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1
Yeung, Wai-tak Victor. "A review of the principles in the present legislation for controlling water pollution in Hong Kong and other countries /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498460.
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Ma, Yiu-wa. "The impact of water pollution control ordinance on small and medium sized manufactures /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498009.
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Edwardes, Katherine. "Water management: distilling criteria for effective management at catchment level." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19746.
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Includes bibliographic referencesOf all the natural resources available on earth, it could be argued that water is the most important and essential to human health and well - being. Water is a scarce and finite resource and must therefore be used in such a manner as to preserve and protect it. Statistically, South Africa is a water scarce country and water demand is on the increase due to an increase in population, economic development and living standards. The scarcity creates a need to protect the little water South Africa has and so various policies, laws, guidelines and entities exist to control the use and management of water. South Africa has recently put plans into action to establish nine catchment management agencies, as provided for in the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998), to deal with the management of water at a catchment level. The establishment and operation of these nine institutions are behind schedule and the outcome of the process thus far is below the desired level. Management of natural resources is done by a wide range of institutions with a variety of management styles according to certain management principles and plans. These management styles can be adjusted to suit the management of most types of natural resources, and because of the interdisciplinary nature of water management, elements from all the management styles can be drawn from to suit water management. Three management and governance styles or concepts were identified for this study. The characteristics and principles of these concepts have been divided into different aspects or broad themes of water management. The National Water Act 36 of 1998, specifically the sections related to catchment management agencies, is reviewed to identify the provisions that might be preventing them from adopting the principles of successful management as suggested by the three governance and management styles.
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Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
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Chan, Yiu-wing. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498538.
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Waddell, Sarah Kathleen. "The Role of the 'Legal Rule' in Indonesian Law: environmental law and the reformasi of water management." University of Sydney. Environmental Law, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/673.
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In examining the role of the �legal rule� in Indonesian law, and in particular environmental law related to water quality management, this thesis questions the often expressed view that laws in Indonesia are sound, they merely fail to be implemented. It proposes that this appraisal of the situation does not take a sufficiently deep assessment and that a cause for non-implementation lies within the drafting of the laws themselves. It is argued that the ineffective system for environmental protection in Indonesia can be related to a failure to recognise the role of the �legal rule� in environmental law. A proposition presented in this thesis is that the arrangements for environmental law making in Indonesia lacks a strong rule foundation and, for this reason, it is not capable of producing shared understandings by lawmakers about producing and reproducing environmental law as legal sub-system. Another central proposition is that Indonesian environmental law has a form and style, which negates the role of the legal rule in environmental management and control. Despite the changes brought by reformasi, the central position of the legal rule in environmental law and, indeed, the necessary rule foundation to the development of the legal system, has yet to achieve full recognition. If this situation is related to the system of water quality management and pollution control in Indonesia, it can be seen that environmental improvement will not be achieved until underlying issues concerning the structure, form and style of environmental law making are addressed.
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Waddell, S. K. "The role of the "legal rule" in Indonesian law environmental law and reformasi of water quality management /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/673.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.Title from title screen (viewed 14 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Josefsson, Henrik. "Good Ecological Status : Advancing the Ecology of Law." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-246561.
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For a meaningful discussion of the effectiveness of ecological objectives and ecological quality standards, their terms and purposes must be examined and clarified. This study explores the terms and content of ecological quality objectives and ecological quality standards, based on the Water Framework Directive’s legal conceptualization of ‘ecological status’. This exploration is accomplished by analysing and describing the Water Framework Directive’s ‘ecological status’ aspect from a legal-ecological perspective. The analysis of ‘ecological status’ and its main constructs forms the basis for a possible alternative form of regulation, which addresses the shortcomings identified in the analysis.
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Jeannes, Deon Bruce. "A survey of the legal framework governing the water impacts of proposed shale gas extraction in the Karoo." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15164.
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It is estimated that South Africa has the eighth largest resources of shale gas reserves in the world. It is reported that shale gas extraction can have important benefits which include economic growth, poverty alleviation, carbon emission reduction and most significantly alleviate the current energy shortage. However the proposed extraction of shale gas using hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water and many hazardous chemicals which also risks water resource pollution. This can add to water stress and conflict because the Karoo is a semi-arid, water-deficient and drought prone region. Since the extraction thereof is a relatively new technology in South Africa there is a need to determine if the current regulatory and institutional framework in South Africa will be adequate to meet the demands posed by this potentially game-changing enterprise. This minor dissertation outlines the regulatory framework regarding both the water quality and quantity in the shale gas extraction process. It recommends that while there are some regulatory building blocks in place, many gaps exist. It will recommend that an inter-departmental co-operative steering committee is established to address the many overlapping responsibilities and at times contradicting requirements.
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Harding, William Russell. "The threat to South African water security posed by wastewater-driven eutrophication: a proposal for a new regulatory approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25302.
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The quality of South Africa's raw potable water resources is severely impacted by eutrophication (nutrient enrichment). As much as two-thirds of the reservoir impounded resource may be affected. Wastewater effluents and/or the integration of wastewater return flows as part of the water balances of many reservoirs constitute the primary source of this nutrient pollution. South Africa's historical awareness and understanding of the eutrophication threat to surface waters is comparable with that of other, similarly-afflicted, countries. In particular, the need to manage phosphorus was recognised as early as 1962 when South Africa promulgated one of the first (global) regulations for phosphorus in wastewater effluents. More recently, eutrophication has been ranked as a high priority by the the National Water Resource Strategy. Despite this background, phosphorus removal from wastewater effluents in South Africa remains virtually unregulated. Additionally, there is no resource-directed protocol for the accounting of all sources of phosphorus (or other pollutants) at a catchment level, rendering problematic, if not impossible, the fair and equitable allocation of levies on wastewater discharges. This dissertation examines how wastewater-originating eutrophication is regulated in the USA and Europe, with phosphorus as a central focus. A comparative assessment of the equivalent situation in South Africa is provided and the shortcomings of the latter highlighted. As a solution, I suggest an equitable and transparent scheme of pollutant accounting by individual source, ideally suited to the allocation of waste discharge levies. Applied against a specific resource requirement, for example an identified need to reduce phosphorus in a particular reservoir, this approach also provides a legally sound scheme for pollutant load regulation and permitting.
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Langkarpint, Khettai. "'Sustainable development' : law, the environment and water resources in modern Thailand." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50756/.
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The overall purpose of this thesis is to examine problems concerning implementation of the concept of sustainable development in the area of water resources using Thailand as a case study of a developing country. The aims and objectives of the thesis are to provide an analysis of water case studies focusing on fieldwork undertaken in different regions in Thailand, an analysis of the legal system; and strategies for environmental protection; considered in the context of rapid economic expansion. The thesis begins with an examination of the foundation and background of Thailand's legal system, its economic development and its environment. Particular emphasis is given in the thesis to water resources. Water is a specific medium to judge pollution standards as a whole. Pollution for land and air often eventually makes it way into water system. Water regulation and pollution control is an example of environmental regulation as a whole. This is followed by an analysis and evaluation of the legal framework of environmental law. The aim is to examine the evolution of the legal protection of the environment in Thailand as well as to analyse the existing contradictions between the country's legal order and its actual environmental problems. The dynamics of the country's political process are then considered. Finally, the question of how the concept of sustainable development might assist in the application of environmental protection to water resources in Thailand is examined, using disputes over water allocation and water pollution. The case studies are drawn from different regions in Thailand. In Thailand there has certainly been more environmental awareness in recent years, but the implementation of sustainable development strategies remains at an early stage, despite, the Rio conference in 1992 and Rio II in 1997 emphasising the conservation of natural resources. The concept of sustainable development is also incorporated in the new Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act 1992 (the 1992 Act), despite to a limited extent, some principles for sustainable development such as the precautionary principle, the PPP, EIA, right of access to environmental information and public participation. In Thailand primary legislation is in place but water resources regulations are required. Thailand is on a slow learning curve in its strategies for protecting the environment. In the thesis, case studies at a local level have been undertaken and through these case studies, it is clear that sustainable development concept is not fully integrated and accepted as a way to solve water problems at a local level. This indicates a failure of western concepts and their adaptation in developing countries such as Thailand. However, traditional approaches may be used to improve and promote sustainable development concepts together with Agenda 21, western approaches and experiences, which is called "The Mixed Approach". Thailand is in the advantageous position of being able to learn from the mistakes and environmental failures of the developed countries with respect to water resources policy. At the very least, it must acknowledge that environmental problems cannot be fundamentally solved without addressing them at the time of economic development. Still further, Thailand must not adopt the model of western environmental protection laws without first ensuring that the new reforms are suitable for the needs of the Thai economy and people.
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Cory, Dennis C., and Lester D. Taylor. "On the Distributional Implications of Safe Drinking Water Standards." CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623433.
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The provision of safe drinking water provides a dramatic example of the inherent complexity involved in incorporating environmental justice (EJ) considerations into the implementation and enforcement of new environmental standards. To promote substantive EJ, implementation policy must be concerned with the
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risk reduction of new and revised regulations. The regulatory concern is that higher water bills for low-income customers of small public water systems may result in less disposable income for other health-related goods and services. In the net, this trade-off may be welfare decreasing, not increasing. Advocates of Health–Health Analysis have argued that the reduction in health-related spending creates a problem for traditional benefit-cost analysis since the long-run health implications of this reduction are not considered. The results of this investigation tend to support this contention. An evaluation of the internal structure of consumption expenditures reveals that low-expenditure households can be expected to react to an increase in the relative price of housing-related goods and services due to a water-rate hike by reducing both housing and health-related expenditures. That is, the representative low-expenditure household re-establishes equilibrium by not only decreasing housing-related spending, but also by decreasing spending on health-related expenditures in a modest but significant way. These results reflect the fact that expenditures on housing are a major proportion of overall household spending, and that accommodating drinking water surcharges exacerbates both health and food security concerns for low-expenditures households.
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Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.
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Cosens, Barbara A., Robin K. Craig, Shana Lee Hirsch, Craig Anthony (Tony) Arnold, Melinda H. Benson, Daniel A. DeCaro, Ahjond S. Garmestani, Hannah Gosnell, J. B. Ruhl, and Edella Schlager. "The role of law in adaptive governance." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623958.
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The term "governance" encompasses both governmental and nongovernmental participation in collective choice and action. Law dictates the structure, boundaries, rules, and processes within which governmental action takes place, and in doing so becomes one of the focal points for analysis of barriers to adaptation as the effects of climate change are felt. Adaptive governance must therefore contemplate a level of flexibility and evolution in governmental action beyond that currently found in the heavily administrative governments of many democracies. Nevertheless, over time, law itself has proven highly adaptive in western systems of government, evolving to address and even facilitate the emergence of new social norms (such as the rights of women and minorities) or to provide remedies for emerging problems (such as pollution). Thus, there is no question that law can adapt, evolve, and be reformed to make room for adaptive governance. In doing this, not only may barriers be removed, but law may be adjusted to facilitate adaptive governance and to aid in institutionalizing new and emerging approaches to governance. The key is to do so in a way that also enhances legitimacy, accountability, and justice, or else such reforms will never be adopted by democratic societies, or if adopted, will destabilize those societies. By identifying those aspects of the frameworks for adaptive governance reviewed in the introduction to this special feature relevant to the legal system, we present guidelines for evaluating the role of law in environmental governance to identify the ways in which law can be used, adapted, and reformed to facilitate adaptive governance and to do so in a way that enhances the legitimacy of governmental action.
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Bernos, Lisa. "An examination of the new Federal and State storm water regulations : an electric utility perspective." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29557.
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Herbstein, Tom Philip. "Insurance and the Anthropocene: like a frog in hot water." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16571.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis explores the relationship between the commercial insurance industry, global environmental change (GEC) and what Beck (1992; 1999) termed the 'risk society'. In recent decades, there have been growing concerns that many of the risks impacting contemporary society have undergone fundamental changes. Many of these risks are increasingly being linked to the unintended consequences of humankind's remarkable progress in science and technology, and have been described as debounded, given that they so often transcend both geographical and temporal boundaries (Beck 1992). Within the risk society, the commercial insurance industry - which relies on statistical (actuarial) analysis to help it assess and manage its risk exposure - has been described as demarcating the frontier barrier between bounded (i.e. insurable) and debounded (i.e. uninsurable) risk. However, this claim has been a highly contested one, leading to calls for more empirical data to help clarify how commercial insurance is actually responding under conditions of uncertainty. Of all the debounded risks, GEC has emerged as one of the risk society's most recognisable. Now understood to be a result of the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gasses, particularly since the onset of the industrial revolution, its impacts have risen so sharply in recent decades that it has prompted claims that Earth has moved away from the era of the Holocene and into the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002). Given that at least 40% of the cost of environmental catastrophes is now borne by commercial insurance, GEC provides an excellent opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of how the industry is responding to debounded risk at the risk society's frontier barrier. Early commentators suggested that the commercial insurance industry would be well motivated to respond proactively to GEC, by taking a more mitigative approach to managing its drivers at both the global and local levels. However, the industry, so far, has been described as more adaptive of its own business activities than mitigative. This raises questions about whether such claims are true across all three of the insurance industry's activities - as risk carriers, risk managers and as investors, why they have responded in such ways, and what implications this has for broadening our understanding of the complex relationship between commercial insurance, debounded risk and the risk society's frontier barrier. To consider these questions, a collective case study was undertaken with a variety of commercial insurance companies, re-insurers, asset managers, clients, brokers, industry associations and regulators across South Africa, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Belgium. The research identified how commercial insurers have indeed responded more by adaptation of their business activities than mitigation of the drivers of GEC. This is mainly through the use of defensive underwriting to help them manage their exposure. However, the research extends this analysis by highlighting some of the nuances of the industry's response. This includes its focus on centralisation, the influence of the existing paradigm framing its understanding of risk, and by highlighting the irony that the area of insurers' activities, initially believed to be most suited for responding to GEC (i.e. their investment portfolios), have, in practice, been the area recording the least response. In exploring why this is so, the study draws on understandings of the Anthropocene to argue that commercial insurers are finding their existing risk assessment tools progressively out-dated in a world where risk is no longer as predictable as it once was. This is further compounded by increasingly plural access to the risk society's science and technologies, which, in some instances, are undermining the role commercial insurance plays as society's primary financial risk manager. This raises questions around the role commercial insurance plays in demarcating the risk society's frontier barrier which, ultimately, has far broader implications for why so many of society's institutions are struggling to adapt to risk in the 21st Century.
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Mokoena, Karabo. "Decentralisation of water resource management : a comparative review of catchment management authorities in South Africa and Victoria, Australia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19783.
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By the adoption of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), South Africa has significantly changed its water management regime and the institutions governing water in this country. These changes were first introduced by the National White Policy Paper on Water in South Africa in 1997 and subsequently the National Water Act in 1998. One of the key components of IWRM is the decentralisation of water management to a regional or catchment level and the introduction of public participation in the water management sector. With the enactment of the NWA South Africa incorporated IWRM in its legal system and a decade on, authorities are now turning to its implementation. The NWA introduces Catchment Management Agencies (CMAs) in water management and gives them authority over water management at a catchment level. Initially there were nineteen (19) and this number has since been reduced to nine (9) due to a number of factors. South African authorities are now seeking ways in which they can effectively decentralise water to a catchment level, including delegating and assigning some of the functions currently held by the Minster to CMAs. Using Victoria, Australia as a comparative study, this study investigates how water management can best be decentralised to a catchment level; it starts off by investigating the theory of decentralisation and its pros and cons; then sets off to investigate water management has been decentralised in Australia from the national level, to state level and catchment level; it then investigates the role of Rural Water Authorities in Victoria and compares them to Catchment Management Agencies in South Africa. Finally the work highlights the water management regime and the various stakeholders in water management South Africa from a national level to a catchment level and the challenges facing South Africa in term of WRM; and then makes recommendations and a conclusion based on its research findings and the South African socio-economic and political context.
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Yeung, Wai-tak Victor, and 楊維德. "A review of the principles in the present legislation for controlling water pollution in Hong Kong and other countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125276X.
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Dorsey, Lauren. "Adapting to the Changing Tide: An Evaluation of California’s Drought Policies and Future Mitigation Strategies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1898.
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California endured an extreme and prolonged drought from 2012 until the winter of 2017, offering a fascinating yet tragic example of how drought impacts lives. Despite this recent and stark phenomenon, there is surprisingly little information about its effects and implications. This thesis aims to lessen this knowledge gap by asking how severe the drought was, how well the state responded, and what policies would increase California’s water security. It answers these questions by exploring the Golden State’s long and complicated water management history, which is necessary to understand the current drought policy framework; then, it collects the emerging literature concerning the drought’s multifaceted effects into one of the first state-wide meta-analyses. With this perspective, it becomes clear that the most severe drought vulnerability is in the agricultural sector—alone costing Californians billions of dollars—but spreads into a host of other economic and ecological effects. Australia provides an apt comparison and some potential lessons, including agricultural water efficiency, market solutions, a more consistent drought culture, and innovative water supply solutions. In addition to offering some infrastructure and public education solutions, Australia’s example hints that the California state government may need to assume a heightened enforcement and information-gathering role in order to more efficiently manage scarce water resources. Nonetheless, as the State emerges from drought and looks to an uncertain future—where the next drought may already be upon us—the extent to which California proactively adopts drought strategies will not only affect millions of lives and billions of dollars, but must be at the forefront of ethical, forward-looking, and cost-minimizing resource management.
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Kengni, Bernard. "Strengthening decision-making processes to promote water sustainability in the South African mining context: the role of good environmental governance and the law." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32503.
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This thesis examines whether the concept of good (environmental) governance provides a useful tool and legal base for the achievement of water sustainability in South Africa's mining sector. The thesis introduces water pollution as one sustainability challenge that South Africa is facing in its mining sector. The main question is how the legal framework should promote and guide water sustainability through good environmental governance. The question results from the fact that mining is a constant threat to water resources. Mining is one of the leading causes of water pollution which adversely affects human life among others when water contaminated with heavy metals is consumed. Farming, as an essential component of food security, is under constant threat in places like Mpumalanga as soils are rendered less productive by mine-contaminated water infiltrating from topsoil or rising from underground mines. Similarly, polluted water adversely affects biodiversity, thus, destroying ecosystems and vegetation which serve as livestock feed. The analysis of sustainability, governance and good governance theories and specific concepts underpinning them shows that they can inform water protection in the South African mining sector. Sustainability, found to be a broad and interdisciplinary concept, is a necessary guideline for the pursuit of water governance in the mining sector. Despite conflicting perceptions or facts regarding sustainability, it is evident that for water to be preserved, sustainable practices are essential. This requires mining activities to be conducted while always minimising the occurrence of water pollution to ensure water sustainability in the South African mining sector. The thesis also expounds that water sustainability pursued through governance practices is likely to be effective in alleviating or preventing water concerns. Thus, the concept of governance is presented as a tool with which individuals or organisations can achieve effective water sustainability, through decision-making, planning and law enforcement. Governance as a concept is complex, multifaceted and interdisciplinary, but can ensure water sustainability and the wellbeing of members of society who depend on the natural environment. The thesis further highlights that water sustainability is more likely when pursued through governance in its best possible form. The concept of good environmental governance is therefore explained as a theory that can guide effective decisionmaking and serve as a tool at the disposal of interested and affected parties to judge the performance of administrative officials. Effective decision-making processes and its elements are to be promoted through cooperative governance, accountability, transparency and public participation, for effective administrative action. The thesis then analyses the South African legal framework and establishes that water governance in the mining sector is extensively catered for therein. The Constitution sets the water sustainability mandate based on which legislation is enacted, both followed by legal interpretation in the courts. The analysis, however, show that there are various shortcomings relating to the implementation and enforcement of the law through administrative action. Nevertheless, the analysis remains hopeful that water sustainability can still be achieved in the mining sector. Despite the existence of environmental provisions and various attempts to achieve water sustainability, the current South African legal framework still fails to control water pollution effectively. The failure may be attributed to the shortcomings of the said framework, but it is, to a larger extent, a result of poor implementation and enforcement. One main reason is less effective administrative action due to inefficient decision-making processes, which implies that the quality of governance regarding water protection in the mining sector is inadequate. Such findings show that water sustainability could have been achieved or improved if decisionmakers had relied fully on good governance principles to implement and enforce provisions aimed at water protection in the mining sector. Hence, this thesis finds that no new regulation is required; rather it suggests a reform of various provisions within the existing legal framework to improve water sustainability. This is subject to improved implementation and enforcement mechanisms.
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Chan, Yiu-wing, and 陳耀榮. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252576.
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Ma, Yiu-wa, and 馬耀華. "The impact of water pollution control ordinance on small and medium sized manufactures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252692.
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Burton, Timothy Paul. "Public participation : principles and practice : the legal regulation of water pollution." Thesis, University of Hull, 1990. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3897.
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The main body of the thesis is a detailed study of the practice of the legal regulation of water pollution, primarily between the period of 1 October 1983 and 31 August 1989, although reference is made to events preceding that period where necessary to provide a full assessment.
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Ibrahim, Auwal. "Law and policy for environmental protection and sustainable development in Nigeria with special reference to water resources development projects." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1455/.
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There could hardly be any doubt that the pursuit of development objectives, especially in a developing country such as Nigeria, is a legitimate and in fact necessary path for economic, social and political advancement. Within the decades of the 1970s and 1980s however, increased concern about the adverse environmental and socio-economic effects of certain specific development activities have necessitated a search for appropriate development paradigms that would enable the attainment of development objectives with as little environmental and socio-economic adversity as possible. A concept that has so far become very popular in this quest for a development paradigm is that of "sustainable development" which, in simple terms, could be described as a paradigm which seeks to integrate the objective of protection of the environment with the traditional objectives of development. Furthermore, law is being increasingly considered an important tool in the provision of the framework for the pursuit of development and environmental management as whole; and recent international events, such as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development for example, have placed a big emphasis on the possible contribution which could be made by law in the move towards the attainment of sustainable development. The development of water resources has for a long time occupied a priority position in the development programmes of Nigerian Government and various water resources projects have in the past resulted in serious environmental, social and economic problems. This thesis examines how the principles of sustainable development could actually be translated into specific legislative provisions with special emphasis on the development and management of water resources in Nigeria.
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Salzman-Gubbay, Gideon J. "Earth, Air, Water, Oil: Regulating Fracking in the Monterey Shale with Health and Environment in Mind." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/112.
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“Earth, Air, Water, Oil: Regulating Fracking in the Monterey Shale with Health and Environment in Mind,” explores how hydraulic fracturing regulation in California’s oil-rich Monterey Shale will impact regional public health, including groundwater and air quality. This is achieved through a combination of case study and policy analysis on both the state and national level.
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DeCaro, Daniel A., Brian C. Chaffin, Edella Schlager, Ahjond S. Garmestani, and J. B. Ruhl. "Legal and institutional foundations of adaptive environmental governance." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623959.
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Legal and institutional structures fundamentally shape opportunities for adaptive governance of environmental resources at multiple ecological and societal scales. Properties of adaptive governance are widely studied. However, these studies have not resulted in consolidated frameworks for legal and institutional design, limiting our ability to promote adaptation and social-ecological resilience. We develop an overarching framework that describes the current and potential role of law in enabling adaptation. We apply this framework to different social-ecological settings, centers of activity, and scales, illustrating the multidimensional and polycentric nature of water governance. Adaptation typically emerges organically among multiple centers of agency and authority in society as a relatively self-organized or autonomous process marked by innovation, social learning, and political deliberation. This self-directed and emergent process is difficult to create in an exogenous, top-down fashion. However, traditional centers of authority may establish enabling conditions for adaptation using a suite of legal, economic, and democratic tools to legitimize and facilitate self-organization, coordination, and collaboration across scales. The principles outlined here provide preliminary legal and institutional foundations for adaptive environmental governance, which may inform institutional design and guide future scholarship.
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Back, Natalii. "Bergvärme som energikälla." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-712.
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2008-05-26
Bedrock heat as an energy source
The sun has warmed up the bedrock and this heat can be used for warming up houses. Approximately 100 – 200 meters down in the bedrock the temperature of the heat is stable. This is a source of energy that can be used by installing a heat pump system. The ground source heat pumps are low maintenance and can last for many years. There is also a pollution risk for the groundwater and therefore the wells in the area. Before the ground source heat pump can be installed the municipality need to give permission, according to the environmental code. To install the system without permission is a crime against the environmental code. A requirement when applying for permission to install the heat pump system is to get the neighbours to agree with the place for the bore hole. The neighbour can appeal against the environmental and health authorities’ decision to give permission to install the ground source heat pump system. However there needs to be more research done regarding the environmental effects that may occur in the future, if the ground source heatpump system continues to increase as rapidly as today.
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Moynihan, Ruby Mahana. "The contribution of the UNECE water regime to international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31049.
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Achieving global water sustainability through a resilient international legal architecture presents one of the most pressing challenges within our resource finite planet. A staggering 42 percent of the total land area of the earth is covered by transboundary river basins, where more than 40 percent of the global population lives and depends on the ecosystem services of the 286 transboundary river basins and 200 transboundary aquifers stretching across the political boundaries of 151 countries. There is already evidence of water resources becoming a source of conflict in many regions and constraining a whole myriad of securities – climate, human, environmental, food, economic, energy – on various levels of society. The international legal architecture to manage this critical natural resource is the overarching area of inquiry in this thesis, and requires improvement to address current and predicted future transboundary water challenges, conflicts and strengthen cooperation. Despite the establishment of around 690 river basin treaties, many of these agreements completely miss or provide unclear provisions on principles and rules of international water law. Until recently there was no legally binding global treaty on transboundary watercourses and customary international law has provided the default rules in the absence of agreements and facilitated the re-interpretation of older agreements in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Now there are potentially two global treaties, with the recent entry into force of the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention and the global opening up of the 1992 pan-regional United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention, to all UN member states. There is also a plethora of other international environmental legal and non-legally binding instruments, indirectly addressing international law relevant to transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. Legal regimes for the protection and use of international river basins cannot be interpreted and applied in isolation from other relevant norms of international environmental and general international law. This thesis seeks to understand the rising role and contribution of regional approaches relevant to international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. More specifically it explores the contribution of the UNECE Water Convention and other relevant UNECE environmental instruments as a structurally distinctive ‘regime’. This thesis introduces a novel conception of a broader ‘UNECE water regime’ which includes the Water Convention, the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice (Aarhus Convention), the Convention on Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment (Espoo Convention), the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, as well as their protocols and non-binding instruments. This research demonstrates how these instruments and their institutions can be interpreted and understood to form a common framework of rules, principles and approaches which fills critical gaps in basin treaties, and collectively contributes to the clarification and development of international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. This analysis also explores institutional interaction and coordination between and beyond the UNECE pan-regional agreements, as well as the role of soft law or non-binding instruments, and state and non-state actors in the regime. This thesis seeks to contribute to a more coherent understanding of the relationship between the UNECE water regime, international water law, international environmental law and general international law. The UNECE water regime has contributed to clarifying many of the cornerstone rules and principles of international water law and it is argued that the UNECE water regime is lex specialis, which can and mostly does go beyond the UN Watercourses Convention. The UNECE water regime has also arguably spearheaded a paradigm shift in international water law, which sees it moving beyond its historically predominant focus on issues of transboundary impact and utilisation towards a stronger ecosystem orientated approach to environmental protection and equitable use of transboundary river basins. This research identifies key elements of an ecosystem approach, drawing from international environmental and international water law and demonstrates how the ecosystem approach, including ecosystem services, as supported by the UNECE water regime, affects interpretation of international water law towards enhancing ecosystem protection and intra-state equity. This research also explores how the UNECE regime goes beyond what exists elsewhere in international law and international water law on public participation and access to justice. Finally, this research examines the contribution of the UNECE regime vis-à-vis international and European Union water law, across the spectrum of pan-European river basins, especially focusing on the Danube, Sava and Western Bug basins. The UNECE water regime is the most evolved pan-regional regime of its kind, providing ambitious detailed standards and clarification of rules and principles relevant to transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. It also provides a valuable model of institutional cooperation, progressively engaging state and non-state actors. As this regime takes steps towards realising its global ambition, with almost all instruments now open to all UN member states, and the recent accession by Chad to the Water Convention, this analysis demonstrates why this is predominantly a positive endeavour but also highlights potential challenges and hurdles. This research thus explores the implications and benefits of the UNECE’s rising role in strengthening the international legal architecture to protect the world’s fragile transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems.
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Riva, Gabriela Rodrigues Saab. "O direito à água no direito internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-11022015-143850/.
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A presente dissertação tem como tema o direito à água e objetiva compreender como se dá sua inserção no Direito Internacional. Para tanto, pretende-se analisar o tratamento dado pelo Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente e especialmente pelo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos às questões relativas ao acesso à água, assim como à prioridade na alocação dos recursos hídricos para a satisfação das necessidades humanas. Inicialmente, procede-se a uma investigação analítica das principais discussões a respeito do acesso e da preservação da água, notadamente aquelas realizadas em conferências internacionais de cunho ambiental e explicitadas nas diversas declarações da comunidade internacional. Dedica-se, ainda de forma analítica, a refazer o caminho que levou ao reconhecimento do direito à água no âmbito dos direitos humanos, com o intuito de definir as suas bases normativas e jurisprudenciais. Finalmente, visando fornecer parâmetros doutrinários, normativos e jurisprudenciais para a ampla compreensão da presença e dos contornos do direito à água no Direito Internacional, procede-se à análise de seu conteúdo em termos de direitos e obrigações, das implicações de sua afirmação como um direito humano, assim como dos diversos aspectos de sua natureza jurídica.The subject of this academic work is the right to water and it aims to understand the insertion of this human right in International Law. With that in mind, the present study intends to analyze the ways which International Environmental Law and mainly International Human Rights Law deal with issues of water access, as well as with priorities in the allocation of water resources to supply the human needs. It initially proceeds to an analytical investigation of the main discussions with regards to water access and water conservation, mostly carried out at international conferences and announced in a number of declarations on environmental issues made by the international community. This study also commits to revise the path that led to the recognition of the right to water in the human rights field, aiming to determine its normative and jurisprudential basis. Finally, in order to provide doctrinal, normative and jurisprudential parameters for a better understanding of the presence and configuration of the right to water in International Law, this work subsequently focuses on the analysis of its content in terms of rights and obligations, on the implications of its formulation as a human right, as well as on the varied aspects of its legal nature.
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Koller, David. "A Solution Under Pressure: Integrating Facilitative Practices into Water-Related Civil Litigations." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22745.
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The broad scope of this research concerns the field of conflict and dispute resolution, also referred to as alternative dispute resolution (ADR). ADR practices have developed in both executive and judicial branches of government since the early 1900’s. The goal of this paper is to evaluate how ADR practitioners working in water-related civil litigation can apply facilitative practices prior, during, and after the proceeding to reduce harm, cost, and time of litigation and increase the overall satisfaction of the parties when the proceeding has been resolved. To achieve this goal, a framework is constructed and applied to a case study in Cascade Locks, Oregon. This framework is not a way to avoid a court proceeding through use of alternative dispute resolution; instead this paper seeks to add facilitative practices to a civil litigation process to make the entire process more efficient to the parties and effective in resolving the dispute.
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All, John David. "International utilization of shared water resources: A case study of the Colorado River Delta and Upper Gulf of California, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280002.
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Research that contributes knowledge on the ecological impacts of policies governing the utilization and management of the Colorado River could be useful in developing future policy for this internationally shared resource. This dissertation examines legal protection of endangered species habitat in Mexico and the impacts of hydrologic variability on the ecosystem in the Colorado River Delta using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite images. The working hypothesis was that climatic variability impacts the ecosystem of the Colorado River Delta and Upper Gulf and the ecological impacts influence socioeconomic activities directed toward resource utilization or extraction. The legal potentials for increasing water delivery to the Delta are evaluated and it is concluded that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) may be the only viable legal option to force greater water delivery in the region. An examination of the ESA indicates that Mexico will have to undertake certain actions to enable any legal suit to prevail and that such changes could benefit threatened habitat for endangered species and other animals. The effect of freshwater flows in the Delta and Gulf are evaluated using AVHRR Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) data. The monthly data from 1989--2000 revealed that flood flows into the Rio Hardy wetland have a positive impact upon endangered species habitat. The flood flows were evaluated through the use of a Hydrologic Response Index (HRI) that related flood-dependent to flood-independent wetlands. The same data set was used to gauge the amount of floodwater flow into the Gulf and by estimating how much was diverted to a closed basin in Mexico called the Laguna Salada. Examination of impoundment area changes in the Laguna Salada during flooding indicated that inflows never exceeded capacity and the large volumes of water released across the US/Mexico border failed to reach the Gulf. It is suggested that public or private initiatives such as the rebuilding of natural earthworks in the Colorado River channel in the upper Delta by Ducks Unlimited should be considered seriously by policy makers as a way that could promote increased flow of water to the lower Delta and Gulf.
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Harris, Casey. "Legal and Political Barriers to Implementation of California Drought Management Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1282.
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As drought becomes more common in California, effective water management has become one of the state’s most critical policy issues. During the drought of 2011-2017 specifically, the state government faced significant legal and political barriers in its attempts to implement sweeping, statewide drought management policy. First, the California water rights system prevents the state from legally curtailing the water diversions of senior water rights holders. Because of this, the State Water Resources Control Board has been engaged in ongoing litigation with senior and junior water rights holders alike over their attempts to curtail water rights in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta during the drought. Second, the Board faced local resistance to the 25% conservation order mandated in Executive Order B-29-15 due to concerns over state intervention in local issues and a disregard for the doctrine of first in time, first in right. Finally, the state passed the sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014 in order to address California’s overused and under-regulated groundwater supply. While a step in the right direction, the implementation timeline of this policy is not urgent enough to protect aquifers from overdraft and saltwater intrusion. These barriers all made developing and implementing effective drought policy extremely difficult. While Executive Order B-29-15 and the curtailment notices were not meant to be permanent solutions to the drought problem, they now need to be replaced with a comprehensive package of legislation that addresses a myriad of competing interests and environmental realities.
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Mova, Al'Afghani Mohamad. "The role of legal frameworks in enabling transparency in water utilities' regulation." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e7d76ec4-3479-4d12-8fce-9a9f01ca442b.
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This thesis evaluates transparency in the context of water utilities’ regulation by comparing legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Victoria (Australia), England (United Kingdom) and Jakarta (Indonesia). Each of these jurisdictions is selected because of their particular ownership and regulatory model. The thesis analyses whether specific ownership or regulatory models will have implications for transparency. The terms “transparency” and “water utilities’ regulation” are first defined and form the thesis’ analytical framework. This is then applied against the three jurisdictions compared. By evaluating each of the three jurisdictions, the thesis expects to provide explanation on how transparency is enabled or inhibited by the legal frameworks. The thesis recommends a solution by comparing the three jurisdictions and generating “lessons learned”.
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Castle, Danielle. "Greywater as a Method of Water Conservation in Arroyo Grande." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/352.
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The purpose of this professional project is to address the practical implications of decentralized greywater usage in the City of Arroyo Grande. This professional project consists of two products: a brief greywater guide for the City and a background report. The greywater guide is intended for city planners to use for general information about greywater systems. The guide addresses Arroyo Grande’s potable water shortage; what greywater is; advantages and concerns about greywater use; plants that are tolerant and intolerant of greywater irrigation; appropriate detergents to use with a greywater system; and a summary of California greywater law. The background report discusses the City of Arroyo Grande’s potable water conditions and how water supply will be affected by growth projections for 2030. It is estimated that by the year 2030, Arroyo Grande’s water demand will outgrow its water supply by 283 acre feet. Future water shortages are a concern at a local level and also on a global level. Three case studies examine how water scarcity has prompted the successful use of greywater. These studies examine the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; the Casa del Agua project in Arizona; and a local study in Santa Barbara, California. The report concludes with California greywater law, and how the recent change in August, 2009 has greatly increased the legal accessibility of greywater reuse as an obtainable method of water conservation. In combination with education and outreach among city officials and residents, greywater has potential to play a main role in water conservation in Arroyo Grande.
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Mao, Jessica J. "California's War Over the Bay-Delta: Historic Failures and Current Battles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/482.
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California has one highly-coveted possession: the Bay-Delta, which is the second largest estuary in the United States. Today, tensions are higher than ever as Southern California continues to grow and demand water from the Delta, agriculture suffers from drought and less-than-promised water allocations, and aquatic life diminishes due to environmentally damaging processes like pumping and exporting of water elsewhere. This paper will examine the historic policies that have shaped how the Delta has been managed, their successes and failures, and current plans in discussion for continuing improvement of the Delta. The Bay-Delta Conservation Plan and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley Water Reliability Act (HR 1837) are the specific current plans presented and analyzed for potential effectiveness. Despite some of the promising suggestions in HR 1837 and the Bay-Delta Conservation Plan, the Delta will remain a problem in the 21st century until stakeholders from all perspectives compromise enough to enact a single, clear-cut solution.
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Broman, Titti, and Dalius Sofia Strandell. "Dams in Swedish law - : An identification of the problems that can occur with the implementation of the modern environmental regulations." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254305.
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The importance of reducing people's environmental impact has become increasingly apparent since the beginning of the 21st century. According to the European Parliament, new legislation has been required to stop the deterioration of Europe's waters and to achieve "good status" for Europe's rivers, lakes and groundwater. This legislation was introduced in year 2000 under the name of The EU Water Framework Directive. The EU Water Framework Directive was first implemented in Sweden in 2004 and has since continued to be implemented through several laws. In January 2019, in Swedish law, there were requirements for modern environmental conditions on water activity, as for the production of hydroelectric power or when the business was started was intended for such production. Sweden's government has in 2018 produced a proposal for a national plan that aims to facilitate the trials of water activities in order to reach the requirements for modern environmental conditions. The problematisation of this is how the implementation of the new requirement for modern environmental conditions should take place and to see what applies if conflicts of interest arise. The essence of the essay is to lead a deeper understanding and discussion of how the requirements for modern environmental conditions can affect interested parties around Sweden. The essay is based on a knowledge base that consists of the legislation in the subject, significant legal cases and a qualitative method through various semi-structured interviews. Limitations for the essay are that it only depicts the implementation of the European Parliament's directive in the Swedish Law and interested parties who are only active in Sweden. Finally, the study shows that many problems are assumed to occur when the trials in connection with the modern environmental conditions begin. Most prominent is the application of the EU Water Directive, costs and environmental impact.Vikten av att minska människors miljöpåverkan har sedan början av 2000-talet blivit allt mer påtaglig. Enligt Europaparlamentet har det krävts en ny lagstiftning för att stoppa försämringen av Europas vatten och att nå "god status" för Europas floder, sjöar och grundvatten. Denna lagstiftningen infördes år 2000 vid namnet EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten. Direktivet implementerades först i Sverige år 2004 och har sedan dess fortsatt att implementeras via ett flertal lagar. I januari 2019 tillkom i svensk lagstiftning krav om moderna miljövillkor på vattenverksamheter för produktion av vattenkraftsel eller när verksamheten påbörjades var avsedd för sådan produktion. Sveriges regering har under 2018 tagit fram ett förslag till en nationell plan som har till syfte att underlätta prövningarna av vattenverksamheter för att nå kraven om moderna miljövillkor. Problematiseringen av detta är hur implementeringen av det nya kravet om moderna miljövillkor ska ske och att ta reda på vad som gäller om intressekonflikter uppstår. Uppsatsen huvudsakliga syfte är att leda en djupare förståelse och diskussion om hur kraven om moderna miljövillkor kan påverka berörda parter runt om i Sverige. Uppsatsen bygger på en kunskapsgrund som består av lagstiftningen inom ämnet, väsentliga rättsfall och en kvalitativ metod genom olika semistrukturerade intervjuer. Avgränsningar för uppsatsen är att det endast skildrar implementering av Europaparlamentets direktiv i svensk lag samt berörda parter som endast är verksamma i Sverige. Slutligen visar studien att många problem antas uppstå när prövningarna i samband med de moderna miljövillkoren påbörjas. Mest framträdande problem är tillämpningen av EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten, kostnader och miljöpåverkan.
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Purvis, Jody. "A New Approach to Texas Groundwater Management: An Environmental Justice Argument to Challenge the Rule of Capture." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4941/.
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Texas is the last remaining state to utilize the rule of capture, a doctrine based on English Common Law, as a means of regulating groundwater resources. Many of the western states originally used the rule of capture to regulate their groundwater resources, but over time, each of these states replaced the rule of capture with other groundwater laws and regulations. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) State Water Plan, Water for Texas-2002, warned Texans if current water usage and laws do not change, there will be an unmet need of 7.5 million acre-feet of water annually by 2050. This caused individuals in state and local government to begin asking the question, "How are we going to meet our future water needs?" In the search for a solution to the water shortage problem people have divided themselves into two groups: one wants to consider the implementation of water conservation measures to reduce per capita water use in order to meet future demands; while the other group wants to spend millions of dollars to build reservoirs and dams along with laying thousands of miles of pipeline to move water around the state. The fact that Texas has yet to come up with a definitive answer to their water shortage peaked my curiosity to research what caused the State of Texas to get to a point of having a shortage of fresh water and then look at possible solutions that incorporate water conservation measures. In my thesis I present a historical overview of the rule of capture as Texas's means of groundwater management in order to illustrate the role it played in contributing to the water shortage Texans now face. I also take a historical look at the environmental justice movement, a grass-roots movement by environmentalists and Civil Rights activists working together to guarantee the rights of low-income and minority communities to clean and healthy environments, focusing on several acts and policies enacted by the federal government as a direct result of this movement. I then demonstrate how the rule of capture is in conflict with these acts and policies along with being in violation of both state and federal regulations in an attempt to establish a sound argument as to why we need to replace the rule of capture not only from an environmental standpoint, but from a legal standpoint as well. After considering groundwater legislation in other states, I offer a possible alternative to the rule of capture as part of the solution to the approaching shortage of Texas's fresh water supply. The implementation of new laws, regulations and conservation measures will help conserve water for future Texans, but we must also consider a change in our relationship to water along with the attitudes and ideas that resulted in a water shortage not only in Texas, but on a global scale if we truly want to solve our future water crisis.
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Adomėlytė, Elija. "Compliance and enforcement mechanisms in UNECE environmental Agreements: case of the UNECE convention on the protection and use of trans-boundary watercourses and international lakes." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_104317-40656.
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This master thesis researches, compares, analyses and critically evaluates compliance and enforcement mechanisms in UNECE environmental agreements in order to facilitate creation of the compliance mechanism under Water Convention. Absence of compliance mechanism starts impeding fluent functioning of Water Convention and has to be urgently established. Necessity for the compliance mechanism arises from the set of important factors: need to ensure full implementation and compliance with the Water Convention – an agreement of exceptional value and significance to our society because if governs fresh water resources; the problems of implementation and compliance arising under Convention and absence of an institute/third party able to search for solutions and give adequate and prompt responses. To begin with, up to date Water Convention is the only one functioning fresh water agreement of this kind in the world and full compliance with its requirements is the highest priority. It establishes a framework for cooperation and action in the field of trans-boundary fresh water resource management affecting area of more than 150 major rivers and 50 large lakes and their populations and has a potential to become global. Recently Parties to the Convention acknowledged the fact that they are facing certain problems related to implementation and compliance of the Convention: problems of implementation and their settlement; prevention or management of existing or potential differences in... [to full text]Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti, palyginti ir kritiškai įvertinti Jungtinių Tautų Europos Ekonomikos Komisijos aplinkos apsaugos sutarčių įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmai, siekiant palengvinti tokio mechanizmo kūrimą Vandens konvencijai. Sutarties įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmo nebuvimas pradeda trukdyti efektyviam konvencijos funkcionavimui ir turi būti skubiai įdiegtas. Toks mechanizmas reikalingas dėl šių pagrindinių priežasčių: būtinybės užtikrinti visišką Vandens konvencijos (kuri yra ypatingai svarbi gamtai ir visuomenei, nes reguliuoja vandens resursus) reikalavimų įgyvendinimą, vykdymą ir laikymąsi, daugėjančių problemų, kylančių dėl konvencijos įgyvendinimo ir laikymosi, bei nebuvimo jokio instituto, galinčio adekvačiai ir greitai reaguoti bei pateikti tinkamą atsaką ir efektyvų sprendimą. Vandens konvencija yra vienintelis pasaulyje funkcionuojantis tokio pobūdžio susitarimas ir dėl to visiškas jos reikalavimų įgyvendinimo užtikrinimas yra aukščiausias prioritetas. Konvencija reguliuoja tarptautinių vandens resursų apsaugą bei naudojimą, šalių veiklą ir bendradarbiavimą teritorijoje, apimančioje daugiau kaip 150 didžiausių upių bei 50 didelių ežerų. Ji stipriai veikia šių teritorijų gyventojus bei ateityje gali tapti pasauline konvencija. Konvencijos šalys pripažino faktą, jog pastaruoju metu jos susiduria su šiomis problemomis, susijusiomis su įgyvendinimu bei laikymusi: konvencijos įgyvendinimo problemos bei jų sprendimas, konfliktai dėl... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Brancho, Jennie. "Review of Regulatory Policies for Copper and Silver Water Quality Criteria." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1493904025463972.
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Guimar?es, Patr?cia Borba Vilar. "Ordem econ?mica e pol?tica nacional de recursos h?dricos: hermen?utica constitucional para o desenvolvimento sustent?vel." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13880.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-18This research proposes a study about the interpretative techniques application that are compatible with the national legal system under the principles for Sustainable Development characterized in Brazilian Constitution. It verifies the actual possibility of reconciliation between national development and environment protection, with reflections under the water legal protection. It was proposed, therefore, to point subsidies for jurisdictional decisions involving development and the environmental goods, protected as constitutionally guaranteed principles. It was assumed that, both development and environment protection represents basic rights that are eventually placed in conflict situations, considering the many legitimate economic activities within the Brazilian State. A representative case analysis was elected within the current national scene, detailing the judicial and political conflict involving the Transboundery water Project from the S?o Francisco River Basin to another Northeastern river basin in Brazil. The implementation of several constitutional principles with elements from legal hermeneutics provides subsidies for the legal analysis about the conflict between development and environmental protection. It was assumed that the main discussion item about rights due to development today is the institutions influence and their results, among them the rules, laws and interpretative elements for the constitutional text objectivity, as the institutions credibility and the Supreme Courts interpretations. The use of interpretative resources for specific conflict situations about constitutional principles by Superior Courts, on the search, would bring a contributory factor for decision safety, related to sustainable development principles, elimination of inequalities and regional protecting for the environment. Specific aspects of Law No. 9.433/97 that introduced the National Water Resources Policy were examined, with its instruments, in order to specifically contextualize aspects of the Brazilian water resources management politics
Essa pesquisa aborda a aplica??o de t?cnicas interpretativas compat?veis com o ordenamento jur?dico nacional, no ?mbito dos princ?pios ?nsitos ao Desenvolvimento Sustent?vel que caracterizam a Ordem Econ?mica Constitucional brasileira, para verificar a possibilidade concreta de compatibiliza??o entre o desenvolvimento nacional e a prote??o do meio-ambiente, com reflexos na prote??o jur?dica da ?gua. Prop?s-se, por conseguinte, a apontar subs?dios para a forma??o de crit?rios de decidibilidade em abstrato, no tocante ?s quest?es que envolvam bens ambientalmente protegidos e o desenvolvimento enquanto princ?pio constitucionalmente assegurado. Partiu-se do pressuposto segundo o qual, tanto o desenvolvimento quanto a prote??o do meio-ambiente representam direitos fundamentais que eventualmente est?o colocados em situa??es de colis?o, em face das in?meras atividades econ?micas legitimadas no seio do Estado brasileiro. Procede-se uma an?lise de caso atual no cen?rio nacional, qual seja o detalhamento do conflito jurisdicional e pol?tico que envolve o Projeto de Transposi??o das ?guas da Bacia Hidrogr?fica do Rio S?o Francisco para a as Bacias Hidrogr?ficas do Nordeste Setentrional, de lavra da Administra??o P?blica Federal. Pretendeu-se fornecer subs?dios ? an?lise jur?dica do conflito entre desenvolvimento e prote??o ambiental, perpassando a aplica??o de v?rios princ?pios constitucionais tendo em vista alguns elementos da hermen?utica principiol?gica. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que o principal elemento de discuss?o do direito ao desenvolvimento hoje ? a influ?ncia das institui??es nos resultados obtidos, dentre os quais as regras, leis e respectivos elementos de objetiva??o interpretativa do texto constitucional, uma vez que a credibilidade das institui??es, como leis e interpreta??es dos Tribunais Superiores depende, em certa medida, do adequado tratamento dado ao conflito juridicizado. A utiliza??o de recursos interpretativos espec?ficos para as situa??es de colis?o de princ?pios constitucionais pelos Tribunais Superiores, segundo a hip?tese de pesquisa, traria um elemento contributivo de seguran?a da decis?o, ao serem ventilados no m?rito princ?pios relacionados ao desenvolvimento sustent?vel, com elimina??o de desigualdades regionais e prote??o ao meio-ambiente. Aspectos espec?ficos da Lei n? 9.433/97 que instituiu a Pol?tica Nacional de Recursos H?dricos foram examinados, com seus instrumentos e entes, com vistas a contextualizar as especificidades do ambiente regulat?rio da gest?o de ?guas doces no Brasil
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Lanham, Abigail E. "My Learning Experiences at the Environmental Consulting Firm: Parsons Corporation." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1417006816.
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Manfredini, Fábio Navarro [UNESP]. "Aplicação da legislação ambiental na valoração econômica dos serviços ambientais da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Itupararanga." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154184.
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Tese Aplicação da legislação ambiental.pdf: 19924100 bytes, checksum: 3f636e76c6f08e84a14a5da1265da584 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-06-07T16:46:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 manfredini_fn_dr_soro.pdf: 19908962 bytes, checksum: 2043ea9c2ba639fd198da37efa109e6f (MD5)
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A tese considerou com hipótese que os Serviços Ambientais (SA) - definidos pela Avaliação Ecossistêmica do Milênio como os benefícios recebidos pela população pela existência de ecossistemas - são aspectos fundamentais para a gestão do uso do solo e deve ser implementada considerando a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O trabalho teve como desafio dissecar a temática, para responder as seguintes questões: a) A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a análise de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA?; b) Os métodos de valoração econômica ambiental existentes são adequados a valoração de SA? O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar uma Avaliação Ambiental fundamentada na legislação ambiental aplicável aos SA e a valoração econômica ambiental para subsidiar políticas públicas alinhadas às diretrizes da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas. Os objetivos específicos foram: elencar a legislação ambiental aplicável à Avaliação Ambiental aos SA e Valoração Econômica Ambiental; quantificar os SA associados aos usos do solo da APA de Itupararanga; identificar qual método de valoração econômica é mais adequado para a valoração de SA; analisar a gestão do uso do solo por meio da AAE da APA de Itupararanga. Foi realizado um estudo de caso para analisar a gestão do uso do solo que considera o SA como fator preponderante para a sua definição. O trabalho evidenciou que os SA são critérios basilares para a gestão do uso do solo e os programas derivados de uma política pública devem considerar a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O estudo de caso demonstrou que a AAE é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a elaboração de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA e que o melhor método de valoração econômica ambiental é o método de valoração contingente. A tese também demonstrou que as variáveis que devem compor a legislação aplicável aos SA tendem a possuir uma amplitude maior do que natureza jurídica essencial do Direito Ambiental e, nesse sentido, os instrumentos econômicos como o Pagamento por SA devem fazer parte de um ramo jurídico, ainda embrionário, mas que futuramente será fundamental na implementação de políticas públicas como as propostas no Plano de Manejo da APA de Itupararanga, ou seja, o Direito da Sustentabilidade
The thesis hypothesized that the Environmental Services (ES) are fundamental aspects for the management of land use and should be implemented considering environmental legislation, economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The study had as a challenge to dissect the subject, to answer the following questions: a) The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a method that meets the necessary requirements for the analysis of a public policy of land use that contemplates ES?; b) Are the existing environmental economic valuation methods adequate to the valuation of ES? The main objective of this work was to carry out an Environmental Assessment based on the environmental legislation applicable to ES and the environmental economic valuation to subsidize public policies in line with the guidelines of the State Policy on Climate Change. The specific objectives were: to enclose the environmental legislation applicable to the Environmental Assessment to ES and Environmental Economic Valuation; to quantify the ES associated to the land uses of the APA of Itupararanga; identify which method of economic valuation is most appropriate for the valuation of ES; analyze the management of land use through the SEA of the APA of Itupararanga. A case study was carried out to analyze the land use management that considers ES as a preponderant factor for its definition. The study evidenced that ES are basic criteria for the management of land use and the programs derived from a public policy must consider environmental legislation, environmental economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The case study has demonstrated that the SEA is a method that meets the requirements necessary for the elaboration of a public policy of land use that contemplates the ES and that the best method of environmental economic valuation is the method of contingent valuation. The thesis also showed that the variables that should be included in the legislation applicable to the ES tend to have a greater breadth than the essential legal nature of Environmental Law and, in this sense, economic instruments such as Payment by ES should be part of a legal branch, still embryonic, but that in the future will be fundamental in the implementation of public policies such as those proposed in the Management Plan of the Itupararanga APA, that is, the Law of Sustainability.
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Denning, Robert V. "The Creative Society: Environmental Policymaking in California, 1967-1974." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306110418.
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Rahtz, Christine M. "Finding a Balance: The Intersection of Transportation Needs and Environmental Regulation and Protection." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1417039211.
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Sefela, Glenwin. "The law and policy governing inter-basin transfers of freshwater resources in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6619.
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Magister Legum - LLMWater scarcity is a worldwide threat. Fresh water resources are vital to human existence and survival. The challenge faced relates to the way these water resources are being distributed and managed. As an answer to this challenge, humans responded with what is commonly known as water transfers. A water transfer refers to the importation of water where water supply is low. Water transfers are, however, not a new concept as it dates back to the ancient Mesopotamians. Today, due to the global population having drastically increased, water transfers, or inter-basin transfers (IBTs) are increasingly being used as a means to minimize current water shortages.
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Wells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.
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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's).
Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program).
The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations.M.S.
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Bryan, Jenelle Sue. "Environmental science curriculum for eleventh through twelfth grade classes." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1508.
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Thompson, Craig Howard. "The consideration and improvement of the sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018916.
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The South African Constitution ensures the right to adequate water, health services and a healthy environment (Government Gazette, 1996: 1251, 1255). Associated legislation and national strategies require that water resources and water services are rendered in a sustainable manner to ensure the rights enshrined in the Constitution are realised (Trialogue, 2010: 34; Government Gazette, 1998(c):11; Department of Water Affairs (DWA), 2003:9). South Africa is the 30th driest country in the world (DWA, 2013: iii), has impounded most of its surface water resources and has utilised 40 percent of the groundwater resource with remaining groundwater water quality uncertain (DWA, 2013:6-7). Despite achieving the basic water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals approximately 2.2 million and 4.5 million households still require access to basic services respectively (DWA, 2013:28-29). South Africa’s ten water boards play a key role in bulk water service provision. They supply 57 percent of the countries domestic water supply (DWA, 2013:19) and are required to provide sustainable water services (Government Gazette, 1997:35). The Department of Water Affairs (Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) as of June 2014) is mandated to monitor the performance of water boards and monitors of water boards through a Share Holders Compact (SHC) (Government Gazette, 1997: 50). The aim of the research is to achieve the following objectives: 1. Describe best practice for sustainability monitoring frameworks for water services. 2. Outline South Africa’s water services mandatory and voluntary requirements with regards to sustainability monitoring. 3. Evaluate South Africa’s current water services performance monitoring framework for water boards against findings from goals one and two. 4. Develop an improved framework for assessing South African water board’s performance in their compliance and sustainability journey. 5. Demonstrate the improved framework functionality with a sample of water boards audited performance data from the 2012/13 financial year. A qualitative normative theory evaluation research method was utilised to achieve first three objectives of the research. The objectives to first understand current best practice for sustainability monitoring frameworks and the mandatory requirements for water services sustainability monitoring frameworks in South Africa was achieved via an extensive literature review. The evaluation research method was used where South Africa’s current water services monitoring framework for water boards was evaluated for its adequacy to monitor sustainability compared with legislated requirements, national and international best practices (Hall et al, 2004: 55). Data collection for the evaluation research was sourced via documentation analysis. The 2012/13 water board audited annual reports, relevant national water services legislation, national and global water service sustainability monitoring best practices were critically reviewed. The review yielded a “thick description” of sustainability performance monitoring framework requirements that was used to evaluate the SHC (Holliday, 2002: 79). Despite the mandatory participation requirement for successful sustainability performance monitoring being met, the SHC was found to have inadequate aspects. It lacks an outcomes based approach, does not include environmental indicators, does not allow water board sustainability performance comparison and cannot indicate where individual water boards are on their sustainability journey. An improved sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards is therefore proposed. This was developed with the assistance of an expert focus group drawn from multiple disciplines and organizations relevant to water board sustainability (Litosseliti, 2003: 8 and Hall et al, 2004: 51). The functionality of the framework is then demonstrated using 2012/13 audited performance data sourced from the annual reports of Overberg, Amatola, Rand and Umgeni Water boards. The proposed Water Services Sustainability Monitoring Framework (WSSMF) quantifies performance in terms of 10 water utility outcomes that are measured with 88 performance indicators that encompass the financial, social, environmental and governance dimensions of sustainability. The WSSMF demonstrated that the legislated intentions and best practice recommendations can be incorporated into an improved version of the SHC. Further refinement of the WSSMF is required. In depth engagement with DWS and all the water boards would promote the refinement of the indicator set, performance thresholds for indicators and indicator weighting. Further testing through a pilot project initiative would allow the WSSMF to be developed into a robust and adequate sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards (Rametsteiner et al, 2011: 64; Muga and Mihelcic, 2008: 438; McAlphine and Birnie, 2005: 247 and van Leeuwen et al, 2012: 2192).
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Kozlowski, Michelle A. "Environmental Justice in Appalachia: A Case Study of C8 Contamination in Little Hocking, Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338415979.
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Polesso, Paulo Roberto. "A escassez dos recursos hídricos na sociedade moderna contemporânea : a extrafiscalidade tributária e a otimização de seu aproveitamento." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/2711.
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A presente dissertação trata do estudo da situação das águas, a partir de uma análise genérica de sua disponibilidade quantitativa e qualitativa no planeta, assim como do seu comprometimento para a satisfação das necessidades humanas, dentro do modelo de sociedade hoje experimentado. O propósito é verificar a viabilidade da utilização da característica da extrafiscalidade tributária, mormente no que diz respeito ao campo de incidência do Imposto Sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana, como instrumento eficiente para contribuir para seu melhor e mais racional aproveitamento. Nesse contexto, a defasagem dos recursos hídricos é aqui mirada através do prisma do modelo social calcado no hiperconsumo, que fomenta políticas econômicas cegadas pela constante necessidade de crescimento e que causam um ataque desenfreado aos recursos naturais do orbe. Assim, a água e os demais bens naturais são vilipendiados pela promoção de sua utilização dentro de um modelo de consumo autofágico, que ignora o fato de que sua origem não emana de fonte cornucopiana. Na trilha proposta pela pesquisa, a análise da perspectiva da mercantilização da água, mormente pela privatização dos serviços que não garantem seu acesso aos cidadãos, demonstrou seu distanciamento da condição de bem comum da humanidade, porquanto legada sua disponibilidade àqueles com capacidade econômica para custear os preços estabelecidos pelo mercado. Por fim, a adoção de mecanismos inerentes à extrafiscalidade tributária, objeto de crescente número de propostas legislativas voltadas à criação de incentivos fiscais aos administrados que aderem a condutas que melhoram o aproveitamento e racionalizam a utilização dos recursos hídricos, apresenta-se como uma alternativa capaz de alcançar grandes êxitos.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-06-20T16:40:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Roberto Polesso.pdf: 1000871 bytes, checksum: b5fad1b0f24ee5d182c5679f704b817f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T16:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Roberto Polesso.pdf: 1000871 bytes, checksum: b5fad1b0f24ee5d182c5679f704b817f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14
The present thesis studies water situation based on a generic analysis of its quantitative and qualitative availability in the planet, as well as its endangerment due to the satisfaction of human necessities, according to the model of society we have today. The objective is to verify the feasibility of the use of extrataxation, mainly in terms of the Urban Real Estate Tax, as an efficient instrument to contribute to its better and more rational use. In this context, the degradation of the water resources is studied here from the point of view of the social model, based on the hyperconsumerism, which promotes economic policies blinded by the increasing necessity of growth and causes an uncontrolled attack to the planet natural resources. In this way, water and other natural assets are vilified due to the promotion of their use inside of a model of self-destructive consumption, which ignores the fact that it does not come from a cornucopia. In this way, the analysis of the perspective of water mercantilization, mainly because of the privatization of the services which assure the citizens access to it, proved its distance from the condition of humanity common asset, since it is available to the ones who can afford the prices established by the market. Finally, the adoption of mechanisms inherited to the extrataxation, object of an increasing number of regulations proposals in terms of creating tax incentives to the ones who adhere to actions which enhance and rationalize the use of the water resources, are an alternative capable of reaching excellent results.