Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water Wires'

This work deals with a study of enhanced critical heat flux (CHF) and burnout heat flux (BHF) in pool boiling of water with suspended silica nanoparticles using ribbon-type and wire heaters. Previously our group and other researchers have reported three-digit percentage increase in critical heat flux in silica nanofluids. This study investigates the effect of various heater surface dimensions and cross-sectional shapes on pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and water-based nanofluids. CHF and BHF were analyzed for circular and rectangular cross-section nichrome wires and ribbons of increasing sizes in the range of 0.32mm to 2.38mm width, approaching a flat-plate scenario. Experimental trends showed that the CHF and BHF in water pool boiling decrease as heater surface area increases, and for similar surface area, the wire had a 25% higher CHF than that of the ribbon. For concentrations from 0.1vol% to 2vol%, various properties such as viscosity, pH, and surface tension as well as silica deposition on surface and glowing length of ribbon were measured in order to study the possible factors in the heat transfer behavior of nanofluids. The deposition of the particles on the wire allows high heat transfer through inter-agglomerate pores, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in burnout heat flux at very low concentrations. Results have shown a maximum of up to 340% CHF enhancement for ribbon-type heaters, and the relationship of CHF with respect to nanoparticle concentration has been found to be non-monotonic with a peak around 0.2vol% to 0.4vol%. Visualization of boiling experiments aided with determination of relative bubble sizes, nucleation, and flow regimes. The surface morphology of the heater was investigated using SEM and EDS analyses, and it was inferred that the 2vol% concentration deposition coating had higher porosity and rate of deposition compared with 0.2vol% case.
ID: 028916806; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).
M.S.M.E.
Masters
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering

This thesis is concerned with the performance and measurement uncertainty of wire-mesh sensors in different air-water flow regimes in horizontal pipes. It also presents measurements of void fraction and interfacial velocity in such flows. It was found that the interfacial velocity measurements of the wire-mesh sensors were in good agreement with those taken with a high-speed camera and estimates of the uncertainties of these measurements are presented. Drift-flux models were fitted to the measurements and it was found that the parameters of these models were not only sensitive to the flow regime, but also to the liquid superficial velocity.

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Capacitance and conductance measurements using two and four wire techniques were developed and statically and dynamically calibrated in this thesis. The voltage sensitivities range from 7.3 to 8.1 ± 0.1 mV/cm for the two wire capacitance system static calibrations. This is ± 5.2% of the limiting theoretical value. The voltage sensitivities range from 0.3 to 0.4 ± 0.1 V/cm for the four wire conductance system static calibrations. Dynamic calibrations were only completed for the conductance system. The dynamic calibration results were weakly frequency dependent with a qj-0.15 decay in a limited, 2-4 Hz range. Wind power spectrum measurements were taken in the existing Upper Ocean Simulations Facility at the Naval Postgraduate School. There was excellent agreement in the spectra with both techniques. Driven gravity wave frequency downshifting and wind energy dumping was observed in the combined gravity wave and wind-wave measurements. The power spectra peaked near two Hertz and decayed at 50 to 70 dB per decade, or as CO -5 to G)" 7 for both systems. Gravity wave phase speed and wavelength measurements were performed with the capacitance system. The results were approximately 40% higher than theory.
http://archive.org/details/developmentcalib00yarb

Reducing disease and increasing fruit quality in vigorous vineyards with dense canopies is demanding of time and resources; unfortunately, vineyards of this nature are common in humid environments. This study investigated the effectiveness with which vine capacity and water status could be regulated as well as if they related to fruit quality and wine sensory perception. The treatments regulating vine size and water status were under-trellis groundcover, root manipulation, rootstocks, and irrigation. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot design before the introduction of the irrigation treatment resulted in incomplete replication in each block. Treatment levels were under-trellis cover crop (CC) compared to under-trellis herbicide (Herb); root restriction bags (RBG) compared to no root manipulation (NRM); three compared rootstocks (101-14, 420-A, riparia Gloire); low water stress (LOW) compared to high water stress (HIGH). Vines grown with RBG and CC regulated vegetative growth more so than conventional treatments, resulting in 56% and 23% greater cluster exposure flux availability (CEFA). High water stress (HIGH) and RBG reduced stem water potential and discriminated less against 13C. Vines grown with RBG and CC consistently reduced harvest berry weight by 17 and 6% compared to conventional treatments. Estimated phenolics were consistently increased by RBG and were correlated with berry weight, vine capacity and CEFA. Sensory attributes were significantly distinguishable between wines produced from vines that differed in both vine capacity and water status, amongst other responses. Treatments have been identified that can alter the sensory perception of wines, with the potential to improve wine quality.
Master of Science

Gas lift is a means of enhancing oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas injected at the production riser base reduces the gravity component of the pressure drop and thereby, increases the supply of oil from the reservoir. Also, gas injection at the base of a riser helps to mitigate slugging and thus, improving the performance of the topside facility. In order to improve the efficiency of the gas lifting technique, a good understanding of the characteristics of gas-liquid multiphase flow in vertical pipes is very important. In this study, experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flows, liquid/liquid of oil/water two-phase flows and gas/liquid/liquid (air/oil/water) three-phase flows were conducted in a 10.5 m high 52 mm ID vertical riser. These experiments were performed at liquid and gas superficial velocities ranging from 0.25 to 2 m/s and ~0.1 to ~6.30 m/s, respectively. Dielectric oil and tap water were used as test fluids. Instruments such as Coriolis mass flow meter, single beam gamma densitometer and wire-mesh sensor (WMS) were employed for investigating the flow characteristics. For the experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flow, flow patterns of Bubbly, slug, churn flow regimes and transition regions were identified under the experimental conditions. Also, for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurements, the capacitance WMS results are consistent with those obtained simultaneously by the gamma densitometer. Generally, the total pressure gradient along the vertical riser has shown a significant decrease as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. In addition, the rate of decrease in total pressure gradient at the lower injected gas superficial velocities was found to be higher than that for higher gas superficial velocities. The frictional pressure gradient was also found to increase as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. For oil-water experiments, mixture density and total pressure gradient across the riser were found to increase with increasing water cut (ranging between 0 - 100%) and/or mixture superficial velocity. Phase slip between the oil and water was calculated and found to be significant at lower throughputs of 0.25 and 0.5 m/s. The phase inversion point always takes place at a point of input water cut of 42% when the experiments started from pure oil to water, and at an input water cut of 45% when the experiment’s route started from water to pure oil. The phase inversion point was accompanied by a peak increase of pressure gradient, particularly at higher oil-water mixture superficial velocities of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s. The effects of air injection rates on the fluid flow characteristics were studied by emphasizing the total pressure gradient behaviour and identifying the flow pattern by analysing the output signals from gamma and WMS in air/oil/water experiments. Generally, riser base gas injection does not affect the water cut at the phase inversion point. However, a slight shift forward for the identified phase inversion point was found at highest flow rates of injected gas where the flow patterns were indicated as churn to annular flow. In terms of pressure gradient, the gas lifting efficiency (lowering pressure gradient) shows greater improvement after the phase inversion point (higher water cuts) than before and also at the inversion point. Also, it was found that the measured mean void fraction reaches its lowest value at the phase inversion point. These void fraction results were found to be consistent with previously published results.

The objective of the present thesis research is to apply state-of-the-art experimental and data analysis techniques to the study of gas-liquid pipe flows, with a focus on conditions occurring in header-feeder systems of nuclear reactors under different accident scenarios. Novel experimental techniques have been proposed for the identification of the flow regime and measurement of the flow rates of both phases in gas-liquid flows. These techniques were automated, non-intrusive and economical, which ensured that their use would be feasible in industrial as well as laboratory settings. Measurements of differential pressure and the gas and liquid flow rates were collected in vertical upwards air-water flow at near-atmospheric pressure. It was demonstrated that the probability density function of the normalized differential pressure was indicative of the flow regime and using non-linear dimensionality reduction (the Elastic Maps Algorithm), it was possible to automate the process of identifying the flow regime from the differential pressure signal. The relationship between the probability density function and the power spectral density of normalized differential pressure with the gas and liquid flow rates in air-water pipe flow was also established and a machine learning algorithm (using Independent Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks) was proposed for the estimation of the phase flow rates from these properties. The proposed methods were adapted for use with single and dual conductivity wire-mesh sensors in vertical upwards and downwards air--water flows. A thorough evaluation of the performance and measurement uncertainty of wire-mesh sensors in gas-liquid flows was also performed. Lastly, measurements of the flow distribution in feeder tubes supplied with air-water mixtures by a simplified header model were collected and correlated to the observed flow patterns in the header.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology have experienced a tremendous growth in few years. Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale. Carbon exists in several forms, depending on how the carbon atoms are arranged, their properties vary. One of the carbon forms is carbon nanotubes, which are capped at each end by half of a fullerene, and have aroused great interest in the research community because of their exotic electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. MWCNTs and SWCNTs were discovered in 1991 and 1993, respectively, by Ijima. A single-wall carbon nanotube can be described as a graphene sheet rolled into a cylindrical shape so that the structure has one-dimensional axial symmetry. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique characteristics that allow them to act as electrodes in charge storage devices, sensors and traps for pollutants, among others. On the one hand, for applications that require a certain amount of energy in pulse form, the traditional capacitors used in electronic circuits are not suitable because they cannot store enough energy in the volume and weight available. However, given the characteristics of CNTs that have a narrow size distribution, large specific surface area, low resistivity and high stability, CNTs have been regarded as a suitable material for electrodes in supercapacitors. On the other hand, the development of new systems, based in CNTs, which could overcome some of the current limitations in the capture of emerging pollutants in fluids, such as nanometric particles (being, moreover, difficult to detect) and organic pollutants at very low concentrations, is an additional objective of the present thesis. Water plasma and nitrogen plasma treatments were performed to remove amorphous carbon and to functionalize the surface of CNTs with different oxygen or nitrogen groups. Conditions of plasma treatments were optimized by adopting a Box-Wilson experimental design. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the morphology, structure and elemental compositions before and after the plasma treatments. Electrochemical measurements show that water plasma treatment significantly increases the active surface area of CNTs, and nitrogen plasma is more effective to improve the charge transfer. Both nitrogen and water plasma raise the capacitance of CNTs notably in comparison to untreated CNTs. Manganese dioxide was deposited by galvanostatic method on untreated CNTs and plasma treated nanotubes. The MnO2 structure changes from nanoflower (as deposited) to needle like or to a layer coating on the surface of CNTs depending on the voltage applied during the cycling measurements. CNTs treated with 75 W plasma power and 10 Pa nitrogen pressure, and further functionalized with MnO2, exhibit the highest specific capacitance obtained in this thesis; 955 Fg-1 at 10 mVs-1. This value is almost 87% of the theoretical value for MnO2. The structural evolution of CNTs during water assisted growth has also been studied. The obtained length of CNTs was ~ 800 µm on silicon wafer. Transfer of ultralong CNTs on conductive adhesive aluminum tape was carried out using a novel methodology that lowers the series resistance of the electrode. The specific capacitance of CNTs/Al increases from 87 to 148 Fg-1 for untreated and water plasma treated CNTs/Al, respectively. In addition, we found that for a successful and faster growth of CNTs on copper substrate, strong adhesion of the buffer layer (Al2O3) is essential. A multilayered setup (Cu/Ni/Ti/Al2O3) prior to catalyst deposition boosts the growth rate and quality of CNTs. Vertically-aligned CNTs were synthesized on quartz fiber filters for environmental applications. Three chlorinated VOCs; trichloroethylene, chloroform and 1,2-dichlorobenzene were used to study the adsorption/desorption properties of CNTs/QF. The ability to detect or remove organic pollutants increases after the water plasma treatment, which functionalizes the CNTs surface and removes the catalyst from the top of CNTs (inner cavities are available for use). We found that molecules with aromatic rings present stronger interactions with CNTs (Phi-stacking).
La nanociencia y la nanotecnología han experimentado un enorme crecimiento en pocos años. Una de las formas del carbono son los nanotubos de carbono, que están limitados en cada extremo por medio fulereno, y que han despertado un gran interés en la comunidad científica debido a sus exóticas propiedades eléctricas, térmicas y mecánicas. Un nanotubo de carbono de pared simple puede ser descrito como una hoja de grafeno enrollada en forma cilíndrica de modo que la estructura tiene una simetría axial. Los nanotubos de carbono (CNTs) tienen características únicas que les permiten actuar como electrodos en dispositivos de almacenamiento de carga, sensores y adsorción de contaminantes, entre otros. Los principales objetivos de esta tesis son la síntesis de CNTs sobre los diversos sustratos para aplicaciones de almacenamiento de carga (supercondensadores) y ambientales. Tratamientos de plasma de agua y nitrógeno se realizaron para eliminar el carbono amorfo y funcionalizar la superficie de los CNTs con diferentes grupos de oxígeno o nitrógeno. Las condiciones de los tratamientos de plasma fueron optimizados mediante la utilización de un diseño experimental de Box-Wilson. Las medidas electroquímicas muestran que el tratamiento con plasma de agua aumenta significativamente el área superficial activa de los CNTs, y el plasma de nitrógeno es más eficaz para mejorar la transferencia de carga. Tanto el plasma de nitrógeno como el de agua aumentan la capacidad de los nanotubos de carbono en comparación con los CNTs no tratados. El dióxido de manganeso se depositó electroquímicamente mediante el método galvanostático sobre los nanotubos de carbono sin tratar y tratados con plasma. La estructura de MnO2 cambia de una estructura de “nanoflor” (inicialmente) a una en forma tipo aguja o de capa superficial en función del voltaje aplicado durante los experimentos de ciclado. Los CNTs tratados con 75 W de potencia de plasma y 10 Pa de presión de nitrógeno, y posteriormente funcionalizados con MnO2, exhiben la capacitancia específica más alta obtenida en esta tesis; 955 Fg-1 a 10 mVs-1. Este valor es aproximadamente el 87% del valor teórico para MnO2. La evolución estructural de los nanotubos de carbono durante su crecimiento asistido por agua ha sido estudiada. La longitud obtenida de los CNTs es de ~ 800 micras sobre una oblea de silicio. La transferencia de CNTs ultralargos a una cinta adhesiva de aluminio conductor se llevó a cabo utilizando una metodología novedosa que reduce la resistencia en serie del electrodo. La capacidad específica de los CNTs / Al aumenta de 87 a 148 Fg-1 para los CNTs / Al sin y con tratamiento de plasma de agua, respectivamente. Una configuración de múltiples capas (Cu/Ni/Ti/Al2O3) antes de depositar el catalizador aumenta la velocidad de crecimiento y la calidad de los CNTs. CNTs verticalmente alineados se sintetizaron sobre filtros de fibra de cuarzo para aplicaciones ambientales. Tres compuestos orgánicos volátiles clorados; tricloroetileno, cloroformo y 1,2 diclorobenceno se utilizaron para estudiar las propiedades de adsorción / desorción de CNTs / QF. Se vio que las moléculas con anillos aromáticos presentan interacciones más fuertes con los nanotubos de carbono (apilamiento de tipo pi).

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen zu Material begrenzenden Einflüssen beim Multidrahtsägen von Silicium unter Verwendung gerader und strukturierter Drähte durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von dünnen und strukturierten Drähten auf den Drahtsägeprozess von Silicium und die erzeugten Waferqualitäten zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich galt es, Grenzen und Potentiale für den Einsatz dieser Drähte im Sägeprozess aufzuzeigen und ein Modell zu entwickeln, das den Materialabtrag in Silicium für strukturierte Drähte beschreibt. Die in dieser Arbeit verfolgten Lösungsansätze beinhalten im ersten Teil der Arbeit die Durchführung von Sägeexperimenten mit einer Eindrahtsäge. Es wurden dünne Drähte mit Durchmesser ≤ 100 µm und zwei unterschiedliche Siliciumcarbid (SiC) Korngrößenverteilungen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die Normalkräfte in Vorschubrichtung variiert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Sägeexperimente mit einer Multidrahtsäge vorgestellt. Es wurden zwei unterschiedlich strukturierte Drähte mit variierten Drahtgeschwindigkeiten und Vorschüben im Vergleich zu geradem Draht untersucht. Der industrielle Einsatz dünner Drähte im Sägeprozess zur Reduzierung des Sägeverschnitts ist derzeit auf Durchmesser von 100 µm begrenzt. Die getesteten Drähte mit geringerem Durchmesser sind nicht wirtschaftlich einsetzbar, da sie zu geringe Standzeiten aufweisen und zu einer Slurryverarmung beitragen können. Es konnte eine Slurryverarmung des Schnittspalts in Silicium beobachtet werden, die um mehrere Zentimeter in den Schnittspalt ragt und dadurch den Drahtsägeprozess negativ beeinflusst, indem Sägeriefen entstehen. Die Verschleißuntersuchungen von Sägedrähten zeigen, dass eine lineare Abnahme der Drahtdurchmesserreduzierung in Abhängigkeit der akkumulierten Eingriffslänge in Silicium auftritt. Der Prozess der Durchmesserreduzierung wird maßgeblich durch die aufgebrachte Normalkraft, welche durch die Zugfestigkeit und Härte des Drahts beeinflusst wird, die Drahtgeschwindigkeit und die verwendete Korngrößenverteilung bestimmt. Es konnte durch Sägeversuche mit Drähten unterschiedlicher Hersteller gezeigt werden, dass das beobachtete Verschleißverhalten nicht einem Drahthersteller zuordenbar ist, sondern eine globalere Gültigkeit besitzt. Der industrielle Einsatz strukturierter Drähte wirkt sich positiv auf den Sägeprozess aus. Es konnten signifikant höhere Vorschübe bei ähnlichen Kräften im Vergleich zu geraden Drähten erreicht werden. Für einen Vorschub von 0,6 mm/min sind die Kraftwerte für strukturierten Draht A im Vergleich zu geradem Draht um 40% reduziert, für Draht B um 16%. Durch die Drahtstruktur wird ein größeres Slurryvolumen durch den Schnittspalt befördert, was zu einem homogeneren Materialabtrag entlang des Schnittspalts führt. Die erhöhten Vorschübe konnten sowohl für mono- wie auch für multikristallines Siliciummaterial erreicht werden. Zusätzlich wurden homogenere Waferdicken durch den Einsatz strukturierter Drähte beim Sägeprozess erzeugt. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse für strukturierte Drähte wurde ein theoretisches Modell für den Materialabtrag entwickelt, welches die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Experimente gut beschreibt
In the present work experimental analyses were carried out to investigate the material limiting influences in the multi wire sawing process of silicon while using thin and structured wires. The purpose of the work was to investigate influences on the wire sawing process and the resulting wafer qualities caused by thin and structured wires. Additionally, the purpose was to define the limits and potentials of thin and structured wires in industrial wire sawing processes and to develop a model which describes the material removal in silicon for structured wires. Experiments with two different SiC particle size distributions in combination with wire diameters of ≤ 100 µm and varying normal forces in feed direction were carried out in the first part of this work with a single wire saw. Experiments with two differently structured wires and variation of the wire speed and feed rate are shown in the second part using a multi wire saw. The actual limit for industrial sawing applications to reduce kerf loss is reached for 100 µm thin wire diameters. The tested lower wire diameters are uneconomical due to shorter durability and to aggravate slurry depletion effects. Such a depletion effect of several centimeters length which is detrimental for the wire sawing process was observed at the end of a sawing channel. The results of the experiments showed that the steel wire diameter is reduced linearly with the accumulated sawn length of silicon. The material removal process of the steel wire is significantly influenced by the normal force in feed direction and the hardness of the wire. The experiments with wires of different suppliers showed no difference in the material removal process. Therefore the abrasive wear of wires has a more global validation. The results of the experiments using differently structured wires showed that significantly lower forces in feed direction occur for a given feed rate in comparison to straight wires. The forces are reduced up to 40% for structured wire A and up to 16% for wire B for a feed rate of 0,6 mm/min. A higher slurry volume is transported due to the structure of the wire which enables a more homogeneous material removal process along the cutting channel. Higher feed rates were reached for mono- and multi crystalline silicon material. Additionally, more homogeneous wafer thicknesses were cut using structured wires

The ultimate goal of this project has been to develop a computational model for quantifying the interactions between of a body of fluid and a fibrous surface. To achieve this goal, one has to develop a model to create virtual structures that resemble the morphology of a fibrous surface (Objective-1) as well as a model that can simulate the flow of a fluid over these virtual surfaces (Objective-2). To achieve the first objective, we treated fibers as an array of beads interconnected through viscoelastic elements (springs and dampers). The uniqueness of our algorithm lies in its ability to simulate the curvature of the fibers in terms of their rigidity, fiber diameter, and fiber orientation. Moving on to Objective-2, we considered woven screens for their geometric periodicity, as a starting point. We studied how fiber diameter, fiber spacing, and contact angle can affect the skin-friction drag of a submerged hydrophobic woven screen, and how such surfaces resist against water intrusion under elevated hydro-static pressures (a requirement for providing drag reduction benefits). We also studied the impact of surface geometry and wetting properties on droplet mobility over these surfaces. Laboratory experiment was conducted at various stages throughout this investigation, and good agreement was observed between the experimental data and the results from our numerical simulation.

A ocorrência frequente de escoamentos multifásicos em tubulações tem motivado um grande interesse acadêmico nas últimas décadas. O caso particular de escoamentos líquidolíquido é geralmente encontrado na indústria do petróleo, onde uma série de aplicações envolve escoamentos óleo-água, tais como a produção de petróleo e seu transporte. No entanto, ele não tem recebido a mesma atenção quando comparado com escoamentos gás-líquido. Ainda não existe uma explicação física razoável para um número significativo de fenômenos observados em escoamento óleo-água, como o fenômeno de redução de atrito, observado em escoamento disperso, e a estrutura interfacial ondulada em escoamento estratificado. Os escoamentos trifásicos têm sido ainda menos estudados. Há técnicas de medição, desenvolvidas para escoamento gás-líquido, que supostamente são adaptáveis aos escoamentos líquido-líquido, mas várias delas ainda precisam de validação adequada. O sensor wire-mesh, um método híbrido baseado na medição de resistência ou capacitância, que combina medição local intrusiva da fração de fase e imagens tomográficas transversais, oferece uma boa resolução espacial e alta resolução temporal em comparação com outras técnicas atuais. Porém, a literatura existente em aplicações do sensor wire-mesh cobre quase apenas o escoamento gás-líquido e, até agora, não é possível avaliar o limite de viscosidade do fluido para a sua aplicação. Neste contexto, este projeto propõe o estudo de aspectos importantes da fenomenologia de escoamentos líquido-líquido e líquido-líquido-gás com o auxílio da tecnologia wire-mesh. O principal objetivo prático é a validação da técnica wire-mesh como ferramenta de referência para o desenvolvimento de instrumentação para aplicações em campos petrolíferos, com especial atenção devotada ao efeito da viscosidade do óleo sobre a confiabilidade da medição e à extensão da tecnologia para lidar com escoamentos óleo-água-gás.
The frequent occurrence of multiphase flows in pipes has motivated a great research interest over the last decades. The particular case of liquid-liquid flow is commonly encountered in the petroleum industry, where a number of applications involve oil-water flow such as crude oil production and transportation. However, it has not received the same attention when compared to gas-liquid flow. There is no reasonable physical explanation for a significant number of phenomena observed in oil-water flow, as the drag reduction phenomenon observed in dispersed flow and the interfacial wavy structure of stratified flow. Much less has been investigated when it comes to three-phase flow. Several measurement techniques that are supposed to be adaptable to liquid-liquid flow have been proposed recently, but many of them still need proper validation. The wire-mesh sensor, a hybrid impedance-based method that combines intrusive local measurement of phase fraction and tomographic cross-sectional imaging, offers good spatial resolution and high temporal resolution in comparison with other current techniques. However, the existing literature on wire-mesh sensor applications covers almost only the gas-liquid flow and, so far, it is not possible to evaluate the fluid-viscosity limit for its application. In that context, this project proposes the study of important aspects of liquidliquid and liquid-liquid-gas flow phenomenology with the aid of the wire-mesh technology. The main goal is the validation of the wire-mesh technique as a reference tool for the development of instrumentation for oilfield application, with especial attention paid to the effect of oil viscosity on measurement reliability and the extension of the technology for dealing with oil-water-gas flow.

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Capes
To evaluate the effects of soil and weather conditions in the grape, the objective this study was evaluate the influence of three soil classes (Pachic Humudeps, Typic Dystrudepts and Nitosol) and climatic factors (precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon whegrapes (Vitis vinifera L). The experiment was conducted in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina in 2011/12 and 2012/13 season. In each soil 20 points were marked, where soil samples were collected for physical and chemical analysis. At each point we collected bunches for physical and chemical analysis and physical phenolic components of the grape. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared using the "t" test. The Nitosol and the Typic Dystrudepts, due to the position in the landscape and better drainage produce grapes with the most suitable composition for the preparation of wines, while the Pahic Humudeps due to higher water availability in years with higher rainfall has the composition of the grape negatively affected. Weather the 2012/13 crop, resulted in better physical characteristics of the grape and higher productivity compared to 2011/12
Para avaliar os efeitos do solo e das condições meteorológicas na uva, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência de três classes de solos (Cambissolo Húmico, Cambissolo Háplico e Nitossolo Bruno) e os fatores climáticos (precipitação-pluviométrica, temperaturas máximas e mínimas) sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas da uva da variedade Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L). O experimento foi realizado no município de São Joaquim, Santa Catarina nas safras 2011/12 e 2012/13. Em cada classe de solo, foram demarcados 20 pontos, onde foram coletadas as amostras para as análises físicas e químicas. Em cada ponto foram coletados os cachos para determinações físicas e físico-químicas da uva. Os dados foram submetidos análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste “t”. O Nitossolo Bruno e o Cambissolo Háplico, devido à posição na paisagem e melhor drenagem produzem uvas com composição mais adequada à elaboração de vinhos, enquanto que o Cambissolo Húmico, devido ao maior armazenamento e disponibilidade de água em anos com maior volume pluviométrico tem a composição da uva afetada negativamente. As condições meteorológicas da safra 2012/13 resultaram em melhores características físicas da uva e maior produtividade em relação à safra 2011/12

This thesis treats the development of packaging and integration methods for the cost-efficient encapsulation and packaging of microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices. The packaging of MEMS devices is often more costly than the device itself, partly because the packaging can be crucial for the performance of the device. For devices which contain liquids or needs to be enclosed in a vacuum, the packaging can account for up to 80% of the total cost of the device. The first part of this thesis presents the integration scheme for an optical dye thin film NO2-gas sensor, designed using cost-efficient implementations of wafer-scale methods. This work includes design and fabrication of photonic subcomponents in addition to the main effort of integration and packaging of the dye-film. A specific proof of concept target was for NO2 monitoring in a car tunnel. The second part of this thesis deals with the wafer-scale packaging methods developed for the sensing device. The developed packaging method, based on low-temperature plastic deformation of gold sealing structures, is further demonstrated as a generic method for other hermetic liquid and vacuum packaging applications. In the developed packaging methods, the mechanically squeezed gold sealing material is both electroplated microstruc- tures and wire bonded stud bumps. The electroplated rings act like a more hermetic version of rubber sealing rings while compressed in conjunction with a cavity forming wafer bonding process. The stud bump sealing processes is on the other hand applied on completed cavities with narrow access ports, to seal either a vacuum or liquid inside the cavities at room temperature. Additionally, the resulting hermeticity of primarily the vacuum sealing methods is thoroughly investigated. Two of the sealing methods presented require permanent mechanical fixation in order to complete the packaging process. Two solutions to this problem are presented in this thesis. First, a more traditional wafer bonding method using tin-soldering is demonstrated. Second, a novel full-wafer epoxy underfill-process using a microfluidic distribution network is demonstrated using a room temperature process.

QC 20130325

L’espace sensoriel des vins secs de Riesling a été établi en utilisant diverses méthodologies d’analyse sensorielle. Cela a été possible grâce à la comparaison avec des vins blancs secs de styles différents, en particulier avec des vins blancs secs de Bordeaux montrant une caractéristique aromatique forte du Sauvignon blanc. Deux panels d’experts, l’un en France, l’autre en Allemagne ont démontré que la typicité aromatique des vins Riesling est particulièrement associée à des descripteurs fruités comme les notes d’agrume et de fruits jaunes. Des corrélations ont aussi été établies entre les données sensorielles et l’analyse quantitative des composés volatils déterminés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CG-SM). En particulier, pour la première fois, il a été possible de démontrer que les teneurs en 3 sulfanylhexan 1-ol (3SH) sont significativement corrélées avec le jugement de typicité des vins de Riesling. Ensuite, l’impact de conditions viticoles (régime hydrique de la vigne, pratique de l’effeuillage) pendant la période végétative a été mesuré vis à vis des teneurs en précurseurs d’arômes des raisins et des moûts ainsi que pour des composants aromatiques des vins. Ainsi, les concentrations en composés volatils tels que le 3SH, le linalol et le 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) dans les vins sont évidemment influencées par des facteurs viticoles. Par ailleurs, dans une démarche de caractérisation de composés de l’arôme des vins de Riesling, un composé bien connu, le trans-cinnamate d’éthyle, a été identifié comme étant susceptible d’influencer l’arôme des vins et d’être impliqué dans la perception de leur typicité aromatique. La méthodologie appliquée pour arriver à ce résultat, a intégré à la fois le fractionnement par chromatographie en phase liquide de haute performance (CLHP) en associant une approche sensorielle comparative entre les extraits de vins Riesling et ceux de vins blancs secs de Bordeaux, puis la chromatographie en phase gazeuse en deux dimensions en mode de détection par olfactométrie et spectrométrie de masse de haute résolution (2D-CG-O-HRMS). Le couplage de ces deux approches a permis de constituer des outils suffisamment pertinents pour décrypter l’arôme du Riesling. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis d’accroitre nos connaissances sur l’expression aromatique des vins de Riesling et les composés aromatiques impliqués ainsi que sur l’impact des conditions viticoles
The sensory concept of typicality of dry Riesling wines was demonstrated using different sensory analysis methodologies. This was achieved by comparison to other styles of dry white wines especially from Bordeaux, which showed strong Sauvignon blanc character. ‘Fruity’ descriptors like ‘citrus fruit’ and ‘yellow fruit’ were shown to be related to dry Riesling wines’ typicality independently by two panels of wine experts. Analysis of volatiles by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass selective detection (GC-MSD) was realised in order to link sensory data to aroma compounds’ concentrations. For the first time, concentrations of the high potent aroma compound 3 sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) were shown to correlate with typicality ratings for Riesling wines. The impact of viticultural conditions during the grape vine growing period on finished wines’ aroma was studied with respect to grape vine water status and leaf removal practices including precursor studies in berries and must. It was clearly shown that changing viticultural conditions influenced volatile aroma compounds’ concentrations in finished wines, especially for 3SH, linalool and 1,1,6 trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN). Additionally the well-known aroma compound trans-ethyl cinnamate was identified to be a possible impacting aroma compound implicated in Riesling wines’ aromatic typicality. The applied methodology using two-dimensional gas chromatography with olfactometric and high resolution mass spectrometric detection (2D-GC-O/HRMS) after a sensory guided fractionation using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a comparative approach to dry white wines from Bordeaux, showed to be a powerful tool to decrypt Riesling wines’ aroma. The totality of results allowed improving the knowledge on aromatic typicality of Riesling wines and the imparted aroma compounds and how those concentrations could be influenced by changing viticultural conditions
Das eigene sensorische Konzept der Typizität von trockenen Rieslingweinen wurde mittels unterschiedlicher sensorischer Methoden nachgewiesen. Dies wurde insbesondere durch den Vergleich mit trockenen Weißweinen anderer Stile, vornehmlich mit trockenen Weißweinen aus Bordeaux, welche eine ausgeprägte Sauvignon blanc Stilistik aufwiesen, erzielt. Es konnte mithilfe von zwei unabhängigen sensorischen Panels, bestehend aus Weinexperten, gezeigt werden, dass die aromatische Typizität von trockenen Rieslingweinen mit „fruchtigen“ Deskriptoren, wie „Zitrus“ oder „gelbe Früchte“ zusammenhängt. Die mittels Gaschromatographie, gekoppelt mit massenspektrometrischer Detektion, (GC-MSD) gemessenen Konzentrationen flüchtiger Verbindungen wurden mit den sensorischen Daten korreliert. Hierbei wurde zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass die Konzentrationen des hoch potenten Aromastoffes 3 Sulfanylhexanol (3SH) mit der wahrgenommenen Typizität von Rieslingweinen im engen Zusammenhang stehen. Der Einfluss weinbaulicher Bedingungen während der vegetativen Phase auf das Aroma von Weinen, einschließlich der Aromastoffvorstufen in Beeren und Most, wurde hinsichtlich der Wasserversorgung der Rebe und verschiedener Entblätterungspraktiken untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich ändernde weinbauliche Bedingungen die Gehalte von Aromastoffen in den Weinen beeinflussen, insbesondere die von 3SH, Linalool und 1,1,6 Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN). Zusätzlich hierzu wurde der Aromastoff trans-Zimtsäureethylester als möglicher beteiligter Aromastoff in der Wahrnehmung der aromatischen Typizität in Rieslingweinen identifiziert. Der hierzu angewandte vergleichende Ansatz mit trockenen Weißweinen aus Bordeaux unter Verwendung einer sensorisch geleiteten Fraktionierung mittels Hochdruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie (HPLC) und anschließender zweidimensionalen Gaschromatographie gekoppelt mit olfaktorischer und hochauflösender massenspektrometrischer Detektion erwies sich als sehr gut geeignetes Werkzeug zur Dechiffrierung des Aromas von Rieslingweinen. Die Gesamtheit der Ergebnisse ermöglichte es das Wissen über die aromatische Typizität von Rieslingweinen und die beteiligten Aromastoffe zu erweitern, und einen Einblick zu bekommen wie diese Konzentrationen durch weinbauliche Faktoren beeinflusst werden

This master's thesis is concerned about embedded system for automatic water renewal in aquariums. Besides water renewal system also controls lights and ventilation in aquarium fish breeding station. In this report you will find informtions about technology relevant to automation of aquarium fish breeding station. Also you will find here informations about design and implementation of my specific final working solution.

The test facility ROCOM (Rossendorf Coolant Mixing Model) has been built for the investigation of coolant mixing processes in the reactor pressure vessel of pressurised water reactors (PWR). ROCOM is a 1:5 model of the German PWR KONVOI and has been designed for a wide range of different mixing scenarios. ROCOM disposes of four loops with fully controllable coolant pumps. The test facility is operated with demineralised water. For the investigation of mixing, tracer solution (water labelled with salt) is injected into the facility. The transient distribution of the electrical conductivity is is measured at different positions of the flow path by means of wire-mesh sensor technique with high resolution in space and time. The measured conductivity is transformed into a dimensionless mixing scalar. The mixing at quasi-stationary conditions (constant loop mass flow rates) has been investigated in the presented experiments. That concerned nominal operation conditions, the operation with a reduced number of loops and the investigation of cold-water transients with running pumps and conditions of developed natural circulation. In special experimental series, the reproducibility of the results at identicla boundary conditions within the confidence intervalls has been shown. Further, the influence of various factors on the mixing has been investigated. This included the pressure losses at the core bottom plate, the global coolant flow level and the influence of the loop flow rate on the perturbed sector at the core inlet. An analysis of the measurement error of the used measurement technique completes the report.

The test facility ROCOM (Rossendorf Coolant Mixing Model) has been built for the investigation of coolant mixing processes in the reactor pressure vessel of pressurised water reactors (PWR). ROCOM is a 1:5 model of the German PWR KONVOI and has been designed for a wide range of different mixing scenarios. ROCOM disposes of four loops with fully controllable coolant pumps. The test facility is operated with demineralised water. For the investigation of mixing, tracer solution (water labelled with salt) is injected into the facility. The transient distribution of the electrical conductivity is is measured at different positions of the flow path by means of wire-mesh sensor technique with high resolution in space and time. The measured conductivity is transformed into a dimensionless mixing scalar. The mixing at quasi-stationary conditions (constant loop mass flow rates) has been investigated in the presented experiments. That concerned nominal operation conditions, the operation with a reduced number of loops and the investigation of cold-water transients with running pumps and conditions of developed natural circulation. In special experimental series, the reproducibility of the results at identicla boundary conditions within the confidence intervalls has been shown. Further, the influence of various factors on the mixing has been investigated. This included the pressure losses at the core bottom plate, the global coolant flow level and the influence of the loop flow rate on the perturbed sector at the core inlet. An analysis of the measurement error of the used measurement technique completes the report.

This thesis presents a design technology of forming a shaped lid focused on cutting, bending, drawing, as well as trimming and making the required holes. There is described several basic variants of sheet metal forming based on the literature. Production of holes of specified cover, for an annual production of 100 pieces of shaped lid, is solved by unconventional technologies. From subsequent economic evaluation of selected technologies is chosen an appropriate technology to minimize production costs.

The diploma thesis is focused on the use of technical innovation as a tool for increasing competitiveness of the wire saw for cutting silicon. In the paper are described theoretical bases for solving of product innovation. Based on market analysis, customer feedback and the results of functional analysis, in the diploma thesis are proposed innovations, which should contribute to increase competitiveness of the product on the global market.

Bei der Fertigung von Siliziumwafern durch Zerteilen eines Siliziumblockes kommt das Drahttrennläppverfahren zur Anwendung. Es wird eine Erregereinheit entwickelt, die den Siliziumblock während des Schneidprozesses zu Schwingungen anregt. Die Verwendung von Piezoaktoren ermöglicht mehrachsige Schwingungen mit variabler Frequenz und Amplitude. Wesentliche Bestandteile der Arbeit sind experimentelle Untersuchungen an den Aktoren und der gesamten Erregereinheit sowie die Modellierung des Gesamtsystems mit Hilfe linearer Einzelmodelle. Es zeigt sich, dass die Aktoren bei dynamischen Anwendungen linear beschrieben werden können, während das Gesamtmodell besonders in den Resonanzbereichen aufgrund montagebedingter Einflüsse Schwächen aufweist. Abschließend wird der Einfluss der Schwingungsanregung beim Drahtsägen untersucht. Aus den Versuchen geht hervor, dass im getesteten Frequenz- und Amplitudenbereich sowohl hohe Erregerfrequenzen als auch –amplituden geringere Schnittkräfte zur Folge haben.

This study deals with unconventional materials cutting technology with a fo-cus on abrasive water jet cutting and CO2 laser. The thesis is divided into theoretical and experimental section. The theoretical part describes principles and functions of nonconventional technologies, the basic division and practical applications. The practical part is focused on choosing the best technology with the production of samples and their subsequent comparison. The thesis recommends producer and type of the machine which best meets requirements on basis of the test results.

This thesis presents methods for fabricating MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) actuators and high-flow gas microvalves using wafer-level integration of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) in the form of wires and sheets. The work output per volume of SMA actuators exceeds that of other microactuation mechanisms, such as electrostatic, magnetic and piezoelectric actuation, by more than an order of magnitude, making SMA actuators highly promising for applications requiring high forces and large displacements. The use of SMAs in MEMS has so far been limited, partially due to a lack of cost efficient and reliable wafer-level integration approaches. This thesis presents new methods for wafer-level integration of nickel-titanium SMA sheets and wires. For SMA sheets, a technique for the integration of patterned SMA sheets to silicon wafers using gold-silicon eutectic bonding is demonstrated. A method for selective release of gold-silicon eutectically bonded microstructures by localized electrochemical etching, is also presented. For SMA wires, alignment and placement of NiTi wires is demonstrated forboth a manual approach, using specially built wire frame tools, and a semiautomatic approach, using a commercially available wire bonder. Methods for fixing wires to wafers using either polymers, nickel electroplating or mechanical silicon clamps are also shown. Nickel electroplating offers the most promising permanent fixing technique, since both a strong mechanical and good electrical connection to the wire is achieved during the same process step. Resistively heated microactuators are also fabricated by integrating prestrained SMA wires onto silicon cantilevers. These microactuators exhibit displacements that are among the highest yet reported. The actuators also feature a relatively low power consumption and high reliability during longterm cycling. New designs for gas microvalves are presented and valves using both SMA sheets and SMA wires for actuation are fabricated. The SMA-sheet microvalve exhibits a pneumatic performance per footprint area, three times higher than that of previous microvalves. The SMA-wire-actuated microvalve also allows control of high gas flows and in addition, offers benefits of lowvoltage actuation and low overall power consumption.
QC 20120514

The development of micro and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) with entirely new or improved functionalities is typically based on novel or improved designs, materials and fabrication methods. However, today’s micro- and nano-fabrication is restrained by manufacturing paradigms that have been established by the integrated circuit (IC) industry over the past few decades. The exclusive use of IC manufacturing technologies leads to limited material choices, limited design flexibility and consequently to sub-optimal MEMS and NEMS devices. The work presented in this thesis breaks new ground with a multitude of novel approaches for the integration of non-standard materials that enable the fabrication of 3D micro and nanoelectromechanical systems. The objective of this thesis is to highlight methods that make use of non-standard materials with superior characteristics or methods that use standard materials and fabrication techniques in a novel context. The overall goal is to propose suitable and cost-efficient fabrication and integration methods, which can easily be made available to the industry. The first part of the thesis deals with the integration of bulk wire materials. A novel approach for the integration of at least partly ferromagnetic bulk wire materials has been implemented for the fabrication of high aspect ratio through silicon vias. Standard wire bonding technology, a very mature back-end technology, has been adapted for yet another through silicon via fabrication method and applications including liquid and vacuum packaging as well as microactuators based on shape memory alloy wires. As this thesis reveals, wire bonding, as a versatile and highly efficient technology, can be utilized for applications far beyond traditional interconnections in electronics packaging. The second part presents two approaches for the 3D heterogeneous integration based on layer transfer. Highly efficient monocrystalline silicon/ germanium is integrated on wafer-level for the fabrication of uncooled thermal image sensors and monolayer-graphene is integrated on chip-level for the use in diaphragm-based pressure sensors. The last part introduces a novel additive fabrication method for layer-bylayer printing of 3D silicon micro- and nano-structures. This method combines existing technologies, including focused ion beam implantation and chemical vapor deposition of silicon, in order to establish a high-resolution fabrication process that is related to popular 3D printing techniques.

QC 20121207

Dans le cadre de la conservation et de la réhabilitation des bâtis anciens, les matériaux utilisés pour leur construction doivent être caractérisés vis-à-vis de leurs propriétés de transferts thermiques et hydriques. La première étape du travail de recherche a concerné la mise au point d'un capteur de conductivité thermique et de teneur en eau des matériaux inorganiques poreux (pierres, bétons, enduits) constitutifs des monuments. Les méthodes d’investigation doivent rester non intrusives. Dans cet objectif, la voie suivie a été d'adapter la mesure de conductivité thermique par une méthode simplifiée du fil chaud, précédemment développée pour les fluides corrosifs, aux pierres de taille utilisées dans le bâti ancien. Afin de transférer cette technologie des fluides vers les solides, plusieurs étapes ont été effectuées : (1) des mesures avec le fil intégré, (2) des mesures de surface, (3) estimation de l'influence de la rugosité de la surface et (4) utilisation de la méthode pour l'estimation de la teneur en eau des matériaux tests.La seconde étape de la recherche a consisté en deux suivis microclimatiques effectués sur deux sites historiques : l'Hypogée des Dunes et l'abbatiale de Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe. Le travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer l'impact des travaux effectués sur les conditions climatiques dans l'hypogée, et à déterminer l’influence des variations climatiques sur la formation d'un voile biologique dans la crypte de Saint-Savin. Pour ce faire, l'analyse corrélatoire est appliquée au traitement des donnés climatiques
In the framework of preservation and rehabilitation of ancient buildings, materials used for their construction must be characterized with regards to thermal and hydric transfer properties. The first stage of our research work focused on the development of a sensor of thermal conductivity and moisture content of the inorganic porous materials (stone, concrete, render) making up the monuments. The methods of investigation have to remain non-invasive. For this purpose, the path followed was to adapt the measure of thermal conductivity by a simplified transient hot-wire method, previously developed for corrosive fluids, to dressed stones used in built heritage. In order to transfer this technology from fluids to the solids, several stages were carried out : (1) measures with the integrated wire, (2) surface measures, (3) estimation of the influence of surface roughness and (4) use of this method to estimate the moisture content of several test materials.The second stage of the research consisted in the microclimatic monitoring of two historical sites: the Hypogeum of the Dunes in Poitiers and the crypt of the abbey church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe. The thesis work sought to evaluate the impact of construction work performed in the Hypogeum on the internal climatic conditions, and to determine the influence of climatic variations on the formation of a biological veil in the crypt of Saint-Savin. To this aim, correlative analysis is applied to the treatment of climatic data

La diminution des dimensions critiques dans l'industrie du semi-conducteur requiert l'utilisation de nouveaux matériaux fragiles qui dégradent la résistance mécanique des puces. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux étapes précédant la mise en boîtier, à savoir les tests paramétriques qui permettent de vérifier la fonctionnalité électrique de la puce, et les assemblages tels la connexion filaire qui ont pour but d'établir les connexions avec le boîtier. Durant ces opérations, des défaillances mécaniques sont observées dans les interconnexions situées sous le pad. Des techniques expérimentales (par ex : FIB/MEB) sont mises en œuvre une fois les tests ou les assemblages avec des fils d'or et de cuivre réalisés afin de mieux comprendre les raisons d'apparition de ces défaillances ainsi que leur localisation. Des plans d'expériences sont mis en place pour évaluer l'influence des divers paramètres de tests et d'assemblage et également celle des architectures de pad. En parallèle, une nouvelle méthode d'analyse basée sur la nanoindentation est utilisée pour comparer la robustesse mécanique de divers plots de connexion. D'autre part, plusieurs modèles éléments finis complexes, prenant en compte la gestion du contact entre la pointe de test et le pad ainsi que les effets inertiels associés, sont développés dans le but de reproduire les conditions de chargement sur les pads. Finalement, un ensemble d'outils adaptés à l'étude et l'optimisation des architectures de pad, dans une optique industrielle, est présenté de même que des règles de dessin permettant d'accompagner le développement technologique.

Les performances, l’encombrement, l’efficacité et la fiabilité des dispositifs sont parmi les enjeux majeurs de l’électronique de puissance. Ils se traduisent sur la conception, la fabrication et le packaging des semiconducteurs. Aujourd’hui, le packaging 3D apporte des réponses concrètes à ces problématiques en regard de l’approche standard (2D). Malgré les excellentes propriétés de ces modules 3D au niveau de la réduction de la signature CEM et du refroidissement, la réalisation, notamment les interconnexions, est complexe. Une approche globale prenant en compte un maximum de paramètres a été développée dans cette thèse. L’ensemble de ce travail s’appuie sur deux propositions que sont la conception couplée entre les composants et le packaging ainsi qu’une fabrication collective à l’échelle de la plaque des modules de puissance. Elles se combinent par la mise en place d’une filière d’étapes technologiques appuyée sur une boite à outils de procédés génériques. Cette approche est concrétisée par la réalisation d’un module de puissance 3D performant et robuste adressant des convertisseurs polyphasés avec des gains aussi bien sur les procédés de fabrication que le module lui-même ainsi que sur le système final.Ce travail offre une nouvelle vision alternative pour l’élaboration des modules électroniques de puissance. Il ouvre également des opportunités pour une fabrication et un packaging plus performants pour les nouveaux semiconducteurs grand gap
Performances, efficiency and reliability are among the main issues in power electronics. Nowadays, 3D packaging solutions increase standard planar module (2D) performances, for instance EMC. However such integrations are based on complex manufacturing, especially concerning interconnections. Improvements require global and advanced solutions. This work depends on two proposed concepts: a coupled design of the power devices and their associated package and a collective wafer-level process fabrication. A technological offer is proposed based on an innovative power packaging toolbox. Our approach is materialized by the fabrication of a 3D polyphase power module which proved to be more efficient and reliable. The benefits are more precise process manufacturing, lower EMI generation and lower inductive interconnections.As a matter of fact, this work offers a new and advanced technological integration for future power electronics modules, perfectly suitable for the wide bandgap semiconductors

Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Aufgabe makroskopische Berechnungsmodelle zur Beschreibung des Drahtsägens zu erarbeiten. Ziel ist es, die wesentlichen Effekte abzubilden und den Einfluss von Prozessparametern auf die Dynamik des Systems zu bestimmen. Ein zentraler Punkt ist die Modellierung des bewegten Sägedrahtes. Durch die dem Kontinuum an den Auflagern aufgeprägte Führungsbewegung sind einerseits die Randbedingungen und andererseits ortsfest auf den Draht wirkende Lasten nichtmateriell. Die korrekte kinematische Beschreibung dieses Sachverhaltes ist essentielle Grundlage für die spätere Anwendung des Prinzips von HAMILTON. Durch die Führungsbewegung, die Formulierung der Kontaktkräfte als Folgelasten und durch explizit zeitabhängige Systemparameter ergibt sich ein kompliziertes Systemverhalten. Die dargestellten Berechnungsergebnisse umfassen Studien zu stationären Lagen, die Berechnung von Eigenfrequenzen, Stabilitätsnachweise des dynamischen Grundzustandes, die Bestimmung von Zeitlösungen und die Simulation des Materialabtrages beim Einschnitt
The aim of the present thesis is to generate macroscopic models to describe the wire sawing process. The principal purpose is to illustrate basic effects and to investigate the influence of important process parameters relating to the dynamics of the system. A fundamental point is the modeling of the moving wire. Because of the axially movement of the continuum the boundary conditions and spatial acting loads are non-material. The precise kinematical description of this issue is the pre-condition for the correct evaluation of HAMILTON’s principle to characterize the dynamics of the system. The resultant complex system behavior is a consequence of the movement of the wire, of the formulation of the contact forces as follower loads and of explicitly time-dependent model parameters. The results of research contain studies of steady state equilibrium solutions and the proof of their LJAPUNOW stability, the calculation of eigenfrequencies, steady state time solutions under harmonically oscillating contact forces and the simulation of the material removal during the cutting process

The diploma thesis deals with construction technological project of department store in Mohelnice town – hypermarket Kaufland. It compiles in detail the most optimal proposal of technological construction process, working machinery, traffic proposal for transport, construction site equipment, schedule of work, inspection and test plan, safety of work, environment, and finally costing including bill of quantities etc. The thesis deals specifically main building object SO04, object of hypermarket, which is consisted of prefabricated reinforced concrete skeleton of single-storey building. I focus primarily on realization of gross building.

This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent of the construction permit. The theoretical part is linked with the practical part through the condensation boilers, their function and division, and drainage of combustion products. The experiment for the given topic was conducted on the drainage of combustion products. The pressure loss of the reverse knob was determined in relation to the flow rate of air in the condensation boilers as this loss is essential in assessing the drainage of combustion products.

The study of synthetic peptides aid in improving our current understanding of the fundamental principles for the de novo design of functional proteins. The investigation of designed peptides has been instrumental in providing answers to many questions ranging from the conformational preferences of amino acids to the compact folded structures and also in developing tools for understanding the growth and formation of the protein secondary structures (helices, sheets and turns). In addition, the self-assembly of peptides through non-covalent interactions is also an emerging area of growing interest. The design of peptides which can mimic the protein secondary structures relies on the use of stereochemically constrained amino acid residues at select positions in the linear peptide sequences, leading to the construction of protein secondary structural modules like helices, hairpins and turns. The use of non-coded amino acid residues with strict preferences for adopting particular conformations in the conformational space becomes the most crucial step in peptide design strategies. In addition the crystallographic characterization and analysis of the sequences provides the necessary optimization of the design strategies. The crystallographic characterization of designed peptides provides a definitive and conclusive proof of the success of a design strategy. Furthermore, the X-ray structures provide an atomic view of the interactions, both strong and weak, which govern the growth of the crystal. The information on the geometric parameters and stereochemical properties of a series of peptides, through a systematic study, provides the necessary basis for further scientific investigation, like the molecular dynamics and can also aid in improving the force field parameters meant for carrying out molecular simulations. This can be further complemented by constructing biologically active peptide sequences. The focus of this thesis is to characterize crystallographically the conformational and structural aspects of peptide nanotubes and encapsulated water wires and the β-hairpin peptide models of β-sheets. The systematic study of a series of pentapeptide and octapeptide sequences, containing Aib and D-amino acid residues incorporated at strategic positions, establish the conformation and structural properties of designed peptides as mimics of protein secondary structures and hydrophobic tubular peptide channels and close-packed forms. The structures reported in this thesis are given below: 1 Boc-DPro-Aib-Leu-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUL5) C30H53N5O8 2 Boc-DPro-Aib-Val-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUV5a) C29H51N5O8 .(0.5) H2O 3 Boc-DPro-Aib-Val-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUV5b) C27H51N5O8 .(0.17) H2O 4 Boc-DPro-Aib-Ala-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUA5) C27H47N5O8 5 Boc-DPro-Aib-Phe-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUF5) C33H48N5O8 6 Boc-Pro-Aib-DLeu-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDL5) C30H53N5O8 7 Boc-Pro-Aib-DVal-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDV5a) C27H51N5O8 .(0.17) H2O 8 Boc-Pro-Aib-DVal-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDV5b) C27H51N5O8 . 2H2O 9 Boc-Pro-Aib-DAla-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDA5) C27H47N5O8 10 Boc-Pro-Aib-DPhe-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDF5) C33H48N5O8 11 Ac-Phe-Pro-Trp-OMe (FPW) C28H32N4O5.(0.33)H2O 12 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPLP8) C56H84N8O1 1 .(0.5) H2O 13 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (YDPP8) C56H83N8O12 .(1.5) H2O 14 Boc-Leu-Val-Val-DPro-ψPro-Leu-Val-Val-OMe (PSIP8) C56H84N8O11S1 .(1.5) H2O 15 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPPV8) C48H84N8O11 16 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Aib-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPUF8) C57H88N8O11.(1.5) H2O 17 Piv-Pro-ψH,CH3Pro-NHMe (PSPL3) C22H37N3O5S1 18 Boc-Leu-Val-Val-Aib-DPro-Leu-Val-Val-OMe (UDPV8) C47H84N8O11.2(C3H7NO) 19 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (BH1P8) C54H78N8O11.H2O 20 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Aib-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPUFP8) C55H84N8O11. (0.5) H2O 21 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (YDPPP8) C56H83N8O12. (1.5) H2O The crystal structure determination of the peptides presented in this thesis provides a wealth of information on the folding patterns of the sequences, in addition to the characterization of many structural and geometric properties. In particular, the study sheds light on the growth and formation of peptide nanotubes and the structure of encapsulated water wires, and also the structural details of Type I′ and Type II′β-turn nucleated hairpins. The study provides the backbone and side chain conformational parameters of the sequences, highlighting the varied conformational excursions possible in the peptide molecules. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters and one appendix. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the stereochemistry of the polypeptide chain, description of backbone torsion angles of α-amino acid residues and the major secondary structures of α-peptides, namely α-helix, β-sheet and β-turns. The basic structural features of helices and sheets are given. A brief introduction to polymorphism and weak interactions is also presented, followed by a discussion on X-ray diffraction and solution to the phase problem. Chapter 2 is divided into two parts. PART 1 describes the crystal structures of a series of eight related enantiomeric peptide sequences (Raghavender et al., 2009; Raghavender et al., 2010). The crystal structures of four sequences with the general formula Boc-DPro-Aib-Xxx-Aib-Val-OMe (Xxx = Ala/Val/Leu/Phe) and the enantiomeric sequences provided a set of crystal structures withdifferent packing arrangements. The structure of the peptide with Xxx = Leu revealed a nanotube formation with the Leu lining the inner walls of channel. The channels were found to be empty. The sequence with Xxx = Val revealed a solvent-filled water channel.Investigation of the water wire structures on the diffraction data collected on the same crystal over a period of time revealed the existence of two different kinds of water wires in thechannels. Comparison with the peptide tubular structures available in the literature and the water structure inside the aquaporin channels are contrasted. Close-packed structures are observed in the case of Xxx=Ala and Phe. The backbone conformations are essentially identical. Enantiomeric sequences also revealed similar structures. Polymorphic forms were observed in the case of DVal(3) containing sequence. One form is observed to have water-filled channels forming a nanotube, as opposed to the close-packed structure in the polymorphic form. Crystal parameters DPUL5: C30H53N5O8; P65; a = b = 24.3673 (9) Å, c = 10.6844 (13) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0671, wR2 = 0.1446. DPUV5a: C29H51N5O8 .(0.5) H2O; P65; a = b = 24.2920 (13) Å, c = 10.4838 (11) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0554, wR2 = 0.1546. DPUV5b: C29H51N5O8 .(0.17) H2O; P65; a = b = 24.3161 (3) Å, c = 10.1805 (1) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0617, wR2 = 0.1844. DPUA5: C27H47N5O8; P212121; a = 12.2403 (8), b = 15.7531 (11) Å, c = 16.6894 (11) Å; Z =4; R = 0.0439, wR2 = 0.1249. DPUF5: C33H48N5O8; P212121; a = 10.3268 (8), b = 18.7549 (15) Å, c = 18.9682 (16) Å; Z = 4; R = 0.0472, wR2 = 0.1325. PUDL5: C30H53N5O8; P61; a = b = 24.4102 (8) Å, c = 10.6627 (7) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0543, wR2 = 0.1495. PUDV5a: C29H51N5O8 .(0.17)H2O; P61; a = b = 24.3645 (14) Å, c = 10.4875 (14) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0745, wR2 = 0.1810. PUDV5b: C29H51N5O8. 2H2O; C2; a = 20.7278 (35), b = 9.1079 (15) Å, c = 19.5728 (33) Å; α = γ = 90°, β = 94.207°; Z = 6; R = 0.0659, wR2 = 0.1755. PUDA5: C27H47N5O8; P212121; a = 12.2528 (12), b = 15.7498 (16) Å, c = 16.6866 (16) Å; Z = 4; R = 0.0473, wR2 = 0.1278. PUDF5: C33H48N5O8; P212121; a = 10.3354 (8), b = 18.7733 (10) Å, c = 18.9820 (10) Å; Z = 4; R = 0.0510, wR2 = 0.1526. PART 2 describes the crystallographic characterization of the tubular structure in a tripeptide Ac-Phe-Pro-Trp-OMe (FPW) sequence. The arrangement of the single-file water moleculesin the peptide nanotubes of FPW could be established by X-ray diffraction. In addition, the energetically favoured arrangement of the water wire inside the peptide channels could be modeled by understanding the construction of the peptide nanotube. In particular, the helicalmacrodipole of the peptide nanotube and the water wire dipoles prefer an antiparallel arrangement inside the peptide channels as opposed to parallel arrangements, is established by the classical dipole-dipole interaction energy calculation. In addition, the growth of thenanotubes and the arrangement of the water wires inside the channels could be correlated to the macroscopic dimensions of the crystal by the indexing of the crystal faces and contrasted with the structure of DPUV5. Crystal parameters FPW: C28H32N4O5.(0.33)H2O; P65; a = b = 21.5674 (3) Å, c = 10.1035 (2) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120 °; Z = 6; R = 0.0786, wR2 = 0.1771 Chapter 3 provides the crystal structures of five octapeptide β-hairpin forming sequences and a tripeptide containing a modified amino acid, with modification in the side chain (pseudo-proline, ψH,CH3Pro). The parent peptide, Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPLP8), was observed to form a strong Type II′β-turn at the DPro-Pro segment, and the strand segments adopting a β-sheet conformation. Two molecules were observed in the asymmetric unit, inclined to each other at approximately 70°. Modification in the strand sequence Phe(2) to Tyr(2) also resulted in a hairpin with identical conformation and similar packing arrangement. The difference was in the solvent content. In both the cases the molecules were packed orthogonal with respect to each other, resulting in the formation of ribbon-like structures in three dimensions. The replacement of Phe(2) and Phe(7) with Valine residues, with the retention of DPro-Pro β-turn segment, results in an entiely different packing arrangement (parallel). Modification of Pro(5) residue of the turn segment to Aib(5) and ψPro, also results in the molecules packing orthogonally to each other. The tripeptide with a modified form of ψPro, namely ψH,CH3Pro, resulted in a folded structure with a Type VIa β-turn, with the amide bond between the Pro-ψH,CH3Pro segment adopting a cis configuration (Kantharaju et al., 2009). Crystal parameters DPLP8: C56H84N8O11 .(0.5) H2O; P21; a = 14.4028 (8), b = 18.9623 (11) Å, c = 25.4903 (17) Å, β = 105.674 ° (4); Z = 4; R = 0.0959, wR2 = 0.2251. YDPP8: C56H84N8O12 .(1.5) H2O; P212121; a = 14.4028 (8), b = 18.9623 (11) Å, c = 25.4903 (17) Å, Z = 8; R = 0.0989, wR2 = 0.2064. PSIP8: C57H86N8O11S1.(1.5) H2O; C2; a = 34.6080 (2), b = 15.3179 (10) Å, c = 25.6025 (15) Å, β = 103.593 ° (3); Z = 4; R = 0.0931, wR2 = 0.2259. DPPV8: C48H84N8O11; P1; a = 9.922 (3), b = 11.229 (4) Å, c = 26.423 (9) Å, α = 87.146 (6), β = 89.440° (6), γ = 73.282 (7); Z = 2; R = 0.1058, wR2 = 0.2354. DPUF8: C57H88N8O11 .(1.5) H2O; P21; a = 18.410 (2), b = 23.220 (3) Å, c = 19.240 (3) Å, β = 118.036 ° (4); Z = 4; R = 0.1012, wR2 = 0.2061. PSPL3: C22H37N3O5S1; P31; a = b = 14.6323 (22), c = 10.4359 (22) Å, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 3; R = 0.0597, wR2 = 0.1590. Chapter 4 describes the crystal structure and molecular conformation of Type I′β-turn nucleated hairpin. The incorporation of Aib-DPro segment in the middle of Leu-Val-Val strands in the peptide sequence Boc-Leu-Val-Val-Aib-DPro-Leu-Val-Val-OMe results in an obligatory Type I′ turn containing hairpin. The molecular conformation and the packing arrangement of the molecules in the crystal are contrasted with the only Type I′β-hairpin reported in the literature and with a sequence where the turn residues are flipped and strand residues replaced with Phe(2) and Phe(7). Crystal parameters UDPV8: C47H84N8O11.2(C3H7NO); P21; a = 11.0623 (53), b = 18.7635 (89) Å, c = 16.6426 (80) Å, β = 102.369 (8); Z = 2; R = 0.0947, wR2 = 0.1730. Chapter 5 provides the crystal structures of three polymorphic forms of β-hairpins. The structure of BH1P8 provides new insights into the packing of hairpins inclined orthogonally to each other. The two polymorphic forms differ not only in their modes of packing in crystals but also in the strong and weak interactions stabilizing the packing arrangements. The polymorphic forms of DPUFP8 differ only in the content of the solvent in the asymmetric unit and the role it plays in bridging the symmetry related pairs of molecules. The polymorphic form YDPPP8 crystallized in a completely different space group, revealing a completely different mode of packing and also the cocrystallized solvent participating in a different set of interactions. Crystal parameters BH1P8: C54H78N8O11.H2O; P212121; a = 18.7511 (9), b = 23.3396 (11) Å, c = 28.1926 (13)Å; Z = 8; R = 0.1208, wR2 = 0.2898. DPUFP8: C55H84N8O11. (0.5) H2O; P21; a = 18.0950 (4), b = 23.0316 (5) Å, c = 18.6368 (5) Å, β = 117.471 (2); Z = 4; R = 0.0915, wR2 = 0.2096. YDPPP8: C56H83N8O12. (1.5) H2O; P21; a = 14.3184 (8), b = 18.9924 (9) Å, c = 25.1569 (14) Å, β = 105.590 (4); Z = 4; R = 0.1249, wR2 = 0.2929. Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive overview of the β-hairpin peptide crystal structures published in the literature as well as those included in the thesis. The hairpins are classified based on the residues composing the β-strands and the mode of their packing in the crystals. In the crystal structures the hairpins are observed to adopt either a Type II′ or Type I′β-turns. The indexing of the crystal faces of a few representative hairpin peptides crystallographically characterized in this thesis, provides a rational explanation for the preferential growth of the crystals in certain directions, when correlated with the strong directional forces (hydrogen bonding) and weak interactions (van der Waals, aromatic-aromatic) observed in the crystal packing. The insights gained by these studies would be highly valuable in understanding the nucleation and growth of β-hairpin peptides and the formation of β-sheet structures. Appendix I describes the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) analysis of the conformational preferences of the proline residues found in the peptide crystal structures. The frequency distributions of the backbone φ, ψ and ω and side chain χ1, χ2, χ3, χ4 and θ torsion angles of the proline residues are calculated, tabulated and represented as graphical plots. The correlation between the backbone and endocyclic torsion angles provides for a clear evidence of the role of a particular torsion variable χ2 in deciding the state of puckering. In addition, the endocyclic bond angles also appear to be correlated, relatively strongly, with the χ2 torsion. This provides a geometrical explanation of the factors governing the puckering of the proline ring.

The study of synthetic peptides aid in improving our current understanding of the fundamental principles for the de novo design of functional proteins. The investigation of designed peptides has been instrumental in providing answers to many questions ranging from the conformational preferences of amino acids to the compact folded structures and also in developing tools for understanding the growth and formation of the protein secondary structures (helices, sheets and turns). In addition, the self-assembly of peptides through non-covalent interactions is also an emerging area of growing interest. The design of peptides which can mimic the protein secondary structures relies on the use of stereochemically constrained amino acid residues at select positions in the linear peptide sequences, leading to the construction of protein secondary structural modules like helices, hairpins and turns. The use of non-coded amino acid residues with strict preferences for adopting particular conformations in the conformational space becomes the most crucial step in peptide design strategies. In addition the crystallographic characterization and analysis of the sequences provides the necessary optimization of the design strategies. The crystallographic characterization of designed peptides provides a definitive and conclusive proof of the success of a design strategy. Furthermore, the X-ray structures provide an atomic view of the interactions, both strong and weak, which govern the growth of the crystal. The information on the geometric parameters and stereochemical properties of a series of peptides, through a systematic study, provides the necessary basis for further scientific investigation, like the molecular dynamics and can also aid in improving the force field parameters meant for carrying out molecular simulations. This can be further complemented by constructing biologically active peptide sequences. The focus of this thesis is to characterize crystallographically the conformational and structural aspects of peptide nanotubes and encapsulated water wires and the β-hairpin peptide models of β-sheets. The systematic study of a series of pentapeptide and octapeptide sequences, containing Aib and D-amino acid residues incorporated at strategic positions, establish the conformation and structural properties of designed peptides as mimics of protein secondary structures and hydrophobic tubular peptide channels and close-packed forms. The structures reported in this thesis are given below: 1 Boc-DPro-Aib-Leu-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUL5) C30H53N5O8 2 Boc-DPro-Aib-Val-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUV5a) C29H51N5O8 .(0.5) H2O 3 Boc-DPro-Aib-Val-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUV5b) C27H51N5O8 .(0.17) H2O 4 Boc-DPro-Aib-Ala-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUA5) C27H47N5O8 5 Boc-DPro-Aib-Phe-Aib-Val-OMe (DPUF5) C33H48N5O8 6 Boc-Pro-Aib-DLeu-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDL5) C30H53N5O8 7 Boc-Pro-Aib-DVal-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDV5a) C27H51N5O8 .(0.17) H2O 8 Boc-Pro-Aib-DVal-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDV5b) C27H51N5O8 . 2H2O 9 Boc-Pro-Aib-DAla-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDA5) C27H47N5O8 10 Boc-Pro-Aib-DPhe-Aib-DVal-OMe (PUDF5) C33H48N5O8 11 Ac-Phe-Pro-Trp-OMe (FPW) C28H32N4O5.(0.33)H2O 12 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPLP8) C56H84N8O1 1 .(0.5) H2O 13 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (YDPP8) C56H83N8O12 .(1.5) H2O 14 Boc-Leu-Val-Val-DPro-ψPro-Leu-Val-Val-OMe (PSIP8) C56H84N8O11S1 .(1.5) H2O 15 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPPV8) C48H84N8O11 16 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Aib-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPUF8) C57H88N8O11.(1.5) H2O 17 Piv-Pro-ψH,CH3Pro-NHMe (PSPL3) C22H37N3O5S1 18 Boc-Leu-Val-Val-Aib-DPro-Leu-Val-Val-OMe (UDPV8) C47H84N8O11.2(C3H7NO) 19 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (BH1P8) C54H78N8O11.H2O 20 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Aib-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPUFP8) C55H84N8O11. (0.5) H2O 21 Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (YDPPP8) C56H83N8O12. (1.5) H2O The crystal structure determination of the peptides presented in this thesis provides a wealth of information on the folding patterns of the sequences, in addition to the characterization of many structural and geometric properties. In particular, the study sheds light on the growth and formation of peptide nanotubes and the structure of encapsulated water wires, and also the structural details of Type I′ and Type II′β-turn nucleated hairpins. The study provides the backbone and side chain conformational parameters of the sequences, highlighting the varied conformational excursions possible in the peptide molecules. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters and one appendix. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the stereochemistry of the polypeptide chain, description of backbone torsion angles of α-amino acid residues and the major secondary structures of α-peptides, namely α-helix, β-sheet and β-turns. The basic structural features of helices and sheets are given. A brief introduction to polymorphism and weak interactions is also presented, followed by a discussion on X-ray diffraction and solution to the phase problem. Chapter 2 is divided into two parts. PART 1 describes the crystal structures of a series of eight related enantiomeric peptide sequences (Raghavender et al., 2009; Raghavender et al., 2010). The crystal structures of four sequences with the general formula Boc-DPro-Aib-Xxx-Aib-Val-OMe (Xxx = Ala/Val/Leu/Phe) and the enantiomeric sequences provided a set of crystal structures withdifferent packing arrangements. The structure of the peptide with Xxx = Leu revealed a nanotube formation with the Leu lining the inner walls of channel. The channels were found to be empty. The sequence with Xxx = Val revealed a solvent-filled water channel.Investigation of the water wire structures on the diffraction data collected on the same crystal over a period of time revealed the existence of two different kinds of water wires in thechannels. Comparison with the peptide tubular structures available in the literature and the water structure inside the aquaporin channels are contrasted. Close-packed structures are observed in the case of Xxx=Ala and Phe. The backbone conformations are essentially identical. Enantiomeric sequences also revealed similar structures. Polymorphic forms were observed in the case of DVal(3) containing sequence. One form is observed to have water-filled channels forming a nanotube, as opposed to the close-packed structure in the polymorphic form. Crystal parameters DPUL5: C30H53N5O8; P65; a = b = 24.3673 (9) Å, c = 10.6844 (13) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0671, wR2 = 0.1446. DPUV5a: C29H51N5O8 .(0.5) H2O; P65; a = b = 24.2920 (13) Å, c = 10.4838 (11) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0554, wR2 = 0.1546. DPUV5b: C29H51N5O8 .(0.17) H2O; P65; a = b = 24.3161 (3) Å, c = 10.1805 (1) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0617, wR2 = 0.1844. DPUA5: C27H47N5O8; P212121; a = 12.2403 (8), b = 15.7531 (11) Å, c = 16.6894 (11) Å; Z =4; R = 0.0439, wR2 = 0.1249. DPUF5: C33H48N5O8; P212121; a = 10.3268 (8), b = 18.7549 (15) Å, c = 18.9682 (16) Å; Z = 4; R = 0.0472, wR2 = 0.1325. PUDL5: C30H53N5O8; P61; a = b = 24.4102 (8) Å, c = 10.6627 (7) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0543, wR2 = 0.1495. PUDV5a: C29H51N5O8 .(0.17)H2O; P61; a = b = 24.3645 (14) Å, c = 10.4875 (14) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; R = 0.0745, wR2 = 0.1810. PUDV5b: C29H51N5O8. 2H2O; C2; a = 20.7278 (35), b = 9.1079 (15) Å, c = 19.5728 (33) Å; α = γ = 90°, β = 94.207°; Z = 6; R = 0.0659, wR2 = 0.1755. PUDA5: C27H47N5O8; P212121; a = 12.2528 (12), b = 15.7498 (16) Å, c = 16.6866 (16) Å; Z = 4; R = 0.0473, wR2 = 0.1278. PUDF5: C33H48N5O8; P212121; a = 10.3354 (8), b = 18.7733 (10) Å, c = 18.9820 (10) Å; Z = 4; R = 0.0510, wR2 = 0.1526. PART 2 describes the crystallographic characterization of the tubular structure in a tripeptide Ac-Phe-Pro-Trp-OMe (FPW) sequence. The arrangement of the single-file water moleculesin the peptide nanotubes of FPW could be established by X-ray diffraction. In addition, the energetically favoured arrangement of the water wire inside the peptide channels could be modeled by understanding the construction of the peptide nanotube. In particular, the helicalmacrodipole of the peptide nanotube and the water wire dipoles prefer an antiparallel arrangement inside the peptide channels as opposed to parallel arrangements, is established by the classical dipole-dipole interaction energy calculation. In addition, the growth of thenanotubes and the arrangement of the water wires inside the channels could be correlated to the macroscopic dimensions of the crystal by the indexing of the crystal faces and contrasted with the structure of DPUV5. Crystal parameters FPW: C28H32N4O5.(0.33)H2O; P65; a = b = 21.5674 (3) Å, c = 10.1035 (2) Å; α = β = 90°, γ = 120 °; Z = 6; R = 0.0786, wR2 = 0.1771 Chapter 3 provides the crystal structures of five octapeptide β-hairpin forming sequences and a tripeptide containing a modified amino acid, with modification in the side chain (pseudo-proline, ψH,CH3Pro). The parent peptide, Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-DPro-Pro-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (DPLP8), was observed to form a strong Type II′β-turn at the DPro-Pro segment, and the strand segments adopting a β-sheet conformation. Two molecules were observed in the asymmetric unit, inclined to each other at approximately 70°. Modification in the strand sequence Phe(2) to Tyr(2) also resulted in a hairpin with identical conformation and similar packing arrangement. The difference was in the solvent content. In both the cases the molecules were packed orthogonal with respect to each other, resulting in the formation of ribbon-like structures in three dimensions. The replacement of Phe(2) and Phe(7) with Valine residues, with the retention of DPro-Pro β-turn segment, results in an entiely different packing arrangement (parallel). Modification of Pro(5) residue of the turn segment to Aib(5) and ψPro, also results in the molecules packing orthogonally to each other. The tripeptide with a modified form of ψPro, namely ψH,CH3Pro, resulted in a folded structure with a Type VIa β-turn, with the amide bond between the Pro-ψH,CH3Pro segment adopting a cis configuration (Kantharaju et al., 2009). Crystal parameters DPLP8: C56H84N8O11 .(0.5) H2O; P21; a = 14.4028 (8), b = 18.9623 (11) Å, c = 25.4903 (17) Å, β = 105.674 ° (4); Z = 4; R = 0.0959, wR2 = 0.2251. YDPP8: C56H84N8O12 .(1.5) H2O; P212121; a = 14.4028 (8), b = 18.9623 (11) Å, c = 25.4903 (17) Å, Z = 8; R = 0.0989, wR2 = 0.2064. PSIP8: C57H86N8O11S1.(1.5) H2O; C2; a = 34.6080 (2), b = 15.3179 (10) Å, c = 25.6025 (15) Å, β = 103.593 ° (3); Z = 4; R = 0.0931, wR2 = 0.2259. DPPV8: C48H84N8O11; P1; a = 9.922 (3), b = 11.229 (4) Å, c = 26.423 (9) Å, α = 87.146 (6), β = 89.440° (6), γ = 73.282 (7); Z = 2; R = 0.1058, wR2 = 0.2354. DPUF8: C57H88N8O11 .(1.5) H2O; P21; a = 18.410 (2), b = 23.220 (3) Å, c = 19.240 (3) Å, β = 118.036 ° (4); Z = 4; R = 0.1012, wR2 = 0.2061. PSPL3: C22H37N3O5S1; P31; a = b = 14.6323 (22), c = 10.4359 (22) Å, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 3; R = 0.0597, wR2 = 0.1590. Chapter 4 describes the crystal structure and molecular conformation of Type I′β-turn nucleated hairpin. The incorporation of Aib-DPro segment in the middle of Leu-Val-Val strands in the peptide sequence Boc-Leu-Val-Val-Aib-DPro-Leu-Val-Val-OMe results in an obligatory Type I′ turn containing hairpin. The molecular conformation and the packing arrangement of the molecules in the crystal are contrasted with the only Type I′β-hairpin reported in the literature and with a sequence where the turn residues are flipped and strand residues replaced with Phe(2) and Phe(7). Crystal parameters UDPV8: C47H84N8O11.2(C3H7NO); P21; a = 11.0623 (53), b = 18.7635 (89) Å, c = 16.6426 (80) Å, β = 102.369 (8); Z = 2; R = 0.0947, wR2 = 0.1730. Chapter 5 provides the crystal structures of three polymorphic forms of β-hairpins. The structure of BH1P8 provides new insights into the packing of hairpins inclined orthogonally to each other. The two polymorphic forms differ not only in their modes of packing in crystals but also in the strong and weak interactions stabilizing the packing arrangements. The polymorphic forms of DPUFP8 differ only in the content of the solvent in the asymmetric unit and the role it plays in bridging the symmetry related pairs of molecules. The polymorphic form YDPPP8 crystallized in a completely different space group, revealing a completely different mode of packing and also the cocrystallized solvent participating in a different set of interactions. Crystal parameters BH1P8: C54H78N8O11.H2O; P212121; a = 18.7511 (9), b = 23.3396 (11) Å, c = 28.1926 (13)Å; Z = 8; R = 0.1208, wR2 = 0.2898. DPUFP8: C55H84N8O11. (0.5) H2O; P21; a = 18.0950 (4), b = 23.0316 (5) Å, c = 18.6368 (5) Å, β = 117.471 (2); Z = 4; R = 0.0915, wR2 = 0.2096. YDPPP8: C56H83N8O12. (1.5) H2O; P21; a = 14.3184 (8), b = 18.9924 (9) Å, c = 25.1569 (14) Å, β = 105.590 (4); Z = 4; R = 0.1249, wR2 = 0.2929. Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive overview of the β-hairpin peptide crystal structures published in the literature as well as those included in the thesis. The hairpins are classified based on the residues composing the β-strands and the mode of their packing in the crystals. In the crystal structures the hairpins are observed to adopt either a Type II′ or Type I′β-turns. The indexing of the crystal faces of a few representative hairpin peptides crystallographically characterized in this thesis, provides a rational explanation for the preferential growth of the crystals in certain directions, when correlated with the strong directional forces (hydrogen bonding) and weak interactions (van der Waals, aromatic-aromatic) observed in the crystal packing. The insights gained by these studies would be highly valuable in understanding the nucleation and growth of β-hairpin peptides and the formation of β-sheet structures. Appendix I describes the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) analysis of the conformational preferences of the proline residues found in the peptide crystal structures. The frequency distributions of the backbone φ, ψ and ω and side chain χ1, χ2, χ3, χ4 and θ torsion angles of the proline residues are calculated, tabulated and represented as graphical plots. The correlation between the backbone and endocyclic torsion angles provides for a clear evidence of the role of a particular torsion variable χ2 in deciding the state of puckering. In addition, the endocyclic bond angles also appear to be correlated, relatively strongly, with the χ2 torsion. This provides a geometrical explanation of the factors governing the puckering of the proline ring.

自然生物的杰出表现往往令人们叹为观止。正因为如此，在机器人研究中对自然界动植物的模仿从未间断。本文受动物肌肉骨骼系统（尤其是蛇的脊柱以及章鱼手臂的肌肉分布）的启发，设计了一种新型的仿生拉线机构。该机构由柔性骨架以及成对拉线组成。柔性骨架提供支撑，拉线模拟肌肉将驱动器的运动和力传递给骨架，并控制骨架运动。从骨架结构分，拉线机构可分为蛇形拉线机构以及连续型拉线机构；从骨架分段来看，拉线机构可分为单段式拉线机构以及多段式拉线机构，其中每段由一或两对拉线控制。拉线机构的主要性能特征包括：大柔性，高度欠驱动，杠杆效应，以及远程传力。机构的柔性使得它可以产生很大的弯曲变形；欠驱动设计极大地减少了驱动器的数目，简化了系统结构；在杠杆效应下，骨架末端速度、加速度与拉线的速度、加速度相比得到数十倍放大；通过拉线将驱动器的运动和力远程传递给执行机构，使得拉线机构结构简单紧凑。基于以上特征，拉线机构不仅适合工作于狭窄空间，同时也适合于摆动推进，尤其是水下推进。
论文系统地介绍了拉线机构的设计，运动学，工作空间，静力学以及动力学模型。在常曲率假设下分别建立了蛇形拉线机构以及连续型拉线机构的运动学模型，在此基础上建立了一个通用运动学模型，以及工作空间模型。与传统避障相反，本文提出了一种利用现有障碍或主动布置约束来拓展工作空间的新方法。通过牛顿-欧拉法以及拉格朗日方程建立了蛇形拉线机构的静力学模型以及动力学模型。在非线性欧拉-伯努利梁理论下结合汉密尔顿原理建立了连续型拉线机构的静力学模型以及动力学模型。
论文中利用拉线机构设计了一系列新型水下推进器。与传统机器鱼推进器设计方法（单关节，多关节以及基于智能材料的连续型设计）相比，基于拉线机构的水下推进器的优点在于：所需驱动器少，能更好地模拟鱼的游动，易于控制，推进效率高，以及容易衍生新型推进器。设计制作了四条拉线驱动机器鱼，以此为平台验证了拉线推进器的性能以及优点。实验结果表明，基于蛇形拉线机构的推进器可以提供较大推力；基于连续型拉线机构设计的推进器受摩擦影响较小；基于单段式拉线机构的推进器可以模仿鱼类摆动式推进，具有很好的转弯性能；基于多段式拉线机构的推进器可以同时模仿摆动式推进和波动式推进，具有更好的稳定性以及游速。此外，基于拉线机构制造了一种新型矢量推进器。该推进器可以提供任意方向的推力，从而提高机器鱼的机动性能。实验中，在两个额定功率为1瓦的电机驱动下，机器鱼的最大游速为0.67 体长/秒；最小转弯半径为0.24倍体长；转弯速度为51.4 度/秒；最高推进效率为92.85%。最后，采用拉线推进器制作了一个室内空中移动机器人，取名为Flying Octopus。它由一个氦气球提供浮力悬停在空中，通过四个独立控制的拉线扑翼驱动可在三维空间自由运动。
Attracted by the outstanding performance of natural creatures, researchers have been mimicking animals and plants to develop their robots. Inspired by animals’ musculoskeletal system, especially the skeletal structure of snakes and octopus arm muscle arrangement, in this thesis, a novel wire-driven mechanism (WDM) is designed. It is composed of a flexible backbone and a number of controlling wire groups. The flexible backbone provides support, while the wire groups transmit motion and force from the actuators, mimicking the muscles. According to its backbone structure, the WDM is categorized as serpentine WDM and continuum WDM. Depending on the backbone segmentation, WDM is divided into single segment WDM and multi-segment WDM. Each segment is controlled by one or two wire groups. Features of WDM include: flexible, highly under-actuated, leverage effect, and long range force and motion transmission. The flexibility enables the WDM making large deformation, while the under-actuation greatly reduces th number of actuators, simplifying the system. With the leverage effect, WDM distal end velocity and acceleration is greatly amplified from that of wire. Also, in the WDM, the actuators and the backbone are serperated. Actuator’s motion is transmitted by the wires. This makes the WDM very compact. With these features, the WDM is not only well suited to confined space, but also flapping propulsion, especially in water.
In the thesis, the design, kinematics, workspace, static and dynamic models of the WDM are explored systematically. Under the constant curvature assumption, the kinematic model of serpentine WDM and continuum WDM are established. A generalized model is also developed. Workspace model is built from the forward kinematic model. Rather than avoiding obstacles, a novel idea of employing obstacles or actively deploying constraints to expand workspace is also discussed for WDM-based flexible manipulators. The static model and dynamic model of serpentine WDM is developed using the Newton-Euler method and the Lagrange Equation, while that of continuum WDM is built under the non-linear Euler-Bernoulli Beam theory and the extended Hamilton’s principle.
In the thesis, a number of novel WDM based underwater propulsors are developed. Compared with existing fish-like propulsor designs, including single joint design, multi-joint design, and smart material based continuum design, the proposed WDM-based propulsors have advantages in several aspects, such as employing less actuators, better resembling the fish swimming body curve, ease of control, and more importantly, being highly efficient. Also, brand new propulsors can be easily developed using the WDM. To demonstrate the features as well as the advantages of WDM propulsors, four robot fish prototypes are developed. Experiments show that the serpentine WDM-based propulsor could provide large flapping force while the continuum WDM-based propulsor is less affected by joint friction. On the other hand, single segment WDM propulsor can make oscillatory swim while multi- segment WDM propulsor can make both oscillatory and undulatory swims. The undulatory swimming outperforms the oscillatory swimming in stability and speed, but is inferior in turning around. In addition, a novel robot fish with vector propulsion capability is also developed. It can provide thrust in arbitrary directions, hence, improving the maneuverability of the robot fish. In the experiments, with the power limit of two watts, the maximum forward speed of the WDM robot fishes can reach 0.67 BL (Body Length)/s. The minimum turning radius is 0.24 BL, and the turning speed is 51.4°/s. The maximum Froude efficiency of the WDM robot fishes is 92.85%. Finally, the WDM-based propulsor is used to build an indoor Lighter-than-Air- Vehicle (LTAV), named Flying Octopus. It is suspended in the air by a helium balloon and actuated by four independently controlled wire-driven flapping wings. With the wing propulsion, it can move in 3D space effectively.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Li, Zheng.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-214).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Abstracth --- p.i
摘要 --- p.iii
Acknowledgement --- p.v
List of Figures --- p.xi
List of Tables --- p.xvii
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Related Research --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Flexible Manipulator --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Robot Fish --- p.10
Chapter 1.3 --- Motivation of the Dissertation --- p.13
Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Dissertation --- p.14
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Biomimetic Wire-Driven Mechanism --- p.16
Chapter 2.1 --- Inspiration from Nature --- p.16
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Snake Skeleton --- p.18
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Octopus Arm --- p.19
Chapter 2.2 --- Wire-Driven Mechanism Design --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Flexible Backbone --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Backbone Segmentation --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Wire Configuration --- p.28
Chapter 2.3 --- Wire-Driven Mechanism Categorization --- p.31
Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.32
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Kinematics and Workspace of the Wire-Driven Mechanism --- p.33
Chapter 3.1 --- Kinematic Model of Single Segment WDM --- p.33
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Kinematic Model of the Serpentine WDM --- p.34
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Kinematic Model of the Continuum WDM --- p.39
Chapter 3.1.3 --- A Generalized Kinematic Model --- p.43
Chapter 3.2 --- Kinematic Model of Multi-Segment WDM --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Forward Kinematics --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Inverse Kinematics --- p.51
Chapter 3.3 --- Workspace --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Workspace of Single Segment WDM --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Workspace of Multi-Segment WDM --- p.53
Chapter 3.4 --- Employing Obstacles to Expand WDM Workspace --- p.55
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Constrained Kinematics Model of WDM --- p.55
Chapter 3.4.2 --- WDM Workspace with Constraints --- p.61
Chapter 3.5 --- Model Validation via Experiment --- p.64
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Single Segment WDM Kinematic Model Validation --- p.64
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Multi-Segment WDM Kinematic Model Validation --- p.66
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Constrained Kinematic Model Validation --- p.70
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.73
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Statics and Dynamics of the Wire-Driven Mechanism --- p.75
Chapter 4.1 --- Static Model of the Wire-Driven Mechanism --- p.75
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Static Model of SPSP WDM --- p.75
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Static Model of SPCP WDM --- p.81
Chapter 4.2 --- Dynamic Model of the Wire-Driven Mechanism --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Dynamic Model of SPSP WDM --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Dynamic Model of SPCP WDM --- p.92
Chapter 4.3 --- Summary --- p.94
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Application I - Wire-Driven Robot Fish --- p.95
Chapter 5.1 --- Fish Swimming Introduction --- p.95
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Fish Swimming Categories --- p.95
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Body Curve Function --- p.96
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Fish Swimming Hydrodynamics --- p.101
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Fish Swimming Data --- p.103
Chapter 5.2 --- Oscillatory Wire-Driven Robot Fish --- p.104
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Serpentine Oscillatory Wire-Driven Robot Fish Design --- p.105
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Continuum Oscillatory Wire-Driven Robot Fish Design --- p.110
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Oscillatory Robot Fish Propulsion Model --- p.114
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Robot Fish Swimming Control --- p.116
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Swimming Experiments --- p.118
Chapter 5.3 --- Undulatory Wire-Driven Robot Fish --- p.125
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Undulatory Wire-Driven Robot Fish Design --- p.125
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Undulatory Wire-Driven Robot Fish Propulsion Model --- p.130
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Swimming Experiments --- p.131
Chapter 5.4 --- Vector Propelled Wire-Driven Robot Fish --- p.136
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Vector Propelled Wire-Driven Robot Fish Design --- p.136
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Tail Motion Analysis --- p.140
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Swimming Experiments --- p.142
Chapter 5.5 --- Wire-Driven Robot Fish Performance and Discussion --- p.144
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Performance --- p.144
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Discussion --- p.147
Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.149
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Aplication II - Wire-Driven LTAV - Flying Octopus --- p.151
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.151
Chapter 6.2 --- Flying Octopus Design --- p.152
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Flying Octopus Body Design --- p.152
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Wire-Driven Flapping Wing Design --- p.153
Chapter 6.3 --- Flying Octopus Motion Control --- p.156
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Propulsion Model --- p.156
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Motion Control Strategy --- p.157
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Motion Simulation --- p.159
Chapter 6.4 --- Prototype and Indoor Experiments --- p.161
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Flying Octopus Prototype --- p.161
Chapter 6.4.2 --- Indoor Experiments --- p.163
Chapter 6.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.165
Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.166
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.167
Chapter Appendix A - --- Publication Record --- p.170
Chapter Appendix B - --- Derivation --- p.172
Chapter Appendix C --- Matlab Programs --- p.176
References --- p.205

碩士
中華科技大學
土木防災工程研究所在職專班
99
Can renew the use already to have the land to plan the conformity, reduces the environmental pollution, the noise…And so on. Along with the engineering technology evolution, quarrels the mixed obsolete rail transportation system the urban district to dial moves to (railroad underground), namely nowadays government administration delivery targets, when railroad underground, the environment is moist and the tunnel percolating water the railroad produces the barrier to transport business, stops besides the structure division use leaks the medicinal preparation, to lead Shui Ban to design the improvement; Outside the high-pressured contact wire use an insulating sleeve prevent reason drive pipe prevents and controls partially; In 1984 started so as to actual surface Switzerland Furer+Frey Corporation to design the use conductor rail to solve railway electrification each problem, the time can the promotion tunnel high pressure electrical power system stability and reduces influence of the tunnel structure water leakage, only then could improve the execution smoothly. This research utilization literature review way, compared with between the pyrocondensation drive pipe, the water conduit and the conductor rail the difference, the research discovered the tunnel structure water leakage place uses frequently the foaming agent does not have the corrosive factor, must causes the contact wire to corrode has reason of the copper wire corrosion resultant phenomenon. Nowadays in has built is open to traffic cable car of line group part the road section, uses leads the water board way solution present leakage question, but future, if may use the conductor rail equipment, but effective put an end to tunnel percolating water to harm of the contact wire, but enhances the high-voltage cotton thread large scale stable and reliability.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
105
In recent years, the low-cost diamond-wire (DW) slicing has been widely used for single-crystalline silicon (sc-Si) wafers, and this makes the sc-Si solar cells very attracted to the market. On the other hand, the adoption of DW slicing for multi-crystalline (mc-Si) wafers in slow due to the poor texturing quality in the existing production lines using acid solutions. The DW sliced wafers are too smooth to be textured well with the acid solutions and this leads the higher reflectivity and the lower efficiency for the mc-Si solar cells . Several effective methods, such as reactive ion etching (RIE), metal catalystic texturing (MCT)], and sand blasting pre-texturing , have been proposed. However, they are either too costly or too troublesome. Therefore, this paper proposes simple and low-emission, stable texturing technology, vapor texture etching (VTE). Through the small vapor etching experiment, we know the relationship between the surface structure of low reflectivity and the etching mechanism. Compare Vapor etching and liquid phase etching, liquid etching is the use of wafer cutting damage layer to texturing, The VTE has different etching mechanisms from the liquid etching, and for some conditions we have found that it is still effective to a polished wafer. From the small experiment, the average reflectivity of the DW wafer after texturing is about 19% (400-1100nm), so we will scale up experiment and compare the wafer morphology with the vapor concentration, temperature, air flow rate, wafer spacing, additive and other variables. And then by the ratio of steam to air with the gas flow, we will be able to control the thickness of the etched etched and uniformity of the wafer.

碩士
大同大學
化學工程學系(所)
102
In recent years, silicon-panel solar cell is still the mainstream in the solar cell market with multi-crystalline silicon being the largest share. There are mainly two types of slicing processes, wire saw slicing and diamond wire slicing that result in different efficiencies of solar cells. The wire saw slicing method has a lower cost, but the diamond wire slicing has a higher productivity and the wire material has relatively higher durability. Therefore, the diamond wire slicing process becomes the mainstream and its development cannot be ignored. However, the lattice structure of silicon has different degrees of damage when the diamond wire slicing was applied. The surface roughness of diamond wire cutting was inadequate after etching process because the produced silicon wafers have higher reflectivity and lower efficiency. Therefore, this study uses hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid with different proportions for the purpose of finding the best etchant recipe to increase the surface roughness of the diamond wire cutting wafers for more stringent customers’ demand.

Adsorption heat pumps and chillers can provide thermal energy with a low carbon footprint, therefore, this technology could contribute to a sustainable future heat and cold supply system. Most adsorption modules work with the refrigerant water at sub-atmospheric pressures, which poses a challenge for effective evaporation and requires a customized design concept for the evaporator heat exchanger. The favorable nucleate boiling regime can hardly be reached under the given boundary conditions. Instead, evaporation from extensive thin refrigerant films on capillary structures represents a promising approach. This work refers to a heat exchanger concept for compact one-chamber adsorption modules, which employs porous capillary structures for cyclic condensation and evaporation without the need of continuous refrigerant supply. Such a concept necessarily involves unsteady evaporation conditions due to a continuous reduction of the refrigerant charge. Since scientific publications in this field are scarce, this work focuses on investigating unsteady evaporation of water from porous structures at sub-atmospheric pressures on the example of copper wire mesh structures. Special attention is paid to the question, how the transforming refrigerant distribution and heat transfer conditions interact, and how this interaction affects the dynamic evaporation performance. In this context, the impact of different structure geometry parameters (i.e. porosity, pore size, structure height, wire orientation angle) and thermodynamic conditions (vapor saturation pressure, heat flux) on the evaporation mechanisms and performance is addressed. Further questions are, if the evaporation dynamics can be reproduced with a simple mathematical model, and if wire mesh evaporators can finally be considered as a promising approach for the envisaged application. Investigations were pursued via two methodical approaches: Firstly, unsteady evaporation measurements with wire mesh structure samples of different geometry specifications were conducted. Secondly, a simple resistance-capacitance model was developed which includes time-dependent resistance and capacitance definitions representing the presumed heat transfer components. In both measurements and simulations, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the structure (from structure base temperature to vapor saturation temperature) was used as the main evaluation quantity. Additionally, the refrigerant storage capacities of the capillary structures were evaluated. Measurements and simulations revealed that the pore size of the mesh structure crucially affects the dynamic refrigerant distribution, refrigerant storage capacity, and evaporation performance for the investigated conditions: Large and medium pore sizes (0.8 mm clear mesh width and larger) involve a predominance of gravitational forces as against capillary forces (large Bond number) which leads to the dewetting pattern of a receding evaporation front. The thermal conduction resistance of the refrigerant-filled section represents the performance-limiting factor in a broad refrigerant charge interval for this dewetting type. A small pore size (0.375 mm clear mesh width), in contrast, implicates distinctly different dewetting and evaporation characteristics which presumably originate from a combination of a receding front and a pattern of wet and dry clusters and which can be ascribed to the increasing impact of capillary forces. Besides a potentially higher refrigerant storage capacity, the investigated structure with smallest pore size also reached the highest overall heat transfer coefficients of up to 23…28 kW/(m2K). Further analyses of geometry impacts indicated that a low porosity and low structure height are beneficial by trend, however, the optimal choice for these geometry factors depends on the envisaged application case. In the standard version of the resistance-capacitance model the conception of a receding refrigerant front was implemented. Respective simulations show a fairly good qualitative agreement with the measured evaporation dynamics of structures with large and medium pore size (≥ 0.8 mm). The prediction quality for the dynamics of small pore sizes is poor since for these structures the receding front dewetting characteristics do not apply. An alternative model conception (“receding front + static front”) implies possible dewetting mechanisms of fine pored structures and yields a better agreement with the respective measurements. Quantitative simulation results from the standard “receding front” approach match the measurement results quite well in several cases, however, the outcomes adumbrate that certain model parameters are imprecise. Despite the necessity for a revision of these definitions, the developed evaporation model is considered as a valuable tool for the prediction of unsteady evaporation processes. Integrated into a model on heat exchanger level it could potentially serve a basis for dimensioning methods. In order to assess the tested mesh structures with regard to the envisaged application, thermal transmittance (UA) and refrigerant storage capacity were referred to the structure volume which usually represents a critical design factor. On structure level the volume-specific thermal transmittance equals the structure-height-specific overall heat transfer coefficient, which is used as the assessment quantity for heat transfer on structure level. Here, the heat transfer coefficient refers to the temperature difference between structure base and saturation temperature of the vapor atmosphere. Considering the diverging requirements of a power-focused versus efficiency-(COP-)focused adsorption module design, the mesh structure with smallest pore size (0.375 mm clear mesh width) and medium structure height (10 mm) showed the best suitability for both cases (with a structure-volume-specific refrigerant storage capacity of about 850 kg/m3 and a structure-height-specific optimal mean heat transfer coefficient of 1350… 2500 kW/(m3K), depending on the required refrigerant turnover). A structure type with medium pore size (0.9 mm clear mesh width) and low structure height (5 mm) proved to be the second-best variant. These two most promising structure types were used for a potential assessment of a hypothetical wire mesh evaporator heat exchanger. A round tube heat exchanger design with external porous structure was assumed. Its geometry was adapted to a specific finned tube heat exchanger for partially flooded continuous operation which is one of the best-performing evaporators among current research activities and which was employed as an ambitious reference. The calculated absolute thermal transmittance values (UA values) reveal that the potential of advanced mesh structures can only be exploited if a sufficiently high fluid-side heat transfer is ensured. As an assessment quantity on heat exchanger level the construction-volume-specific UA value was used, which refers to the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid inside the tube and saturation temperature of the vapor atmosphere, and to the construction volume of the entire heat exchanger. From the estimation results it can be deduced that – depending on the considered conditions – the hypothetical mesh evaporator could reach similar construction-volume-specific UA values (ranging up to 1000 kW/(m3K)) as the highly efficient reference evaporator. An optimization of the structure geometry – such as a reduction of pore size and porosity and modification of the structure height – is expected to allow for further improvements. For a cyclic operation in one-chamber adsorption modules a mesh evaporator could prove particularly advantageous due to its low required refrigerant mass. Furthermore, it involves a high constructional flexibility. These outcomes suggest that the integration of wire mesh structures in an evaporator in cyclic operation is generally a promising approach for the application in adsorption heat pumps and chillers, and that further investigations are justified.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
105
Monocrystalline Silicon Carbide (SiC) wafer has high breakdown voltage and low impedance properties, compared to other semiconductor materials. It has been a promising material for high power devices and semiconductor. However, Silicon Carbide is high hardness and chemical resistance inducing the difficulty in machining. For wire sawing cutting, it takes a long time and expends a lot of diamond wire, low MRR, big sub-surface damage. This study aims to improve SiC wafer surface topography in multi-wire diamond wire sawing (MWDWS) process by adding KMnO4 into the coolant. After immersing with KMnO4, wafer surface becomes softer due to covered by an oxide layer on 4H-SiC. Experimental result shows that adding 0.01M KMnO4 solution to coolant during wire sawing can improve 2 inches as-cut SiC wafer quality on TTV 9%, Bow 18%, and Warp 21%. Moreover, MRR increases about 9%, surface roughness reduces about 30%, and sub-surface damage reduces 52%. Experiment of 4 inches as-cut SiC wafer has been taken to compare the effect of rocking angle on wafer surface topography. Result shows that using rocking angle of 5 degrees can obtain better wafer quality of TTV, Bow, and Warp. Using rocking angle of 5 degree can be improved on MRR and surface roughness. Results of this study can be further applied on high volume fabrication of 4H SiC wafers. Keyword: Multi-Wire Diamond Wire Sawing, 4H-SiC, KMnO4, Rocking Mode.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
105
This study investigates the water resistant louver of fine water droplets. Water resistance performance and pressure drop are tested in a variety of outside air wind speed. Mesh and wire type structures are added in front the storm resistant louver to improve the water resistant rate. The original louver has been found to yield good resistant rate for water droplets of 500 to 1000 m in diameter, but the resistant rate is significantly lower for fine droplets of 200 μm. Hence, this study seeks to improve the resistant rate for fine water droplets. This study establish an experiment system to measure the water droplet resistant rate and pressure drop of different attached mesh and wire type structure at various wind velocities. From the test result of the original louver with 200 μm water droplets, the water droplet resistant effectiveness is 87.98 ~ 90.55% and the pressure drop is 12 ~ 84 Pa when the core wind speed is 2.142 ~ 5.601 m/s. By adding the 40 and 50 mesh screen in front of the louver, the water droplet resistant rate significantly increases to 92 ~ 93 % and pressure drop is about 40 Pa when the core wind speed is 1.2 m/s. However, for the core wind speed at 2.4~3.3 m/s, the water droplet resistant rate remains at 92 ~ 93 %, and the pressure drop has reached 66 ~ 102 Pa, which the wind channel system. By attaching parallel wire type structure, the water resistant rate only slightly increases by 2% as compared with that without wire structure, the pressure drop is increased by 10 Pa for the core wind speed of 1.5 ~ 5.3 m/s. These experimental results are provided for consideration of designing fine water droplet resistant device.

碩士
國立高雄大學
電機工程學系--先進電子構裝技術產業研發碩士專班
103
For developing compact electronic products, circuit under pad (CUP) structure was developed in wafer level, in the high hardness copper (Cu) wire bonding process, this CUP structure may suffer the impact and cause yield loss. This thesis study the process window in copper wire bonding process with different characteristic CUP element. Process parameters designed by JMP/DOE methods were applied in this study. With the analysis, optimized process parameters can be achieved. The final reliability verification was applied to study the yield improvement.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
103
Single crystalline silicon carbide has become an important material in power device due to its material properties of low power consumption and stability in high temperature. However, its high hardness and chemical resistance induce the difficulty of fabrication. Multi-wire diamond wire sawing (MW-DWS) has been analyzed by abrasion model and wire kinematic model. This study aims to develop the material removal rate (MRR) prediction by mechanical property of 4H single crystalline SiC, as given hardness and fracture toughness. Concept of equivalent chip thickness has been used to explain the relationship between speed ratio of wire speed, feed rate and surface roughness of sliced wafer with rocking mode. Tracing of wire web is simulated by a developed wire rocking equation in Matlab program and the contact length between ingot and diamond wire can be estimated. Results of simulation show that the MRR increases with the hardness and decreases with the fracture toughness. Rocking mode can decrease the cutting length of diamond wire of ingot materials by 50 percent and also decrease the equivalent chip thickness to improve the surface roughness. However, the rocking angle has less impact on the cutting length. Slicing experiments of 2 and 4 inch 4H SiC have been conducted. Results have shown that the feed speed affects surface roughness and TTV. Rocking angle has effect on saw mark patten. Future study can focus on the wear of diamond wire to improve MRR during slicing process.

碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
91
For the worldwide semiconductor packaging sub-contactor market, how to maintain high quality and short cycle time will be the key performance for each sub-contactor, and also need to support customer on new product develop for high volume mass production, meanwhile, continuing to provide cost down program to customer achieving Win-Win situation. Customer would like to provide the pro-type non-mutual product for process characterization and preproduction preparing, and hope the product could spread out and win the market share quickly. At this critical position, factory need to consider the process constraint and nonconformity factor, then release to high volume mass production in a very short time. If just to follow up parameters from the previous experience, there must be high risk to impact the business due to the nonconformity factor. From the above shows, how to optimize the process for the new product will be the key point. This research is focus on Cu wafer packaging wire bonding process, and to set up two steps Design of Experiment method model. The first step is just considering the all the factors that will inference wire bonding process, apply the Factional Factorial method to find out the effective factors. Step two: apply Response Surface Method with Central Composite Design to find out the optimize parameters. The goal for the first step is just finding the effective facts for process, the second step is being focus on the how to optimize effective factors. Finally, need to come out the all the optimize parameters. At this moment, the coming products could follow up this best practice from this research to improve or optimize the process.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系
107
The motor using aluminum wire as the coil windings has the advantages of light weight and low cost compared with the motor with copper windings in the mainstream market, but the relatively low electrical conductivity of aluminum could leads to some defects in motor volume and performance. Copper clad aluminum wire (CCAW) is a composite wire which has the characteristics of both copper and aluminum. Therefore, in terms of specific gravity, price, and electrical conductivity, CCAW is a trade-off between the two materials with great business opportunities. Many literatures on the application of CCAW to design of permanent magnet motor have shown that the purposes of weight and cost reduction can be effectively attained, however, volume and performance still need to be improved. Due to the problems mentioned above, in this thesis, the vehicle water pump motor is chosen as the research object. To start with, the basic characteristics of CCAW will be discussed and compared with the copper wire, the difference of materials will be implemented into the motor design process which can quickly and efficiently convert copper windings into CCAW ones. Under the constraints of motor volume and material consumption, the best balance between cost and performance will be found by parametric modelling of the split ratio, coil windings and stator design. Through the FEA software simulation, the result shows that the final design with fixed volume not only reduces the weight and cost but improves the performance of rated point.