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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law

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Academic literature on the topic 'Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law"

1

Sanders, Dee A. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 72, no. 6 (October 1, 2001): 1857–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143000x144312.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 74, no. 6 (October 1, 2002): 1668–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143002x144806.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 75, no. 6 (October 1, 2003): 1965–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143003x145417.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 76, no. 6 (September 2004): 2568–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143004x145902.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 77, no. 6 (September 2005): 2934–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143005x54704.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 78, no. 10 (September 2006): 2146–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143006x119549.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 79, no. 10 (September 2007): 2219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143007x218737.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 80, no. 10 (October 2008): 2066–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x328914.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 81, no. 10 (September 10, 2009): 2263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143009x12445568400935.

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Sanders, Dee Ann. "Environmental Law." Water Environment Research 82, no. 10 (January 1, 2010): 2180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12756668802373.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law"

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Yeung, Wai-tak Victor. "A review of the principles in the present legislation for controlling water pollution in Hong Kong and other countries /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498460.

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Ma, Yiu-wa. "The impact of water pollution control ordinance on small and medium sized manufactures /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498009.

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Edwardes, Katherine. "Water management: distilling criteria for effective management at catchment level." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19746.

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Includes bibliographic references
Of all the natural resources available on earth, it could be argued that water is the most important and essential to human health and well - being. Water is a scarce and finite resource and must therefore be used in such a manner as to preserve and protect it. Statistically, South Africa is a water scarce country and water demand is on the increase due to an increase in population, economic development and living standards. The scarcity creates a need to protect the little water South Africa has and so various policies, laws, guidelines and entities exist to control the use and management of water. South Africa has recently put plans into action to establish nine catchment management agencies, as provided for in the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998), to deal with the management of water at a catchment level. The establishment and operation of these nine institutions are behind schedule and the outcome of the process thus far is below the desired level. Management of natural resources is done by a wide range of institutions with a variety of management styles according to certain management principles and plans. These management styles can be adjusted to suit the management of most types of natural resources, and because of the interdisciplinary nature of water management, elements from all the management styles can be drawn from to suit water management. Three management and governance styles or concepts were identified for this study. The characteristics and principles of these concepts have been divided into different aspects or broad themes of water management. The National Water Act 36 of 1998, specifically the sections related to catchment management agencies, is reviewed to identify the provisions that might be preventing them from adopting the principles of successful management as suggested by the three governance and management styles.

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Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.

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Chan, Yiu-wing. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498538.

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Waddell, Sarah Kathleen. "The Role of the 'Legal Rule' in Indonesian Law: environmental law and the reformasi of water management." University of Sydney. Environmental Law, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/673.

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In examining the role of the �legal rule� in Indonesian law, and in particular environmental law related to water quality management, this thesis questions the often expressed view that laws in Indonesia are sound, they merely fail to be implemented. It proposes that this appraisal of the situation does not take a sufficiently deep assessment and that a cause for non-implementation lies within the drafting of the laws themselves. It is argued that the ineffective system for environmental protection in Indonesia can be related to a failure to recognise the role of the �legal rule� in environmental law. A proposition presented in this thesis is that the arrangements for environmental law making in Indonesia lacks a strong rule foundation and, for this reason, it is not capable of producing shared understandings by lawmakers about producing and reproducing environmental law as legal sub-system. Another central proposition is that Indonesian environmental law has a form and style, which negates the role of the legal rule in environmental management and control. Despite the changes brought by reformasi, the central position of the legal rule in environmental law and, indeed, the necessary rule foundation to the development of the legal system, has yet to achieve full recognition. If this situation is related to the system of water quality management and pollution control in Indonesia, it can be seen that environmental improvement will not be achieved until underlying issues concerning the structure, form and style of environmental law making are addressed.

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Waddell, S. K. "The role of the "legal rule" in Indonesian law environmental law and reformasi of water quality management /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/673.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 14 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Josefsson, Henrik. "Good Ecological Status : Advancing the Ecology of Law." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-246561.

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For a meaningful discussion of the effectiveness of ecological objectives and ecological quality standards, their terms and purposes must be examined and clarified. This study explores the terms and content of ecological quality objectives and ecological quality standards, based on the Water Framework Directive’s legal conceptualization of ‘ecological status’. This exploration is accomplished by analysing and describing the Water Framework Directive’s ‘ecological status’ aspect from a legal-ecological perspective. The analysis of ‘ecological status’ and its main constructs forms the basis for a possible alternative form of regulation, which addresses the shortcomings identified in the analysis.

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Jeannes, Deon Bruce. "A survey of the legal framework governing the water impacts of proposed shale gas extraction in the Karoo." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15164.

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It is estimated that South Africa has the eighth largest resources of shale gas reserves in the world. It is reported that shale gas extraction can have important benefits which include economic growth, poverty alleviation, carbon emission reduction and most significantly alleviate the current energy shortage. However the proposed extraction of shale gas using hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water and many hazardous chemicals which also risks water resource pollution. This can add to water stress and conflict because the Karoo is a semi-arid, water-deficient and drought prone region. Since the extraction thereof is a relatively new technology in South Africa there is a need to determine if the current regulatory and institutional framework in South Africa will be adequate to meet the demands posed by this potentially game-changing enterprise. This minor dissertation outlines the regulatory framework regarding both the water quality and quantity in the shale gas extraction process. It recommends that while there are some regulatory building blocks in place, many gaps exist. It will recommend that an inter-departmental co-operative steering committee is established to address the many overlapping responsibilities and at times contradicting requirements.

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Harding, William Russell. "The threat to South African water security posed by wastewater-driven eutrophication: a proposal for a new regulatory approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25302.

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The quality of South Africa's raw potable water resources is severely impacted by eutrophication (nutrient enrichment). As much as two-thirds of the reservoir impounded resource may be affected. Wastewater effluents and/or the integration of wastewater return flows as part of the water balances of many reservoirs constitute the primary source of this nutrient pollution. South Africa's historical awareness and understanding of the eutrophication threat to surface waters is comparable with that of other, similarly-afflicted, countries. In particular, the need to manage phosphorus was recognised as early as 1962 when South Africa promulgated one of the first (global) regulations for phosphorus in wastewater effluents. More recently, eutrophication has been ranked as a high priority by the the National Water Resource Strategy. Despite this background, phosphorus removal from wastewater effluents in South Africa remains virtually unregulated. Additionally, there is no resource-directed protocol for the accounting of all sources of phosphorus (or other pollutants) at a catchment level, rendering problematic, if not impossible, the fair and equitable allocation of levies on wastewater discharges. This dissertation examines how wastewater-originating eutrophication is regulated in the USA and Europe, with phosphorus as a central focus. A comparative assessment of the equivalent situation in South Africa is provided and the shortcomings of the latter highlighted. As a solution, I suggest an equitable and transparent scheme of pollutant accounting by individual source, ideally suited to the allocation of waste discharge levies. Applied against a specific resource requirement, for example an identified need to reduce phosphorus in a particular reservoir, this approach also provides a legally sound scheme for pollutant load regulation and permitting.

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Books on the topic "Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law"

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International Water Tribunal (2nd 1992 Amsterdam). Environmental and water law in the south. Utrecht: International Books, 1994.

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Patzer, Robert A. Environmental law: Compliance and enforcement. Halifax, N.S: School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 1995.

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Environmental laws and water resources management. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1986.

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McIntyre, Owen. Environmental protection of international watercourses under international law. Hants, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007.

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Division, Vermont Wastewater Management. Environmental protection rules. Waterbury, Vt: Wastewater Management Division, 2007.

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Battle, Jackson B. Water polution and hazardous wastes. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Pub. Co., 1986.

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US GOVERNMENT. Compilation of selected water resources and environmental laws: Federal Water Pollution Control Act ... Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Rubin, Kenneth. Federal environmental law constraints on drinking water supply development: Final report. Denver, CO: The Fund, 1992.

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Olsen, Pernille. Environmental legislation Scotland: aqueous effluent. Edinburgh: Centre for Environment & Business in Scotland, 1993.

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Kundis, Craig Robin, and Hall Noah D, eds. Modern water law: Private property, public rights, and environmental protections. St Paul, MN: Foundation Press, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law"

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Owens, Katherine. "Environmental Water Transactions and Innovation in Australia." In Reforming Water Law and Governance, 79–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8977-0_4.

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Kinna, Remy. "International Water Law in Multi-scale Governance of Shared Waters in the Anthropocene: Towards Cooperation, not “Water Wars”." In Charting Environmental Law Futures in the Anthropocene, 107–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9065-4_9.

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Macpherson, Elizabeth, Erin O’Donnell, Lee Godden, and Lily O’Neill. "Lessons from Australian Water Reforms: Indigenous and Environmental Values in Market-Based Water Regulation." In Reforming Water Law and Governance, 213–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8977-0_10.

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Knopp, Lothar. "Instruments of European law and questions concerning their implementation at national level as exemplified by water law, immission control law and waste law." In Environmental Protection in the European Union, 3–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09714-4_1.

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Romano, Cesare P. R. "The Caspian and International Law: Like Oil and Water?" In The Caspian Sea: A Quest for Environmental Security, 145–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4032-4_11.

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Zellmer, Sandra. "United States: The Emergence of Environmental Considerations." In The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water, 205–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_13.

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Kuroda, Masashi, and Hikari Shimadera. "Looking to the Future Based on the History of Water and Atmospheric Environmental Issues in Japan." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 129–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5407-0_10.

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Reale, F., and R. Franchino. "First and Second Law Analisys of a Hydro Storage with Respect to the Environmental Impact of an Energy System." In Entropy and Energy Dissipation in Water Resources, 355–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2430-0_19.

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El Mahdad, E., L. Ouhajou, M. El Fasskaoui, A. Aslikh, A. Nghira, F. Fdil, A. Baroud, and D. Barceló. "Experiences, Success Stories, and Lessons Learnt from the Implementation of the Water Law Framework Directive in the Souss-Massa River Basin." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 303–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2016_79.

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Reda, Kelemework Tafere, and Desta Gebremichael Gidey. "Combatting Desertification Through Soil and Water Conservation and Environmental Rehabilitation Measures: Experiences from the Tigray Region, Ethiopia." In International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2019, 89–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52317-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law"

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Olds, Jerry D. "A History of Utah Water Law." In Water Resources and Environment History Sessions at Environmental and Water Reources Institute Annual Meeting 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40738(140)8.

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Harris, Steven C. "Appropriative Rights Model Water Code versus Colorado Water Law." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)317.

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Dellapenna, Joseph W. "Primer on Groundwater Law in the United States." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)195.

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Guo, Junke, and Pierre Y. Julien. "Application of Modified Log-Wake Law in Open-Channels." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)200.

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Fagot, Kevin, Rene Vermeeren, David Raff, and Eset Alemu. "Review of Water Law, Water Supply, and Surplus Water Available for Corps of Engineers Projects." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.241.

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Dellapenna, Joseph W. "The Berlin Rules on Water Resources: The New Paradigm for International Water Law." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)250.

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Anderson, D. Larry. "History of the Development of the Colorado River and 'The Law of the River'." In Water Resources and Environment History Sessions at Environmental and Water Reources Institute Annual Meeting 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40738(140)11.

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Coffey, P. J. E., and J. B. Connor. "Verification of Darcy's Law." In Great River History Symposium at World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41032(344)8.

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Loáiciga, Hugo A. "The Importance of Using Probabilistic Effective Hydraulic Conductivity in Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow Calculations." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)80.

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Bismarchi, Luis Felipe, Teresa Villac, and Maria Cecília Loschiavo dos Santos. "The Importance of Changings in Brazilian Law to Introduce the Use of Environmental Criteria in Public Buildings." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480618.022.

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Reports on the topic "Water Water Environmental law. Environmental law"

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Stromer, Bobbi, Rebecca Crouch, Katrinka Wayne, Ashley Kimble, Jared Smith, and Anthony Bednar. Methods for simultaneous determination of 29 legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil-sediment, and tissue matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/1168142105.

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Standard methods are in place for analysis of 17 legacy munitions compounds and one surrogate in water and soil matrices; however, several insensitive munition (IM) and degradation products are not part of these analytical procedures. This lack could lead to inaccurate determinations of munitions in environmental samples by either not measuring for IM compounds or using methods not designed for IM and other legacy compounds. This work seeks to continue expanding the list of target analytes currently included in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330B. This technical report presents three methods capable of detecting 29 legacy, IM, and degradation products in a single High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with either ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorbance detection or mass spectrometric detection. Procedures were developed from previously published works and include the addition of hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX); hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX); 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT); and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DANT). One primary analytical method and two secondary (confirmation) methods were developed capable of detecting 29 analytes and two surrogates. Methods for high water concentrations (direct injection), low-level water concentrations (solid phase extraction), soil (solvent extraction), and tissue (solvent extraction) were tested for analyte recovery of the new compounds.

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Hawthorne, S. B. Energy and environmental research emphasizing low-rank coal: Task 1.7, Hot-water extraction of nonpolar organic pollutants from soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/206858.

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Grapentine, L., and W. Norwood. Benthic invertebrate communities in the Lac Dasserat system: relations to environmental gradients and toxicological responses of amphipods to water and sediment. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297766.

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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, Lloyd Morrison, Janice Hinsey, Tyler Cribbs, Gareth Rowell, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, and Jeffrey Williams. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.

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Thembeka Ncube, Ayanda, and Antonio Bobet. Use of Recycled Asphalt. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317316.

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The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the blend but decreases permeability. RAP can be used safely, as it does not pose any environmental concerns. The most important disadvantage of RAP is that it displays significant creep. It seems that this is caused by the presence of the asphaltic layer coating the aggregate. Creep increases with pressure and with temperature and decreases with the degree of compaction. Creep can be mitigated by either blending RAP with aggregate or by stabilization with chemical compounds. Fly ash and cement have shown to decrease, albeit not eliminate, the amount of creep. Mechanical stabilizing agents such as geotextiles may also be used.

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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.

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Abstract:

This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of NbS include the low cost compared to infrastructure alternatives; the flexibility in addressing multiple climate challenges; potential co-benefits such as better water quality, improved health, cultural benefits, biodiversity conservation. The literature also notes the cons of NbS including slow adaptation or co-benefits, very context specific making effectiveness difficult to measure and many of the benefits are non-monetary and hard to measure. The literature consulted suggest a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for NbS effectiveness including lack of: robust and impartial assessments of current NbS experiences; site specific knowledge of field deployment of NbS; timescales over which benefits are seen and experienced; cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to or in conjunction with alternative solutions; and integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes

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