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Journal articles on the topic 'Water vapor profile'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 July 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Mariani, Zen, Noah Stanton, James Whiteway, and Raisa Lehtinen. "Toronto Water Vapor Lidar Inter-Comparison Campaign." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (2020): 3165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193165.

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This study presents comparisons between vertical water vapor profile measurements from a Raman lidar and a new pre-production broadband differential absorption lidar (DIAL). Vaisala’s novel DIAL system operates autonomously outdoors and measures the vertical profile of water vapor within the boundary layer 24 h a day during all weather conditions. Eight nights of measurements in June and July 2018 were used for the Toronto water vapor lidar inter-comparison field campaign. Both lidars provided reliable atmospheric backscatter and water vapor profile measurements. Comparisons were performed dur

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Dong, Xiang, Fang Sun, Qinglin Zhu, Leke Lin, Zhenwei Zhao, and Chen Zhou. "Tropospheric Refractivity Profile Estimation by GNSS Measurement at China Big-Triangle Points." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (2021): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111468.

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Atmospheric radio refractivity has an obvious influence on the signal transmission path and communication group delay effect. The uncertainty of water vapor distribution is the main reason for the large error of tropospheric refractive index modeling. According to the distribution and characteristics of water vapor pressure, temperature, and pressure, which are the basic components of the refractive index, a method for retrieving atmospheric refractivity profile based on GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and meteorological sensor measurement is introduced and investigated in this study

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Chen, Jiarui, Xiaoyue Zeng, Siwei Li, Ge Song, and Shuangliang Li. "Water Vapor Correction in Measurements of Aerosol Backscatter Coefficients Using a 910 nm Vaisala CL51 Ceilometer." Remote Sensing 17, no. 12 (2025): 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122013.

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Due to its capacity of long-time automatic observation, the Vaisala CL51 Ceilometer, which is a simple single wavelength lidar, has great potential to retrieve aerosol vertical profiles. However, the backscattering signals from ceilometers around 910 nm, which are seriously affected by background signals and water vapor absorption, strongly limits the performance of aerosol retrievals. To overcome this issue, a signal correction process would be crucial to reduce errors of backscattering signals of the CL51 ceilometer. Herein, we develop a signal correction method including background signal c

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Livingston, J. M., B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, J. R. Podolske, J. Redemann, and G. S. Diskin. "Comparison of Water Vapor Measurements by Airborne Sun Photometer and Diode Laser Hygrometer on the NASA DC-8." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 10 (2008): 1733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1047.1.

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Abstract In January–February 2003, the 14-channel NASA Ames airborne tracking sun photometer (AATS) and the NASA Langley/Ames diode laser hygrometer (DLH) were flown on the NASA DC-8 aircraft. The AATS measured column water vapor on the aircraft-to-sun path, while the DLH measured local water vapor in the free stream between the aircraft fuselage and an outboard engine cowling. The AATS and DLH measurements have been compared for two DC-8 vertical profiles by differentiating the AATS column measurement and/or integrating the DLH local measurement over the altitude range of each profile (7.7–10

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Dai, Guangyao, Dietrich Althausen, Julian Hofer, et al. "Calibration of Raman lidar water vapor profiles by means of AERONET photometer observations and GDAS meteorological data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 5 (2018): 2735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2735-2018.

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Abstract. We present a practical method to continuously calibrate Raman lidar observations of water vapor mixing ratio profiles. The water vapor profile measured with the multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar PollyXT is calibrated by means of co-located AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sun photometer observations and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) temperature and pressure profiles. This method is applied to lidar observations conducted during the Cyprus Cloud Aerosol and Rain Experiment (CyCARE) in Limassol, Cyprus. We use the GDAS temperature and pressure profiles to retrieve the

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Millán, Luis, Matthew Lebsock, Nathaniel Livesey, and Simone Tanelli. "Differential absorption radar techniques: water vapor retrievals." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 6 (2016): 2633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2633-2016.

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Abstract. Two radar pulses sent at different frequencies near the 183 GHz water vapor line can be used to determine total column water vapor and water vapor profiles (within clouds or precipitation) exploiting the differential absorption on and off the line. We assess these water vapor measurements by applying a radar instrument simulator to CloudSat pixels and then running end-to-end retrieval simulations. These end-to-end retrievals enable us to fully characterize not only the expected precision but also their potential biases, allowing us to select radar tones that maximize the water vapor

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7

Turner, David D., and Ulrich Löhnert. "Ground-based temperature and humidity profiling: combining active and passive remote sensors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 4 (2021): 3033–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3033-2021.

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Abstract. Thermodynamic profiles in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are important observations for a range of atmospheric research and operational needs. These profiles can be retrieved from passively sensed spectral infrared (IR) or microwave (MW) radiance observations or can be more directly measured by active remote sensors such as water vapor differential absorption lidars (DIALs). This paper explores the synergy of combining ground-based IR, MW, and DIAL observations using an optimal-estimation retrieval framework, quantifying the reduction in the uncertainty in the retrieved profiles

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8

Petrova, T. M., A. M. Solodov, A. P. Shcherbakov, V. M. Deichuli, A. A. Solodov, and Yu N. Ponomarev. "Comparison of Profile Models for Water Vapor Absorption Lines." Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 34, no. 4 (2021): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1024856021040096.

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Xu, Wen Jing, and Hong Yan Liu. "Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Profiler Observations before a Heavy Rainfall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.312.

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Ground-based 12-channel microwave radiometer profiler TP/WVP-3000 can provide temperature and vapor density profile per minute up to 10 km height. The observations feature apparent change before heavy rainfall obtained by TP/WVP-3000 is presented in this paper. It demonstrates the detailed thermodynamic features that the atmosphere becomes colder and drier above height 3-4 km about 9 hours before the rain, the integrated water vapor gradually increases from 5 cm to 9 cm, the integrated cloud water change from near zero to 15 mm and the vapor density also increases rapidly about half an hour be

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Ward, Dale M., E. Robert Kursinski, Angel C. Otarola, et al. "Retrieval of water vapor using ground-based observations from a prototype ATOMMS active centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength occultation instrument." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 3 (2019): 1955–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1955-2019.

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Abstract. A fundamental goal of satellite weather and climate observations is profiling the atmosphere with in situ-like precision and resolution with absolute accuracy and unbiased, all-weather, global coverage. While GPS radio occultation (RO) has perhaps come closest in terms of profiling the gas state from orbit, it does not provide sufficient information to simultaneously profile water vapor and temperature. We have been developing the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) RO system that probes the 22 and 183 GHz water vapor absorption lines to simultaneou

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Roy, Richard J., Matthew Lebsock, Luis Millán, et al. "Boundary-layer water vapor profiling using differential absorption radar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 12 (2018): 6511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6511-2018.

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Abstract. Remote sensing of water vapor in the presence of clouds and precipitation constitutes an important observational gap in the global observing system. We present ground-based measurements using a new radar instrument operating near the 183 GHz H2O line for profiling water vapor inside of planetary-boundary-layer clouds, and develop an error model and inversion algorithm for the profile retrieval. The measurement technique exploits the strong frequency dependence of the radar beam attenuation, or differential absorption, on the low-frequency flank of the water line in conjunction with t

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Gao, Wande, Xiuhua Liu, Ce Zheng, Yudong Lu, Junqi He, and Yi He. "Comparison of the Soil Water, Vapor, and Heat Dynamics between Summer Maize and Bare Fields in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas." Agronomy 13, no. 4 (2023): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041171.

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In arid and semi-arid areas, water vapor transport is an important form of soil water movement and plays a crucial role in the overall water and energy balance. For better prediction of soil water and heat fluxes and understanding of root zone soil water dynamics for effective crop management, soil moisture, temperature, soil texture and micrometeorological data have been collected from field trials. Based on the data collected, a Hydrus 1D model was established to simulate the coupled transport of liquid water, water vapor and heat under summer maize (summer maize treatment; SMT) and bare soi

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Ismail, Syed, Richard A. Ferrare, Edward V. Browell, et al. "LASE Measurements of Water Vapor, Aerosol, and Cloud Distributions in Saharan Air Layers and Tropical Disturbances." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 4 (2010): 1026–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3136.1.

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Abstract The Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) on board the NASA DC-8 measured high-resolution profiles of water vapor and aerosols, and cloud distributions in 14 flights over the eastern North Atlantic during the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) field experiment. These measurements were used to study African easterly waves (AEWs), tropical cyclones (TCs), and the Saharan air layer (SAL). These LASE measurements represent the first simultaneous water vapor and aerosol lidar measurements to study the SAL and its interactions with AEWs and TCs. Three case studies

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14

He, Jie Ying, Feng Lin Sun, Sheng Wei Zhang, and Yu Zhang. "The Analysis of Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer." Key Engineering Materials 500 (January 2012): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.500.335.

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The paper introduces a widely used atmospheric absorption models: MPM by Liebe in 1989. Using this absorption model, the paper simulates the temperature and humidity weighting functions and brightness temperature according to the different frequencies and bandwidth of the multi-channel ground-based microwave radiometer. The results show that simulated brightness temperatures are very well agreement with the observation values with an acceptable root mean square error. This paper uses widely used retrieval method of artificial neural network to obtain the water vapor density profiles and calcul

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15

David, Leslie, Olivier Bock, Christian Thom, Pierre Bosser, and Jacques Pelon. "Study and mitigation of calibration factor instabilities in a water vapor Raman lidar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 7 (2017): 2745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2745-2017.

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Abstract. We have investigated calibration variations in the Rameau water vapor Raman lidar. This lidar system was developed by the Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN) together with the Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS). It aims at calibrating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements for tropospheric wet delays and sounding the water vapor variability in the lower troposphere. The Rameau system demonstrated good capacity in retrieving water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) profiles accurately in several campaigns. However,

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16

Teanby, N. A., P. G. J. Irwin, M. Sylvestre, C. A. Nixon, and M. A. Cordiner. "Uranus’s and Neptune’s Stratospheric Water Abundance and Vertical Profile from Herschel-HIFI*." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 4 (2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac650f.

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Abstract Here we present new constraints on Uranus’s and Neptune’s externally sourced stratospheric water abundance using disk-averaged observations of the 557 GHz emission line from Herschel’s Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared. Derived stratospheric column water abundances are 0.54 − 0.06 + 0.26 × 1014 cm−2 for Uranus and 1.9 − 0.3 + 0.2 ×1014 cm−2 for Neptune, consistent with previous determinations using ISO-SWS and Herschel-PACS. For Uranus, excellent observational fits are obtained by scaling photochemical model profiles or with step-type profiles with water vapor limited to ≤0.6

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Andrisani, Andrea, and Francesco Vespe. "Comparisons of Different Methods to Determine Starting Altitudes for Dry Air Atmosphere by GNSS-RO Data." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (2021): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101276.

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Boundary profile evaluation (BPV) is an approach proposed in order to estimate water vapor content in the atmosphere. It exploits radio occultation (RO) observations of the signals emitted by the satellites of global navigation systems (GNSS) which are eclipsing (rising) as viewed by a low earth orbit satellite (LEO). BPV requires, as a preliminary step, the estimation of the dry background atmosphere model of refractivity (i.e., obtained from bending angle profiles) to be subtracted from the real observations in order to extract water vapor profiles. The determination of the lowest layer of t

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18

Wu, You, Feng Zhang, Kun Wu, Min Min, Wenwen Li, and Renqiang Liu. "Best Water Vapor Information Layer of Himawari-8-Based Water Vapor Bands over East Asia." Sensors 20, no. 8 (2020): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082394.

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The best water vapor information layer (BWIL), based on Himawari-8 water vapor bands over a typical region of East Asia, is investigated with the U.S. standard atmospheric profile and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis-interim (ERA-interim) dataset. The sensitivity tests reveal that the height of the BWIL is connected heavily to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, and to the satellite zenith angle. According to the temporal and spatial distribution analysis of BWIL, there are two basic features of BWIL. First, it lifts from January to July gradually and des

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19

Whiteman, David N., Kurt Rush, Igor Veselovskii, et al. "Demonstration Measurements of Water Vapor, Cirrus Clouds, and Carbon Dioxide Using a High-Performance Raman Lidar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 8 (2007): 1377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2058.1.

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Abstract Profile measurements of atmospheric water vapor, cirrus clouds, and carbon dioxide using the Raman Airborne Spectroscopic lidar (RASL) during ground-based, upward-looking tests are presented here. These measurements improve upon any previously demonstrated using Raman lidar. Daytime boundary layer profiling of water vapor mixing ratio up to an altitude of approximately 4 km under moist, midsummer conditions is performed with less than 5% random error using temporal and spatial resolution of 2 min and 60–210 m, respectively. Daytime cirrus cloud optical depth and extinction-to-backscat

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Wu, Songhua, Guangyao Dai, Xiaoquan Song, Bingyi Liu, and Liping Liu. "Observations of water vapor mixing ratio profile and flux in the Tibetan Plateau based on the lidar technique." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 3 (2016): 1399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1399-2016.

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Abstract. As a part of the third Tibetan Plateau Experiment of Atmospheric Sciences (TIPEX III) in China, a Raman water vapor, cloud and aerosol lidar and a coherent wind lidar were operated in Naqu (31.48° N, 92.06° E) with a mean elevation of more than 4500 m a.m.s.l. in summer of 2014. During the field campaign, the water vapor mixing ratio profiles were obtained and validated by radiosonde observations. The mean water vapor mixing ratio in Naqu in July and August was about 9.4 g kg−1 and the values vary from 6.0 to 11.7 g kg−1 near the ground according to the lidar measurements, from which

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21

Folkins, Ian, and Randall V. Martin. "The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 5 (2005): 1560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3407.1.

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Abstract Convective clouds in the Tropics that penetrate the boundary layer inversion preferentially detrain into a shallow outflow layer (2–5 km) or a deep outflow layer (10–17 km). The properties of these layers are diagnosed from a one-dimensional model of the Tropics constrained by observed mean temperature and water vapor profiles. The mass flux divergence of the shallow cumuli (2–5 km) is balanced by a mass flux convergence of evaporatively forced descent (downdrafts), while the mass flux divergence of deep cumulonimbus clouds (10–17 km) is balanced by a mass flux convergence of clear-sk

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Chan, Ka Lok, Pieter Valks, Sander Slijkhuis, Claas Köhler, and Diego Loyola. "Total column water vapor retrieval for Global Ozone Monitoring Experience-2 (GOME-2) visible blue observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 8 (2020): 4169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4169-2020.

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Abstract. We present a new total column water vapor (TCWV) retrieval algorithm in the visible blue spectral band for the Global Ozone Monitoring Experience 2 (GOME-2) instruments on board the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Metop satellites. The blue band algorithm allows the retrieval of water vapor from sensors which do not cover longer wavelengths, such as the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Copernicus atmospheric composition missions Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P), Sentinel-4 (S4) and Sentinel-5 (S5). The blue band algorithm uses the

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23

Roman, Jacola A., Robert O. Knuteson, Steven A. Ackerman, David C. Tobin, and Henry E. Revercomb. "Assessment of Regional Global Climate Model Water Vapor Bias and Trends Using Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) Observations from a Network of Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Receivers in the U.S. Great Plains and Midwest." Journal of Climate 25, no. 16 (2012): 5471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00570.1.

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Abstract Precipitable water vapor (PWV) observations from the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR) SuomiNet networks of ground-based global positioning system (GPS) receivers and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Profiler Network (NPN) are used in the regional assessment of global climate models. Study regions in the U.S. Great Plains and Midwest highlight the differences among global climate model output from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario in their seasonal representation of column water vapor and

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Kholodnaya, G., I. Egorov, R. Sazonov, et al. "Study of the conditions for the effective initiation of plasma-chemical treatment of flue gas under the influence of a pulsed electron beam." Laser and Particle Beams 38, no. 3 (2020): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034620000257.

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AbstractThis paper presents the results of comprehensive studies of the efficiency of a pulsed electron beam transmission through a mixture of gases: nitrogen (83%), carbon dioxide (14%), and oxygen (2.6%) in the presence of ash and water vapor. The studied concentrations correspond to the concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in flue gas. The pressure and concentration of water vapor and ash in the drift chamber varied (375, 560, and 750 Torr; humidity 15 ± 5% and 50 ± 15%). The charge dissipation of a pulsed electron beam in the gas mixture in the presence of ash and water v

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Barton, Ian J. "Improving Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature Accuracies Using Water Vapor Profile Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 1 (2011): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1502.1.

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Abstract Analyses based on atmospheric infrared radiative transfer simulations and collocated ship and satellite data are used to investigate whether knowledge of vertical atmospheric water vapor distributions can improve the accuracy of sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from satellite data. Initially, a simulated set of satellite brightness temperatures generated by a radiative transfer model with a large maritime radiosonde database was obtained. Simple linear SST algorithms are derived from this dataset, and these are then reapplied to the data to give simulated SST estimates and erro

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Rutkevich, P. B., B. P. Rutkevych, and G. S. Golitsyn. "Time development of the upper cloud edge in one-dimensional approximation based on moist thermodynamics." Advances in Geosciences 15 (March 26, 2009): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-15-65-2009.

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Abstract. It is commonly accepted, that cloud formation is caused by the humidity flux directed from the warm bottom atmospheric layers towards the cold dry heights, and the transportation mechanism in stable stratification is due to development of so-called turbulent boundary layer. The transportation of vapor can be described by buoyancy profile, and requires two significant characteristics of the atmosphere. The first is the heat and water vapor fluxes from the underlying surface which has been investigated by Smith (1988). The second is the temperature profile in the atmosphere, which is u

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Yang, Fei, Jiming Guo, Junbo Shi, Yinzhi Zhao, Lv Zhou, and Shengdeng Song. "A New Method of GPS Water Vapor Tomography for Maximizing the Use of Signal Rays." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (2019): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071446.

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The spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor information can be obtained by global positioning system (GPS) water vapor tomography. GPS signal rays pass through the tomographic area from different boundaries because the scope of the research region (latitude, longitude, and altitude) is designated in the process of tomographic modeling, the influence of the geographic distribution of receivers, and the geometric location of satellite constellations. Traditionally, only signal rays penetrating the entire tomographic area are considered in the computation of water vapor informatio

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Sicard, Michaël, Alexandre Baron, Marion Ranaivombola, et al. "Radiative impact of the Hunga stratospheric volcanic plume: role of aerosols and water vapor over Réunion Island (21° S, 55° E)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 25, no. 1 (2025): 367–81. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-367-2025.

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Abstract. This study attempts to quantify the radiative impact over Réunion Island (21° S, 55° E) in the southern tropical Indian Ocean of the aerosols and water vapor (WV) injected into the stratosphere by the eruption of the Hunga underwater volcano in the South Pacific on 15 January 2022 . Ground-based lidar and satellite passive instruments are used to parameterize a state-of-the-art radiative transfer (RT) model for the first 13 months after the volcano eruption. The descending rate of the aerosol volcanic plume is −8 m d−1. At this rate, aerosols are expected to be present in the stratos

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Schörghofer, Norbert. "Diffusion-adsorption of Water Vapor in Chemically Activated Lunar Soil." Planetary Science Journal 6, no. 7 (2025): 164. https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ade5b2.

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Abstract Silicate grains on the lunar surface have a wide range of desorption energies due to activated surface sites that persist in the extreme vacuum of space. Two endmember models of adsorption are constructed that represent opposite extremes for the mobility of adsorbed H2O on the grain surface. Then, governing equations for diffusion are derived that take the range of desorption energies and the microroughness of the grains into account, two surface heterogeneities important on the lunar surface. One application of these equations is the prediction of the adsorbate profile above buried i

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Follette, M. B., R. D. Hudson, and G. E. Nedoluha. "Classification of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric ozone and water vapor profiles by meteorological regime." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 4 (2008): 13375–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-13375-2008.

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Abstract. The subtropical and polar upper troposphere fronts serve as the boundaries to divide the Northern Hemisphere into four meteorological regimes. These regimes are defined as (1) the arctic regime – within the polar vortex, (2) the polar regime – between the polar front and the polar vortex, or when the latter is not present, the pole, (3) the midlatitude regime – between the subtropical and polar fronts, and (4) the tropical regime – between the equator and the subtropical front. Data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (S

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Yabuki, Masanori, Yuya Kawano, Yusaku Tottori, Makoto Tsukamoto, Eiji Takeuchi, and Toshitaka Tsuda. "A Raman Lidar with a Deep Ultraviolet Laser for Continuous Water Vapor Profiling in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023703001.

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A Raman lidar with a deep ultraviolet laser was constructed to continuously monitor water vapor distributions in the atmospheric boundary layer for twenty-four hours. We employ a laser at a wavelength of 266 nm and detects the light separated into an elastic backscatter signal and vibrational Raman signals of oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor. The lidar was encased in a temperature-controlled and vibration-isolated compact container, resistant to a variety of environmental conditions. Water vapor profile observations were made for twelve months from November 24, 2017, to November 29, 2018. The

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Dionisi, D., P. Keckhut, Y. Courcoux, et al. "Water vapor observations up to the lower stratosphere through the Raman lidar during the MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 10 (2014): 10361–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-10361-2014.

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Abstract. A new lidar system devoted to tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements has been installed at the Maïdo altitude station facility of La Reunion Island, in the southern subtropics. The main objectives of the MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign (MALICCA), performed in April 2013, were to validate the system, to set up a calibration methodology, to compare the acquired water profiles with radiosonde measurements and to evaluate its performances and capabilities with a particular focus on the UTLS measurements. Varying the characteristics of the transmitter and the recei

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Katona, Jonas E., Manuel de la Torre Juárez, Terence L. Kubar, F. Joseph Turk, Kuo-Nung Wang, and Ramon Padullés. "Cluster analysis of vertical polarimetric radio occultation profiles and corresponding liquid and ice water paths from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) microwave data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 18, no. 4 (2025): 953–70. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-953-2025.

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Abstract. Polarimetric radio occultations (PROs) of the Global Navigation Satellite System are able to characterize precipitation structure and intensity. Prior studies have shown the relationship between precipitation and water vapor pressure columns, known as the “precipitation pickup.” Less is known about the relationship between the vertical distributions of temperature and moisture globally within precipitating scenes as measured from space. This work uses cluster analysis of PRO to explore how the vertical distributions of temperature and moisture – combined into PRO refractivity – relat

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Chung, Eui-Seok, and Brian J. Soden. "A Satellite-Based Assessment of Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor Measurements during AFWEX." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 11 (2009): 2284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2250.1.

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Abstract Consistency of upper-tropospheric water vapor measurements from a variety of state-of-the-art instruments was assessed using collocated Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 (GOES-8) 6.7-μm brightness temperatures as a common benchmark during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) Water Vapor Experiment (AFWEX). To avoid uncertainties associated with the inversion of satellite-measured radiances into water vapor quantity, profiles of temperature and humidity observed f

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McMillin, Larry M., David S. Crosby, and Mitchell D. Goldberg. "A Water Vapor Index from Satellite Measurements." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 7 (1995): 1551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1551.

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Abstract A method for deriving a water vapor index is presented. An important feature of the index is the fact that it does not rely on radiosondes. Thus, it is not influenced by problems associated with radiosondes and the extent to which the horizontal variability of moisture invalidates the extrapolations from radiosonde measurements to satellite measurements. The index is derived by using channels that are insensitive to changes in moisture to predict a brightness temperature for one of the moisture channels and then by subtracting this predicted value from the observation. The predicted v

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Mariani, Zen, Shannon Hicks-Jalali, Kevin Strawbridge, et al. "Evaluation of Arctic Water Vapor Profile Observations from a Differential Absorption Lidar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040551.

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The continuous measuring of the vertical profile of water vapor in the boundary layer using a commercially available differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has only recently been made possible. Since September 2018, a new pre-production version of the Vaisala DIAL system has operated at the Iqaluit supersite (63.74°N, 68.51°W), commissioned by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) as part of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science project. This study presents its evaluation during the extremely dry conditions experienced in the Arctic by comparing it with coincident radiosonde and Raman lidar

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Dionisi, D., P. Keckhut, Y. Courcoux, et al. "Water vapor observations up to the lower stratosphere through the Raman lidar during the Maïdo Lidar Calibration Campaign." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 3 (2015): 1425–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1425-2015.

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Abstract. A new lidar system devoted to tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements has been installed at the Maïdo altitude station facility of Réunion island, in the southern subtropics. To evaluate the performances and the capabilities of the new system with a particular focus on UTLS (Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere) measurements, the Maïdo Lidar Calibration Campaign (MALICCA) was performed in April 2013. Varying the characteristics of the transmitter and the receiver components, different system configuration scenarios were tested and possible parasite signals (fluo

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Liu, Fuchao, and Fan Yi. "Spectrally-Resolved Raman Lidar to Measure Atmospheric Three-Phase Water Simultaneously." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023706017.

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We report on a spectrally-resolved Raman lidar that can simultaneously profile backscattered Raman spectrum signals from water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals as well as aerosol fluorescence in the atmosphere. The lidar emits a 354.8-nm ultraviolet laser radiation and samples echo signals in the 393.0-424.0 nm wavelength range with a 1.0-nm spectral resolution. A spectra decomposition method is developed to retrieve fluorescence spectra, water vapor Raman spectra and condensed (liquid and/or ice) water Raman spectra successively. Based on 8 different clear-sky nighttime measurement resu

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Laly, Frédéric, Patrick Chazette, Julien Totems, Jérémy Lagarrigue, Laurent Forges, and Cyrille Flamant. "Water vapor Raman lidar observations from multiple sites in the framework of WaLiNeAs." Earth System Science Data 16, no. 12 (2024): 5579–602. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5579-2024.

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Abstract. During the Water Vapor Lidar Network Assimilation (WaLiNeAs) campaign, eight lidars specifically designed to measure water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) profiles were deployed on the western Mediterranean coast. The main objectives were to investigate the water vapor content during case studies of heavy-precipitation events in the coastal western Mediterranean and assess the impact of high spatiotemporal WVMR data on numerical weather prediction forecasts by means of state-of-the-art assimilation techniques. Given the increasing occurrence of extreme events due to climate change, WaLiNeA

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Jiang, P., S. R. Ye, Y. Y. Liu, J. J. Zhang, and P. F. Xia. "Near real-time water vapor tomography using ground-based GPS and meteorological data: long-term experiment in Hong Kong." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 8 (2014): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-911-2014.

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Abstract. Water vapor tomography is a promising technique for reconstructing the 4-D moisture field, which is important to the weather forecasting and nowcasting as well as to the numerical weather prediction. A near real-time 4-D water vapor tomographic system is developed in this study. GPS slant water vapor (SWV) observations are derived by a sliding time window strategy using double-difference model and predicted orbits. Besides GPS SWV, surface water vapor measurements are also assimilated as real time observations into the tomographic system in order to improve the distribution of observ

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Yurganov, L., W. McMillan, C. Wilson, M. Fischer, and S. Biraud. "Carbon monoxide mixing ratios over Oklahoma between 2002 and 2009 retrieved from Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer spectra." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 2 (2010): 1263–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-1263-2010.

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Abstract. CO mixing ratios weighted over the bottom 2-km thick atmospheric layer between 2002 and 2009 were retrieved from downwelling infrared (IR) radiance spectra of the clear sky measured by a zenith-viewing Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) deployed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Program near Lamont, Oklahoma. A version of the algorithm proposed by He at al. (2001) was significantly improved and validated. Essentially, the new algorithm retrieves a CO mixing ratio that is determined by the convolution of the

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He, Wenying, Yunchu Cheng, Rongshi Zou, et al. "Radiative Transfer Model Simulations for Ground-Based Microwave Radiometers in North China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (2021): 5161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245161.

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Ground-based microwave radiometer profilers (MWRPs) are widely used to provide high-temporal resolution atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The quality of the observed brightness temperature (TB) from MWRPs is key for retrieving accurate atmospheric profiles. In this study, TB simulations derived from a radiative transfer model (RTM) were used to assess the quality of TB observations. Two types of atmospheric profile data (conventional radiosonde and ERA5 reanalysis) were combined with the RTM to obtain TB simulations, then compared with corresponding observations from three MWRPs l

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SAVCHUK, S., and A. KHOPTAR. "Application of data simulation procedure for troposphere GNSS tomography tasks." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 41, no. I (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-41-61-67.

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The content and distribution of water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere are related to various weather conditions and climatic processes, and are therefore important for understanding many meteorological phenomena. At the current stage of development and formation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), the distribution of water vapor content can be established using such observations from GNSS tomography, which, in turn, allows to study changes in the vertical profile of water vapor content in the Earth’s troposphere. In troposphere GNSS tomography, accurate information on the distributi

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Kalnajs, Lars E., Sean M. Davis, J. Douglas Goetz, et al. "A reel-down instrument system for profile measurements of water vapor, temperature, clouds, and aerosol beneath constant-altitude scientific balloons." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 4 (2021): 2635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021.

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Abstract. The tropical tropopause layer (TTL; 14–18.5 km) is the gateway for most air entering the stratosphere, and therefore processes within this layer have an outsized influence in determining global stratospheric ozone and water vapor concentrations. Despite the importance of this layer there are few in situ measurements with the necessary detail to resolve the fine-scale processes within this region. Here, we introduce a novel platform for high-resolution in situ profiling that lowers and retracts a suspended instrument package beneath drifting long-duration balloons in the tropics. Duri

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Zhang, Jie, Ping Miao, Di Zhong, and Lin Liu. "Mathematical modeling of drying of Masson pine lumber and its asymmetrical moisture content profile." Holzforschung 68, no. 3 (2014): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0077.

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Abstract A mathematical model is discussed in terms of moisture transfer during the drying process of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) lumber in industrial practice. The model was validated by comparing the simulated result of moisture distribution with experimental data. In the model, the wood drying process was divided into two phases. The first one dealt with processes above fiber saturation point (FSP), that was driven by capillary flux of free water and conductive flux of vapor, and the second one dealt with those of below FSP, which was driven by diffusive flux of bound water and vapor. Mo

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Salmon, Olivia E., Lisa R. Welp, Michael E. Baldwin, Kristian D. Hajny, Brian H. Stirm, and Paul B. Shepson. "Vertical profile observations of water vapor deuterium excess in the lower troposphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 17 (2019): 11525–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11525-2019.

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Abstract. We use airborne measurements of water vapor (H2Ov) stable isotopologues and complementary meteorological observations to examine how boundary layer (BL) dynamics, cloud processing, and atmospheric mixing influence the vertical structure of δD, δ18O, and deuterium excess (d excess =δD–8×δ18O) in the BL, inversion layer (INV), and lower free troposphere (FT). Flights were conducted around two continental US cities in February–March 2016 and included vertical profiles extending from near the surface to ≤2 km. We examine observations from three unique case study flights in detail. One ca

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Deuber, B., N. Kampfer, and D. G. Feist. "A new 22-GHz radiometer for middle atmospheric water vapor profile measurements." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42, no. 5 (2004): 974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2004.825581.

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Robinson, Steven E. "The profile algorithm for microwave delay estimation from water vapor radiometer data." Radio Science 23, no. 3 (1988): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rs023i003p00401.

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Grant, William B. "Differential absorption and Raman lidar for water vapor profile measurements: a review." Optical Engineering 30, no. 1 (1991): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.55772.

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Boone, Chris D., Kaley A. Walker, and Peter F. Bernath. "Speed-dependent Voigt profile for water vapor in infrared remote sensing applications." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 105, no. 3 (2007): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.11.015.

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