Journal articles: 'Water Wires'

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Yang, Peidong. "Wires on water." Nature 425, no. 6955 (September 2003): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425243a.

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Liboff, A. R., C. Poggi, and P. Pratesi. "Helical water wires." Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 36, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2017.1322521.

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Chuang, Chien Hsun, Yan Cheng Lin, Yu Zhen He, Chih Hsin Tsai, Jun Der Lee, Shang Chih Wang, and Hsing Hua Tsai. "Inhibition of Silver Electrolytic Migration in Ag-Alloy Bonding Wires." Materials Science Forum 863 (August 2016): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.863.95.

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Ion migration in Ag-alloy bonding wires was evaluated with water drop tests. The results indicated that water must be present between the wire couple for Ag electrolytic migration to occur. The addition of 1.5 to 4.5% Pd decreased the ion migration rate. Further alloying with about 8% Au enhanced this effect. It seems that the addition of Ni and Pt in Ag-alloy wires does not influence Ag-ion migration. Ag-alloy wires sealed with silicone gel and stressed in air and in distilled water revealed no dendrites after more than 1,000 hr. The ion migration in Ag-alloy bonding wires can be completely inhibited by a suitable encapsulation process with an appropriate molding compound.

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Porada, S., B. B. Sales, H. V. M. Hamelers, and P. M. Biesheuvel. "Water Desalination with Wires." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 3, no. 12 (June 2012): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz3005514.

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Hammad, Shaza M., Essam E. Al-Wakeel, and El-Sayed Gad. "Mechanical properties and surface characterization of translucent composite wire following topical fluoride treatment." Angle Orthodontist 82, no. 1 (June 23, 2011): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/030811-168.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of a fluoride prophylactic agent on the mechanical properties and surface quality of a preformed round translucent composite archwire while comparing it with nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) and multistranded stainless steel wires. Materials and Methods: The wires were immersed in an acidulated phosphate fluoride solution (APF) or in distilled water (control) for 1.5 hours at 37°C. Flexural modulus of elasticity (E) and yield strength (YS) of the wires were measured using a three-point bending test in a universal testing machine. The springback ratio (YS/E) was calculated for each wire. The influence of fluoride treatment on properties of the wires was statistically analyzed using Student's t-test at α = .05. Surface changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope. Results: Fluoride treatment produced a statistically significant reduction in E, YS, and YS/E of the composite wire (P < .05). In addition, a significant decrease in E of Ni-Ti wire was found after exposure to fluoride, upon comparison with distilled water control treatment. On the other hand, no significant effect of fluoride treatment was found on YS and YS/E of Ni-Ti wire and on studied properties of the multistranded stainless steel wire (P > .05). Corrosive changes in surface topography were observed after exposure to the fluoride agent and were more pronounced with the composite wire. Conclusions: These results suggest that using a topical fluoride agent with translucent composite wire could decrease the mechanical properties and might damage the surface of the wire, potentially contributing to prolonged orthodontic treatment.

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Hack, Harvey, and James Windgassen. "Permeation of Artificial Seawater into Polyurethane and Its Effect on the Performance of Potted Electrical Equipment." Corrosion 78, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3848.

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Measurements were conducted to quantify the permeation of artificial seawater into various polyurethanes and polyethylene as a function of time and temperature. Both weight gain from water absorption and an electrical current between pairs of wires embedded into the polyurethanes were measured over a period of several months at 50°C. Water was absorbed into all materials, including polyethylene, but there was no increase in the current between wire pairs embedded in the polyurethanes, indicating that the water that was able to permeate was pure water of high resistivity whereas the charged ions in the seawater were not able to permeate to the wires.

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Suvakeen, Amala, Karunaivel Kavipriya, Senthil Vadivelan, Anu Ratthika, Thammanan Vidhya, Sindhuja Jerleen, Nilavan Anitha, Ramasamy Srinivasan, Susai Rajendran, and Thiruvenkadam Gowrani. "Influence of dilution and addition of soda water on the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires immersed in artificial saliva in presence of Copper Barrel, a hard drink." Zastita materijala 64, no. 2 (2023): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2302119a.

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Copper barrel brandy can be taken orally with dilution of bisleri water or soda water and without dilution. People clipped with orthodontic wires may take copper barrel brandy orally, with dilution of without dilution. How far the orthodontic wires will be affected by these items? To find an answer the present research work is undertaken. Corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires made of Ni-Ti alloy and Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in the absence and presence of copper barrel, water and soda water has been evaluated by AC impedance spectra. It is generally observed that Ni-Ti alloy is more corrosion resistant than Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in the presence of copper barrel, water and soda water. When orthodontic wire made of Ni-Ti is immersed in artificial saliva, the charge transfer resistance (Rt) value is 31945Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in copper barrel + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue increase to 80000Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in soda water + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue increase to 76450Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in water + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue increase to 82620Ohmcm2 . On the other hand, when orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr is immersed in artificial saliva, the charge transfer resistance (Rt) value is 80930Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in copper barrel + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue decrease to 11104Ohmcm2 . When it is immersed in soda water + artificial saliva (AS) system, Rtvalue decrease to 10437Ohmcm2 . It implies that the people who have been clipped with orthodontic wire made of Ni-Ti alloy can take copper barrel in any form, namely, with dilution or without dilution. The people who have been clipped with orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr alloy should avoid taking copper barrel in any form, namely, with dilution or without dilution.

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Bakkehøi, S., K. Øien, and E. J. Førland. "An Automatic Precipitation Gauge Based on Vibrating-Wire Strain Gauges." Hydrology Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1985.0015.

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The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NGI, has recently developed and tested a new automatic precipitation gauge for rain and snow which can measure accumulated precipitation with a resolution better than 0.1 mm. The gauge, which is a direct weighing device, is based on the use of vibrating-wire strain gauges. NGI's prototype instrument has a capacity of up to 300 mm precipitation before the gauge must be emptied. A new improved version designed by Geonor has a capacity of 600 mm precipitation. A diagram showing the relationship between the automatic observations and the manual measurements is included. In the NGI prototype the precipitation container is suspended from three small steel wires, each of which is in effect the sensing element in a vibrating-wire type strain gauge. When these gauge wires are set into vibration by an electromagnetic exciter, their resonant frequency of vibration is proportional to the square of the tension in the wire. Thus change in the frequency signals is a measure of the change in tension in the wires and correspondingly a measure of the accumulative weight of precipiation in the container. The distance between the precipitaion gauge and the monitoring station can be up to one kilometre without any loss in performance.

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Chang, Ju-Han, David W. Berzins, Jessica E. Pruszynski, and Richard W. Ballard. "The effect of water storage on the bending properties of esthetic, fiber-reinforced composite orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (October 29, 2013): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/061213-443.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of water storage on the bending properties of fiber-reinforced composite archwires and compare it to nickel-titanium (NiTi), stainless steel (SS), and beta-titanium archwires. Materials and Methods: Align A, B, and C and TorQ A and B composite wires from BioMers Products, 0.014-, 0.016, and 0.018-inch, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi, 0.016-inch SS, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch beta-titanium archwires were tested (n = 10/type/size/condition). A 20-mm segment was cut from each end of the archwire; one end was then stored in water at 37°C for 30 days, while the other was stored dry. The segments were tested using three-point bending to a maximum deflection of 3.1 mm with force monitored during loading (activation) and unloading (deactivation). Statistical analysis was completed via two-way analysis of variance with wire and condition (dry and water-stored) as factors. Results: In terms of stiffness and force delivery during activation, in general: beta-titanium was > TorQ B > TorQ A > 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi and 0.016-inch SS > Align C > 0.018-inch NiTi > Align B > 0.016-inch NiTi > Align A > 0.014-inch NiTi. Water exposure was detrimental to the larger translucent wires (Align B and C, TorQ A and B) because they were more likely to craze during bending, resulting in decreased forces applied at a given deflection. Align A and the alloy wires were not significantly (P > .05) affected by water storage. Overall, the alloy wires possessed more consistent force values compared to the composite wires. Conclusion: Environmental conditions are more likely to affect fiber-reinforced composite archwires compared to alloy wires.

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PFLUG, IRVING J., and MAURICE R. BERRY. "Using Thermocouples to Measure Temperatures during Retort or Autoclave Validation1." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.11.975.

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Thermocouples (TCs) are used almost exclusively in designing and validating the heat processes needed for sterilization of product in retorts or autoclaves. In this paper we discuss the vexing errors associated with using TCs in a hot, wet environment. Most problems seem to be associated with the action of steam and water on the TC lead wires and/or caused by temperature gradients on lead wire connectors. These errors are particularly troublesome since they are in the range of 1 to 2°C and are random in nature. The use of a pair of continuous wires that is protected or sealed from the wet retort environment, from the TC junction to the measuring instrument, is the most effective way to reduce or eliminate these problems. The hot, wet environment apparently causes electrochemical effects that produce measurable electromotive forces (EMFs) whenever bare wires come in contact with steam or water. However, the effect is greater when the wires pass through water than through steam. For containers that are nonconductors of electricity, such as plastics, grounding of the TC junction has proved necessary, particularly when processing in flowing water. We conclude that TCs can measure temperature very accurately if properly used. We emphasize that the TC system must be adequately calibrated, and that ambient temperature calibration will not compensate for high-temperature water effects and the errors caused by temperature gradients across connectors.

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Xiao, Yuchen, Huiyi Tang, Hehe Zhang, Ling Sun, Yong Xie, Baoan Wu, Weidong Xie, Xinnan Cai, and Feng Li. "Effect of Au Coating on the Electrolytic Migration of Ag Bonding Wires for Electronic Packaging Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2393, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2393/1/012013.

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Abstract Ag-based bonding wires were generally accepted as the most promising material to substitute for Au bonding wires, however, the electrolytic migration concern of Ag limited its industrial application in electronic packaging, especially in ultra-fine pitch wire bonding. In the present study, the electrolytic migration behaviors of Au-coated Ag bonding wires and Ag wires were studied through water drop tests. The dendrites’ growth and morphology evolution were investigated by in-situ optical microscope observation and the microstructure of the cathodic and anodic bonding wires were characterized by scanning electron microscope test. It could be seen that when comparing Au-coated Ag bonding wires with Ag wires, the dendrite assembled by a large number of Ag nanoparticles grew much more slowly from cathode to anode. The Ag2O particle layer on the anodic wires was thinner, the dendrite contact time was delayed and the current densities at the dendrite contact time were much smaller when the Au coating layer exist. The above results show that Au coating could act as a barrier to inhibit electrolytic migration, which has contributed to electronic packaging applications of Au-coated Ag bonding wires.

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Li, Rou, Changqing Miao, and Tinghua Wei. "Effect of environmental factors on electrochemical corrosion of galvanized steel wires for bridge cables." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 69, no. 1 (December 7, 2021): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2021-2522.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the electrochemical corrosion rate of galvanized steel wires for bridge cables. Design/methodology/approach The electrochemical corrosion test and response surface analysis of galvanized steel wires were carried out, and the variety of polarization curves of galvanized steel wires under different corrosion parameters was discussed. The expression of corrosion rate of galvanized steel wires under the action of single and multi-factor coupling was established. Findings The polarization curves of galvanized steel wires under different Cl- concentrations, pH value and temperature were basically similar, but all show different degrees of deviation and some anodic polarization curves had inflection points. For example, when the Cl- concentration reached 3.5%, the corrosion rate of galvanized steel wire was four times that of pure water. Originality/value The influence relationship of single and multi-factor coupling on the corrosion rate of galvanized steel wires was as follows: RCl > RT * Cl > RT > RpH > RpH * T > RpH * Cl.

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Krishnaveni, Arjunan, S. Susmitha, Kandasamy Muniyammal, Murugesan Jeevitha, J. Kavitha Kantos, R. B. Shanmugapriya, A. Rincy, Susai Rajendran, Gurmeet Singh, and Abdulhameed Al-Hashem. "People Clipped with Orthodontic Wire made of Ni-Cr Alloy should Avoid Taking Copper Barrel Hard Drink Orally." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 8, no. 1 (July 15, 2023): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps08.01.04.

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Copper barrel brandy can be taken orally with dilution using bisleri water or soda water and without dilution. People clipped with orthodontic wires may take copper barrel brandy orally, with dilution of without dilution. How far the orthodontic wires will be affected by these items? To find an answer the present research work is undertaken. Ni-Cr alloys have good corrosion resistance. This is attained by arrangement of protective oxide film in oral environment. Corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires prepared from Ni-Cr alloy in artificial saliva in existence & nonexistence of copper barrel, water and soda water has been estimated by polarization technique. It is generally noted that corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr alloy in synthetic saliva in existence of copper barrel, water and soda water decreases. When orthodontic wire made of Ni-Cr is engrossed in simulated saliva, the linear polarization resistance (LPR) value is 792355 Ohmcm.2 When it is submerged in copper barrel + artificial saliva (AS) system, linear polarization resistance (LPR) value decreases to 334516 Ohmcm.2 Corrosion current increases from 5.448 x 10-8 A/cm2 to 14.47 x 10-8 When it is engrossed in soda water + artificial saliva (AS) system, LPR value decreases to 245052

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Soler, Aurora, Juan Conesa, and Nuria Ortuño. "Application of Subcritical Water to Dechlorinate Polyvinyl Chloride Electric Wires." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102612.

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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) electric wires were subjected to dechlorination in subcritical water at three different temperatures in a high-pressure reactor. About 2.09, 73.08, and 95.96 wt % of chlorine in PVC wires was removed during dechlorination at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C, respectively. The solid residues were analyzed and characterized by thermogravimetry, at three different heating rates (5 °C, 10 °C, and 20 °C/min) in inert and oxidizing atmosphere. With the purpose of studying the emission of chlorinated pollutants, pyrolysis experiments at 850 °C were also performed in a laboratory-scale reactor with the dechlorinated materials, as well as with the original PVC electric wire. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation increased, but chlorobenzenes (ClBz) and chlorophenols (ClPh) formation decreased as the temperature of dechlorination increased; naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and monochlorobenzene and monochlorinated phenols (3-+4-) were the most abundant chlorinated compounds.

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Liu, Hong Tao, De Kun Zhang, Shou Fan Cao, Yan Shen, Xing Hui Hou, and Lin Min Xu. "Fretting Corrosion Wear Behaviors of Steel Wires in Hoisting Ropes in Alkaline Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 1014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.1014.

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In this paper, the fretting corrosion wear behaviors of steel wires were researched when the wires were lubricated with alkaline solution. Then, the wear mechanism was analyzed. Results showed that the friction coefficients of wires lubricated with alkaline solution were little influenced by the loads, while greatly affected by the electrochemical corrosion existing on the surfaces of the friction pairs. The shape of most of the fretting wear debris was tuberous or near spherical which owns smooth edges. This kind of wear debris was beneficial to reduce the fretting wear of steel wires. The depth of wear scar, used to evaluate the fretting corrosion wear of the steel wires, was increased with the increase of load. In addition, the wear depth of the wire lubricated with alkaline solution was not only less than which obtained in dry friction condition, but also less than which lubricated with deionized water and acid solution. Analysis showed that the corrosion solution played an important part in the fretting corrosion wear. And the effect of corrosion solution to the wear was stronger than which to the corrosion of steel wire materials.

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Pötzschke, Harald, and Kai Zirk. "Monitoring of Surgical Wounds with Purely Textile, Measuring Wound Pads—III: Detection of Bleeding or Seroma Discharge by the Measurement of Wound Weeping." Textiles 2, no. 4 (October 6, 2022): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2040031.

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To enable stating a final common sensor design of purely textile, measuring wound pads for the monitoring of surgically provided wounds with regard to tissue temperature, moisture release and stretching (as indicators for the most prominent wound healing disruptions bacterial inflammation, bleeding/seroma discharge, and haematoma/seroma formation), the aim of this investigation was to identify and quantify possible variables practically affecting the detection of water in a systematic study. The textile sensors comprise insulated electrical wires stitched onto a textile backing and parallel wires form a plane sensor structure whose electrical capacitance is increased by water (contained in blood or lymph) in the textiles. Only parallel sensor wires forming double meanders were examined because this structure enables all the parameters of interest to be measured. Surprisingly the results are complex, neither simple nor consistent. The change in electrical capacitance (measuring signal) upon the standardized addition of water was not additive, i.e., it was not found to be correlated to the moistened area of the sensor array, but inversely correlated to the diameter of the sensor wire, mildly pronounced in connection with smaller stitching spacing (stitching loops along the sensor wires). The measuring signal reached a maximum with medium sensor wire spacings and pronounced with a smaller stitching spacing. Without exception, the measuring signal was systematically higher in connection with smaller (compared with larger) stitching spacings. The results presented indicate that the optimization of the capacitive textile sensors cannot be calculated but must instead be carried out empirically.

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Osuch, Piotr, Beata Smyrak, and Tadeusz Knych. "Effect of Precipitation Hardening on the Structure and Properties of Al-Mg-Si Conductor Alloys in Different Technological Routes." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.823.

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The Al-Mg-Si alloys, due to their unique combination of lightweight, mechanical and electrical properties and excellent corrosion resistance, are used as a material for the production of overhead power conductors, commonly known as AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor). Wires intended for conductor manufacturing are obtained from the wire rod produced by a continuous casting and rolling line (CCR, e.g., Continuus-Properzi). The Al-Mg-Si wire rod can be processed into ready-made wires by different technological routes, which mainly consist of different combinations of strain hardening as well as precipitation hardening of wire rod or wires. In Europe the conventional technological route comprises solution heat treatment of wire rod coils (heated at temperatures over ~500 °C, followed by quenching into water), then natural ageing of wire rod at ambient temperature for a couple of days, next wire drawing, and finally artificial ageing.This paper discusses results of investigations on developing an alternative technological route. In this process heat from the continuous casting and rolling process by Continuus-Properzi is used for heat treatment of the wire rod. The new technological route allows the abandonment of the high temperature heat treatment as well as natural ageing of the wire rod, making the production process less energy consuming, cheaper and faster than the conventional one. The current paper presents research results identifying the structure of materials from different Al-Mg-Si wires production process routes. It also focuses on electrical and mechanical properties.

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Li, Bao Hui, and Xiao Dan Yang. "Exploration 304 Stainless Steel Wire as Novel Sorbent Material for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.604.

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The etched stainless steel wire was prepared and explored as sorbent material for solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and flame ionization detection (FID) for the trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determination in water. This paper explored different factors that affected the extraction efficiency of etched stainless steel wire, including the extraction time, the thermal desorption time and the thermal desorption temperature. Under the optimal conditions, six kinds of analytes, including trace biphenyl, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were extracted by etched stainless wire with high concentration efficiency and separated by GC-FID. In view of the high selectivity of the etched stainless steel wires for PAHs, a new SPME method was developed with the detection limits of 0.05-0.53 μg/L. The precision for the six kinds of analytes ranged from 2.6% to 8.8%. The developed etched stainless steel wires were very stable, highly selective, and reproducible for the SPME of PAHs.

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Draganoiu, G., L. Lamarche, and P. McComber. "A Computer Model of Glaze Accretion on Wires." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2828824.

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The design of power transmission lines requires a knowledge of combined wind and ice loading and of the dynamic behavior of wires loaded with ice accretion. The calculation of the wind forces, in turn, imposes a need for a more detailed computer model for determining glaze accretion shape. For this purpose, a computer model of glaze accretion on wires, was developed. It is based on experimental results in the area of ice accretion on wires, as well as on results in the related field of the glaze ice accretion on airfoils. The model incorporates the time dependent on feedback between the growing accretion and the air stream, the variation of the heat transfer coefficient around the cylinder, and the surface runback of water. The main components of the model are the computation of the air flow field, the computation of the impingement water at the control volume level, the solving of the heat balance equation, and the computation of the accretion shape on the wire. The surface air velocity is obtained through the solution of the potential flow around the iced wire and wake, followed by the integration on the surface of the laminar boundary layer. The water flux is computed in each control Volume down to the separation point. The heat balance equation derived from the energy equation is solved to determine the freezing fraction and the resulting modified ice surface geometry.

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Deutsch, Todd G. "Coaxial wires coax energy from water." Nature Catalysis 1, no. 6 (June 2018): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0095-4.

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Suzaly, Nuha, Marie Christina Keller, Silke Hügl, Thomas Lenarz, Thomas S. Rau, and Elvira Karsten. "Characterization of a measurement setup for the thermomechanical characterization of curved shape memory alloy actuators." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0112.

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AbstractThe bend and free recovery (BFR) test according to ASTM F2082 is a standard method to determine the transition temperatures of Nitinol shape memory alloys (SMAs). Unfortunately, this standard method is limited to SMA wires which are straight in its trained shape. Thus, the standard BFR test is not suitable for thermomechanical characterization of curved Nitinol SMA wires which should serve as actuators in cochlear implants in future. We developed a modified BFR measurement setup to determine the active austenite finish (AF) temperature of these very thin wires (Ø100 μm). The active AF temperature specifies the completion of the shape recovery upon heating. A parametric study of the measurement setup was carried out to investigate the influence of the heating rate on the observed active AF temperature and to verify the repeatability of the measurement setup. First, the curved wire was straightened in a cold water bath before inserting it into a water bath that is gradually heated from 5 °C to 45 °C. The shape change of the previously straightened wire was then recorded throughout the experiment using a digital microscope. Five different heating rates were employed: 0.25 K/min, 0.33 K/min, 0.5 K/min, 1 K/min as well as an unregulated maximum heating rate achievable of approximately 1.5 K/min. Furthermore, an investigation on the test-retest reliability was performed with three wires by repeating the experiment ten times with each wire. The results of this study revealed no influence of the heating rate on the thermomechanical response of the wires. Based on data from this study, a regulated heating rate of 1 K/min is suggested for future investigations, as this reduces the duration of the measurement from four hours to less than an hour. The values obtained from each wire through the test-retest reliability investigation showed a standard deviation of 1.9 K, 1.1 K and 2.1 K respectively. Our developed measurement setup demonstrates appropriate repeatability of the measurements.

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Hill, Courtney L., Jamie D. Harris, Sydney S. Turner, Kathryn L. Wason, Amanda P. Gaylord, Maya G. Hatley, Lance T. Hardcastle, et al. "Field and Laboratory Assessment of a New Electrolytic Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technology." Water 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071077.

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This research creates and implements a new electrolytic point-of-use water treatment (POUWT) device. Device development began by applying two voltages common to commercially available batteries to an apparatus with either two silver or copper wires submerged into synthetic groundwater. The effects of wire diameter, ionic strength of groundwater, and other POUWT parameters on metallic ion release were analyzed. We determined that the silver wire apparatus need only to be run for 2 min at 9 V to yield the target 50 µg/L concentration for water treatment. The 50 µg/L silver yielded up to a 5-log reduction in E. coli bacteria. The copper wire apparatus was excluded in prototype fabrication because it required 62 min to release the target 500 µg/L for disinfection when nine volts were applied to the system and was less effective in disinfection than silver wires. The electrolytic prototype was evaluated in 20 households in Limpopo, South Africa, over a four-week period. The device achieved a 2-log reduction in total coliform bacteria in household drinking water, which is comparable to the field performance of other POUWT devices in low-resource settings. The device also consistently released enough silver sufficient for disinfection while remaining below the WHO drinking water guideline.

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Shevchenko, Natalia, Anatoly Soshinov, and Yulia Lebedeva. "Optimization of design solutions for large overhead line water crossings." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 4 (August 2021): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2021-4-5-11.

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Safety, reliability, and transmission capacity are crucial for overhead power line waterway crossings. This paper reflects research results of multi-criteria optimization of a projected 220kV overhead line crossing across the Kama river. Five overhead line crossing options have been compared. These options differ by types of wires to be used, including ACSR, TACSR/ACS, ААСSRZ (ВП), АССС, and АСk2y wires. The additive convolution method has been used for selecting the best available option. A multi-criteria analysis has been simplified by one certain supercriterion. As a result, the option with АССС type wires was determined as the most efficient and promising. The АСk2y wires option was the secondary option.

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Wu, Kuo-Hui, Ryota Sakamoto, Hiroaki Maeda, Eunice Jia Han Phua, and Hiroshi Nishihara. "Ultralong π-Conjugated Bis(terpyridine)metal Polymer Wires Covalently Bound to a Carbon Electrode: Fast Redox Conduction and Redox Diode Characteristics." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144267.

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We developed an efficient and convenient electrochemical method to synthesize π-conjugated redox metal-complex linear polymer wires composed of azobenzene-bridged bis(terpyridine)metal (2-M, M = Fe, Ru) units covalently immobilized on glassy carbon (GC). Polymerization proceeds by electrochemical oxidation of bis(4′-(4-anilino)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)metal (1-M) in a water–acetonitrile–HClO4 solution, affording ultralong wires up to 7400 mers (corresponding to ca. 15 μm). Both 2-Fe and 2-Ru undergo reversible redox reactions, and their redox behaviors indicate remarkably fast redox conduction. Anisotropic hetero-metal-complex polymer wires with Fe and Ru centers are constructed via stepwise electropolymerization. The cyclic voltammograms of two hetero-metal-complex polymer wires, GC/[2-Fe]–[2-Ru] (3) and GC/[2-Ru]–[2-Fe] (4), show irreversible redox reactions with opposite electron transfer characteristics, indicating redox diodelike behavior. In short, the present electrochemical method is useful to synthesize polymer wire arrays and to integrate functional molecules on carbon.

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Yan, Qing Hua, and Lie Qiang Xiong. "Physical Modeling Test on Gas Rotary Lance for Wire-Feeding." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.190.

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On ca-cored wire feeding in ladle, there are surface feeding stage and inner feeding stage. China is still in the surface feeding stage. The gas rotary lance was developed for the present condition of the wire feeding devices in China. The water simulation test and the pressure water simulation test were carried through. The vortex on the surface of the liquid and the cavity, the recirculation and rotary in the liquid were observed in the water simulation test. The characteristic curves of the lance coupled with the different wires were disclosed. The lance can be used with the guide pipe directly.

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Frutuoso e Melo, E. P., T. Gurova, S. F. Estefen, and A. Leontiev. "INTEGRITY ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE PIPES TENSILE ARMOUR WIRES USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD OF INVERSE MAGNETOSTRICTION: A METHOD COMPARISON." Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas 16, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5419/bjpg2022-0003.

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Flexible pipes have been used for decades for conveying produced fluids from oil wells to floating production, for storing and offloading units, and for flowing injection fluids inside wells under the seabed. Over the years, with an increase in oil demand globally, the exploration of new and deeper oil reservoirs has become a reality. With greater water depths, the top tension of the risers has increased significantly, as well as the pressure from the water column on the pipe structure, demanding the application of bigger pipes and the use of stronger materials. Pre-salt reservoirs on the Brazilian basins are rich in carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which are great contributors to the premature fragilization of armour wires on the top section of the flexible risers and are capable of compromising the integrity of the structure. The wire fragilization and possible breakages cannot be avoided once the riser is connected to the floating unit, but they can be monitored, to avoid a complete riser structural failure. Several systems have been developed to monitor tensile armour wires integrity, such as visual monitoring, which visually detects torsion on the structure, acoustic waves, and magnetic collar systems, which have failed to provide reliable results. As the armour wires provide axial resistance to the structures, Fiber Bragg grating is being used in modern flexibles to monitor armour wire deformation and has been delivering reliable results. Another method, the inverse magnetostriction, is being tested using an anisotropic magneto sensor to detect wire deformation and generate a 2D stress map of the measured area. In this article, two tests are performed using the same equipment, but in different specimen. One test was performed on the wires without being applied on the flexible structure. The other test was performed on a window opened on a 6” nominal bore flexible pipe, with the objective of identifying if the method is reliable in detecting armour wire failures on flexible risers. This method could read stresses variations on the armour wires, but a larger sensor could penetrate deeper on the structure and provide a sharper stress map.

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Liu, Zhi Hao, Chuan Xiao Liu, Dong Chen Huang, and Long Wang. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Iron Wire Cement Mortar." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.816.

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Through the uniaxial compression test, the mechanical properties of different placements of iron wire cement mortar, e.g. compressive strength and elastic modulus, were studied, and the mass ratios of cement, sands and water influencing the mechanical properties were put forward, which provided the experimental results for reference for the wide use of the iron wire cement mortar material. From the study it is gained that: (1) The best placement of the iron wires in cement mortar is horizontal. (2) The best mass ratio of the cement, sands and water is 1:4.70:0.81.

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Raghavender, Upadhyayula S., Kantharaju, Subrayashastry Aravinda, Narayanaswamy Shamala, and Padmanabhan Balaram. "Hydrophobic Peptide Channels and Encapsulated Water Wires." Journal of the American Chemical Society 132, no. 3 (January 27, 2010): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9083978.

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Long, Xiaomao, Xianfeng Rui, Wentao Liu, Shuogang Huang, and SophieC Shen. "Nanoparticle Wires for Sensing Biomolecules in Water." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 5, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 704–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2013.1594.

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Lee, Yongjae, C. Dave Martin, John B. Parise, Joseph A. Hriljac, and Thomas Vogt. "Formation and Manipulation of Confined Water Wires." Nano Letters 4, no. 4 (April 2004): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl049946n.

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SUNDAR, K. S. G., and B. C. CHOUDHURY. "Mortality of sarus cranes (Grus antigone) due to electricity wires in Uttar Pradesh, India." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 3 (September 2005): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905002341.

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Although overhead electrical wires are known to have caused severe declines of bird populations, there are no studies in India that address this danger, even for endangered species. Rates of mortality, factors affecting mortality and population effects of electrical wires on the globally endangered sarus crane (Grus antigone) were assessed for breeding and non-breeding cranes in Etawah and Mainpuri districts, Uttar Pradesh, India. Non-breeding cranes were most susceptible to wires and, within territories, mortalities were higher for pre-dispersed young. Similar proportions of non-breeding and breeding cranes were killed, together accounting for nearly 1% of the total sarus crane population annually. Supply wires accounted for the majority of sarus crane deaths, and only non-breeding cranes were killed by both supply and high-tension power lines. Non-breeding crane deaths at roost sites were correlated with numbers of roosting birds and numbers of wires at each site. Over 40% of 251 known sarus crane territories had at least one overhead wire posing a risk to breeding adults and pre-dispersed young. A risk index for wires over territories of cranes was computed; mortality was not affected by increasing the number and therefore risk posed by wires. Most crane deaths in territories occurred as a result of wires at edges of territories. Wires around roosting sites, territoriality and age of sarus cranes appear to be the most important factors affecting their mortality due to wires. Mitigation measures will be most effective around roost sites and for wires that border territories of breeding pairs.

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Alavi, Shiva, Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi, and Farinaz Shirban. "Effect of Heat Sterilization on the Load/Deflection of Heat-activated Orthodontic Wires." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i2.13893.

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Introduction: Some of the orthodontic wires are heat-activated (H-A) wires; sometimes delivered in non-sterile packages and some of whose properties can be influenced by heat treatment.Objective: To assess the heat sterilization effects on the load/deflection (L/D) properties of H-A orthodontic wires before application.Materials & method: Three groups of H-A wires (3 cm length and 0.016 inches diameter) were selected; Group A: Nitinol H-A, Group B: H-A memory wire, Group C: Sentalloy H-A. Forty five samples of each type were prepared and randomly divided into three equal groups of 15 wires. Group 1 was selected as control, Group 2 was sterilized by dry heat (2 hours, 160°c) and Group 3 was sterilized using steam heat (15 PSI, 24 min, 121°c). A universal testing machine was used to determine the load/deflection curve of the samples while immersed in 37°c water bath using 3-bracket bending method. The force levels in loading plateau (LP) and unloading plateau (UP) were determined. One-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc were used for data analysis.Result: In group A, LP and UP showed no statistical significant change. In Group B, steam heat decreased LP and UP but dry heat increased UP significantly. In Group C, steam and dry heat decreased UP and LP significantly.Conclusion: It seems that heat sterilization could alter the L/D properties of some H-A wires depending on the type of wires and sterilization method.

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Wang, Yang Wei, Zhen Long Wang, Jian Li, and Fei Gao. "Novel Design for a Biomimetic Water-Jetting Propulsion Vehicle Actuated by SMA Wires." Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (February 2011): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.73.

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An experimental biomimetic water-jetting propulsion vehicle for robot cuttlefish is presented. Firstly the cuttlefish swimming mode and mantle muscle structure is analyzed as the theory basis. Secondly the vehicle is designed and manufactured. The vehicle is actuated by SMA wires. Through rational structural design, it can achieve flexible water-jetting propulsion like cuttlefish mantle. Thirdly the geometrical model of the biomimetic mantle cross section is built. At last, the performance of the propulsion machine is tested by experiment. The experimental results are mainly about the response curves of the mantle outside diameter, the strain of SMA wire and the swimming displacement with time. The maximum contractive distance of the biomimetic mantle along the vertical direction is 6 mm, the maximum strain of SMA wire is -1.8 %. The maximum swimming speed is 45 mm/s.

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Portes Canongia, Ana Carolina, Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno, Leida Gomes Abraçado, Matheus Melo Pithon, and Mônica Tirre Araújo. "Effectiveness of methods for cleaning arch wire: an in vitro study." Bioscience Journal 37 (February 25, 2021): e37017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-55339.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate various methods of removing bacterial and fungus biofilm, to simulate orthodontic arch wires cleaning before reinsertion in the patients appliance. Rectangular Nickel Titanium (NiTi), Stainless Steel (SS) and Titanium Molybdenum (TMA) wires were divided into five groups, then contaminated with strains of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicas. Four segments of each group served as control and were not contaminated. Six cleanings methods were used to remove the biofilm: cotton roll and a chemical agent (chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol), cotton roll and water, steel woll and immersion on enzymatic detergent. There was a control group not decontaminated Then wires were placed in broth separately, and after an incubation period the optical density (OD) was measured, observing whether there was microbial growth. A wire segment of each subgroup of SS 3M® was taken to the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for visualization of the treatment response. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA test and Tukey post-test. With the exception of 70% alcohol, the disinfection means behaved similarly regardless the type of wire. Two percent Chlorhexidine and 1% Sodium Hypochlorite totally removed the microorganisms while other agents left a high microbial concentration. Chemical cleaning is necessary to remove biofilm in orthodontic wires; 1% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine are good disinfectants for this purpose.

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Dong, Daojie. "Wet Process Drainage — Effects of White Water Chemistry and Forming Wire Structures." International Nonwovens Journal os-10, no. 2 (June 2001): 1558925001OS—01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925001os-01000206.

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This paper reports the effects of white water characteristics and forming wire parameters on wet process drainage. By employing a recently developed lab tester, the present investigation conducted drainage experiments of long (32 mm) fiberglass in polyacrylamide (PAM)-based white water with a real (commercial) forming fabric in position. The forming wires under investigation cover air permeability from 465 to 715 CFM and drainage index from 9.5 to 22. Drainage experiments show that both PAM concentration and shearing (mixing) effect can strongly affect wet process drainage. So, white water of fixed composition, but with a different mixing history may behave very differently, and an increase in input mixing energy usually results in a substantial increase in drainage. Mat basis weight also strongly influences wet process drainage. Although an increase in basis weight always reduces the rate of drainage regardless of wire structure, its impact is much stronger on the wires with a high air permeability and a low drainage index than the ones with a low air permeability and a high drainage index. Another important finding of this study was that drainage index did not predict the performance of a forming wire, and the main causes were believed to be the fundamental differences between the wet-formed glass mat (WFGM) and papermaking processes. Also, correlation between air permeability and wet process drainage was found very complex: while air permeability may be used as an empirical parameter to predict drainage for light weight mats at low PAM concentrations, however, the higher the web basis weight and the higher the PAM concentration, the more likely it would fail.

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Xuejun, Xie, Yuanlin Zhang, Rui Wang, Yu Zhang, and Mianzhao Ruan. "Research on the effect of the pH value on corrosion and protection of copper in desalted water." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 6 (November 5, 2018): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2016-1739.

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PurposeThe hollow copper wires of the generator are seriously corroded in cooling water. This paper aims to explore the mechanism of copper corrosion by thermodynamic calculation and kinetic experiments and to find out the precise pH range for preventing corrosion of copper in stator internal water and dual internal water cooled generators.Design/methodology/approachThermodynamic and kinetic studies were carried out for the purpose of preventing the corrosion of hollow conducting copper wires in the internal cooling water. Thermodynamic calculation results demonstrate hollow copper wires electrochemically corroded by oxygen rather than acids (H+) and find out a precise anti-corrosion pH range. Kinetic experiments research on the effect of the pH value and oxygen concentration on corrosion and protection methods of copper in desalted water.FindingsResearch results demonstrate that, in the internal cooling water, hollow copper wires are electrochemically corroded by oxygen, rather than acids (H+). The method of preventing copper from corrosion in the desalted water is to control the pH value of the stator cooling water and the dual water inner cooling water between 7.86-8.86 and 7.86-9.26, respectively.Originality/valueThe thermodynamic calculation and potentiometric-pH diagram are used to obtain the accurate pH range of the inner cooling water and inner cooling water in the inner cooling water system. The kinetic experiments provide data support for the effect of temperature, pH value and oxygen concentration.

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Galo, Rodrigo, Pedro Figueiredo Pereira de Andrade, Sâmara Stéphanny Damaceno Santos, Fábio Lourenço Romano, Daniela Nair Borges Felipucci, Valéria Oliveira Pagnano, and Jose Tarcísio Lima Ferreira. "Effect of cleaning solutions on surface roughness and flexural strength of removable orthodontic appliances." Research, Society and Development 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2023): e30012340875. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i3.40875.

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Purpose: Compare the roughness of self-curing acrylic resin and the flexural strength of nickel-chrome (Ni-Cr) wires of orthodontic appliances submitted to different cleaning processes. Materials and methods: Samples were made with NiCr orthodontic wires bent into a “T” loop and embedded in self-curing acrylic resin and submitted to four different cleaning procedures (n = 21): Group 1 – immersion for 15 minutes in deionized water and active oxygen-based tablet; Group 2 - immersion for 15 minutes in chlorhexidine 0.12%; Group 3 – spray with chlorhexidine 0.12% solution; and Group 4 – immersion in deionized water (control) por 15 minutes twice a day. Flexural strength of the orthodontic wire and roughness of the acrylic resin surface were determined at baseline as well as 90 and 120 days using an optical microscope. Normality of the data was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparisons of surface roughness. ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test was used for the comparison of flexural strength (α = 0.05). Results: No significant difference in surface roughness was found, except in Group 4, in which the last reading (2.25 ± 0.89) was significantly higher than the baseline reading (1.15 ± 0.27) (p = 0.013). Significant reductions in the flexural strength of the wires occurred in all groups (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Immersion in the cleaning solutions did not alter the surface roughness of the acrylic resin but promoted a reduction in the flexural strength of the wires.

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Zhang, Yuping, Ning Wang, Zhenyu Lu, Na Chen, Chengxing Cui, and Xinxin Chen. "Smart Titanium Wire Used for the Evaluation of Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Interaction by In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction." Molecules 27, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072353.

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Evaluation of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction individually between the sorbent and target compounds in sample pretreatment is a big challenge. Herein, a smart titanium substrate with switchable surface wettability was fabricated and selected as the sorbent for the solution. The titanium wires and meshes were fabricated by simple hydrothermal etching and chemical modification so as to construct the superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces. The micro/nano hierarchical structures of the formed TiO2 nanoparticles in situ on the surface of Ti substrates exhibited the switchable surface wettability. After UV irradiation for about 15.5 h, the superhydrophobic substrates became superhydrophilic. The morphologies and element composition of the wires were observed by SEM, EDS, and XRD, and their surface wettabilities were measured using the Ti mesh by contact angle goniometer. The pristine hydrophilic wire, the resulting superhydrophilic wire, superhydrophobic wire, and the UV-irradiated superhydrophilic wire were filled into a stainless tube as the sorbent instead of the sample loop of a six-port valve for on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction. When employed in conjunction with HPLC, four kinds of wires were comparatively applied to extract six estrogens in water samples. The optimal conditions for the preconcentration and separation of target compounds were obtained with a sample volume of 60 mL, an injection rate of 2 mL/min, a desorption time of 2 min, and a mobile phase of acetonile/water (47/53, v/v). The results showed that both the superhydrophilic wire and UV-irradiated wire had the highest extraction efficiency for the polar compounds of estrogens with the enrichment factors in the range of 20–177, while the superhydrophobic wire exhibited the highest extraction efficiency for the non-polar compounds of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). They demonstrated that extraction efficiency was mainly dependent on the surface wettability of the sorbent and the polarity of the target compounds, which was in accordance with the molecular theory of like dissolves like.

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Gaidamak, Oleg. "STUDY OF ICE FORMATION PROCESSES ON OVERHEAD POWER LINES AND DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS TO COMBAT THIS PHENOMENON." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 2(117) (August 30, 2022): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2022-2-17.

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Icing on the wires of overhead power lines is a big problem to maintain their integrity. The process of icing wires leads to a significant increase in their mass and, accordingly, to large overloads on the wire and electric supports. Exceeding the loads above the permissible ones can cause great damage to power lines. Wires, cables can break, fittings can be damaged and even lead to collapse of electrical poles. At the same time, damage is caused from the undersupply of electricity. This damage may exceed the damage from damage to the elements of power lines. Ice on the wires usually appear in winter, especially when the warming is going to be replaced by a cold snap and the temperature fluctuates around zero. The problem can be exacerbated by strong wind loads. An increase in air humidity also accelerates the formation of an ice "coat" on wires and electrical poles. Under the most unfavorable conditions, the wall thickness of the “fur coat” of ice on the wire can reach more than 70 mm. Such an ice coat can lead to exceeding the maximum permissible loads and damage to the power line, as well as damage from a power outage. The mechanism of ice formation on overhead power lines, as well as negative damage to power lines and high-voltage pylons under the action of ice load, has been studied. An analysis of the known methods of dealing with ice on power lines has been carried out. An innovative device for combating icing formations is proposed. The advantage of the proposed device is the ability to operate in two modes: vibrating and shock-shaking, which expands its functionality. In preventive mode, the device operates continuously due to the interaction with alternating current flowing through the wires of power lines in the normal mode of their operation, without the need for shutdown for maintenance, which gives the electromechanical interactions of devices with the wire of the power line a vibrational character and ensures the continuity of the process of removing water drops from the wires at an early stage before ice formation. Thus, in the preventive mode of operation of the power line, the causes of icing of the wires are eliminated, and not its consequences, which eliminates the need to shut down for maintenance, and reduces the required costs of resources and energy.

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40

Yu, Jung-Doung, Sang Yeob Kim, and Jong-Sub Lee. "Variations in Velocity and Sensitivity of Electromagnetic Waves in Transmission Lines Configured in Model Piles with Necking Defects Containing Soils." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 6541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226541.

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This study investigates variations in the velocity and sensitivity of electromagnetic waves in transmission lines configured in defective model piles for the detection of necking defects containing soil. Experiments are performed with model piles containing defects filled with different materials, such as air, sands, and clay. Five different types of transmission lines are configured in model piles. The electromagnetic waves are generated and detected using a time domain reflectometer. The velocity of electromagnetic waves is highest when the defect is filled with air, and it decreases with an increase in the water content. The velocity is lowest when the defect is filled with clay. The sensitivity of transmission lines for detecting defects decreases with an increase in soil water contents. The transmission line with a single electrical wire and epoxy-coated rebar exhibits the highest sensitivity, followed by that with three and two parallel electrical wires. Transmission lines with a single electrical wire and uncoated rebar and those with two parallel electrical wires wrapped with a sheath exhibit poor sensitivity when the defect is filled with clay. This study demonstrates that electromagnetic waves can be effective tools for detecting necking defects with wet and conductive soils in bored piles.

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Mei, Hsiao S., Mark E. Tuckerman, Diane E. Sagnella, and Michael L. Klein. "Quantum Nuclearab InitioMolecular Dynamics Study of Water Wires." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, no. 50 (December 1998): 10446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp982623t.

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Barboiu, Mihail, Pierre-André Cazade, Yann Le Duc, Yves-Marie Legrand, Arie van der Lee, and Benoit Coasne. "Polarized Water Wires under Confinement in Chiral Channels." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 119, no. 28 (July 2, 2015): 8707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03322.

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Kocsis, Istvan, Mirco Sorci, Heather Vanselous, Samuel Murail, Stephanie E. Sanders, Erol Licsandru, Yves-Marie Legrand, et al. "Oriented chiral water wires in artificial transmembrane channels." Science Advances 4, no. 3 (March 2018): eaao5603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao5603.

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Shevchenko, Natalya, Anatoly Soshinov, Olga Elfimova, Julia Lebedeva, and Olga Akhmedova. "Improving the energy efficiency of wide crossings of overhead power lines." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801046.

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The use of new generation wires in the design of wide spans of overhead power lines over water barriers and large gorges can increase their transmission capacity and increase reliability. However, when large currents flow, load losses in line also increase. Thus, it is necessary to obtain a methodology for technical and economic comparison of design options for overhead power lines over large crossings, which enables to determine the most cost-effective version of the project with high mechanical reliability. For comparative analysis, five options for wide spans of overhead power lines over the river with new-generation wires of Russian production were compiled: Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced, Z-type (high conductivity), Thermal-Resistant Conductor, Aluminium Compozite Core Conductor, ASk2y. Option with Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced wire was taken as the source. For the first option, the crossing scheme E-A-A-E was selected, for the remaining options E-I-I-E scheme was considered. For the modes of maximum loads, minimum temperature and average annual conditions, the mechanical calculation of wires was carried out using the method of permissible stresses. The wire bending deflections were determined in accordance with the theory of the catenary curve. The method of integrated indicators was used to perform a technical and economic comparison of these options. The calculation results showed that among the proposed options, the most optimal is a crossing with the ACCC wire having minimum relative investment per 1 MW of transmitted electricity and minimal power loss. The transmission capacity of the line with this wire is increased by 1.8 times, and the cost of crossing is reduced by 16%. Due to the compact design of wire, the probability of ice formation on wire is reduced, and the reduced bending deflection reduces the probability of wire break due to natural environmental influences.

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Liu, Zhigang, Cong Xu, Yangyang Fu, Peng Wang, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Molecular dynamics study of liquid–vapor transition in underwater electrical wire explosion." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 12 (December 2022): 123503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122202.

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During underwater electrical wire explosion, liquid–vapor transitions are crucial to the energy deposition and the generation of shock waves. To explore the characteristics of liquid–vapor transition during electrical explosions in water, a large-scale molecular simulation method was designed. The modeling scales experimental exploding wires to nano-size and then tracks the motion of each atom. The surrounding water medium was simplified as an expanding wall, whose velocity was determined by experimental steak images. Using this model, the phase transition processes at different energy deposition rates were compared. The results show that high energy deposition rates can make the discontinuous liquid–vapor phase transition disappear, forming an axially uniform vapor column, while slow energy injection will change the exploding wire into a foamlike liquid–vapor mixture at a subcritical temperature. The different shapes of wire–water interfaces in the experimental shadowgraphs can be explained by these features of liquid–vapor transition.

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46

Xiang, Ping, Andrey V. Kuznetsov, and Abdelfattah Mohamed Seyam. "Fibers Caught in the Knuckles of the Forming Wires: Experimental Measurements and Physical Origins of the Force of Peeling in the Hydroentanglement Process." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 155892500700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500700200301.

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In hydroentanglement process, very fine water jets with high pressure impinge on the fiberweb, which is supported by forming wires. The impact of the jets causes fiber entanglement in the fiberweb and produces an integrated fabric with desired performance, texture, and appearance similar to the forming wires. It is important that at the end of the process, the fiberweb can be easily separated from the forming wires. In this paper, the force of peeling required for the separation of the wet, hydroentangled fabric from the forming wires is measured experimentally. A set of experimental trials was conducted to investigate the effects of the jet pressure, fiberweb basis weight, and forming wires mesh size on the peeling force. Visualizing fibers caught in the knuckles of the forming wires under magnification reveals physical mechanisms leading to the formation of the peeling force.

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Gilburd, L., S. Efimov, A. Fedotov Gefen, V. Tz Gurovich, G. Bazalitski, O. Antonov, and Ya E. Krasik. "Modified wire array underwater electrical explosion." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 2 (March 13, 2012): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034611000851.

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AbstractThe results of experiments involving underwater electrical explosion of different wire arrays using an outer metallic cylinder as a shock reflector are presented. A pulse generator with a stored energy of about 6 kJ, current amplitude ≤ 500 kA, and rise time of 350 ns was used for the wire array explosion. The results of the experiments and of hydrodynamic simulations showed that in the case of a Cu wire array explosion, the addition of the reflector increases the pressure and temperature of the water in the vicinity of the implosion axis about 1.38 and about 1.33 times, respectively. Also, it was shown that in the case of an Al wire array explosion with stainless steel reflector, Al combustion results, and, accordingly, additional energy is delivered to the converging water flow generating about 540 GPa pressure in the vicinity of the explosion axis. Finally, it was found that microsecond time scale light emission that appears with microsecond time scale delay with respect to the nanosecond time scale self-light emission of the compressed water in the vicinity of the implosion axis is related to water bubbles formation which scattered light of exploded wires.

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48

Cukierman, Samuel. "The transfer of protons in water wires inside proteins." Frontiers in Bioscience 8, no. 6 (2003): s1118–1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/1192.

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Raghavender, Upadhyayula S., Subrayashastry Aravinda, Narayanaswamy Shamala, Rajkishor Rai, and Padmanabhan Balaram. "Characterization of Water Wires inside Hydrophobic Tubular Peptide Structures." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 42 (October 28, 2009): 15130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9038906.

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50

Peng, Yuxing, Jessica M. J. Swanson, Seung-gu Kang, Ruhong Zhou, and Gregory A. Voth. "Hydrated Excess Protons Can Create Their Own Water Wires." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 119, no. 29 (November 12, 2014): 9212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp5095118.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Wires'

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