Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water Wires

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Water Wires'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Wires"

1

Yang, Peidong. "Wires on water." Nature 425, no. 6955 (September 2003): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425243a.

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2

Liboff, A. R., C. Poggi, and P. Pratesi. "Helical water wires." Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 36, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2017.1322521.

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Chuang, Chien Hsun, Yan Cheng Lin, Yu Zhen He, Chih Hsin Tsai, Jun Der Lee, Shang Chih Wang, and Hsing Hua Tsai. "Inhibition of Silver Electrolytic Migration in Ag-Alloy Bonding Wires." Materials Science Forum 863 (August 2016): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.863.95.

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Ion migration in Ag-alloy bonding wires was evaluated with water drop tests. The results indicated that water must be present between the wire couple for Ag electrolytic migration to occur. The addition of 1.5 to 4.5% Pd decreased the ion migration rate. Further alloying with about 8% Au enhanced this effect. It seems that the addition of Ni and Pt in Ag-alloy wires does not influence Ag-ion migration. Ag-alloy wires sealed with silicone gel and stressed in air and in distilled water revealed no dendrites after more than 1,000 hr. The ion migration in Ag-alloy bonding wires can be completely inhibited by a suitable encapsulation process with an appropriate molding compound.
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Porada, S., B. B. Sales, H. V. M. Hamelers, and P. M. Biesheuvel. "Water Desalination with Wires." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 3, no. 12 (June 2012): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz3005514.

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Hammad, Shaza M., Essam E. Al-Wakeel, and El-Sayed Gad. "Mechanical properties and surface characterization of translucent composite wire following topical fluoride treatment." Angle Orthodontist 82, no. 1 (June 23, 2011): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/030811-168.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of a fluoride prophylactic agent on the mechanical properties and surface quality of a preformed round translucent composite archwire while comparing it with nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) and multistranded stainless steel wires. Materials and Methods: The wires were immersed in an acidulated phosphate fluoride solution (APF) or in distilled water (control) for 1.5 hours at 37°C. Flexural modulus of elasticity (E) and yield strength (YS) of the wires were measured using a three-point bending test in a universal testing machine. The springback ratio (YS/E) was calculated for each wire. The influence of fluoride treatment on properties of the wires was statistically analyzed using Student's t-test at α = .05. Surface changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope. Results: Fluoride treatment produced a statistically significant reduction in E, YS, and YS/E of the composite wire (P < .05). In addition, a significant decrease in E of Ni-Ti wire was found after exposure to fluoride, upon comparison with distilled water control treatment. On the other hand, no significant effect of fluoride treatment was found on YS and YS/E of Ni-Ti wire and on studied properties of the multistranded stainless steel wire (P > .05). Corrosive changes in surface topography were observed after exposure to the fluoride agent and were more pronounced with the composite wire. Conclusions: These results suggest that using a topical fluoride agent with translucent composite wire could decrease the mechanical properties and might damage the surface of the wire, potentially contributing to prolonged orthodontic treatment.
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Hack, Harvey, and James Windgassen. "Permeation of Artificial Seawater into Polyurethane and Its Effect on the Performance of Potted Electrical Equipment." Corrosion 78, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3848.

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Measurements were conducted to quantify the permeation of artificial seawater into various polyurethanes and polyethylene as a function of time and temperature. Both weight gain from water absorption and an electrical current between pairs of wires embedded into the polyurethanes were measured over a period of several months at 50°C. Water was absorbed into all materials, including polyethylene, but there was no increase in the current between wire pairs embedded in the polyurethanes, indicating that the water that was able to permeate was pure water of high resistivity whereas the charged ions in the seawater were not able to permeate to the wires.
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Suvakeen, Amala, Karunaivel Kavipriya, Senthil Vadivelan, Anu Ratthika, Thammanan Vidhya, Sindhuja Jerleen, Nilavan Anitha, Ramasamy Srinivasan, Susai Rajendran, and Thiruvenkadam Gowrani. "Influence of dilution and addition of soda water on the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires immersed in artificial saliva in presence of Copper Barrel, a hard drink." Zastita materijala 64, no. 2 (2023): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2302119a.

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Copper barrel brandy can be taken orally with dilution of bisleri water or soda water and without dilution. People clipped with orthodontic wires may take copper barrel brandy orally, with dilution of without dilution. How far the orthodontic wires will be affected by these items? To find an answer the present research work is undertaken. Corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires made of Ni-Ti alloy and Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in the absence and presence of copper barrel, water and soda water has been evaluated by AC impedance spectra. It is generally observed that Ni-Ti alloy is more corrosion resistant than Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in the presence of copper barrel, water and soda water. When orthodontic wire made of Ni-Ti is immersed in artificial saliva, the charge transfer resistance (Rt) value is 31945Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in copper barrel + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue increase to 80000Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in soda water + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue increase to 76450Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in water + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue increase to 82620Ohmcm2 . On the other hand, when orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr is immersed in artificial saliva, the charge transfer resistance (Rt) value is 80930Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in copper barrel + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue decrease to 11104Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in soda water + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue decrease to 10437Ohmcm2 . It implies that the people who have been clipped with orthodontic wire made of Ni-Ti alloy can take copper barrel in any form, namely, with dilution or without dilution. The people who have been clipped with orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr alloy should avoid taking copper barrel in any form, namely, with dilution or without dilution.
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Bakkehøi, S., K. Øien, and E. J. Førland. "An Automatic Precipitation Gauge Based on Vibrating-Wire Strain Gauges." Hydrology Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1985.0015.

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The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NGI, has recently developed and tested a new automatic precipitation gauge for rain and snow which can measure accumulated precipitation with a resolution better than 0.1 mm. The gauge, which is a direct weighing device, is based on the use of vibrating-wire strain gauges. NGI's prototype instrument has a capacity of up to 300 mm precipitation before the gauge must be emptied. A new improved version designed by Geonor has a capacity of 600 mm precipitation. A diagram showing the relationship between the automatic observations and the manual measurements is included. In the NGI prototype the precipitation container is suspended from three small steel wires, each of which is in effect the sensing element in a vibrating-wire type strain gauge. When these gauge wires are set into vibration by an electromagnetic exciter, their resonant frequency of vibration is proportional to the square of the tension in the wire. Thus change in the frequency signals is a measure of the change in tension in the wires and correspondingly a measure of the accumulative weight of precipiation in the container. The distance between the precipitaion gauge and the monitoring station can be up to one kilometre without any loss in performance.
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Chang, Ju-Han, David W. Berzins, Jessica E. Pruszynski, and Richard W. Ballard. "The effect of water storage on the bending properties of esthetic, fiber-reinforced composite orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (October 29, 2013): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/061213-443.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of water storage on the bending properties of fiber-reinforced composite archwires and compare it to nickel-titanium (NiTi), stainless steel (SS), and beta-titanium archwires. Materials and Methods: Align A, B, and C and TorQ A and B composite wires from BioMers Products, 0.014-, 0.016, and 0.018-inch, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi, 0.016-inch SS, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch beta-titanium archwires were tested (n = 10/type/size/condition). A 20-mm segment was cut from each end of the archwire; one end was then stored in water at 37°C for 30 days, while the other was stored dry. The segments were tested using three-point bending to a maximum deflection of 3.1 mm with force monitored during loading (activation) and unloading (deactivation). Statistical analysis was completed via two-way analysis of variance with wire and condition (dry and water-stored) as factors. Results: In terms of stiffness and force delivery during activation, in general: beta-titanium was > TorQ B > TorQ A > 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi and 0.016-inch SS > Align C > 0.018-inch NiTi > Align B > 0.016-inch NiTi > Align A > 0.014-inch NiTi. Water exposure was detrimental to the larger translucent wires (Align B and C, TorQ A and B) because they were more likely to craze during bending, resulting in decreased forces applied at a given deflection. Align A and the alloy wires were not significantly (P > .05) affected by water storage. Overall, the alloy wires possessed more consistent force values compared to the composite wires. Conclusion: Environmental conditions are more likely to affect fiber-reinforced composite archwires compared to alloy wires.
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PFLUG, IRVING J., and MAURICE R. BERRY. "Using Thermocouples to Measure Temperatures during Retort or Autoclave Validation1." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.11.975.

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Thermocouples (TCs) are used almost exclusively in designing and validating the heat processes needed for sterilization of product in retorts or autoclaves. In this paper we discuss the vexing errors associated with using TCs in a hot, wet environment. Most problems seem to be associated with the action of steam and water on the TC lead wires and/or caused by temperature gradients on lead wire connectors. These errors are particularly troublesome since they are in the range of 1 to 2°C and are random in nature. The use of a pair of continuous wires that is protected or sealed from the wet retort environment, from the TC junction to the measuring instrument, is the most effective way to reduce or eliminate these problems. The hot, wet environment apparently causes electrochemical effects that produce measurable electromotive forces (EMFs) whenever bare wires come in contact with steam or water. However, the effect is greater when the wires pass through water than through steam. For containers that are nonconductors of electricity, such as plastics, grounding of the TC junction has proved necessary, particularly when processing in flowing water. We conclude that TCs can measure temperature very accurately if properly used. We emphasize that the TC system must be adequately calibrated, and that ambient temperature calibration will not compensate for high-temperature water effects and the errors caused by temperature gradients across connectors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Wires"

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Bekçioğlu-Neff, Gül [Verfasser]. "Proton Dynamics and Water Wires from First-Principles Calculations / Gül Bekçioğlu-Neff." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1123572232/34.

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Vazquez, Diane Marie. "Experimental studies of the heat transfer characteristics of silica nanoparticle water-based dispersion in pool boiling using nichrome flat ribbons and wires." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4575.

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This work deals with a study of enhanced critical heat flux (CHF) and burnout heat flux (BHF) in pool boiling of water with suspended silica nanoparticles using ribbon-type and wire heaters. Previously our group and other researchers have reported three-digit percentage increase in critical heat flux in silica nanofluids. This study investigates the effect of various heater surface dimensions and cross-sectional shapes on pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and water-based nanofluids. CHF and BHF were analyzed for circular and rectangular cross-section nichrome wires and ribbons of increasing sizes in the range of 0.32mm to 2.38mm width, approaching a flat-plate scenario. Experimental trends showed that the CHF and BHF in water pool boiling decrease as heater surface area increases, and for similar surface area, the wire had a 25% higher CHF than that of the ribbon. For concentrations from 0.1vol% to 2vol%, various properties such as viscosity, pH, and surface tension as well as silica deposition on surface and glowing length of ribbon were measured in order to study the possible factors in the heat transfer behavior of nanofluids. The deposition of the particles on the wire allows high heat transfer through inter-agglomerate pores, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in burnout heat flux at very low concentrations. Results have shown a maximum of up to 340% CHF enhancement for ribbon-type heaters, and the relationship of CHF with respect to nanoparticle concentration has been found to be non-monotonic with a peak around 0.2vol% to 0.4vol%. Visualization of boiling experiments aided with determination of relative bubble sizes, nucleation, and flow regimes. The surface morphology of the heater was investigated using SEM and EDS analyses, and it was inferred that the 2vol% concentration deposition coating had higher porosity and rate of deposition compared with 0.2vol% case.
ID: 028916806; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).
M.S.M.E.
Masters
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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Stokes, Agnes. "Wire water wood /." Online version of thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11466.

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Lessard, Etienne. "Measurements in Horizontal Air-water Pipe Flows Using Wire-mesh Sensors." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30837.

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This thesis is concerned with the performance and measurement uncertainty of wire-mesh sensors in different air-water flow regimes in horizontal pipes. It also presents measurements of void fraction and interfacial velocity in such flows. It was found that the interfacial velocity measurements of the wire-mesh sensors were in good agreement with those taken with a high-speed camera and estimates of the uncertainties of these measurements are presented. Drift-flux models were fitted to the measurements and it was found that the parameters of these models were not only sensitive to the flow regime, but also to the liquid superficial velocity.
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Yarber, Robert K. "Development and calibration of two and four wire water surface wave height measurement systems." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23863.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Capacitance and conductance measurements using two and four wire techniques were developed and statically and dynamically calibrated in this thesis. The voltage sensitivities range from 7.3 to 8.1 ± 0.1 mV/cm for the two wire capacitance system static calibrations. This is ± 5.2% of the limiting theoretical value. The voltage sensitivities range from 0.3 to 0.4 ± 0.1 V/cm for the four wire conductance system static calibrations. Dynamic calibrations were only completed for the conductance system. The dynamic calibration results were weakly frequency dependent with a qj-0.15 decay in a limited, 2-4 Hz range. Wind power spectrum measurements were taken in the existing Upper Ocean Simulations Facility at the Naval Postgraduate School. There was excellent agreement in the spectra with both techniques. Driven gravity wave frequency downshifting and wind energy dumping was observed in the combined gravity wave and wind-wave measurements. The power spectra peaked near two Hertz and decayed at 50 to 70 dB per decade, or as CO -5 to G)" 7 for both systems. Gravity wave phase speed and wavelength measurements were performed with the capacitance system. The results were approximately 40% higher than theory.
http://archive.org/details/developmentcalib00yarb
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Hickey, Cain Charles. "Vines of different capacity and water status alter the sensory perception of Cabernet Sauvignon wines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42667.

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Reducing disease and increasing fruit quality in vigorous vineyards with dense canopies is demanding of time and resources; unfortunately, vineyards of this nature are common in humid environments. This study investigated the effectiveness with which vine capacity and water status could be regulated as well as if they related to fruit quality and wine sensory perception. The treatments regulating vine size and water status were under-trellis groundcover, root manipulation, rootstocks, and irrigation. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot design before the introduction of the irrigation treatment resulted in incomplete replication in each block. Treatment levels were under-trellis cover crop (CC) compared to under-trellis herbicide (Herb); root restriction bags (RBG) compared to no root manipulation (NRM); three compared rootstocks (101-14, 420-A, riparia Gloire); low water stress (LOW) compared to high water stress (HIGH). Vines grown with RBG and CC regulated vegetative growth more so than conventional treatments, resulting in 56% and 23% greater cluster exposure flux availability (CEFA). High water stress (HIGH) and RBG reduced stem water potential and discriminated less against 13C. Vines grown with RBG and CC consistently reduced harvest berry weight by 17 and 6% compared to conventional treatments. Estimated phenolics were consistently increased by RBG and were correlated with berry weight, vine capacity and CEFA. Sensory attributes were significantly distinguishable between wines produced from vines that differed in both vine capacity and water status, amongst other responses. Treatments have been identified that can alter the sensory perception of wines, with the potential to improve wine quality.
Master of Science
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Brini, Ahmed Salem Kalifa. "A study of gas lift on oil/water flow in vertical risers." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8507.

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Gas lift is a means of enhancing oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas injected at the production riser base reduces the gravity component of the pressure drop and thereby, increases the supply of oil from the reservoir. Also, gas injection at the base of a riser helps to mitigate slugging and thus, improving the performance of the topside facility. In order to improve the efficiency of the gas lifting technique, a good understanding of the characteristics of gas-liquid multiphase flow in vertical pipes is very important. In this study, experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flows, liquid/liquid of oil/water two-phase flows and gas/liquid/liquid (air/oil/water) three-phase flows were conducted in a 10.5 m high 52 mm ID vertical riser. These experiments were performed at liquid and gas superficial velocities ranging from 0.25 to 2 m/s and ~0.1 to ~6.30 m/s, respectively. Dielectric oil and tap water were used as test fluids. Instruments such as Coriolis mass flow meter, single beam gamma densitometer and wire-mesh sensor (WMS) were employed for investigating the flow characteristics. For the experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flow, flow patterns of Bubbly, slug, churn flow regimes and transition regions were identified under the experimental conditions. Also, for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurements, the capacitance WMS results are consistent with those obtained simultaneously by the gamma densitometer. Generally, the total pressure gradient along the vertical riser has shown a significant decrease as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. In addition, the rate of decrease in total pressure gradient at the lower injected gas superficial velocities was found to be higher than that for higher gas superficial velocities. The frictional pressure gradient was also found to increase as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. For oil-water experiments, mixture density and total pressure gradient across the riser were found to increase with increasing water cut (ranging between 0 - 100%) and/or mixture superficial velocity. Phase slip between the oil and water was calculated and found to be significant at lower throughputs of 0.25 and 0.5 m/s. The phase inversion point always takes place at a point of input water cut of 42% when the experiments started from pure oil to water, and at an input water cut of 45% when the experiment’s route started from water to pure oil. The phase inversion point was accompanied by a peak increase of pressure gradient, particularly at higher oil-water mixture superficial velocities of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s. The effects of air injection rates on the fluid flow characteristics were studied by emphasizing the total pressure gradient behaviour and identifying the flow pattern by analysing the output signals from gamma and WMS in air/oil/water experiments. Generally, riser base gas injection does not affect the water cut at the phase inversion point. However, a slight shift forward for the identified phase inversion point was found at highest flow rates of injected gas where the flow patterns were indicated as churn to annular flow. In terms of pressure gradient, the gas lifting efficiency (lowering pressure gradient) shows greater improvement after the phase inversion point (higher water cuts) than before and also at the inversion point. Also, it was found that the measured mean void fraction reaches its lowest value at the phase inversion point. These void fraction results were found to be consistent with previously published results.
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Shaban, Hassan. "Experimental Investigations of Internal Air-water Flows." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32952.

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The objective of the present thesis research is to apply state-of-the-art experimental and data analysis techniques to the study of gas-liquid pipe flows, with a focus on conditions occurring in header-feeder systems of nuclear reactors under different accident scenarios. Novel experimental techniques have been proposed for the identification of the flow regime and measurement of the flow rates of both phases in gas-liquid flows. These techniques were automated, non-intrusive and economical, which ensured that their use would be feasible in industrial as well as laboratory settings. Measurements of differential pressure and the gas and liquid flow rates were collected in vertical upwards air-water flow at near-atmospheric pressure. It was demonstrated that the probability density function of the normalized differential pressure was indicative of the flow regime and using non-linear dimensionality reduction (the Elastic Maps Algorithm), it was possible to automate the process of identifying the flow regime from the differential pressure signal. The relationship between the probability density function and the power spectral density of normalized differential pressure with the gas and liquid flow rates in air-water pipe flow was also established and a machine learning algorithm (using Independent Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks) was proposed for the estimation of the phase flow rates from these properties. The proposed methods were adapted for use with single and dual conductivity wire-mesh sensors in vertical upwards and downwards air--water flows. A thorough evaluation of the performance and measurement uncertainty of wire-mesh sensors in gas-liquid flows was also performed. Lastly, measurements of the flow distribution in feeder tubes supplied with air-water mixtures by a simplified header model were collected and correlated to the observed flow patterns in the header.
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Shahzad, Hussein. "Carbon Nanotubes Deposited by Hot Wire Plasma CVD and water assisted CVD for Energetic and Environmental Applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284231.

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Nanoscience and Nanotechnology have experienced a tremendous growth in few years. Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale. Carbon exists in several forms, depending on how the carbon atoms are arranged, their properties vary. One of the carbon forms is carbon nanotubes, which are capped at each end by half of a fullerene, and have aroused great interest in the research community because of their exotic electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. MWCNTs and SWCNTs were discovered in 1991 and 1993, respectively, by Ijima. A single-wall carbon nanotube can be described as a graphene sheet rolled into a cylindrical shape so that the structure has one-dimensional axial symmetry. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique characteristics that allow them to act as electrodes in charge storage devices, sensors and traps for pollutants, among others. On the one hand, for applications that require a certain amount of energy in pulse form, the traditional capacitors used in electronic circuits are not suitable because they cannot store enough energy in the volume and weight available. However, given the characteristics of CNTs that have a narrow size distribution, large specific surface area, low resistivity and high stability, CNTs have been regarded as a suitable material for electrodes in supercapacitors. On the other hand, the development of new systems, based in CNTs, which could overcome some of the current limitations in the capture of emerging pollutants in fluids, such as nanometric particles (being, moreover, difficult to detect) and organic pollutants at very low concentrations, is an additional objective of the present thesis. Water plasma and nitrogen plasma treatments were performed to remove amorphous carbon and to functionalize the surface of CNTs with different oxygen or nitrogen groups. Conditions of plasma treatments were optimized by adopting a Box-Wilson experimental design. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the morphology, structure and elemental compositions before and after the plasma treatments. Electrochemical measurements show that water plasma treatment significantly increases the active surface area of CNTs, and nitrogen plasma is more effective to improve the charge transfer. Both nitrogen and water plasma raise the capacitance of CNTs notably in comparison to untreated CNTs. Manganese dioxide was deposited by galvanostatic method on untreated CNTs and plasma treated nanotubes. The MnO2 structure changes from nanoflower (as deposited) to needle like or to a layer coating on the surface of CNTs depending on the voltage applied during the cycling measurements. CNTs treated with 75 W plasma power and 10 Pa nitrogen pressure, and further functionalized with MnO2, exhibit the highest specific capacitance obtained in this thesis; 955 Fg-1 at 10 mVs-1. This value is almost 87% of the theoretical value for MnO2. The structural evolution of CNTs during water assisted growth has also been studied. The obtained length of CNTs was ~ 800 µm on silicon wafer. Transfer of ultralong CNTs on conductive adhesive aluminum tape was carried out using a novel methodology that lowers the series resistance of the electrode. The specific capacitance of CNTs/Al increases from 87 to 148 Fg-1 for untreated and water plasma treated CNTs/Al, respectively. In addition, we found that for a successful and faster growth of CNTs on copper substrate, strong adhesion of the buffer layer (Al2O3) is essential. A multilayered setup (Cu/Ni/Ti/Al2O3) prior to catalyst deposition boosts the growth rate and quality of CNTs. Vertically-aligned CNTs were synthesized on quartz fiber filters for environmental applications. Three chlorinated VOCs; trichloroethylene, chloroform and 1,2-dichlorobenzene were used to study the adsorption/desorption properties of CNTs/QF. The ability to detect or remove organic pollutants increases after the water plasma treatment, which functionalizes the CNTs surface and removes the catalyst from the top of CNTs (inner cavities are available for use). We found that molecules with aromatic rings present stronger interactions with CNTs (Phi-stacking).
La nanociencia y la nanotecnología han experimentado un enorme crecimiento en pocos años. Una de las formas del carbono son los nanotubos de carbono, que están limitados en cada extremo por medio fulereno, y que han despertado un gran interés en la comunidad científica debido a sus exóticas propiedades eléctricas, térmicas y mecánicas. Un nanotubo de carbono de pared simple puede ser descrito como una hoja de grafeno enrollada en forma cilíndrica de modo que la estructura tiene una simetría axial. Los nanotubos de carbono (CNTs) tienen características únicas que les permiten actuar como electrodos en dispositivos de almacenamiento de carga, sensores y adsorción de contaminantes, entre otros. Los principales objetivos de esta tesis son la síntesis de CNTs sobre los diversos sustratos para aplicaciones de almacenamiento de carga (supercondensadores) y ambientales. Tratamientos de plasma de agua y nitrógeno se realizaron para eliminar el carbono amorfo y funcionalizar la superficie de los CNTs con diferentes grupos de oxígeno o nitrógeno. Las condiciones de los tratamientos de plasma fueron optimizados mediante la utilización de un diseño experimental de Box-Wilson. Las medidas electroquímicas muestran que el tratamiento con plasma de agua aumenta significativamente el área superficial activa de los CNTs, y el plasma de nitrógeno es más eficaz para mejorar la transferencia de carga. Tanto el plasma de nitrógeno como el de agua aumentan la capacidad de los nanotubos de carbono en comparación con los CNTs no tratados. El dióxido de manganeso se depositó electroquímicamente mediante el método galvanostático sobre los nanotubos de carbono sin tratar y tratados con plasma. La estructura de MnO2 cambia de una estructura de “nanoflor” (inicialmente) a una en forma tipo aguja o de capa superficial en función del voltaje aplicado durante los experimentos de ciclado. Los CNTs tratados con 75 W de potencia de plasma y 10 Pa de presión de nitrógeno, y posteriormente funcionalizados con MnO2, exhiben la capacitancia específica más alta obtenida en esta tesis; 955 Fg-1 a 10 mVs-1. Este valor es aproximadamente el 87% del valor teórico para MnO2. La evolución estructural de los nanotubos de carbono durante su crecimiento asistido por agua ha sido estudiada. La longitud obtenida de los CNTs es de ~ 800 micras sobre una oblea de silicio. La transferencia de CNTs ultralargos a una cinta adhesiva de aluminio conductor se llevó a cabo utilizando una metodología novedosa que reduce la resistencia en serie del electrodo. La capacidad específica de los CNTs / Al aumenta de 87 a 148 Fg-1 para los CNTs / Al sin y con tratamiento de plasma de agua, respectivamente. Una configuración de múltiples capas (Cu/Ni/Ti/Al2O3) antes de depositar el catalizador aumenta la velocidad de crecimiento y la calidad de los CNTs. CNTs verticalmente alineados se sintetizaron sobre filtros de fibra de cuarzo para aplicaciones ambientales. Tres compuestos orgánicos volátiles clorados; tricloroetileno, cloroformo y 1,2 diclorobenceno se utilizaron para estudiar las propiedades de adsorción / desorción de CNTs / QF. Se vio que las moléculas con anillos aromáticos presentan interacciones más fuertes con los nanotubos de carbono (apilamiento de tipo pi).
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Weber, Bernd. "Untersuchung der Material begrenzenden Einflüsse beim Multidrahtsägen von Silicium unter Verwendung gerader und strukturierter Drähte." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-173276.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen zu Material begrenzenden Einflüssen beim Multidrahtsägen von Silicium unter Verwendung gerader und strukturierter Drähte durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von dünnen und strukturierten Drähten auf den Drahtsägeprozess von Silicium und die erzeugten Waferqualitäten zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich galt es, Grenzen und Potentiale für den Einsatz dieser Drähte im Sägeprozess aufzuzeigen und ein Modell zu entwickeln, das den Materialabtrag in Silicium für strukturierte Drähte beschreibt. Die in dieser Arbeit verfolgten Lösungsansätze beinhalten im ersten Teil der Arbeit die Durchführung von Sägeexperimenten mit einer Eindrahtsäge. Es wurden dünne Drähte mit Durchmesser ≤ 100 µm und zwei unterschiedliche Siliciumcarbid (SiC) Korngrößenverteilungen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die Normalkräfte in Vorschubrichtung variiert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Sägeexperimente mit einer Multidrahtsäge vorgestellt. Es wurden zwei unterschiedlich strukturierte Drähte mit variierten Drahtgeschwindigkeiten und Vorschüben im Vergleich zu geradem Draht untersucht. Der industrielle Einsatz dünner Drähte im Sägeprozess zur Reduzierung des Sägeverschnitts ist derzeit auf Durchmesser von 100 µm begrenzt. Die getesteten Drähte mit geringerem Durchmesser sind nicht wirtschaftlich einsetzbar, da sie zu geringe Standzeiten aufweisen und zu einer Slurryverarmung beitragen können. Es konnte eine Slurryverarmung des Schnittspalts in Silicium beobachtet werden, die um mehrere Zentimeter in den Schnittspalt ragt und dadurch den Drahtsägeprozess negativ beeinflusst, indem Sägeriefen entstehen. Die Verschleißuntersuchungen von Sägedrähten zeigen, dass eine lineare Abnahme der Drahtdurchmesserreduzierung in Abhängigkeit der akkumulierten Eingriffslänge in Silicium auftritt. Der Prozess der Durchmesserreduzierung wird maßgeblich durch die aufgebrachte Normalkraft, welche durch die Zugfestigkeit und Härte des Drahts beeinflusst wird, die Drahtgeschwindigkeit und die verwendete Korngrößenverteilung bestimmt. Es konnte durch Sägeversuche mit Drähten unterschiedlicher Hersteller gezeigt werden, dass das beobachtete Verschleißverhalten nicht einem Drahthersteller zuordenbar ist, sondern eine globalere Gültigkeit besitzt. Der industrielle Einsatz strukturierter Drähte wirkt sich positiv auf den Sägeprozess aus. Es konnten signifikant höhere Vorschübe bei ähnlichen Kräften im Vergleich zu geraden Drähten erreicht werden. Für einen Vorschub von 0,6 mm/min sind die Kraftwerte für strukturierten Draht A im Vergleich zu geradem Draht um 40% reduziert, für Draht B um 16%. Durch die Drahtstruktur wird ein größeres Slurryvolumen durch den Schnittspalt befördert, was zu einem homogeneren Materialabtrag entlang des Schnittspalts führt. Die erhöhten Vorschübe konnten sowohl für mono- wie auch für multikristallines Siliciummaterial erreicht werden. Zusätzlich wurden homogenere Waferdicken durch den Einsatz strukturierter Drähte beim Sägeprozess erzeugt. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse für strukturierte Drähte wurde ein theoretisches Modell für den Materialabtrag entwickelt, welches die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Experimente gut beschreibt
In the present work experimental analyses were carried out to investigate the material limiting influences in the multi wire sawing process of silicon while using thin and structured wires. The purpose of the work was to investigate influences on the wire sawing process and the resulting wafer qualities caused by thin and structured wires. Additionally, the purpose was to define the limits and potentials of thin and structured wires in industrial wire sawing processes and to develop a model which describes the material removal in silicon for structured wires. Experiments with two different SiC particle size distributions in combination with wire diameters of ≤ 100 µm and varying normal forces in feed direction were carried out in the first part of this work with a single wire saw. Experiments with two differently structured wires and variation of the wire speed and feed rate are shown in the second part using a multi wire saw. The actual limit for industrial sawing applications to reduce kerf loss is reached for 100 µm thin wire diameters. The tested lower wire diameters are uneconomical due to shorter durability and to aggravate slurry depletion effects. Such a depletion effect of several centimeters length which is detrimental for the wire sawing process was observed at the end of a sawing channel. The results of the experiments showed that the steel wire diameter is reduced linearly with the accumulated sawn length of silicon. The material removal process of the steel wire is significantly influenced by the normal force in feed direction and the hardness of the wire. The experiments with wires of different suppliers showed no difference in the material removal process. Therefore the abrasive wear of wires has a more global validation. The results of the experiments using differently structured wires showed that significantly lower forces in feed direction occur for a given feed rate in comparison to straight wires. The forces are reduced up to 40% for structured wire A and up to 16% for wire B for a feed rate of 0,6 mm/min. A higher slurry volume is transported due to the structure of the wire which enables a more homogeneous material removal process along the cutting channel. Higher feed rates were reached for mono- and multi crystalline silicon material. Additionally, more homogeneous wafer thicknesses were cut using structured wires
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Books on the topic "Water Wires"

1

Frank, Holmes. Wire to wire: The Walter Merrick story. Elbert, CO: Loft Enterprises, 2001.

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Wiles, Arnold. Wiles on the water: A light-hearted look at fly-fishing for trout. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1994.

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Yarber, Robert Kerry. Development and calibration of two and four wire water surface wave height measurement systems. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.

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Strong waters: A simple guide to making beer, wine, cider and other spirited beverages at home. New York: Experiment, 2010.

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Chen, Xiaonan. Synthesis of isotope-labelled methoxypyrazine compounds as internal standards and quantitative determination of aroma methoxypyrazines in water and wines by solid-phase extraction with isotope dilution-GC-MS. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2005.

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Alma Mahler, or, The art of being loved. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Clark, John H. Recent history of chinook salmon harvests in marine waters of southcentral Alaska: A compilation of harvest, size, and coded wire tag data by fishery, 1980-1993 and recommendations for future assessment. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1994.

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Robert, Lafferty, and Alaska. Division of Sport Fish., eds. Recent history of chinook salmon harvests in marine waters of southcentral Alaska: A compilation of harvest, size, and coded wire tag data by fishery, 1980-1995 and recommendations for future assessment. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1998.

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J, Evans Susan, ed. The second part of the good hus-wives jewell: Where is to be found most apt and readiest wayes to distill many wholsome and sweet waters : in which likewise is shewed the best maner in preserving of divers sorts of fruite & making of sirrops : with divers conceits in cookerie with the booke of carving. Albany, N.Y: Falconwood Press, 1988.

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Wiles on the Water. Little, Brown, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water Wires"

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Dong, Sufen, Xinyue Wang, and Baoguo Han. "Stainless steel wires-engineered multifunctional ultra-high performance concrete fabricated with sea water and sea sand." In Stainless Steel Wires-Engineered Multifunctional Ultra-High Performance Concrete, 341–58. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003276357-11.

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Sun, L. M., D. C. Hu, B. Shangguan, and Y. Z. Zhang. "Influence of Water on the Tribological Behavior of Collector Materials against Railway Contact Wires at High Sliding Speeds." In Advanced Tribology, 1020–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_343.

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Andreski, Iris. "The magic water-pot." In Old Wives' Tales Pbdirect, 85–89. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003420569-4.

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Sordes, Delphine, Aurélie Thuaire, Patrick Reynaud, Caroline Rauer, Jean-Michel Hartmann, Hubert Moriceau, Emmanuel Rolland, et al. "Nanopackaging of Si(100)H Wafer for Atomic-Scale Investigations." In On-Surface Atomic Wires and Logic Gates, 25–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51847-3_2.

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Suchithra, R., and Abdus Samad. "Control-Oriented Wave to Wire Model of Oscillating Water Column." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 705–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_52.

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Chen, Lin, Yaan Hu, Zhonghua Li, and Chao Guo. "Study on the Mechanism of Water Loss and Capsizing of Multi - point Suspension Ship Lift." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 668–79. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_58.

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AbstractThe stability of ship lift chamber operation has always been the key factor restricting the development of ship lift, which has not been well solved for a long time. With the development of upsizing of ships, the super-huge fully balanced ship lift with hoisting steel wire rope over 10000–15000 t is the development trend in the future. The mechanism of water loss and capsizing of multi-point ship lift is the most key scientific problem, and the most core technical problem is the layout and operation control of ship lift system. A generalized physical model of ship lift with the model scale of 1:33 was established to study the influence of multiple factors on water loss stability of ship chamber, such as gravity counterweight/torque counterweight ratio, water leakage flow, the position of suspension points among the chamber, quantity of the suspension points, and so on. Secondly, the structural dynamics equations of hoisting system is deduced in detail, considering the water fluctuation in the process of water loss caused by longitudinal capsizing moment influence on balance system, and research on the transient dynamic characteristics of hoisting system of the filtration process, determine the ship chamber conditions of stability for the trim through the Lyapunov stability criterion. The optimization calculation model of ship lift mechanical suspension system layout under the action of multiple constraints was established, and the effective measures will be given to improve the pitch stability. The results can provide technical guidance for the upsizing of ship lifters.
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Dhang, Partho, Philip G. Koehler, Roberto M. Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye II. "Cockroaches." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 47–54. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0006.

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Abstract This book chapter discusses cockroaches. Ovoviviparous cockroaches form an egg capsule externally from the body but then withdraw it into a brood sac, females provide water until the eggs hatch, and the nymphs emerge from the female's body. For viviparous cockroaches, the ootheca is withdrawn into the female's body, the eggs develop in the brood sac, and eggs are fed nutrients by the female until the birth of the nymphs. They can cause psychopathology where the thought or sight of cockroaches, or contact with surfaces where cockroaches have been, can affect a person's perception of their own well-being. There are cockroaches that live in temperate and tropical forests, grasslands, salt marshes, aquatic habitats, caves, and deserts. In structures, they have been found feeding on soap, glue and wire insulation, but they usually feed on human food scraps. Cockroach nymphs and adults are primarily scavengers living on feces, decaying leaves and wood, as well as dead animals. Most of these novel developments in reproduction were to protect eggs from parasitoids and predators. The development of the cockroach is hemimetabolous, meaning that there is an egg, nymphal, and adult stage. The eggs of cockroaches are usually deposited in an egg capsule called an ootheca. The German cockroach is the most difficult cockroach to control worldwide due to its resistance to many insecticides. Sanitation and cultural control involve the removal of food, water, and harborage that cockroaches rely on in order to survive. Cockroaches need food, water, and harborage to survive and thrive. As a result, cockroach Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the best method of protecting people and their properties from cockroaches.
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Rosati, M., J. V. Ringwood, and J. C. C. Henriques. "A comprehensive wave-to-wire control formulation for oscillating water column wave energy converters." In Trends in Renewable Energies Offshore, 329–37. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003360773-38.

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Mitchell, Raja-Louisa, Michel Gunkel, Jan Waschnewski, and Paul Uwe Thamsen. "Nonwoven Wet Wipes Can Be Hazardous Substances in Wastewater Systems—Evidences from a Field Measurement Campaign in Berlin, Germany." In Frontiers in Water-Energy-Nexus—Nature-Based Solutions, Advanced Technologies and Best Practices for Environmental Sustainability, 313–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13068-8_78.

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Uesaka, Mitsuru, Katsuhiro Dobashi, Yuki Mitsuya, Jian Yang, and Joichi Kusano. "Highway PC Bridge Inspection by 3.95 MeV X-Ray/Neutron Source." In Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96959.

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We have developed portable 950 keV/3.95 MeV X-ray/neutron sources and applied them to inspection of PC concrete thicker than 200 mm within reasonable measuring time of seconds - minutes. T-girder-, Box- and slab- bridges are considered. Now we are to start X-ray transmission inspection for highway PC bridge (box) by using 3.95 MeV X-ray sources in Japan in 2020. By obtaining X-ray transmission images of no-grout-filling in PC sheath and thinning of PC wires, we plan to carry out numerical structural analysis to evaluate the degradation of strength. Finally, we are going to propose a technical guideline of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of PC bridges by taking account of both X-ray inspection and structural analysis. Further, we are trying to detect rainwater detection in PC sheath, and asphalt and floor slab by the 3.95 MeV neutron source. This is expected to be an early degradation inspection. We have done preliminary experiments on X-ray transmission imaging of PC wires and on-grout-filling in the same height PCs in 450–750 mm thick concretes. Moreover, neutron back scattering detection of water in PC sheath is also explained.
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Conference papers on the topic "Water Wires"

1

Ursyn, Anna. "Clear water act; Wires." In SIGGRAPH07: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1280120.1280253.

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Rososhek, Alexander, Mikhail Nishitinskiy, Sergey Efimov, David Yanuka, Somech Tewari, Yakov E. Krasik, Konstantin Khishchenko, and Simon Bland. "Recent Results of Electrical Explosion of Wires and Wires Arrays in Water and Glycerol." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops35962.2018.9575554.

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Ilyin, A. P., and O. B. Nazarenko. "Nanopowders produced by electrical explosion of aluminum wires in water." In 2007 International Forum on Strategic Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifost.2007.4798686.

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Pikuz, S. A., A. E. Ter-Oganesyan, V. M. Romanova, A. R. Mingaleev, C. I. Tkachenko, and T. A. Shelkovenko. "Electrical Explosion of Micron Size Wires in Air and Water." In IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2005.359489.

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Karlsen, Stian. "Fatigue of Copper Conductors for Dynamic Subsea Power Cables." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-21017.

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Dynamic subsea power cables are used for distribution of electric power to subsea units for oil and gas production and for power distribution from offshore wind mills. As the cables are suspended from the sea level to sea floor, a dynamic analysis is normally required to ensure that the cables are able to withstand the dynamic tension and bending caused by waves and vessel movements. The fatigue property of a conductor is determined by the mechanical properties of the individual wires and stress concentration caused by wire interaction. Previous publications on steel wires and ropes have brought light on the effect of R-ratio and wire interaction such as fretting and inter wire slippage. For copper conductors the complexity of fatigue is multiplied by the fact that the individual wires have a nonlinear stress-strain behavior well below the defined yield stress limit and poor creep properties below maximum cable operation temperatures. Moreover, the interaction between the wires is determined not only by the contact between copper surfaces but also by the water blocking compound in between the wires normally required for subsea cables. A test method, simulating the fatigue mechanism in a dynamic power cable, including the effect from friction, fretting, creep properties of copper and high tension at deep waters is presented together with test results for a representative conductor.
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Ovari, T., S. Corodeanu, and H. Chiriac. "Optimized magneto-impedance response of in-rotating-water quenched amorphous wires." In 2015 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2015.7157330.

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Witzigmann, Bernd, Maximilian Bettenhausen, Marvin Mewes, Heiko Fülle, and Friedhard Römer. "Simulation of water photo electrolysis with III-nitride semiconductor nano wires." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Bernd Witzigmann, Marek Osinski, Fritz Henneberger, and Yasuhiko Arakawa. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2041230.

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Secher, Philippe, Fabrice Bectarte, and Antoine Felix-Henry. "Lateral Buckling of Armor Wires in Flexible Pipes: Reaching 3000m Water Depth." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49447.

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This paper presents the latest progress on the armor wires lateral buckling phenomena with the qualification of flexible pipes for water depths up to 3,000m. The design challenges specific to ultra deep water are governed by the effect of the external pressure: Armor wires lateral buckling is one of the failure modes that needs to be addressed when the flexible pipe is empty and subject to dynamic curvature cycling. As a first step, the lateral buckling mechanism is described and driving parameters are discussed. Then, the program objective is presented together with flexible pipe designs: - Subsea dynamic Jumpers applications; - Sweet and Sour Service; - Internal diameters up to 11″. Dedicated flexible pipe components were selected to address the severe loading conditions encountered in water depths up to 3,000m. Hydrostatic collapse resistance was addressed by a thick inner carcass layer and a PSI pressure vault. Armor wires lateral buckling was addressed by the design and industrialization of new tensile armor wires. The pipe samples were manufactured using industrial production process in the factories in France and Brazil. The available testing protocols are then presented discussing their advantages and drawbacks. For this campaign, a combination of Deep Immersion Performances (DIP) tests and tests in hyperbaric chambers was selected. The DIP test campaign was performed End 2009 beginning 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico using one of Technip Installation Vessel. These tests replicated the actual design conditions to which a flexible pipe would be subjected during installation and operation. The results clearly demonstrated the suitability of flexible pipes as a valid solution for ultra deep water applications. In addition, the DIP tests results were compared to the tests in hyperbaric chambers giving consistent results. This campaign provided design limitations of the new designs for both 9″ and 11″ internal diameter flexible pipes, in sweet and sour service in water depths up to 3,000m.
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Shi, Jun, Jianfeng Shi, Hanxin Chen, Yibin He, Qingjun Wang, Yue Zhang, and Guangzhong Li. "Short-Term Mechanical Analysis of Polyethylene Pipe Reinforced by Winding Steel Wires Using Steel Wire Spiral Structural Finite Element Model." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65488.

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Polyethylene pipe reinforced by winding steel wires (PSP) is new type of polymer-matrix composite pipe, which is widely used in petroleum, chemical engineering, and water supply, etc. PSP is composed of a thermoplastic core pipe (HDPE), an outer cover layer (HDPE), and steel wire skeleton sandwiched in the middle. The steel wire skeleton is formed by crossly winding steel wires integrated with HDPE matrix by cohesive resin. In traditional analysis models of PSP, components of PSP were considered linear elastic, and steel wire skeleton was assumed to be orthotropic composite layer based on the classical laminated plate theory. Although achieving good results in engineering applications, traditional models neglected the material nonlinearity of steel wires and HDPE matrix, which was significant to failure analysis. In the present paper, a new finite element model was constructed using commercial software ABAQUS[1], based on the actual steel wire spiral structure of PSP. Steel wires and HDPE matrix were modeled separately, which were both represented by solid elements, and the interaction between steel wires and HDPE was characterized by tie interaction. Experimental result of short-term burst pressure of PSP was used to validate the nonlinear model. Compared with the experimental result, the calculation results of the nonlinear model agreed well. Furthermore, the effect of the nonlinear material property of components on the calculation results were investigated, and the short-term mechanical responses of PSP were determined and analyzed through the nonlinear model.
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10

Han, Ruoyu, Jiawei Wu, Qiaojue Liu, Haibin Zhou, Jian Wu, XingWen Li, and Aici Qiu. "Comparison studies of electrical explosion of bare and coated wires in water." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2016.7533949.

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Reports on the topic "Water Wires"

1

Vunni, George B. Electrical Exploding Nickel and Tungsten Wires in Air and Water. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada497499.

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2

Lovelace, Edward C. The Water-to-Wire (W2W) Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219491.

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Lissner, Daniel N., and Lovelace C. Edward. Final Technical Report: The Water-to-Wire (W2W) Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111482.

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4

Brown, Christopher U., Gregory W. Vogl, and Wai Cheong Tam. Measuring water flow rate for a fire hose using wired accelerometers for smart fire fighting. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2075.

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5

Vine, Allyn Collin, and W. Maurice Ewing. Performance of bathythermograph with hand winch. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29561.

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On May l, 1942 a series of towing tests were made off New London to determine how satisfactory a small hand operated winch would be. The boat was an 83 ft. Coast Guard patrol boat with the end of the boom about 3 feet outboard and 15 feet forward of the stern. Towing tests were made at 8, 12, and 18 knots. At 18 knots two methods were tried: A. Those where the BT was dropped from the end of the boom in the usual manner. B. Those where the BT was dropped from the bow of the boat. This method gave a considerably greater depth of water for the same amount of wire out than the former method. In a longer boat where the BT can be carried 100 to 150 ft. ahead of the boom this additional depth may amount to 100 feet.
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6

Bendikov, Michael, and Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.

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In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which includes nitrate-doped Ppy as an inner layer, and nitrate-doped PEDOT as the outer layer. PEDOT is known for its high environmental stability and conductivity. This design has demonstrated promise, but is still undergoing optimization and stability testing. Previously we had failed to create nitrate-doped PEDOT in the absence of a Ppy layer. Nitrate-doped PEDOT should be very promising for sensor applications due to its high stability and exceptional sensing properties as we showed previously for sensing of perchlorate ions (by perchlorate-doped PEDOT). During this year, we have succeeded in preparing nitrate-doped PEDOT (4 below) by designing a new starting monomer (compound 3 below) for polymerization. We are currently testing this design for nitrate sensing. In parallel with the fabrication design studies, we fabricated and tested nitrate-doped Ppy sensors in a series of flow studies under laboratory and field conditions. Nitrate-doped Ppy sensors are less stable than is desirable but provide excellent nitrate sensing characteristics for the short-term experiments focusing on packaging and deployment strategies. The fabricated sensors were successfully interfaced with a commercial battery-powered self-logging (Onset Computer Hobo Datalogger) and a wireless data acquisition and transmission system (Crossbow Technologies MDA300 sensor interface and Mica2 wireless mote). In a series of flow-through experiments with water, the nitrate-doped Ppy sensors were exposed to pulses of dissolved nitrate and compared favorably with an expensive commercial sensor. In 24-hour field tests in both Merced and in Palmdale, CA agricultural soils, the sensors responded to introduced nitrate pulses, but with different dynamics relative to the larger commercial sensors. These experiments are on-going but suggest a form factor (size, shape) effect of the sensor when deployed in a porous medium such as soil. To fill the need for a miniature reference electrode, we identified and tested one commercial version (Cypress Systems, ESA Mini-reference electrode) which works well but is expensive ($190). To create an inexpensive miniature reference electrode, we are exploring the use of AgCl-coated silver wire. This electrode is not a “true” reference electrode; however, it can calibrated once versus a commercial reference electrode at the time of deployment in soil. Thus, only one commercial reference electrode would suffice to support a multiple sensor deployment.
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