. In order to increase the stability of the functioning of the Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Oasis”, it is proposed to carry out a number of measures: development of the enterprise on the basis of public-private partnerships, strengthening payment discipline, reducing costs and strengthening labor discipline.
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Babayev, Vladimir, Dmytro Roslavtsev, and Kateryna Sorokina. "Vocational Employer-Sponsored Education of Employees of the Water Supply and Sewage." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2020-0027.
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AbstractThe provision of a complex development of an enterprise, the implementation of innovative projects, the introduction of the efficient management systems requires the assistance of the corresponding staff. The rates of engineering and technological development stipulate the demand for constant increase of the level of professional skills of the staff. The requirements to the systems of training and improvement in specialists’ skill are changing as well. Nowadays traditional requirements to the level of pedagogical staff and technical equipment are supplemented with the requirements of versatility, the ability to respond to technical innovations and socio-economic changes promptly, to foresee a possibility of individualization of the training trajectory according to the professional requirements of an employer. The experience of O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv in cooperation with the public utility company “Kharkivvodokanal” on implementation of the project of industry-specific employer-sponsored training of an enterprise staff aimed at increasing the level of their theoretic and practical training has been described in the article.
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Mansell, Paul, Simon P. Philbin, and Tim Broyd. "Development of a New Business Model to Measure Organizational and Project-Level SDG Impact—Case Study of a Water Utility Company." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 6413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166413.
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Achievement of the United Nations’ 2030 Global Goals for Sustainability is of paramount importance. However, for engineers and project managers to take meaningful action, they need the practical tools, processes and leadership to turn grand rhetoric into viable engineering solutions. Linking infrastructure project sustainability performance to sustainable development goals (SDG) targets is problematic. This article builds on the previous development of an innovative infrastructure business model, called the “Infrastructure SDG Impact-Value Chain” (IVC) to link local-level project delivery with global-level SDG impacts. It uses a case study of a water utility company to demonstrate how the IVC business model can integrate the “triple bottom line” to ensure the balanced definition of success across economic, environmental and social thematic areas. The results led to a proposed methodology for business leaders to align stakeholders on a common definition of project success during the design phase. The study includes the selection of longer-term outcomes and strategic SDG impacts, which, it is suggested, are improved definitions of project success. Although the findings that are from a single case study cannot automatically be extended to the entire water industry, the study’s methodology has potential to be used to evaluate multiple projects across different sectors. The practical application is significant since it offers the flexibility to be used at both project and portfolio levels, thereby linking tactical delivery to organisational SDG impacts and leading to improved investment decisions with increased likelihood of success in achieving the SDG 2030 targets.
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Motaung, Thembi Laura, and Patrick Qena Radebe. "Organisational Commitment and Job Satisfaction as Antecedents of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6A (January 16, 2019): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6a.2667.
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Contemporary challenges facing organisations emphasise the need for a calibre of employees who exude organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and organisational commitment (OC), including a satisfactory level of job satisfaction (JS). Research is replete with supporting evidence that OCB is triggered by JS and that JS is positively related with OC. Although the relationship between these constructs is considered important, research exploring the relationship between these three constructs in the context of a water utility remains scarce. The primary objective of this research was to examine the impact of OC and JS on OCB at a water utility company in Gauteng. A survey was utilised to elicit responses from 400 sampled participants. A quantitative approach was adopted by which exploratory factor analysis (EFA), correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyse data. Using EFA, three factors of OC were extracted. The results further showed a positive correlation between affective commitment and normative commitment; JS and OCB; and no predictive relationship was observed between continuance commitment and OCB. Based on the findings, it was recommended that JS, OC and OCB should be improved through mechanisms such as job-fit, job enrichment career advancement performance-related pay and mentorship programmes.
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Zuleta, F., A. Merlano, A. Alvarez, M. Montoya, and E. Restrepo. "Modernization of the water utility company of Bogotá (Colombia): an example of public and private participation for solving management problems of water companies in developing countries." Water Supply 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0027.
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A common characteristic of water utility and wastewater companies in developing countries is management problems and limited commercial vocation. In the biggest Latin American cities there is a level of infrastructure enough for providing a substantially better service than the one currently supplied to their badly served customers. For years decisions have moved between two extremes: public management – usually corrupted with playing politics and inefficiency problems, and privatization – sharply criticized by many, and which has shown tendencies to inequality that leave it far away from earning panacea status. This paper is intended to expose the advantages of a novel model in which a state-run company with commercial management problems, the EAAB, solves its limitations by keeping the ownership of its assets and successfully incorporating the participation of better practices from other specialized operators, one of which is a state-owned player, EEPPM. This scheme demonstrates how the service indicators of a system serving eight million inhabitants in the Colombian capital improved significantly with state-owned assets and private participation, without giving in to privatization pressures or stagnating in the usual inefficiency typical of public management in developing countries. This is proposed as a replicable experience that can be used in medium and large cities in other countries with similar management problems, with certain adjustments to fit the solution to the specific cases. This is also a practical case for conducting a comparison of competitiveness within a city, of interest for regulatory entities and investigators on the potential of comparative efficiency in a traditionally monopolistic industry.
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Peesel, Ron-Hendrik, Florian Schlosser, Henning Meschede, Heiko Dunkelberg, and Timothy Walmsley. "Optimization of Cooling Utility System with Continuous Self-Learning Performance Models." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101926.
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Prerequisite for an efficient cooling energy system is the knowledge and optimal combination of different operating conditions of individual compression and free cooling chillers. The performance of cooling systems depends on their part-load performance and their condensing temperature, which are often not continuously measured. Recorded energy data remain unused, and manufacturers’ data differ from the real performance. For this purpose, manufacturer and real data are combined and continuously adapted to form part-load chiller models. This study applied a predictive optimization algorithm to calculate the optimal operating conditions of multiple chillers. A sprinkler tank offers the opportunity to store cold-water for later utilization. This potential is used to show the load shifting potential of the cooling system by using a variable electricity price as an input variable to the optimization. The set points from the optimization have been continuously adjusted throughout a dynamic simulation. A case study of a plastic processing company evaluates different scenarios against the status quo. Applying an optimal chiller sequencing and charging strategy of a sprinkler tank leads to electrical energy savings of up to 43%. Purchasing electricity on the EPEX SPOT market leads to additional costs savings of up to 17%. The total energy savings highly depend on the weather conditions and the prediction horizon.
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Brankovic, Sasa, and Slavisa Trajkovic. "The Nisava river water quality as the indicator of the sustainable development of the city of Nis." Spatium, no. 15-16 (2007): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0716080b.
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The Nisava river has a great importance for the sustainable development of the city of Nis. From the Mediana spring, which is on the bank of the Nisava, the city of Nis satisfies around 30% of its water demand. The aim of this paper is to, on the basis of the analysis of several tens of parameters of water quality; determine whether the Nisava river is a limiting factor to the sustainable development of the city of Nis. For this purpose the data of Public Utility Company Naissus have been used, as it collects daily samples of the Nisava river water. The number of conducted analyses, depending on the water quality parameters, varies from 1 to 1,240. The obtained results, which have been presented in detail in the paper, indicate that a great majority of analyses, of almost all the water quality parameters, is within predicted range. At the end of the paper, certain measures have been proposed, which should contribute to the sustainable development of Nis in this field. .
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Yulfiah, Yulfiah, Ferry Suzantho, and Maritha Nilam Kusuma. "Agihan Kualitas Air Kali Surabaya Berdasarkan Perbedaan Penggunaan Lahan." Jurnal Serambi Engineering 4, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.32672/jse.v4i1.975.
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<p>Surabaya River is very beneficial to Surabaya people as its water becomes the main source of PDAM (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum of Regional Water Utility<br />Company). The existing indications on pollution in the flow of Surabaya River due to various activities at its riverbank must not be ignored. Therefore, a study on identifying the distribution of water quality of Surabaya River is required so as to be a reference for formulating control actions to river damage. Identification on water quality distribution was carried out based on the differences of land-use around the left and right sides of river. The research involved the variables of the qualities of river water and waste water thrown into the river, river characteris-tics, and land-use. The results of research demonstrated that the upstream water quality of Surabaya River was relatively better than the downstream. This statement was proven by the humans’ activities which were more intensively carried out at the downstream area. Numerous land-uses and great number of people living at the riverbank became the phenomena increasing pressures toward the decreasing quality of river water.</p>
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Mtunzi, Busiso, Edson Meyer, and Simon Michael. "Thermal and electrical energy yield analysis of a directly water cooled photovoltaic module." Thermal Science 20, no. 1 (2016): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130118144m.
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Electrical energy of photovoltaic modules drops by 0.5% for each degree increase in temperature. Direct water cooling of photovoltaic modules was found to give improved electrical and thermal yield. A prototype was put in place to analyse the field data for a period of a year. The results showed an initial high performance ratio and electrical power output. The monthly energy saving efficiency of the directly water cooled module was found to be approximately 61%. The solar utilisation of the naturally cooled photovoltaic module was found to be 8.79% and for the directly water cooled module its solar utilisation was 47.93%. Implementation of such systems on households may reduce the load from the utility company, bring about huge savings on electricity bills and help in reducing carbon emissions. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI160407082E">10.2298/TSCI160407082E</a><u></b></font>
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Karia, V. K., and R. K. Khamker. "Energy Conservation at GNFC." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0126.
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The conservation and recovery of energy have been given a very high priority at the Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Company Limited (GNFC), which owns the world's largest single stream ammonia and urea plants. Even smaller plants of the GNFC complex, such as the utilities section, are included in the energy conservation programme. After commissioning of the plants, a systematic study was made to identify those areas where the energy input could be reduced. A number of steps were taken, such as trimming pump impellers, synchronising timings of the operation of extra machinery with load needs, improving the quality of chemicals and the boiler feed water, reducing losses of compressed air, etc. As a result, the costs of energy inputs were reduced by nearly 25% in the utility plant, and 15% in the ammonia plant.
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Hwang, J. Y., and L. E. Efferding. "Development of a Thermal Analysis Model for a Nuclear Spent Fuel Storage Cask and Experimental Verification With Prototype Testing." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240306.
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A thermal analysis evaluation is presented of a nuclear spent fuel dry storage cask designed by the Westinghouse Nuclear Components Division. The cask is designed to provide passive cooling of 24 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) spent fuel assemblies for a storage period of at least 20 years at a nuclear utility site (Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation). A comparison is presented between analytical predictions and experimental results for a demonstration cask built by Westinghouse and tested under a joint program with the Department of Energy and Virginia Power Company. Demonstration testing with nuclear spent fuel assemblies was performed on a cask configuration designed to store 24 intact spent fuel assemblies or canisters containing fuel consolidated from 48 assemblies.
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Irshabdillah, Muhammad Ridho, and Margaretha Widyastuti. "Water quality analysis of the PDAM drinking water distribution network at the Baron-Ngobaran management unit, Gunungkidul Regency - Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 200 (2020): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020002027.
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Baron and Ngobaran Underground Rivers are two sources of water on the southern coast of Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia. A state-owned water utility company (PDAM) is currently distributing raw water for drinking from these underground rivers to Tanjungsari, Saptosari, Paliyan, Panggang, and Purwosari. In addition to quantity, processing raw water for this purpose needs to consider water quality. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the quality of raw water along the PDAM service lines, starting from a common source through pipelines and, finally, to connected customer property lines, and to analyze its Water Quality Index (WQI). During the field survey, the water quality was measured directly at several points selected by the purposive sampling method and indirectly in the laboratory. These measurements observed physical (temperature and TDS), chemical (pH, NO3-, Cl-, CaCO3, Fe total, Pb), and biological properties (total coliform) and compared them with the requirements for drinking water quality published in the Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010. The results showed that except for total coliform, all water quality parameters of Baron and Ngobaran Underground Rivers met the standards. Also, the detected water quality from the sources to customers’ taps formed a spatial variation. Based on the WQI analysis results, excessively high total coliform levels on all samples made the raw water biologically unsuitable for direct consumption. Therefore, boiling before use is highly suggested as it can remove coliform bacteria in the water.
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Masi, F., N. Martinuzzi, S. Loiselle, P. Peruzzi, and M. Bacci. "The Tertiary Treatment Pilot Plant of Publiser SPA (Florence, Tuscany): A Multistage Experience." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0162.
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The multiservice company PubliSer SpA has constructed and monitored the operation of a multistage tertiary constructed wetlands wastewater treatment pilot plant for experimental and demonstration purposes. The facility was designed by and is partially monitored by the environmental engineering company IRIS SaS in Cerbaia, Florence, Italy. The experimentation with natural wastewater tertiary treatments is particularly important within central Italy as there are recurring environmental problems related to the poor functioning of small wastewater treatment systems. The present study is designed to compare the utility and efficiency of different multistage configurations following an active sludge process through an intensive monitoring programme that was initiated in November 1997. In this paper, we report the principal design specifications, a detailed description of the pilot plant, the dimensioning criteria and an analysis of the influent and effluent characteristics (COD, BOD, N, P, microorganisms, TSS, etc.) for each compartment monitored in the first period of plant operations. The pilot plant consists of two experimental lines, each characterised by a first and second treatment stage. The effluents of the first stages are divided into three different second-stage basins. The plant demonstrated high removal of nutrients, a good buffering capacity and a reasonable reduction of microorganisms after only a limited number of months of operation. Continued monitoring and comparison of the different constructed wetland strategies is providing interesting information for future designs and operation.
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Davis, J., and G. Cashin. "Public or private “ownership” - what’s in a name?" Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0136.
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This paper examines the similarities and differences between public and private ownership of water utilities, including variations such as corporatisation. In any utility where the asset owner and the asset operator are the same, there are pressures to reduce operations and maintenance costs and capital expenditure to maximise returns. The authors argue that this is the case irrespective of whether such returns are to private shareholders or dividends to government. On the other hand, where the asset owner and the asset operator are separate entities with a clearly defined contractual interface, it is not possible to increase returns by reducing operations and maintenance standards, presuming a properly constructed contract. This is because the performance standards are clearly stipulated in the contract with payment reductions applying for non-performance. Such a model can be put in place irrespective of whether the asset owner is a private company or a public utility. The paper examines the profit incentive applying to private and public sector organisations in models where:the asset owner and the asset operator are the same organisation;models where the asset owner and the asset operator are separate organisations, with the service delivery performance governed by a clearly defined contractual interface. The paper shows why the drivers governing the behaviour of public sector and private sector owners are similar, and how the separation of asset owner and asset operator can be used to ensure that service delivery standards are achieved at the lowest cost, whilst providing full transparency to shareholders, regulators and customers alike. The paper also reviews actual comparative data on service quality and performance under a number of ownership and contractual models, and draws conclusions on the effectiveness of the various asset owner/operator models in terms of service delivery performance and costs.
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Mendle, Michael. "De facto freedom, de facto authority: press and parliament, 1640–1643." Historical Journal 38, no. 2 (June 1995): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00019440.
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ABSTRACTIn 1641 a century-long partnership of the crown and the London Stationers collapsed, leaving state control of the press and the Stationers’ interest in copyright in an extremely vulnerable situation. Tentatively at first and with growing assertiveness by 1642, the Lords and Commons revised and restated in their own interest the old partnership of the state and the Stationers; for their part, the Stationers worked hard to demonstrate their utility to the new regime and to preserve the privileges that allowed them to control the book business. The result of their joint efforts was the licensing ordinance of 1643, which critics, including John Milton, thought to be scarcely distinguishable from the Star Chamber decree of 1637, the high-water mark of the old regime. But the ordinance proved only partially successful. In the interim between regimes, there emerged a vigorous if vulgar tabloid journalism avant la lettre, sustained by an underclass of undisciplined elements of the Stationers’ Company, non-company interlopers and hawkers, and often youthful scribblers, several of them Cambridge drop-outs. Such engaging rascals no less than moralists like Milton had their share in acclimatizing the English to a press practically free of prior restraint.
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Nguyen, Viet-Anh. "EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF SELECTED WATER COMPANIES IN VIETNAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 5A (November 12, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/5a/15190.
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Performance indicators of water supply company can provide important information of its service quality and business efficiency, and be intelligent basis for decision making process. The authors have analyzed key performance indicators of 19 selected municipal water supply systems in Vietnam, including operation and design capacities, treated water quality, unit investment cost, water tariff, non-revenue water (NRW) ratio, and energy consumption rate. The average NRW of the 19 systems was 12.6% which was lower than country-wide value of 21%. The energy consumption rate of selected systems was ranging from 0.16 to 0.5KWh/m3, in average 0.3KWh/m3, which was also lower than country average of 0.35KWh/m3, whereas the rate of energy consumption in municipal water systems in China, USA, Australia, Chile, Canada was ranging from 0.1 to 1.33KWh/m3, depending on ground elevation, transfer distance, influent water quality, and applied technologies for water treatment and transportation. The selected water systems have applied improved treatment technologies such as mechanized coagulation-flocculation, lamella settling tank, dual media sand filter, combined contact clarifier with lamella plates, etc. The average treated water turbidity was ≤0.5NTU. The domestic water tariff of the selected systems was within the country range, from USD0.2 to 0.4/m3. Further, the authors have indicated correlation between selected performance indicators, such as energy consumption rate and non-revenue water ratio. The analytical results shown performance indicators of top water companies in Vietnam were in fairly good position compared to others, but improvements were still needed. Reduction of NRW ratio and keeping it at a low value are other challenges requiring water utility efforts.
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Mohd Sidek, Lariyah, Hidayah Basri, Sivadass Thiruchelvam, Sabri Muda Rahsidi, Abdul Razad Azwin Zailti, and Ali Zuraidah. "Implementation of Dam Safety Management Program in Malaysia: From Theory to Practice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.583.
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Dam plays vital roles to mankind since the beginning of civilization. It serves the purpose for water supply, irrigation, hydropower and flood control. Despite the benefits of dam served over a decade, dams also poses high risk especially to the people downstream, as it may fail due to several failure modes, such as flood loading, earthquake and piping failure. History proved that dam failure has caused catastrophic impact to the people and environment. The dam owner is responsible to ensure that their dam is safe to the public and environment. In Malaysia, the key utility company, Tenaga Nasional Berhad has proactively played its role as the owner of the largest hydropower scheme by spearheading the effort of developing its own dam safety program. This paper revolves around the journey of TNB in developing an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) as part of their dam safety program.
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Pereira, A., J. L. S. Pinho, R. Faria, J. M. P. Vieira, and C. Costa. "Improving operational management of wastewater systems. A case study." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.264.
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Abstract Wastewater treatment facilities collecting wastewater from longstanding sewer networks of five municipalities in the Ave River basin (located in NW Portugal) are especially vulnerable to water inflows since they have considerable extensions of sewers installed in stream and riverbeds. TRATAVE, the company responsible for operating the system, designed and implemented a monitoring network to measure discharges along the entire drainage network and treatment facilities in order to reduce those water inflows. Several flow measurement devices were installed at strategic locations within the sewer network and integrated with a SCADA system responsible for its operation. A decision support system (DSS) is being implemented using the Delft-FEWS platform, integrating monitoring data and models. Based on monitored data and model results, an estimation of infiltration volumes during wet periods is presented. Moreover, the capabilities of the DSS are illustrated in: (i) location of manholes losses along sewer networks during wet periods; (ii) identification and location of unknown connections to the sewer network using wastewater balances; and (iii) design of a PID controller for a pumping station using on-line tank water level measurement. Acquired knowledge resulting from the DSS greatly improved the utility performance both in terms of economic revenue and environmental protection.
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Roland, Nathalia, Sonaly Rezende, and Léo Heller. "Application and critical assessment of qualitative comparative analysis: determinants for the presence of service provision models for water supply and sanitation services in Brazil." Water Policy 20, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): 546–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.164.
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Abstract The provision of water supply and sanitation services in Brazil is characterized by a diverse range of management models, public or private operators and various judicial-institutional arrangements. Using a quali-quantitative technique – qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) – this article presents an investigation of determining factors for the presence of different service provision models in Brazil, and discusses the application of said technique. In this study, four models were comparatively analyzed: direct municipal administration, indirect municipal administration, state utility company, and private enterprise (PRIV). Eight municipalities, with an urban population ranging from 10 to 20 thousand inhabitants, from Minas Gerais (a state in the Southeast region of Brazil) were selected for this study. The findings suggest that the decision-making process regarding a service provision model, in the cases studied, involves a combination of economic, political, social, institutional, and legal factors. The qualitative comparative analysis proved capable of compiling information for this analysis as it uncovered how determining factors are inter-related and allowed the predominant factors in each of the studied management models to be identified.